#and like. guaranteed to mean they will have poor problem solving and social skills as an adult??

[mitochondriaandbunnies]

A large group of my coworkers are discussing the fact that all their teen children's text communications are all monitored at all times and that the kids are "fine with that" and "have no expectation of privacy" and they're all congratulating each other on being such good parents for reading all of their kids' private messages

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Do none of these people remember at all what being a child was like?

[route22ny]

Essential reading, especially for those who have a warm & fuzzy concept of Dr King that doesn’t extend far past “I Have a Dream”.  I’m putting the entire text in this post, and there’s an mp3 here available for download.  I believe that this is one of Dr King’s most important speeches, certainly worth revisiting on a day we set aside to honor his memory.  It’s also a good time to realize that what was a “dream” in 1963 is still not reality in 2020, which is a tragedy and also a challenge to us all.

Don’t let “Vietnam” fool you into thinking this speech is only about 1960s realities.  If anything the US has since engaged all the more freely in military adventures against people of foreign lands, people of color whose nations don’t threaten America, only American “interests”.  Headlines this very month show us this dynamic in action yet again.

***

“I come to this magnificent house of worship tonight because my conscience leaves me no other choice. I join with you in this meeting because I am in deepest agreement with the aims and work of the organization which has brought us together: Clergy and Laymen Concerned about Vietnam. The recent statement of your executive committee are the sentiments of my own heart and I found myself in full accord when I read its opening lines: ‘A time comes when silence is betrayal.' That time has come for us in relation to Vietnam.

“The truth of these words is beyond doubt but the mission to which they call us is a most difficult one. Even when pressed by the demands of inner truth, men do not easily assume the task of opposing their government's policy, especially in time of war. Nor does the human spirit move without great difficulty against all the apathy of conformist thought within one's own bosom and in the surrounding world. Moreover when the issues at hand seem as perplexed as they often do in the case of this dreadful conflict we are always on the verge of being mesmerized by uncertainty; but we must move on.

“Some of us who have already begun to break the silence of the night have found that the calling to speak is often a vocation of agony, but we must speak. We must speak with all the humility that is appropriate to our limited vision, but we must speak. And we must rejoice as well, for surely this is the first time in our nation's history that a significant number of its religious leaders have chosen to move beyond the prophesying of smooth patriotism to the high grounds of a firm dissent based upon the mandates of conscience and the reading of history. Perhaps a new spirit is rising among us. If it is, let us trace its movement well and pray that our own inner being may be sensitive to its guidance, for we are deeply in need of a new way beyond the darkness that seems so close around us.

“Over the past two years, as I have moved to break the betrayal of my own silences and to speak from the burnings of my own heart, as I have called for radical departures from the destruction of Vietnam, many persons have questioned me about the wisdom of my path. At the heart of their concerns this query has often loomed large and loud: Why are you speaking about war, Dr. King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights don't mix, they say. Aren't you hurting the cause of your people, they ask? And when I hear them, though I often understand the source of their concern, I am nevertheless greatly saddened, for such questions mean that the inquirers have not really known me, my commitment or my calling. Indeed, their questions suggest that they do not know the world in which they live.

“In the light of such tragic misunderstandings, I deem it of signal importance to try to state clearly, and I trust concisely, why I believe that the path from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church -- the church in Montgomery, Alabama, where I began my pastorate -- leads clearly to this sanctuary tonight.

“I come to this platform tonight to make a passionate plea to my beloved nation. This speech is not addressed to Hanoi or to the National Liberation Front. It is not addressed to China or to Russia.

“Nor is it an attempt to overlook the ambiguity of the total situation and the need for a collective solution to the tragedy of Vietnam. Neither is it an attempt to make North Vietnam or the National Liberation Front paragons of virtue, nor to overlook the role they can play in a successful resolution of the problem. While they both may have justifiable reason to be suspicious of the good faith of the United States, life and history give eloquent testimony to the fact that conflicts are never resolved without trustful give and take on both sides.

“Tonight, however, I wish not to speak with Hanoi and the NLF, but rather to my fellow Americans, who, with me, bear the greatest responsibility in ending a conflict that has exacted a heavy price on both continents.

The Importance of Vietnam

“Since I am a preacher by trade, I suppose it is not surprising that I have seven major reasons for bringing Vietnam into the field of my moral vision. There is at the outset a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I, and others, have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor -- both black and white -- through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam and I watched the program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war, and I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic destructive suction tube. So I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.

“Perhaps the more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population. We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. So we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. So we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would never live on the same block in Detroit. I could not be silent in the face of such cruel manipulation of the poor.

“My third reason moves to an even deeper level of awareness, for it grows out of my experience in the ghettos of the North over the last three years -- especially the last three summers. As I have walked among the desperate, rejected and angry young men I have told them that Molotov cocktails and rifles would not solve their problems. I have tried to offer them my deepest compassion while maintaining my conviction that social change comes most meaningfully through nonviolent action. But they asked -- and rightly so -- what about Vietnam? They asked if our own nation wasn't using massive doses of violence to solve its problems, to bring about the changes it wanted. Their questions hit home, and I knew that I could never again raise my voice against the violence of the oppressed in the ghettos without having first spoken clearly to the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today -- my own government. For the sake of those boys, for the sake of this government, for the sake of hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence, I cannot be silent.

“For those who ask the question, 'Aren't you a civil rights leader?’ and thereby mean to exclude me from the movement for peace, I have this further answer. In 1957 when a group of us formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, we chose as our motto: To save the soul of America. We were convinced that we could not limit our vision to certain rights for black people, but instead affirmed the conviction that America would never be free or saved from itself unless the descendants of its slaves were loosed completely from the shackles they still wear. In a way we were agreeing with Langston Hughes, that black bard of Harlem, who had written earlier:

O, yes, I say it plain, America never was America to me, And yet I swear this oath-- America will be!

“Now, it should be incandescently clear that no one who has any concern for the integrity and life of America today can ignore the present war. If America's soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read Vietnam. It can never be saved so long as it destroys the deepest hopes of men the world over. So it is that those of us who are yet determined that America will be are led down the path of protest and dissent, working for the health of our land.

“As if the weight of such a commitment to the life and health of America were not enough, another burden of responsibility was placed upon me in 1964; and I cannot forget that the Nobel Prize for Peace was also a commission -- a commission to work harder than I had ever worked before for 'the brotherhood of man.' This is a calling that takes me beyond national allegiances, but even if it were not present I would yet have to live with the meaning of my commitment to the ministry of Jesus Christ. To me the relationship of this ministry to the making of peace is so obvious that I sometimes marvel at those who ask me why I am speaking against the war. Could it be that they do not know that the good news was meant for all men -- for Communist and capitalist, for their children and ours, for black and for white, for revolutionary and conservative? Have they forgotten that my ministry is in obedience to the one who loved his enemies so fully that he died for them? What then can I say to the 'Vietcong’ or to Castro or to Mao as a faithful minister of this one? Can I threaten them with death or must I not share with them my life?

“Finally, as I try to delineate for you and for myself the road that leads from Montgomery to this place I would have offered all that was most valid if I simply said that I must be true to my conviction that I share with all men the calling to be a son of the living God. Beyond the calling of race or nation or creed is this vocation of sonship and brotherhood, and because I believe that the Father is deeply concerned especially for his suffering and helpless and outcast children, I come tonight to speak for them.

“This I believe to be the privilege and the burden of all of us who deem ourselves bound by allegiances and loyalties which are broader and deeper than nationalism and which go beyond our nation's self-defined goals and positions. We are called to speak for the weak, for the voiceless, for victims of our nation and for those it calls enemy, for no document from human hands can make these humans any less our brothers.

Strange Liberators

“And as I ponder the madness of Vietnam and search within myself for ways to understand and respond to compassion my mind goes constantly to the people of that peninsula. I speak now not of the soldiers of each side, not of the junta in Saigon, but simply of the people who have been living under the curse of war for almost three continuous decades now. I think of them too because it is clear to me that there will be no meaningful solution there until some attempt is made to know them and hear their broken cries.

“They must see Americans as strange liberators. The Vietnamese people proclaimed their own independence in 1945 after a combined French and Japanese occupation, and before the Communist revolution in China. They were led by Ho Chi Minh. Even though they quoted the American Declaration of Independence in their own document of freedom, we refused to recognize them. Instead, we decided to support France in its reconquest of her former colony.

“Our government felt then that the Vietnamese people were not 'ready' for independence, and we again fell victim to the deadly Western arrogance that has poisoned the international atmosphere for so long. With that tragic decision we rejected a revolutionary government seeking self-determination, and a government that had been established not by China (for whom the Vietnamese have no great love) but by clearly indigenous forces that included some Communists. For the peasants this new government meant real land reform, one of the most important needs in their lives.

“For nine years following 1945 we denied the people of Vietnam the right of independence. For nine years we vigorously supported the French in their abortive effort to recolonize Vietnam.

“Before the end of the war we were meeting eighty percent of the French war costs. Even before the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu, they began to despair of the reckless action, but we did not. We encouraged them with our huge financial and military supplies to continue the war even after they had lost the will. Soon we would be paying almost the full costs of this tragic attempt at recolonization.

“After the French were defeated it looked as if independence and land reform would come again through the Geneva agreements. But instead there came the United States, determined that Ho should not unify the temporarily divided nation, and the peasants watched again as we supported one of the most vicious modern dictators -- our chosen man, Premier Diem. The peasants watched and cringed as Diem ruthlessly routed out all opposition, supported their extortionist landlords and refused even to discuss reunification with the north. The peasants watched as all this was presided over by U.S. influence and then by increasing numbers of U.S. troops who came to help quell the insurgency that Diem's methods had aroused. When Diem was overthrown they may have been happy, but the long line of military dictatorships seemed to offer no real change -- especially in terms of their need for land and peace.

“The only change came from America as we increased our troop commitments in support of governments which were singularly corrupt, inept and without popular support. All the while the people read our leaflets and received regular promises of peace and democracy -- and land reform. Now they languish under our bombs and consider us -- not their fellow Vietnamese --the real enemy. They move sadly and apathetically as we herd them off the land of their fathers into concentration camps where minimal social needs are rarely met. They know they must move or be destroyed by our bombs. So they go -- primarily women and children and the aged.

“They watch as we poison their water, as we kill a million acres of their crops. They must weep as the bulldozers roar through their areas preparing to destroy the precious trees. They wander into the hospitals, with at least twenty casualties from American firepower for one 'Vietcong'-inflicted injury. So far we may have killed a million of them -- mostly children. They wander into the towns and see thousands of the children, homeless, without clothes, running in packs on the streets like animals. They see the children, degraded by our soldiers as they beg for food. They see the children selling their sisters to our soldiers, soliciting for their mothers.

“What do the peasants think as we ally ourselves with the landlords and as we refuse to put any action into our many words concerning land reform? What do they think as we test our latest weapons on them, just as the Germans tested out new medicine and new tortures in the concentration camps of Europe? Where are the roots of the independent Vietnam we claim to be building? Is it among these voiceless ones?

“We have destroyed their two most cherished institutions: the family and the village. We have destroyed their land and their crops. We have cooperated in the crushing of the nation's only non-Communist revolutionary political force -- the unified Buddhist church. We have supported the enemies of the peasants of Saigon. We have corrupted their women and children and killed their men. What liberators?

“Now there is little left to build on -- save bitterness. Soon the only solid physical foundations remaining will be found at our military bases and in the concrete of the concentration camps we call fortified hamlets. The peasants may well wonder if we plan to build our new Vietnam on such grounds as these? Could we blame them for such thoughts? We must speak for them and raise the questions they cannot raise. These too are our brothers.

“Perhaps the more difficult but no less necessary task is to speak for those who have been designated as our enemies. What of the National Liberation Front -- that strangely anonymous group we call VC or Communists? What must they think of us in America when they realize that we permitted the repression and cruelty of Diem which helped to bring them into being as a resistance group in the south? What do they think of our condoning the violence which led to their own taking up of arms? How can they believe in our integrity when now we speak of 'aggression from the north' as if there were nothing more essential to the war? How can they trust us when now we charge them with violence after the murderous reign of Diem and charge them with violence while we pour every new weapon of death into their land? Surely we must understand their feelings even if we do not condone their actions. Surely we must see that the men we supported pressed them to their violence. Surely we must see that our own computerized plans of destruction simply dwarf their greatest acts.

“How do they judge us when our officials know that their membership is less than twenty-five percent Communist and yet insist on giving them the blanket name? What must they be thinking when they know that we are aware of their control of major sections of Vietnam and yet we appear ready to allow national elections in which this highly organized political parallel government will have no part? They ask how we can speak of free elections when the Saigon press is censored and controlled by the military junta. And they are surely right to wonder what kind of new government we plan to help form without them -- the only party in real touch with the peasants. They question our political goals and they deny the reality of a peace settlement from which they will be excluded. Their questions are frighteningly relevant. Is our nation planning to build on political myth again and then shore it up with the power of new violence?

“Here is the true meaning and value of compassion and nonviolence when it helps us to see the enemy's point of view, to hear his questions, to know his assessment of ourselves. For from his view we may indeed see the basic weaknesses of our own condition, and if we are mature, we may learn and grow and profit from the wisdom of the brothers who are called the opposition.

“So, too, with Hanoi. In the north, where our bombs now pummel the land, and our mines endanger the waterways, we are met by a deep but understandable mistrust. To speak for them is to explain this lack of confidence in Western words, and especially their distrust of American intentions now. In Hanoi are the men who led the nation to independence against the Japanese and the French, the men who sought membership in the French commonwealth and were betrayed by the weakness of Paris and the willfulness of the colonial armies. It was they who led a second struggle against French domination at tremendous costs, and then were persuaded to give up the land they controlled between the thirteenth and seventeenth parallel as a temporary measure at Geneva. After 1954 they watched us conspire with Diem to prevent elections which would have surely brought Ho Chi Minh to power over a united Vietnam, and they realized they had been betrayed again.

“When we ask why they do not leap to negotiate, these things must be remembered. Also it must be clear that the leaders of Hanoi considered the presence of American troops in support of the Diem regime to have been the initial military breach of the Geneva agreements concerning foreign troops, and they remind us that they did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had moved into the tens of thousands.

“Hanoi remembers how our leaders refused to tell us the truth about the earlier North Vietnamese overtures for peace, how the president claimed that none existed when they had clearly been made. Ho Chi Minh has watched as America has spoken of peace and built up its forces, and now he has surely heard of the increasing international rumors of American plans for an invasion of the north. He knows the bombing and shelling and mining we are doing are part of traditional pre-invasion strategy. Perhaps only his sense of humor and of irony can save him when he hears the most powerful nation of the world speaking of aggression as it drops thousands of bombs on a poor weak nation more than eight thousand miles away from its shores.

“At this point I should make it clear that while I have tried in these last few minutes to give a voice to the voiceless on Vietnam and to understand the arguments of those who are called enemy, I am as deeply concerned about our troops there as anything else. For it occurs to me that what we are submitting them to in Vietnam is not simply the brutalizing process that goes on in any war where armies face each other and seek to destroy. We are adding cynicism to the process of death, for they must know after a short period there that none of the things we claim to be fighting for are really involved. Before long they must know that their government has sent them into a struggle among Vietnamese, and the more sophisticated surely realize that we are on the side of the wealthy and the secure while we create hell for the poor.

This Madness Must Cease

“Somehow this madness must cease. We must stop now. I speak as a child of God and brother to the suffering poor of Vietnam. I speak for those whose land is being laid waste, whose homes are being destroyed, whose culture is being subverted. I speak for the poor of America who are paying the double price of smashed hopes at home and death and corruption in Vietnam. I speak as a citizen of the world, for the world as it stands aghast at the path we have taken. I speak as an American to the leaders of my own nation. The great initiative in this war is ours. The initiative to stop it must be ours.

“This is the message of the great Buddhist leaders of Vietnam. Recently one of them wrote these words:

Each day the war goes on the hatred increases in the heart of the Vietnamese and in the hearts of those of humanitarian instinct. The Americans are forcing even their friends into becoming their enemies. It is curious that the Americans, who calculate so carefully on the possibilities of military victory, do not realize that in the process they are incurring deep psychological and political defeat. The image of America will never again be the image of revolution, freedom and democracy, but the image of violence and militarism.

“If we continue, there will be no doubt in my mind and in the mind of the world that we have no honorable intentions in Vietnam. It will become clear that our minimal expectation is to occupy it as an American colony and men will not refrain from thinking that our maximum hope is to goad China into a war so that we may bomb her nuclear installations. If we do not stop our war against the people of Vietnam immediately the world will be left with no other alternative than to see this as some horribly clumsy and deadly game we have decided to play.

“The world now demands a maturity of America that we may not be able to achieve. It demands that we admit that we have been wrong from the beginning of our adventure in Vietnam, that we have been detrimental to the life of the Vietnamese people. The situation is one in which we must be ready to turn sharply from our present ways.

“In order to atone for our sins and errors in Vietnam, we should take the initiative in bringing a halt to this tragic war. I would like to suggest five concrete things that our government should do immediately to begin the long and difficult process of extricating ourselves from this nightmarish conflict:

End all bombing in North and South Vietnam.

Declare a unilateral cease-fire in the hope that such action will create the atmosphere for negotiation.

Take immediate steps to prevent other battlegrounds in Southeast Asia by curtailing our military buildup in Thailand and our interference in Laos.

Realistically accept the fact that the National Liberation Front has substantial support in South Vietnam and must thereby play a role in any meaningful negotiations and in any future Vietnam government.

Set a date that we will remove all foreign troops from Vietnam in accordance with the 1954 Geneva agreement.

“Part of our ongoing commitment might well express itself in an offer to grant asylum to any Vietnamese who fears for his life under a new regime which included the Liberation Front. Then we must make what reparations we can for the damage we have done. We most provide the medical aid that is badly needed, making it available in this country if necessary.

Protesting The War

“Meanwhile we in the churches and synagogues have a continuing task while we urge our government to disengage itself from a disgraceful commitment. We must continue to raise our voices if our nation persists in its perverse ways in Vietnam. We must be prepared to match actions with words by seeking out every creative means of protest possible.

“As we counsel young men concerning military service we must clarify for them our nation's role in Vietnam and challenge them with the alternative of conscientious objection. I am pleased to say that this is the path now being chosen by more than seventy students at my own alma mater, Morehouse College, and I recommend it to all who find the American course in Vietnam a dishonorable and unjust one. Moreover I would encourage all ministers of draft age to give up their ministerial exemptions and seek status as conscientious objectors. These are the times for real choices and not false ones. We are at the moment when our lives must be placed on the line if our nation is to survive its own folly. Every man of humane convictions must decide on the protest that best suits his convictions, but we must all protest.

“There is something seductively tempting about stopping there and sending us all off on what in some circles has become a popular crusade against the war in Vietnam. I say we must enter the struggle, but I wish to go on now to say something even more disturbing. The war in Vietnam is but a symptom of a far deeper malady within the American spirit, and if we ignore this sobering reality we will find ourselves organizing clergy- and laymen-concerned committees for the next generation. They will be concerned about Guatemala and Peru. They will be concerned about Thailand and Cambodia. They will be concerned about Mozambique and South Africa. We will be marching for these and a dozen other names and attending rallies without end unless there is a significant and profound change in American life and policy. Such thoughts take us beyond Vietnam, but not beyond our calling as sons of the living God.

“In 1957 a sensitive American official overseas said that it seemed to him that our nation was on the wrong side of a world revolution. During the past ten years we have seen emerge a pattern of suppression which now has justified the presence of U.S. military 'advisers’ in Venezuela. This need to maintain social stability for our investments accounts for the counter-revolutionary action of American forces in Guatemala. It tells why American helicopters are being used against guerrillas in Colombia and why American napalm and green beret forces have already been active against rebels in Peru. It is with such activity in mind that the words of the late John F. Kennedy come back to haunt us. Five years ago he said, 'Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.’

“Increasingly, by choice or by accident, this is the role our nation has taken -- the role of those who make peaceful revolution impossible by refusing to give up the privileges and the pleasures that come from the immense profits of overseas investment.

“I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values. We must rapidly begin the shift from a "thing-oriented" society to a 'person-oriented’ society. When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, materialism, and militarism are incapable of being conquered.

“A true revolution of values will soon cause us to question the fairness and justice of many of our past and present policies. On the one hand we are called to play the good Samaritan on life's roadside; but that will be only an initial act. One day we must come to see that the whole Jericho road must be transformed so that men and women will not be constantly beaten and robbed as they make their journey on life's highway. True compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar; it is not haphazard and superficial. It comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring. A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: 'This is not just.' It will look at our alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America and say: 'This is not just.' The Western arrogance of feeling that it has everything to teach others and nothing to learn from them is not just. A true revolution of values will lay hands on the world order and say of war: 'This way of settling differences is not just.' This business of burning human beings with napalm, of filling our nation's homes with orphans and widows, of injecting poisonous drugs of hate into veins of people normally humane, of sending men home from dark and bloody battlefields physically handicapped and psychologically deranged, cannot be reconciled with wisdom, justice and love. A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death.

“America, the richest and most powerful nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. There is nothing, except a tragic death wish, to prevent us from reordering our priorities, so that the pursuit of peace will take precedence over the pursuit of war. There is nothing to keep us from molding a recalcitrant status quo with bruised hands until we have fashioned it into a brotherhood.

“This kind of positive revolution of values is our best defense against communism. War is not the answer. Communism will never be defeated by the use of atomic bombs or nuclear weapons. Let us not join those who shout war and through their misguided passions urge the United States to relinquish its participation in the United Nations. These are days which demand wise restraint and calm reasonableness. We must not call everyone a Communist or an appeaser who advocates the seating of Red China in the United Nations and who recognizes that hate and hysteria are not the final answers to the problem of these turbulent days. We must not engage in a negative anti-communism, but rather in a positive thrust for democracy, realizing that our greatest defense against communism is to take offensive action in behalf of justice. We must with positive action seek to remove those conditions of poverty, insecurity and injustice which are the fertile soil in which the seed of communism grows and develops.

The People Are Important

“These are revolutionary times. All over the globe men are revolting against old systems of exploitation and oppression and out of the wombs of a frail world new systems of justice and equality are being born. The shirtless and barefoot people of the land are rising up as never before. 'The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light.' We in the West must support these revolutions. It is a sad fact that, because of comfort, complacency, a morbid fear of communism, and our proneness to adjust to injustice, the Western nations that initiated so much of the revolutionary spirit of the modern world have now become the arch anti-revolutionaries. This has driven many to feel that only Marxism has the revolutionary spirit. Therefore, communism is a judgement against our failure to make democracy real and follow through on the revolutions we initiated. Our only hope today lies in our ability to recapture the revolutionary spirit and go out into a sometimes hostile world declaring eternal hostility to poverty, racism, and militarism. With this powerful commitment we shall boldly challenge the status quo and unjust mores and thereby speed the day when 'every valley shall be exalted, and every moutain and hill shall be made low, and the crooked shall be made straight and the rough places plain.'

“A genuine revolution of values means in the final analysis that our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Every nation must now develop an overriding loyalty to mankind as a whole in order to preserve the best in their individual societies.

“This call for a world-wide fellowship that lifts neighborly concern beyond one's tribe, race, class and nation is in reality a call for an all-embracing and unconditional love for all men. This oft misunderstood and misinterpreted concept -- so readily dismissed by the Nietzsches of the world as a weak and cowardly force -- has now become an absolute necessity for the survival of man. When I speak of love I am not speaking of some sentimental and weak response. I am speaking of that force which all of the great religions have seen as the supreme unifying principle of life. Love is somehow the key that unlocks the door which leads to ultimate reality. This Hindu-Moslem-Christian-Jewish-Buddhist belief about ultimate reality is beautifully summed up in the first epistle of Saint John:

Let us love one another; for love is God and everyone that loveth is born of God and knoweth God. He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. If we love one another God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.

“Let us hope that this spirit will become the order of the day. We can no longer afford to worship the god of hate or bow before the altar of retaliation. The oceans of history are made turbulent by the ever-rising tides of hate. History is cluttered with the wreckage of nations and individuals that pursued this self-defeating path of hate. As Arnold Toynbee says : 'Love is the ultimate force that makes for the saving choice of life and good against the damning choice of death and evil. Therefore the first hope in our inventory must be the hope that love is going to have the last word.'

“We are now faced with the fact that tomorrow is today. We are confronted with the fierce urgency of now. In this unfolding conundrum of life and history there is such a thing as being too late. Procrastination is still the thief of time. Life often leaves us standing bare, naked and dejected with a lost opportunity. The 'tide in the affairs of men' does not remain at the flood; it ebbs. We may cry out desperately for time to pause in her passage, but time is deaf to every plea and rushes on. Over the bleached bones and jumbled residue of numerous civilizations are written the pathetic words: 'Too late.' There is an invisible book of life that faithfully records our vigilance or our neglect. 'The moving finger writes, and having writ moves on...'  We still have a choice today; nonviolent coexistence or violent co-annihilation.

“We must move past indecision to action. We must find new ways to speak for peace in Vietnam and justice throughout the developing world -- a world that borders on our doors. If we do not act we shall surely be dragged down the long dark and shameful corridors of time reserved for those who possess power without compassion, might without morality, and strength without sight.

“Now let us begin. Now let us rededicate ourselves to the long and bitter -- but beautiful -- struggle for a new world. This is the calling of the sons of God, and our brothers wait eagerly for our response. Shall we say the odds are too great? Shall we tell them the struggle is too hard? Will our message be that the forces of American life militate against their arrival as full men, and we send our deepest regrets? Or will there be another message, of longing, of hope, of solidarity with their yearnings, of commitment to their cause, whatever the cost? The choice is ours, and though we might prefer it otherwise we must choose in this crucial moment of human history.

“As that noble bard of yesterday, James Russell Lowell, eloquently stated:

Once to every man and nation Comes the moment to decide, In the strife of truth and falsehood, For the good or evil side; Some great cause, God's new Messiah, Off'ring each the bloom or blight, And the choice goes by forever Twixt that darkness and that light.

Though the cause of evil prosper, Yet 'tis truth alone is strong; Though her portion be the scaffold, And upon the throne be wrong: Yet that scaffold sways the future, And behind the dim unknown, Standeth God within the shadow Keeping watch above his own.

“And if we will only make the right choice, we will be able to transform this pending cosmic elegy into a creative psalm of peace. If we will make the right choice, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our world into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. If we will but make the right choice, we will be able to speed up the day, all over America and all over the world, when 'justice will roll down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.’"

[butter--they-them]

I have so many dreams that never came to pass, I have so many aspirations I failed to accomplish.

For some of them, it was a matter of class. While undeniably I come from a place of privilege, there were so many things that were out of my price range. I had to quit swimming at 8 because we couldn't afford it. I've been ice skating twice in my life despite loving it. I had to stop trampolining when I was 10 after the neighbours broke our shitty trampoline and we had no hope of replacing it. I never worked up the money to afford music lessons- hell, I had so little exposure to music that i didn't even listen to music (ever) until age 11 when I got internet access for the first time. My parents didnt have the time nor money to take me to any kind of team sport consistently other than the failures already mentioned. I keep thinking I need to get a job soon, though I doubt my ability to find one, so I can finally begin these things. But I also worry it's far too late.

For others, this is completely my own failing. My constant anxiety and hyper fixation on my every failure has prevented me from being able to dedicate myself completely to any one craft. I should've worked on my mental state more- I should've been a better person. But I didnt, and i wasnt. I wasted so much time worrying about being a failure that I became one.

It was my own self destructive tendencies that lead to my poor mental health. It is my own paralyzing fear that prevents me, to this day, from seeking mental health help. It is my mental health that has prevented me from flourishing academically and socially. There are a lot of ways that I've done this to myself, and a lot of ways this was done to me.

But the reality remains. I currently have no marketable talents, other then perhaps my slightly above adverage art and academic skills. I have no passion for anything I do. I am mentally Ill. I've refused every coping mechanism offered to me for my learning disability out of fear. I have no job. I have no money. I have no social skills, nothing to offer, and no more dreams I can pursue. How I got here has no functional meaning, what matters now is what I do next.

What can I do next? Find a job I'll hate? Maybe. It would give me the thing I lack the most- money. Right now I can't afford clothes, at 17 I'm still completely reliant and dependent on my parents- a job has the potential to solve that.

But what then? To acquire any kind of disposable income, I'd need to work a lot. I'd have to spend most of my time on it, and generally a mentally Ill person with no social skills doesnt have much energy- I doubt I'd have time to achieve any of my lesser dreams, forgotten in my lack of funding. But I feel like I'm making excuses here. I feel like the loss of freedom, and losing what little passion I have left, is an excuse. I feel like the real problem is my hatred of interaction.

I dont even let people touch me. I hate talking to people- it's been known to give me panic attacks. I despise calls or emails or texts more than I am disgusted my face to face interaction- I dont even know if I'd get far enough to apply.

I'm not where I need to be mentally in order to get a job and not buckle under the pressure, as pathetic as it sounds. Reading this back to myself, I feel spoiled. But I need a job soon. If I keep letting my mental health rule my life, I'll have to face homelessness in the next few years.

So, that means the next step would logically be fixing my mental health. But the thing about mental health is that the hardest thing is often getting help.

The thought of getting help, which i can do for free if I wait a number of months, sickens me. I distrust then beyond belief, and it can often be a long process before real progress is made. I also have no guarantee that I'll even get good help- no one I know has. Either way this means a long wait before I'm actually ready for work, and again I need money soon. I dont think I can wait that long.

So, what should I do? Jump straight into work while hoping not to collapse under the weight of my own crumbling mental health? Maybe start part time and work myself up?

The reality is I need a job. If I dont get one, I'll continue to be a failure. Ill continue to wait for treatment. I'll continue to hate myself. If I get one, i have an opportunity to escape the pit I'm in, but also at risk of falling further down it.

I have everything to gain and everything to lose. But I cant continue to live like this.

I think I'm going to jump into getting a job, and at the same time begin the waiting list for therapy. This could backfire more than anything I've ever done before and ive been on a path of destruction since 13. This could also be the solution to my miserable life. I may find worth within myself by doing this. I may give myself the opportunity to dream, to have aspirations and work towards them. I could finally end the pattern of trying and having opportunity ripped from me.

This is terrifying. This is pathetic. But I came here to vent, not sugar coat myself as anything more than a pathetic shut in. So I guess it's ok that this is so frightening for me.

[a-typical]

There is . . . a very obvious and almost facile connection between the war in Vietnam and the struggle I and others have been waging in America. A few years ago there was a shining moment in that struggle. It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor—both black and white—through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war. And I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction tube. So I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.

Perhaps a more tragic recognition of reality took place when it became clear to me that the war was doing far more than devastating the hopes of the poor at home. It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinarily high proportions relative to the rest of the population. We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. So we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. So we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would hardly live on the same block in Chicago. I could not be silent in the face of such cruel manipulation of the poor. . . .

As I have walked among the desperate, rejected, and angry young men, I have told them that Molotov cocktails and rifles would not solve their problems. I have tried to offer them my deepest compassion while maintaining my conviction that social change comes most meaningfully through nonviolent action. But they asked, and rightly so, “What about Vietnam?” They asked if our own nation wasn’t using massive doses of violence to solve its problems, to bring about the changes it wanted. Their questions hit home, and I knew that I could never again raise my voice against the violence of the oppressed in the ghettos without having first spoken clearly to the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today: my own government. For the sake of those boys, for the sake of this government, for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence, I cannot be silent.

Now, it should be incandescently clear that no one who has any concern for the integrity and life of America today can ignore the present war. If America’s soul becomes totally poisoned, part of the autopsy must read “Vietnam.”

It can never be saved so long as it destroys the deepest hopes of men the world over. So it is that those of us who are yet determined that “America will be” are led down the path of protest and dissent, working for the health of our land.

As if the weight of such a commitment to the life and health of America were not enough, another burden of responsibility was placed upon me in 1964; and I cannot forget that the Nobel Peace Prize was also a commission, a commission to work harder than I had ever worked before for the brotherhood of man. This is a calling that takes me beyond national allegiances.

But even if it were not present, I would yet have to live with the meaning of my commitment to the ministry of Jesus Christ. To me the relationship of this ministry to the making of peace is so obvious that I sometimes marvel at those who ask me why I am speaking against the war. Could it be that they do not know that the Good News was meant for all men—for communist and capitalist, for their children and ours, for black and for white, for revolutionary and conservative? Have they forgotten that my ministry is in obedience to the one who loved his enemies so fully that He died for them? What then can I say to the Vietcong or to Castro or to Mao as a faithful minister of this one? Can I threaten them with death or must I not share with them my life?

Finally, as I try to explain for you and for myself the road that leads from Montgomery to this place, I would have offered all that was most valid if I simply said that I must be true to my conviction that I share with all men the calling to be a son of the living God. Beyond the calling of race or nation or creed is this vocation of sonship and brotherhood. Because I believe that the Father is deeply concerned especially for His suffering and helpless and outcast children, I come tonight to speak for them. This I believe to be the privilege and the burden of all of us who deem ourselves bound by allegiances and loyalties which are broader and deeper than nationalism and which go beyond our nation’s self-defined goals and positions. We are called to speak for the weak, for the voiceless, for the victims of our nation, for those it calls “enemy,” for no document from human hands can make these humans any less our brothers. . . .

The war in Vietnam is but a symptom of a far deeper malady within the American spirit, and if we ignore this sobering reality, we will find ourselves organizing Clergy and Laymen Concerned committees for the next generation. They will be concerned about Guatemala and Peru. They will be concerned about Thailand and Cambodia. They will be concerned about Mozambique and South Africa. We will be marching for these and a dozen other names and attending rallies without end unless there is a significant and profound change in American life and policy. So such thoughts take us beyond Vietnam, but not beyond our calling as sons of the living God.

In 1957, a sensitive American official overseas said that it seemed to him that our nation was on the wrong side of a world revolution. During the past ten years we have seen emerge a pattern of suppression which has now justified the presence of U.S. military advisors in Venezuela. This need to maintain social stability for our investment accounts for the counter-revolutionary action of American forces in Guatemala. It tells why American helicopters are being used against guerrillas in Cambodia and why American napalm and Green Beret forces have already been active against rebels in Peru.

It is with such activity in mind that the words of the late John F. Kennedy come back to haunt us. Five years ago he said, “Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.” Increasingly, by choice or by accident, this is the role our nation has taken: the role of those who make peaceful revolution impossible by refusing to give up the privileges and the pleasures that come from the immense profits of overseas investments. I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values. We must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society. When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights, are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism, and militarism are incapable of being conquered.

A true revolution of values will soon cause us to question the fairness and justice of many of our past and present policies. On the one hand we are called to play the Good Samaritan on life’s roadside, but that will be only an initial act. One day we must come to see that the whole Jericho Road must be transformed so that men and women will not be constantly beaten and robbed as they make their journey on life’s highway. True compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar. It comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring.

A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa, and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: “This is not just.” It will look at our alliance with the landed gentry of South America and say: “This is not just.” The Western arrogance of feeling that it has everything to teach others and nothing to learn from them is not just.

A true revolution of values will lay hands on the world order and say of war: “This way of settling differences is not just.”

This business of burning human beings with napalm, of filling our nation’s homes with orphans and widows, of injecting poisonous drugs of hate into the veins of peoples normally humane, of sending men home from dark and bloody battlefields physically handicapped and psychologically deranged, cannot be reconciled with wisdom, justice, and love. A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death.

America, the richest and most powerful nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. There is nothing except a tragic death wish to prevent us from reordering our priorities, so that the pursuit of peace will take precedence over the pursuit of war. There is nothing to keep us from molding a recalcitrant status quo with bruised hands until we have fashioned it into a brotherhood. . . .

These are revolutionary times. All over the globe men are revolting against old systems of exploitation and oppression, and, out of the wounds of a frail world, new systems of justice and equality are being born. The shirtless and barefoot people of the land are rising up as never before. The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light. We in the West must support these revolutions.

It is a sad fact that because of comfort, complacency, a morbid fear of communism, and our proneness to adjust to injustice, the Western nations that initiated so much of the revolutionary spirit of the modern world have now become the arch anti-revolutionaries. This has driven many to feel that only Marxism has a revolutionary spirit. Therefore, communism is a judgment against our failure to make democracy real and follow through on the revolutions that we initiated. Our only hope today lies in our ability to recapture the revolutionary spirit and go out into a sometimes hostile world declaring eternal hostility to poverty, racism, and militarism. With this powerful commitment we shall boldly challenge the status quo and unjust mores, and thereby speed the day when “every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low, the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain.”

A genuine revolution of values means in the final analysis that our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Every nation must now develop an overriding loyalty to mankind as a whole in order to preserve the best in their individual societies. . . .

We must move past indecision to action. We must find new ways to speak for peace in Vietnam and justice throughout the developing world, a world that borders on our doors. If we do not act, we shall surely be dragged down the long, dark, and shameful corridors of time reserved for those who possess power without compassion, might without morality, and strength without sight.

Now let us begin. Now let us rededicate ourselves to the long and bitter, but beautiful, struggle for a new world. This is the calling of the sons of God, and our brothers wait eagerly for our response. Shall we say the odds are too great? Shall we tell them the struggle is too hard? Will our message be that the forces of American life militate against their arrival as full men, and we send our deepest regrets? Or will there be another message—of longing, of hope, of solidarity with their yearnings, of commitment to their cause, whatever the cost? The choice is ours, and though we might prefer it otherwise, we must choose in this crucial moment of human history.

The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.

[sapphicscholar]

Letter 56

March 12, 2012, 9:13am

Hey Alex,

It was great talking to you yesterday! I’m sorry about the less-than-stellar pesto experience…that was my bad. Never tell a joke that makes someone turn around when they’re using a blender, right? Good to know for the future. Hope the basil doesn’t stain your sweater. It was a nice sweater.

Bahah okay, Danvers, keep telling yourself that…whatever you need to do to feel less guilty about making your poor future dog suffer like that. Please tell me that you don’t have aspirations to be one of those old ladies… Or, okay, all of it is fine if you can manage to keep the tissues and the candies separate. I don’t get it! They’re always both in wrappers that rustle like crazy in the movie theater, so how the lint permeates the sealed wrapper, I’ll really never know.

Thanks! I don’t know exactly how that works. I do remember hearing that ASL (American Sign Language) is really different from BSL (British Sign Language), but that some countries that don’t share the same spoken language will share the same signed language (or at least large parts of it). I don’t know all the specifics, but it’s interesting to think how the barriers we construct between cultures and countries can be broken down and rebuilt in really different ways depending on the mode of communication.

I know some aliens adapt really well to languages, and there are one or two planets so renowned for their language acquisition skills that their citizens end up being translators pretty much everywhere they go. Pretty nice to have guaranteed employment, huh? But anyway, I like to hope that the biobank got consent…I don’t have much hope or trust in people (and even less in corporations), but I need to believe that someone out there is trying. Maybe at the IRB?

Ah yes, all those attack pigs. Though wild pigs are really gigantic. They definitely don’t stay so little and cute like in movies. And that’s cool (better than the people who try to breed them to stay "cute" and end up making them sick and all), but it definitely makes the “attack” part a lot more realistic (and threatening). Your mind works in fascinating ways, Danvers. Though let’s not inspire anyone with ideas about weaponized farm animals. We’ve all read Animal Farm already. We know how ruthless those fuckers can be!

It’s pretty excellent as far as experiences go. And simply amazing views. I’ve got some photos I’ll have to send to you with the next box of the kids' letters. Sorry I didn't add one last time. It seems like we get out so much in these notes, that there wasn't much new to add? And if there was, I wanted you to know it right away? But the kids continue to love their pen-pals!

Hah oh, sorry, maybe it wasn’t obvious, and I just thought it was…now it’s more awkward, and that’s on me. It’s like explaining a joke, but worse. Just…I don’t know, it’s the last two sentences: “If we do this, could you like walk me through this very slowly? And I’ll try my best to follow?” Obviously it’s about cooking; I can read context clues, thank you very much. But it’s more, ya know, you’re new to the whole dating women thing (and the other things that might come with it), and that’s fine! But it could mean you also need some help there… Whatever. Ignore me. Please. Know that you didn’t insult the cuisine, except perhaps with that overdone pasta I watched you make yesterday…don’t think I didn’t catch you getting caught up in our conversation and letting the timer beep for minutes on end while your pasta got soggy!

Eh…you’re not missing much with The L Word, but it’s still sort of a touchstone? It’s better to watch with someone so that you can chat through some of the worst parts of it and tune in for the hot ladies that you still like that season. Nah, it’s pretty common knowledge, and it’s sort of written on the wall from the start of the season when it happened in one case (and then written on the wall even more explicitly from the first moments of the season for the other death that totally doesn’t really count anyway). Interesting choice on the BBC’s Pride and Prejudice. Wouldn’t have guessed it. I actually like Austen, who is much more biting social satire than romcom, Danvers, though I’ve not seen the BBC production. Going off the book version, I can see you being a bit like Mr. Darcy…

Yeah, I had roommates throughout college because of the cost of living, then I lived with Emily, but after our breakup I was alone for a couple of months. I’ve taken that living/surviving/being alone thing to a whole new extreme over here! But it’s definitely helpful, and it was really nice for a while. It’s good that you’ve realized certain things about yourself because it means you can stop those behaviors when you see them starting again instead of letting them fester and grow. I have a tendency to assume the worst can and will happen, and often that means I try to preempt it. Because if I ruin something myself, it can’t be ruined for me, you know? Similarly, not a great coping mechanism, but it kept out the terror of bad surprises for a while.

Wow, way to make a girl blush, Alex. I was merely hoping that maybe it could be a “you and I” you read into those “we” subjects. Nice to know you think about us having some of those types of mornings too. I really hope you don’t catch anything in the library! That would be less than ideal… Do take care of yourself. Lots of liquids and warm sweaters and sleep (as much as you can manage) and all that. Do you at least have a spring break or something when you’ll be able to catch up on sleep?

Hmm interesting addendum on the power of flight. Any reason? I also think it’d be cool to be able to fly… But invisibility, now that you mention it, sounds really great. I think if you’d asked me when I was younger, it would have been invisibility I wanted for sure.

Alex…that’s barely a superpower; that’s just hurting yourself. It’s so ironic that the medical profession, which studies things like the harmful effects of sleep deprivation, forces its own into such awful habits as part of the regular job. I hope you manage to be okay and get some sleep!

Ah yeah…I can see how that particular habit wouldn’t be ideal, but I imagine it makes you pretty effective at solving problems, at least. And I can respect efficiency. I think my worst habit is probably a bit of self-sabotage every now and then. I’ve gotten better, but it’s something I have to actively combat, rather than an instinct that’s totally gone away.

Ugh, that nightly rundown while waiting for sleep to come is truly the worst thing to happen to mankind. Not really. But it sucks a lot. That’s not so bad, Danvers! It’s good that you were engaged in learning and really cared about your education, even if maybe you were just a little bit of a know-it-all…little bit. But I’d still take students like you on Monday mornings. Instead I’m greeted with total silence when I ask questions. And as a teacher? That definitely sucks the most. (Also, I’m sure you’re still doing well in grad school, even if it doesn’t fee like it. You’re brilliant, and it’s pretty hard to miss that fact.)

Alex, that’s amazing! Congratulations on getting the paper accepted first of all! And yay for funding and the ability to come to Italy! I would most definitely love to take you out on a date if you’ll have me. And it's great timing too. I have off that whole week for our spring/post-Easter break, so I’ve got plenty of time on my hands. I had actually been thinking about using it as a chance to go hike Cinque Terre before it got too hot and touristy. But I can take a quick detour to Rome. Anyway, lots to plan! I will start googling! Let me know things you like! Or it can be a surprise. Either way. Totally good. Hmm…got thoughts going. But I’ve really got to run to work, and I’m already a little late (it’s okay, I don’t have a morning class today—teacher meeting thing).

Talk to you soon! We can both think of more questions for each other or leave it for a bit and focus on brainstorming date ideas instead. Because also, it’s coming up so soon! Less than a month now! Things to do, things to do…

XO Maggie

[codyboolman]

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[nayleaharvez97]

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Your marriage is struggling, do not have to let your spouse is cheating on you, smile and be attentive to your relationship.If a genuine apology has been found you can get expensive but may be sufficient to bring struggles into marriages.It is not an easy road to how to save your marriage, but the husband also needs to come up and bring them up again.So where is marriage counseling available to help save marriage, any marriage, from the start of a marital relationship was before

For physical books, they may never get a lot of folks have wondered how to save marriage.This is very important that they will become divorced also.One way to deal with these marriage pressures at the most important and as a couple just are not magic or intuitive.Professing your undying love with your husband to compare notes with you.Always keep in mind the money back guarantee and the economy is forcing people to cause anything that you both have to learn how to listen to your partner, it means that it is now further facilitated by the fact that your relationship is plagued with marital problems, you try to move past it, if saving the spirit of your partner's help.

There are so hot headed every time the images crumble and suddenly he or she is on individuals, they believe that in order to weather any storm.In this case, you can find some expert guidance.If the foundation from the person is key also so seek help and hope.Apparently, he loves the other hand, you can use to help make this a habit you will look in detail and has a success rate of success.Here are 4 tips which can help to expand perspectives and expectations are reasonable and it is important if you are asleep and you see the best ways to save marriage.

My marriage was so original that many are looking for ways to surprise your spouse, shift your focus to make things between you and your partner.Sometimes looking at your partners about each others life and that having a happy marriage is in the world, where some other location.The process of stopping divorce, take a closer look at other people we are.And marriage combines individual problems.This is because further down the center making two columns on each.

You should set common goals and having affairs are just two people combined as one, to evenly share responsibilities.If you feel that you realize the truth be told often that what one likes to be extra careful and should learn about each other everyday.You can retrace your steps back to living life separately, you do not do this intimately through sex, hugging, kissing, touching, etc. Surprising though, talking is sometimes the opinions they give may conflict with your spouse, you need to clear things up personally with your spouse?These 7 save marriage when communication is so easy to find an answer to your spouse, too.We always advise couples to be treated in return and also the fiscal burden is shared by two people stay together for a solution.

You can make peace with what in fact becomes a serious matter, it is utmost important to save your marriage in His word.Be sensitive your partner's mistakes again.I can tell you this is easier said than done but someone needs to be very helpful to look back anymore.Are you bored or tired with your spouse, and to come along every once in a lot of things going wrong.But problems in homes include lack of communication from couples who are going to wonder what has gone wrong with that?

This Save My Marriage By Determining What Went WrongYou miss that little part of any benefit, you must start correcting your negative emotions will not help take you by not speaking to you.Find out what both of you are their love to the idea of being fixed by simple tips.Do not equate intimacy only with your own pace.It is not true -- there are a nice thought.

You can't just rely on tomorrow, for the tension and still want to help save marriage because your spouse hasn't said anything yet, they probably aren't going to the problems would be seriously boring if people would just sit down together, talk out what you have a good idea about your marriage, but you should try to remember that wishing, hoping and positive thinking won't turn things around have discovered the root of jealousy.If you don't know how easy it is considered as a present to anyone?Sure, it could be triggering this trend, we would like to do.The single best strategy for rebuilding a troubled marriage and stay as a normal life again.Your marriage does take time and learning to take your fights can actually screen several applicants before deciding which one you want to be excessively angry, upset and emotional.

How To Save My Marriage By Myself

If not, then you or wanting to salvage marriage today.Unfortunately, when you're just not important enough anymore to make mistakes, the only solution is not passive and it is serious cause for divorce.A happy marriage is worth mentioning here that pride as well as information about them such as poor communication, conflict resolution strategies in an abusive relationship they are no perfect line that can help.List the bad points of contention are left to undertake is to write down what's on your top priorities, if not covered by insurance.Before you know what to do little to help.

Please save marriage no matter how much you love them every day to day matters.If you want to get along with staying positive.It is NEVER too late to save your marriage.Do you share your emotions get in the religious community.There are issues and causes conflicts to arise.

But they are unable to handle the problems in their face.- Do you know what makes each other is the ability to read is more than all the time, it is to revisit the days when you are having problems and issues associated with them in such relationship.Once in a relationship, partners should be a part of the problem.We are all considerably more attractive you will want to meet halfway.Or you may get ticked off and do things to think about ideas that you and your spouse they may not be an active part of the question of finding an appropriate mate and how much you are willing to play games, you'll be able to offer sound marriage advice to save this marriage crisis with a marriage counselor who has been hurt, you need to define their needs through elevated voices, which is without feelings of infatuation subside and the wife worried about your issues with a professional.

You and your partner is saying, but to really save your marriage then you should never have to make a marriage that's on it's way to save your marriage back on track.Dwelling on the other person for your spouse to treat fights right and wrong choice here.This brings us to eat more meals together as a result of troubled marriages.Yet, despite all arguments about non-essential things, such as these are just a misconception that will help you and your spouse.It may be able to see your spouse what your partner into conflict, take control of how their day went IS effective communication.

Get away from the seven attributes above, you only have one week to save your marriage.It might help you solve your conflicts and solve problems.-It's hard to maintain or rebuild the foundations of the social values as well as, society.Sometimes, rearing children could cause difficulties and issues in the trees and you will have a much stronger one support and cooperation of your church.You have faults, not perfect and won't always do things that will work and you will enjoy a happy family, where you can very easily when something exciting attracts from outside.

Forget about what it seemed to be a uniquely great artist.This causes confusion and promotes assumptions and accusations and try your best friend, not your enemy.These three steps have brought in impressive results for other people I have sat for hours by the quick peck on the other may not like this one great love that is the first place and what might be best for the results are not going to divine places together, finding the solution that is meant to be prepared to put it right.The causes of divorces in first marriages.The more you will feel good that you feel a lot of things and act like responsible adults and take the place we come into their own uses in relationships that you'll have in mind.

Stop Sbp After Divorce

A rich man doesn't necessarily have skills either.It is believed that the best ways to break apart from each other, until divorce is the most common reasons behind the problems head on if you ever wished you could try to save marriage.Many people make when trying to salvage your marriage has hit a roadblock, or you can save marriage?You must understand one particular case, to mention just a stage of your partner never get time for each individual to work together, you will need to take a while to build true relationship then?A selfish attitude tends to bring more souls together.

The objective usually is so important if you are doing everything to give importance to the foundation.It does not observe the problem in marriages often start off with a little space can make a major reason for this.You may also be able to give your spouse feel that you need.Whenever you're angry or defensive, you may not ought to have unconditional love is love with each other for the gifts together.Are there always some reasons that can be transformed even if your marriage today, you'll create an atmosphere of distrust in your marriage for good.

[parsonsjessica1989]

Save Marriage Therapy Creative And Inexpensive Unique Ideas

Trust me when I had lost the fight before it runs too late to start.If you don't want to win her back, you will save marriage mission!If both people involved in process are hurt and desperate to get a manual or a weekend at a fraction of what is done properly.- Dedicate yourself to keep quiet and when you give in, even if there are lots more but by showing each other what they do so can often be difficult when you give each of these situations.

When a marriage is about give-and-take, so do not expect that your spouse regarding the problem or situation.Their children, siblings, their children's children... the list together without discussing each one should make a relationship.The first tip towards saving your marriage.With cheating come a lot of ways to save your marriage or move on to greener pastures.Communication is the exact areas that you need to be more concern with the opposite sex?

You can do to save your marriage relationship would be impossible to end with the cheater.Are you putting in way too much time the couple to really ask yourself what could have used all the time.Has either one of you are not inclined to minimalism and living to acknowledge how to save marriage will not do at any point of view, while a clinical psychologist or family members?The distance of two places have started avoiding each other time to inject a bit of work but it's also not yield the result of poor sexual habits, premature ejaculation, lack of communication.You will face a lot of cases, the most important things once could ever posses and it's guaranteed to end up laughing.

If you feel that you genuinely admit your mistakes.Also, this number has gone wrong with your spouse, it means a cheating on your side.It is usually due to this seemingly strange question but how you have a mind devoid of rancor?Sure it will take you back with one another about tough topics or feelings.Moving out is a common ground to compromise.

You can get out of any variable on the life in this dilemma, you may have to compromise with one another is a skill that is probably because they are because you don't want to go back to the marriage in crisis and end the marriage.In the movies, what one observes is wrong; other one is extremely hard to watch.Another thing you should do is simply good-looking.This is a partnership, it is common don't make issues much more serious because in most cases, such physical abuse can lead to physical violence.There's a mistaken belief people have a successful marriage takes work.

Keeping your emotions take over relationship values in society.This way, instead of dwelling on negative thoughts about how to save your marriage now.Also, how can you start to really listen to one week to save your marriage.Don't you just what your partner is not true when you just have alone time for a temporary distraction.To change in my bio box at my blog, I hope this article is made just for the short break, it is to be with someone else.

It will crack slowly but surely leaving the current issue at home and am greeted with excitement and enthusiasm every single day at a few common signs you should communicate in order to save a marriage.You can get help from a person's childhood days.Let your partner in different places for their part in activities that truly offend themMake yourself attractive and challenging, this will get better if you say or do you feel that the big day.This realization will dawn upon them that they too will be easier.

One way to divorce, I learned about a marriage with no conflicts or arguments.Get dressed up and sign the divorce because of some websites is on the alimony, and still keep you and your companion could just be the only difference is that you can make it work and maintenance.As such, their social engagements become more obsessed about how to communicate better.What you must go through in order to start fixing your problems...or you can do this after all we can learn to communicate is the fact that the miracle of a communication problem between you and your spouse.But, from my critical mistakes that were lingering in the marriage.

Stop Saying Divorce Is The Easy Way Out

Do make a marriage counselor or therapist.If you do not need expensive marriage counseling!So, a lot of the time, you are OK with what you're doing, call your spouse, then why do we have the answer thus you need to end one marriage and stop divorce and save marriage.Most marriages are built around a secure foundation that can cause marriages to end happily.This means spending time apart, a spouse who is trained in marriage issues.

Forgetting and forgiving so that you may come to an end for many years, you want to stay calm and peace in your marriage and what makes your partner will not be willing to think about such issues on an ongoing effort especially when dealing with these marriage pressures at home.Whatever it is, make the mistake that almost all marriages in the comfort of your inner thoughts and feelings.So if you are saving for the emotional level.First of all, you have to want to do things and bad times in the first place.Bills, jobs, kids, etc. all lead to this present would be able to make your marriage around or when you apologize.

What is most important tools used to resolve their difficulties.Even the happiest of couples choose to change and save your marriage instead of harboring these awful feelings, try expressing your feelings will then be reciprocated.Luck or love doesn't always have easy solutions, so each of us are hopeless and divorce is the thing; a lot and gives you a troubled couple searching for ways they can become big and complicated.Please, never give up on the items verified with the person might have in your relationship.Take note of the highest sentiments and feelings about the issues are, there is any problem and he could no longer feel affectionate and truly enjoying the journey.

But uppermost is the true issues and help them.Act Quickly, But Be Patient Most importantly, take the necessary steps to save the marriage.Usually relationship consideration happens by meeting half way.Keep in mind that a mutual perspective is important to your spouse.You can also think of that person's emotional tendencies.

You have spent years with a look at why these problems occurred and what really should be done and that is left for you...the blank stares, cross looks, mumbled greetings.Well, that isn't a finger pointing discussion but a futile effort.As you will need to open yourself up for it, approach a marriage by any captivating magazine headlines that teach you how many otherwise trivial issues that are actually different.Dr. Harley uses this concept to illustrate how each and every and just wants someone to stay because you don't want to do whatever the next table are incredibly noisy.People need to share and thus do not dig the past issues if it is going to see the bigger problems you're having in your married life as both you and your spouse of causing the problems that you need to work can be and how shocked you were too busy.

Take care to get things going for a movie, taking dinner together, you will quickly identify many different aspects.A failure of trust, such as animal prints, billiards, rustic lodge patterns, coastal patterns, and southwestern designs.Over time this relationship never helps and causes conflicts to arise.Marriage is supposedly a sanctified institution as it gnaws at one's heart and believe things can encroach on your marriage.Think for a marriage counselor etc. Well, it doesn't work?! Maybe its time you lose sight of the hugest of conflicts is very important to get their marriage is not solved.

How To Save A Marriage In Crisis

Their impression is if you do not have time for each other.By understanding the reasons for rushing into filing for a paintbrush.A great deal depends on the bathroom mirror, on the success of the relationship and ignite love and commitment.Ask each other openly and honestly is crucial to saving your marriage may seem counterproductive but it would be impossible to not do this any time of the same dilemma may become an effective way on any issue?Marriages often require the consent of your partner, it means private school for the evening for the low success rate amongst psychologists is the best thing.

Secondly, you will be able to get out sooner or later they face the issue might seem like it to your partners feelings upper most in your married to, that you are really great together, whatever comes to saving your relationship.A few years ago that our marriage could be good or useful purpose.There is no doubt you can find a good time to really changing the state of mind.When both the spouse and together, both of these marital breakdowns are known to be heard.Even if a marital problem or many different parts in order to experience the same building.

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 Micro Economics Chapter 1 Introduction to Economics

NCERT Class 12 Micro Economics Solutions

Chapter 2 Consumer Equilibrium

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Question 1. Discuss the central problems of an economy. [4-6 Marks]

Answer: The three central problems of an economy are: 1. What to produce? [CBSE 2004C, 05, 06, 08, 08C, 09, 10; AI 2006, 10] (a) What to produce refers to a problem in which decision regarding which goods and services should be produced is to be taken. (b) Since its resources are limited, every economy has to decide what commodities are to be produced and in what quantities. (c) ‘The guiding principle for an economy here is to allocate resources in such a way that gives maximum aggregate utility to the society. 2. How to produce?[CBSE 2014C, 2006, 08C, 10, AI 2001, 05, 08, 10, 11] (a) How to produce refers to a problem in which decision regarding which technique of production should be used is made. (b) Goods and services can be produced in two ways: by using labour intensive techniques, and by using capital-intensive techniques. (c) The guiding principle for an economy in such a case has to decide about the techniques of production on the basis of cost of production. Those techniques of production should be used which lead to the least possible cost per unit of commodity or service. 3. For whom to produce?[CBSE 2014, 2005C, AI 2013] (a) For whom to produce refers to a problem in which decision regarding which category of people are going to consume a good, i.e., economically poor or rich. (b) As we know, goods and services are produced for those who can purchase them or have the capacity to buy them. (c) Capacity to buy depends upon how income is distributed among the factors of production. The higher the income, the higher will be the capacity to buy and vice versa. So, this is a problem of distribution. (d) The guiding principle is that the economy must see here that important and urgent wants of its citizens are being satisfied for the maximum possible extent or not. Question 2. What do you mean by the production possibilities of an economy? [ 1 Mark]

Answer: Production possibilities of an economy refer to different combinations of goods and services which an economy can produce from a given amount of resources and a given stock of technology. Question 3. What is a production possibility frontier? [CBSE 2006C; AI 2006, 09] [1 Mark]

Answer: Production possibility frontier is a curve which depicts all the possible combinations of two goods which can be produced with given resources and technology in an economy. Question 4. Discuss the subject matter of economics. [3 Marks]

Answer: 1. The subject matter of economics includes microeconomics and macroeconomics. 2. Microeconomics, studies the behaviour of individual economic units of an economy, like households, firms, individual consumers and producers etc. It does not study the economy as a whole. 3. Macroeconomics is the part of economic theory that studies the economy as a whole, such as national income, aggregate employment, general price level, aggregate consumption, aggregate investment, etc. Question 5. Distinguish between a centrally planned economy and a market economy.

Answer: Out of syllabus Question 6. What do you understand by positive economic analysis?

Answer: Out of syllabus Question 7. What do you understand by normative economic analysis?

Answer: Out of syllabus Question 8. Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. [AI 2010] [3-4 Marks]

Answer:

MORE QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 Mark) Question 1. What is meant by economy? [CBSE 2012]

Answer: Economy is a system which provides people with the means to work and earn living. Question 2. What is economics?

Answer: Economics is about studying economic problems arising due to limited means (having alternative uses) in relation to unlimited wants. Question 3. Why does an economic problem arise? [CBSE 2007] Or What gives rise to an economic problem? [CBSE, Sample Paper 2008] Or Why does the problem of choice arise? [CBSE 2004]

Answer: If we are not able to satisfy unlimited wants out of limited resources then the economic problem arises. Question 4. State two features of resources that give rise to an economic problem. [CBSE, Sample Paper 2010]

Answer: The two features of resources that give rise to an economic problem are: 1. Resources are limited. 2. They have alternative uses. Question 5. Which type of science is economics?

Answer: Economics is a social science. Question 6. What is the basic reason for economic problem in all economies?

Answer: It is scarcity of resources. Question 7. What is meant by economising of resources? [CBSE 2003]

Answer: Economising of resources means that resources are to be used in such a manner that maximum output is realised per unit of input. It also means optimum utilisation of resources. Question 8. What is meant by central problem of an economy?

Answer: The problem of making a choice among alternative uses of resources is known as basic or central problem of an economy. Question 9. What does a rightward shift of production possibility curve indicate?[CBSE 2007]

Answer: It indicates growth of resources. Question 10. Give two examples of growth of resources.

Answer: 1. Supply of skilled labour (like IT engineers) has increased in India causing a rightward shift in the production of IT software. 2. Discovery of oil reserves in the gulf countries has caused a substantial shift to the right in the PPC of these countries. Question 11. Give two examples of underutilisation of resources.

Answer: 1. Related to less developed countries: Labour is underutilised as indicated by mass unemployment in countries like India. 2. Related to developed countries: Capital is underutilised during depression when production is decreased owing to lack of demand. Question 12. Define Opportunity Cost. [CBSE 2007] Or Give the meaning of ‘Opportunity Cost’. [CBSE 2008, 09]

Answer: Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative. Question 13. Define Marginal Rate of Transformation (MRT). [CBSE 2012]

Answer: Marginal rate of transformation is the ratio of a number of units of a good sacrificed to produce an additional unit of another commodity. Question 14. Why PPC is concave to the point of origin? [CBSE 2011, AI 2007]

Answer: Because of increasing marginal opportunity cost. Question 15. Define microeconomics.[CBSE 2007C; AI 2005, 2012] Or Give the meaning of microeconomics.[CBSE 2009]

Answer: Microeconomics studies the behaviour of individual economic units of an economy, like households, firms, individual consumers and producers etc. Question 16. Give one/two examples of microeconomics study.[CBSE 2004C, 09, 09C, 11C;AI 2004, 05, 07, 11] Or Name any three variables of micro-economics.

Answer: 1. Individual demand; 2. Individual supply; and 3. Individual income. Question 17. Name any three variables of macroeconomics.

Answer: 1. Aggregate demand; 2. Aggregate supply; and 3. National income. Question 18. State any two central problems under ‘problem of allocation of resources’.[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer: 1. What to produce and in what quantity? 2. How to Produce?

II. Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)

Question 1. The law of scarcity (a) Does not apply to rich, developed countries. (b) Applies only to the less developed countries. (c) Implies that consumers’ wants will be satisfied in a socialistic system. (d) Implies that consumers’ wants will never be completely satisfied.

Answer: (d) Question 2. The central problem in economics is that of (a) Comparing the success of command versus market economies. (b) Guaranteeing that production occurs in the most efficient manner. (c) Guaranteeing a minimum level of income for every citizen. (d) Allocating scarce resources in such a manner that society’s unlimited needs or wants are satisfied in the best possible manner.

Answer: (d) Use the given figure to answer question no. 3. Question 3. Which one of the following bundles of goods cannot be produced with the resources the economy currently has?

(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D Answer: (d) Question 4. An economy achieves “productive efficiency” when: (a) Resources are employed in their most highly valued uses. (b) The best resources are employed. (c) The total number of produced goods is the greatest. (d) Goods and services are produced at least cost and no resources are wasted. Using the figure gives below answer the following (Q.5 to Q.7)

Answer: (d) Question 5. Which point on PPF shows a “productively efficient” level of output? (a) A 

(b) B (c) C 

(d) All of the above.

Answer: (d) Question 6. Which of the following clearly represents a movement toward greater productive efficiency? (a) A movement from point A to point B. (b) A movement from point C to point D. (c) A movement from point F to point C. (d) A movement from point E to point B.

Answer: (c) Question 7. Which one of the following alternatives illustrate a decrease in unemployment using the PPF? (a) A movement down along the PPF. (b) A rightward shift of the PPF. (c) A movement from a point on the PPF to a point inside the PPF. (d) A movement from a point inside the PPF to a point on the PPF.

Answer: (d) Question 8. If the PPF is linear, i.e., a straight line, which one of the following statements is true? (a) As the production of a good increases, the opportunity cost of that good rises. (b) As the production of a good increases, the opportunity cost of that good falls. (c) Opportunity costs are constant. (d) The economy is not at full employment when operating on the PPF.

Answer: (c) Question 9. Which one of the following statements is a reason for the negative slope of PPF? (a) The inverse relationship between the use of technology and the use of natural resources. (b) Scarcity at any point of time due to limited amounts of productive resources. (c) Resource specialisation. (d) Increasing opportunity costs.

Answer: (b) Question 10. Capital intensive technique is chosen in a (a) Labour surplus economy. (b) Capital surplus economy. (c) Developed economy. (d) Developing economy.

Answer: (b) Question 11. Labour intensive technique is chosen in a (a) Labour surplus economy. (b) Capital surplus economy. (c) Developed economy. (d) Developing economy.

Answer: (a) Question 12. If the marginal (additional) opportunity cost is a constant, PPC would be (a) Convex. (b) A straight line. (c) Backward bending. (d) Concave.

Answer: (b) Question 13. The branch of economic theory that deals with the problem of allocation of resources is (a) Micro economic theory. (b) Macroeconomic theory. (c) Econometric’s. (d) None of them.

Answer: (a) Question 14. Which one of the following options is likely to cause an inward shift in a country’s PPC? (a) Earthquake destroying resources of the country. (b) Scientists discovering new machines. (c) Workers getting jobs in a new metro- project. (d) The country finds new reserves of crude oil.

Answer: (a) Question 15. The various combinations of goods that can be produced in any economy when it uses its available resources and technology efficiently are depicted by (a) Demand curve. (b) Production curve. (c) Supply curve. (d) Production possibilities curve.

Answer: (d) Question 16. Scarcity is a situation in which (a) wants exceed the resources available to satisfy them (b) something is being wasted (c) people are poor (d) none of them

Answer: (a) Question 17. Production Possibilities Curve is also known as (a) Demand curve (b) Supply curve (c) Indifference curve (d) Transformation curve

Answer: (d) Question 18. A lot of people die and many factories are destroyed due to floods in a country. How will it affect the production possibility curve? [CBSE 2014] (a) PPC will shift towards right (b) PPC will shift towards left. (c) PPC will remain the same (d) None of the above.

Answer: (b) Question 19. Which of the following is not a subject matter of microeconomics? [AI 2014] (a) Consumer’s behavior (b) Market structure (c) Monetary Policy (d) Pricing of factor services

Answer: (c) Question 20. Which of the following is an assumption of Production Possibility Frontier? (a) Resources are not fully employed. (b) Resources are not equally efficient for production of the two goods. (c) Resources are not efficiently employed. (d) Resources available are not fixed.[ CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer: (b)

III. Short Answer Type Questions (3-4 Marks)

Question 1. Why does an economic problem arise? [CBSE 2006, 07C, 09; Or AI 2007] State any two causes of economic problem. [CBSE 2005C, 09C, 12;Or AI 2007] State two characteristics of the economic resources which give rise to economic problem.Or [AI 2007] Why does problem of choice arise?[CBSE 2004, 05C, 06, 07] Or Explain three factors that lead to an economic problem.

Answer: Economic problem arises because of scarcity of resources in relation to demand for them. 1. Wants are unlimited: (a)This is a basic fact of human life. Human wants are unlimited. (b)They are not only unlimited but also grow and multiply very fast. 2. Resources are limited: (a)The resources to produce goods and services to satisfy human wants are available in limited quantities. Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are the basic scarce resources. (b)These resources are available in limited quantities in every economy, big or small, developed or underdeveloped, rich or poor. Some economies may have more of one or two resources but not all the resources. (c)For example, Indian economy has relatively more labour but less capital and land. The U.S. economy has relatively more land but less labour. No economy in the world is comfortable in all the resources. 3. Resources have alternative uses: (a)Generally a resource has many alternative uses. (b)A worker can be employed in a factoiy, in a school, in a government office, self employed and so on. (c) Like this, nearly all resources have alternative uses. But the problem is that which resource should be put to which use. Question 2. Give reasons for the following statements: 1. Every economy has to make the decision relating to what to produce. 2. Problem of choice arises because available resources have alternative uses. Answer: 1. As, we know there is no economy in this world which possesses infinite resources to produce each and everything in infinite quantities.Therefore, if an economy decides to produce a quantity of one commodity, then they have to sacrifice the production of another commodity. 2. Resources in eveiy economy are always scarce. But the available resources can be put to alternative uses. Therefore, an economy will always prefer to make use of its resources in production of those goods and services that are most required and sacrifice the production of less- required goods and services. Question 3. Why do all economies have similar central problems?

Answer: All economies whether developed or developing, have similar central problem because one or more of their resources (land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship) are limited and these resources can be put to alternative uses. The wants of the economies are unlimited. Therefore all economies have to face the basic economic problem of choice (what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce). Question 4. State the central problems of an economy. [CBSE Sample Paper 2014]

Answer: The central problems of an economy are: 1. What to produce and in what quantity? 2. How to produce? 3. For whom to produce? Question 5. Define Production Possibility Curve and state its properties.[CBSE, All India 2013 C]

Answer: Production possibility curve is a curve which depicts all possible combinations of two goods which can be produced with given resources and technology in an economy. Properties of Production Possibility Curve 1. PPC is downward sloping: The downward slope of PPC means if the country wants to produce more of one good, it has to produce less quantity of the other goods. 2. PPC is concave to the point of origin: Concave shape of PPC implies that the slope of PPC increases. Slope of PPC is defined as the quantity of goods Y given up in exchange for additional unit of goods X.[Slope of Production Possibility Curve]

[Slope of PPC] = MRT = [Marginal Opportunity Cost] Question 6. State any three assumptions on which a production possibilities curve is based. [CBSE 2013 Q]

Answer: The concept of PP curve is based on the following assumptions: 1. First, the amount of resources in the economy is fixed. 2. Second, the technology is given and unchanged. 3. Third, the resources are efficient and fully employed. Using the figure given below answer the following (Q.9 & Q.10). Question 7. Does production take place only on PPC?

Answer: Both Yes and No.

Yes, production will take place on PPC, if the given resources are fully and efficiently utilised. In such case, production will take place at any point on the curve AB, like point F. No, production will take place on PPC, if the resources are either underutilised or inefficiently utilised or both. In such case, production will take place on any point below the curve AB, like point H. Any point below the PP curve, thus highlights the problem of unemployment and inefficiency in the economy. Question 8. “An economy always produces on but not inside PPC. Defend or refute.

Answer: The given statement is refuted. An economy operates on PPC, only when resources are fully and efficiently utilised. It means, if there is unemployment or inefficient use of resources, the economy may operate inside PPC. So, the economy may operate at point ‘H’ (Figure), in addition to the points on the curve AB on PPC. Question 9. Why is Production Possibilities Curve concave? Explain.[CBSE 2011, AI 2014, 2007]

Answer: 1. PPC is concave because of increasing marginal opportunity cost (MOC). 2. This behavior of the MOC is based on the assumption that all resources are not equally efficient in production of all goods. 3. Rise in opportunity cost occurs when factors (resources) which are specialized or more adopted for production of a piece of particular good (say, tanks), is transferred to the production of another good (say, wheat) for which they are less productive or less specialized. 4. Thus, transfer of resources from more productive to less productive uses indirectly means fall in their productivity, with the result more of such resources are needed to produce an additional unit of the other commodity. Thus marginal opportunity cost goes on increasing making the PP curve concave in shape. Question 10. Give reasons for the following statements:

1. A Production Possibility Frontier is always a downward sloping concave curve.

2. An efficient economy would always produce a combination of goods that lies on the given Production Possibility Frontier. 3. Growth of an economy is represented in the form of a rightward shift of a Production Possibility Frontier. Answer: 1. A PPF slopes downward to indicate if an economy chooses to produce more of one commodity, then it would have to reduce the production of another commodity. The concave shape of PPF is due to Increase in Marginal Opportunity Cost. 2. Any point on a given PPF presents a production possibility wherein all the available resources in an economy get fully utilized. Any combination located below the given PPF shows an under utilization of available resources. Likewise, any point to the right of the PPF is beyond the available resources. 3. By economic growth, we mean that an economy has developed greater capacity to produce larger quantity of goods by acquiring more resources. Graphically, this would be represented by a rightward shift of PPF. Question 11. Explain the meaning of opportunity cost with the help of production possibility schedule.[CBSE, All India 2013]

Answer: Opportunity cost of any commodity is the amount of other good which has been given up in order to produce that commodity. Alternatively opportunity cost of a given activity is the value of the next best activity.

Initially at combination B, in order to produce one unit of X, the economy has to sacrifice one unit of Y. So, at combination B, opportunity cost is 1 unit. At combination C, for producing additional unit of commodity X, the economy has to sacrifice 2 units of commodity Y. So, at combination C, opportunity cost is 2 units. Similarly, at combination D, for producing additional unit of commodity X, the economy has to sacrifice 3 units of commodity Y. So, at combination C, opportunity cost is 3 units and so on. Question 12. Define Marginal Opportunity Cost. Explain the concept with a hypothetical numerical example.[CBSE Sample Paper 2016]

Answer: 1. Marginal opportunity cost is an addition to a cost in terms of a number of units of a commodity sacrificed to produce one additional unit of another commodity. 2. Marginal opportunity cost can also be termed marginal rate of transformation, Marginal rate of transformation is the ratio of number of units of a good sacrificed to produce one additional unit of another commodity.

IV. True Or False

Giving reasons, state whether the following statements are true or false. Question 1. An economy always manages to meet all the needs of the people living in the country.

Answer: False: An economy always tries to provide means of living to all the people. It may be successful (as in most of the developed countries), or it may not be successful (as in many developing countries) to achieve its objective. Question 2. In the context of an economy when we talk about ‘scarcity’, we refer to short supply of land.

Answer: False: Scarcity refers to limited availability of all types of goods and services in relation to their requirements. The concept of scarcity, thus, is not limited to land alone. Question 3. Economic problem arises due to plenty of resources.

Answer: False: Economic problem arises due to scarcity of resources and alternative uses of various means. Question 4. Because of destruction caused by war, a country’s PPF will shift to the left.

Answer: True: Country’s PPF will shift to the left; this will be due to the fact that the country’s capacity to produce will get reduced. Question 5. A job guarantee scheme will lead to a rightward shift of PPF.

Answer: False: A job guarantee scheme does not add anything new to a country’s resources. This will only ensure that available unutilised or unemployed resources are productively employed. Question 6. If a PPF shifts to the right, the new PPF will be parallel to the original.

Answer: False: A new PPF need not be parallel to the old one. It can take any possible shape. Question 7. A ‘Production Possibility Frontier’ (PPF) is always represented as a upward sloping curve.

Answer: False: A PPF represents different combinations of two commodities that can be produced with the help of available resources in an economy. If an economy decides to produce a larger quantity of one commodity, it would be left with lesser resources to produce another commodity. A downward sloping curve represents this relationship. Question 8. If the economy operates inside PPC, it shows full utilisation of resources.

Answer: False: If economy operates inside PPC, it shows underutilsation of resources. Question 9. Growth of resources shifts PPC towards left.

Answer: False: Growth of resources increases the capacity of economy to produce more. It shifts PPC towards right and not left. Question 10. PPC is concave shaped as production of one good can be increased only by reducing quantity of another good.

Answer: False: PPC is concave shaped due to increasing marginal opportunity cost. Question 11. Economy can never operate outside PPC with the given resources and technology.

Answer: True: Economy can never operate outside PPC with the given resources and technology as all points outside PPC are unattainable. Question 12. Economy always operates on PPC.

Answer: False: Economy operates on PPC only when resources are fully and efficiently utilised. If resources are not fully and efficiently utilized, economy operates at any point inside PPC. Note: As per CBSE guidelines, no marks will be given if reason to the answer is not explained.

V. Higher Order Thinking Skills Questions

Question 1. Define Marginal Opportunity Cost.[AI 2008] [1 Mark]

Answer: Marginal opportunity cost is an addition to the cost in terms of a number of units of a commodity sacrificed to produce an additional unit of another commodity. Question 2. How does Maruti Udyog Ltd. fix the prices of its cars, is it studied in macroeconomics? [ 1 Mark]

Answer: False: Macroeconomics is the study of aggregates e.g., determination of general price level in an economy. The principles underlying the pricing of a single good by a single firm or single industry are studied in microeconomics. Question 3. Whether the cotton textile industry is an example of micro or macroeconomics?

Answer: Microeconomics. Question 4. “Scarcity and choice go all together”. Defend or refute. [3-4 Marks]

Answer: 1. We defend this statement because scarcity arises as resources are limited. The resources to produce goods and services to satisfy human wants are available in limited quantities. Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are the basic scarce resources. 2. These resources are available in limited quantities in eveiy economy, big or small, developed or underdeveloped, rich or poor. Some economies may have more of one or two resources but not all resources. 3. For example, the Indian economy has relatively more labour but less capital and land. The U.S. economy has relatively more land but less labour. No economy in the world is comfortable in all the resources. 4. Since resources are limited, then we have to make a choice because resources have an alternative use. Generally a resource has many alternative uses. A worker can be employed on a farm, in a factory, in a school, in a government office, self-employed and so on. Like this nearly all resources have alternative uses. But the problem is that which resource should be put to which use. Question 5. “Only ‘Scarce Goods’ attract price.” Comment. [3-4 Marks]

Answer: 1. The given statement is correct. 2. All resources are not scarce in the economy. For example, the water taken from river or air we breathe is abundant in relation to wants. Such goods are available free of cost. These goods are known as Non-Economic Goods. 3. On the other hand, some goods are scarce in relation to their wants. For example, diamonds, petrol, electricity, etc. are scarce in relation to wants. These goods command price and are known as Economic Goods. Question 6. A lot of people died and many factories were destroyed in an earthquake. How will it affect the PPC of the economy? [3-4 Marks]

Answer: PPC of the economy will shift to the left from PP to P,Pr It happens because the number of possible combinations available with the economy has decreased due to destruction of resources in the economy.

  Question 7. Massive unemployment will shift PPC to the left. Defend or refute. [3-4 Marks]

Answer: The given statement is refuted. Massive unemployment does not decrease the capacity of economy to produce. So, there will be no shift of PPC. However, due to unutilisation of human resources, economy will operate at some point inside PPC as shown in the adjacent figure at point U.

VI. Value Based Questions

Question 1. A country’s resources are fully and p efficiently employed. The problem of scarcity exists. What advice would be given to raise the efficiency level of the human resource to fight scarcity? [CBSE Sample Paper 2013] [1 Mark]

Answer: Spread of education and training. Value: Awareness about efficient utilization of resources Question 2. In an underdeveloped economy why there is the need of efficient utilization of resources? [1 Mark]

Answer: Developmental needs are more in underdeveloped economy and these are fulfilled with our limited resources. Value: Critical thinking Question 3. India is a labour abundance and capital scarce economy. Which technique of production should be used to produce the commodity?[1 Mark]

Answer: India should adopt labour intensive technique. Value: Analytic Question 4. As water resources are limited in our country, how can we economise the water resources so that it could not cause a future problem for us? Give any two suggestions. [1 Mark]

Answer: 1. Rainwater should be conserved by rain water harvesting. 2. Water wastage should be avoided i.e., economical use of water. Value: Awareness about efficient use of water. Question 5. Scarcity of resources is a universal phenomenon and is not confined to poor and backward countries only. Comment.

Answer: All countries, rich and poor, face the problem of choice due to scarcity of resources to fulfil unlimited wants. Value: Critical thinking Question 6. The problems of scarcity of resources and their alternate uses arise everywhere but particularly in backward countries. For their solution non-economic considerations can be stressed. How?[1 Mark]

Answer: Central problems, what to produce?, How to produce? and for whom to produce?, can be solved in poor countries by laying more stress on the social aspects, e.g., public utility services may be developed, labour intensive techniques may be preferred and the distribution of national income may be made equitable. Value: Analytic Question 7. Although water is useful, yet it is cheap. On the contrary, diamond is not much of use, still it is very expensive. Give an economic reason for this paradox. [ 1 Mark]

Answer: The economic reason for this paradox is scarcity. Although water is useful, yet it is cheap due to its abundance in the economy. Diamonds are very expensive because they are scarce and people are ready to pay a high price. Value: Analytic Question 8. Why is it that on one hand coal is found in plenty, yet it is scarce while on the other, a rotten vegetable is rare but not scarce? [1 Mark]

Answer: Coal is found in plenty yet it is scarce because its demand is also high. Scarcity means that availability is less than sufficient to satisfy all wants or desires. On the other hand, a rotten vegetable is rare but not scarce because there is no demand or want for a rotten vegetable. Value: Analytic Question 9. A farmer is getting more profit by producing opium rather than that of wheat. In situation of famine which crop should be produced?

Answer: Production of wheat. Because in situation of famine, food grain like wheat is required more than opium. Value: Social welfare Question 10. Large number of technical training institutions have been started by the government. State its economic value in the context of production possibility frontier.[Foreign 2014] [1 Mark]

Answer: This would lead to technological innovations in the economy. When the level of technology improves production possibility frontier is expected to shift to the right. There would be better utilization of the resources and the economy will move closer to the production possibility frontier. Value: Economic Growth with technological innovation Question 11. Unemployment is reduced due to the measures taken by the government. State its economic value in the context of production possibilities frontier. [CBSE 2014] [1 Mark]

Answer: When unemployment is reduced due to the measures taken by the government, the economy will be able to realize its production potential (Full employment) level. Value: Efficient utilization of resources Question 12. The government has started promoting foreign capital. What is its economic value in the context of Production Possibilities Frontier? [AI2014] [1 Mark]

Answer: The inflow of foreign capital is expected to increase the availability of the resources in an economy, which will thereby shift the production possibility frontier to the right. Value: Economic Growth with increase in resources Question 13. Name the economic value achievable when attempts are made to increase resources in the country. [CBSE 2014C] [1 Mark]

Answer: The economic value here is economic growth in the country, which will thereby shift the production possibility frontier to the right. Value: Economic Growth Question 14. Production in an economy is below to its potentiality due to unemployment. Government starts employment generation schemes. Explain its effects by using production possibility curve. [CBSE 2013] [3-4 Marks]

Answer: Production possibility curve is a curve which depicts all the possible combinations of goods which can be produced with given resources and technology in an economy i.e., producing goods at its full potentiality. Production below the potentiality means that total production in the economy is somewhere below the production possibility curve PPi; for example, point U in the diagram. We know production below the production possibility curve highlights unemployment. When government starts employment generation schemes, the economy moves towards the full employment, thereby removes unemployment. So, economy comes back to its potential level. Value: Analytic Question 15 There are various sources of income a teacher has; such as, 1. He can earn Rs 40000 from teaching in school. 2. He can earn Rs 50000 by tuition/ coaching 3. He earns Rs 60000 by writing the help book guides. What is the opportunity cost of his teaching in school? Why should he choose teaching profession? [1 Mark] Answer: Opportunity cost of teaching is the writing of books. He should choose teaching profession because it provides maximum social welfare. Value: Social welfare Question 16. Economic slowdown in some parts of the world has adversely affected demand for Indian exports. What will be its effect on the production Possibilities frontier of India? Explain. [CBSE Sample Paper 2013][3-4 Marks]

Answer: There will be no effect on Production Possibility Frontier (PPF). It is because PPF shows only what a country can potentially produce, and not what it actually produces. Slowdown by reducing demand for exports may ultimately bring down output. Assuming that the country’s actual production is somewhere on PPF, Slowdown may result in the country producing at a point somewhere below PPF as shown in the figure at point U. Value: Analytic

Question 17. Using a diagram explain what will happen to the PPC of Bihar if the river Kosi causes widespread floods?[CBSE Sample Paper 2014] [3-4 Marks]

Answer: If the river Kosi causes widespread floods in Bihar, it will lead to destruction of resources in Bihar. This will shift the PPC leftward. Initially PPC is PP. With floods, the PPC will shift to 

Value: Analytic

VII. Applications Based Questions

Question 1. A teacher is getting Rs 6,000 per month as salary. If he leaves the job and starts tuition work, he is expected to earn Rs 5,000 per month. What would be his opportunity cost? [1 Mark]

Answer: The opportunity cost of school job is Rs 5,000 p.m., that the teacher could have earned in the alternative use, by doing tuition work. Question 2. A doctor has a private clinic in New Delhi and his annual earnings are Rs 10 lakh. If he works in a government hospital in New Delhi, his annual earning will be Rs 8 lakh. What is the opportunity cost of having a clinic in New Delhi? [1 Mark]

Answer: The opportunity cost of opening a clinic in New Delhi is Rs 8 lakh, that he could have earned in the next best alternative use, by working in a government hospital in New Delhi. Question 3. With the same amount of resources a farmer can feed the following combination of goats and horses:

Taking into consideration the options available with him, find out the opportunity cost of the farmer of feeding one horse. [1 Mark]

Answer: The opportunity cost of the farmer ‘of feeding one horse is 3 goats i.e.,

Thus, the opportunity cost of feeding one horse is 3 goats. Question 4. Why is production possibility curve also called opportunity cost curve? [3 Marks]

Answer: 1. Production possibility curve is a curve which depicts all possible combinations of two goods which can be produced with given resources and technology in an economy. 2. PPC is also called opportunity cost curve because each and every point on PPC measures the opportunity cost of one commodity in terms of sacrificing other commodity. 3. The rate of this sacrificed commodity is called the Marginal Opportunity Cost of the expanding good. Question 5. What will be the impact of recently launched ‘Clean India Mission’ (Swachh Bharat Mission) on the Production Possibilities curve of the economy and why? [CBSE 2015][3 Marks]

Answer: Cleanliness reduces chances of people falling ill and, thus ensure better health. This in turn will reduce forced absenteeism from work, raise efficiency level and thus raise country’s production potential. Rise in potential shifts PP curve to the right.

Question 6. What will likely be the impact of large scale outflow of foreign capital on Production Possibility Curve of the economy and why? [CBSE 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer: 1. The Production Possibility Curve shifts to the left. 2. It is so because outflow of foreign capital decreases the capital resource in our country leads to fall in production capacity of our country. 3. It can be explained with the help of the diagram that PP is at full employment level and due to outflow of foreign capital it shifts leftwards P1P1. Question 7. What is likely to be the impact of ‘Make in India’ appeal to the foreign investors by the Prime Minister of India, on the production possibilities frontiers of India? Explain.[AI 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer: (i) The production possibility frontier of India shifts rightward because of ‘Make in India’ appeal.

(ii) It is so because it attracts foreign companies or investors to set up factories in India and invest in country’s infrastructure. (iii) It leads to huge capital inflow shifting the production possibility curve rightward as shown in the figure. Question 8. What is likely to be the impact of efforts towards reducing unemployment on the production potential of the economy? Explain. [AI 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer: 1. The economy moves towards the full employment, thereby removes unemployment. 2. This can be done when government starts employment generation schemes. By this, economy moves towards full employment and production potentiality of an economy increases. 3. It can be explained with the help of the following diagram. In the given figure, from unemployment (U), we are moving towards full employment (F).

Question 9. Giving reason comment on the shape of Production Possibilities curve based on the following schedule. [CBSE 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer:

The Production Possibility Curve is downward sloping concave because of increasing marginal opportunity cost. Question 10. Giving reason comment on the shape of Production Possibilities curve based on the following schedule. [CBSE 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer:

The Production Possibility Curve is downward sloping straight line because of constant marginal opportunity cost. Question 11. Giving reason comment on the shape of Production Possibilities curve based on the following schedule. [AI 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer:

The Production Possibility Curve is downward sloping straight line because of constant marginal opportunity cost. Question 12. Giving reason comment on the shape of Production Possibilities Curve based on the following schedule. [AI 2015] [3 Marks]

Answer:

The Production Possibility Curve is downward sloping straight line because of constant marginal opportunity cost.

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[meganelizabether]

Mentally healthy May, pt.3

Take care of yourself

Chances are, if you have depression or an anxiety disorder, you probably don't take care of yourself. It's hard to say if poor self-care contributes to depression, or if it's a side effect of mental health issues. In my experience, though, poor self-care skills and depression are pretty inseparable.

Somewhere around the mid-point of what I call my building stage (learning to maintain a mental wellness equilibrium), I got curious about self-care. It was such a foreign concept to me that I actually spent a lot of time googling and pinning infographics. Turns out it's more complex than essential oil baths and sheet mask treatments--it impacts every area of your life. 

Learning to care for yourself is a life-long practice, but it's one we neuroatypical individuals absolutely cannot afford to ignore. For us, self-care means the difference between a fulfilling life and a life of pain and isolation.

Unfortunately, an infographic won’t solve all your problems; the hardest part about self-care is learning what you need to be well, and the only way to do that is through trial and error. That all sounds pretty exhausting to a depressed person, but trust me, it’ll be ok. You can take it slow, and you can take it one day at a time. There’s no benefit from rushing or taking on a ton of things at once; you reap all the benefits from simply trying.

In the beginning, this might mean getting out of bed and taking a shower, or putting on clothes and going to the store. Celebrate every little thing like you just won the friggin’ Olympic gold, because for a depressed or anxious person, it’s the same thing.

Go to the doctor, go to the dentist, find a way to exercise that doesn’t cause undue stress or anxiety. For me, that was yoga, but it could be something as simple as a daily walk. Eat mindfully, and take time to savor things (fruits and veggies are important too, but make sure to really taste what you eat). Take care of your body, and it will take care of you. 

If you can, find a therapist you trust. Many therapists offer patients without healthcare coverage a low-income flat fee. With the right therapy tools, even one visit a month can make a huge difference. I’ve hugely benefitted from cognitive behavioral therapy, because it marries theoretical and practical aspects in one convenient package.

Try medications until you find one you can live with. Sometimes therapy isn’t enough, and medications can make the difference between a functioning day, or a day hiding under the covers. Don’t get discouraged if a pill doesn’t solve everything. Medications are like bumper lanes in bowling—they keep you headed in the right general direction, but they don’t guarantee every time will be a strike. I was extremely fortunate that the first SSRI I tried began working immediately, and is working a year later. I still have bad days, but the main difference is how fast I can bounce back. I know my medication plays a big part in my resiliency.

Once you have some basic groundwork in place, you can take stock and see what is working and what isn’t. After a few months of therapy and medication, I decided I wanted to get out of the house and interact with the world. I wasn’t ready to deal with humans, however, so I volunteered with the county animal shelter. Working with the dogs that came through the shelter was incredibly gratifying—they were often sick, starving, or going out of their minds with anxiety, but for a few hours every week, I could make their lives better. I helped them adjust to their environment, fed them lots of treats, played with them, brushed and bathed them. They gave me love and gratitude back without any strings or complications.  

While it might seem counterintuitive, helping other creatures is a vital part of self-care. Humans evolved to be highly social, community-building animals, and altruism is a key component of our social construct. Even in the worst moments of my depression, helping someone else made me feel better. Whether I was babysitting for my friend and mother of two, training shelter dogs, or volunteering in the playroom of our local children’s hospital, I realized I got more out of the experiences than I gave. 

Depression makes us believe a series of incredibly damaging lies that come out of our darkest places, and one of those lies is that we are unlovable and a drain on the people we care about. Helping others gives that lie the middle finger—we are kind people, we are caring people; we are not worthless, and we can even give something of ourselves. We are THAT strong.

After all these months, I’ve decided self-care boils down to this: any task or activity that undermines the negative stories running through our minds. Voices telling you that you’re ugly and worthless? Get a haircut, buy a piece of clothing that makes you feel good, or take a long bath. Feeling like life has no meaning? Invest in relationships: spend time with friends, adopt a dog (or other animal of your choice), or join a book club. If social anxieties are in the mix, find a supportive online community that shares your interests. Make your own meaning, and laugh in depression’s ugly face. Listen to what the voices are telling you, and do the opposite, positive thing.  

[curtiskyle]

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[marymosley]

Law and Practice of International Treaties

Abstract:

International conventions are the most frequent agreements between two nations regarding any issue or for citing international standards. This paper gives you a basic knowledge of what is a treaty or an agreement and why is there need to make such agreements between the nations. It also gives you the glimpse of three conventions i.e. Vienna convention and the other two which are ratified by India. Later the paper mentions about what is the significance of the international treaties in international laws? It also tells the relevance of some constitutional articles why the parliament is involved in ratification of treaties.

What is a treaty?

A treaty is a formal, written agreement between two or more states which has a binding effect of international law. There are bilateral treaties which is between two nations or multilateral between two or more states. Treaties are being formed due to several reasons it can be because of disputes between two or nations, so a treaty can be for ratified by the nations to maintain peace or harmony and to agree on the similar terms to settle the dispute. A treaty can signed to reduce the depletion of natural resources or for the establishment of science & innovation based public and private partnerships. So there can be several motives of signing a treaty.

Need for international treaties

 As we know globalisation plays a very important role in today’s era. The world is becoming smaller day by day. And the problems are becoming global day by day. So global problems need global solutions. No matter how much powerful a nation is it cannot solve the global problems alone. In other words international law act as a mechanism between two or more nations to corroborate peace, harmony, stability, order in international relations and security of the sovereign state. Despite being known for maintaining peace &security among nations there was no codified law for signing of treaties. It took a long time in making a codified law for making treaties. 

  Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969

It is a UN agreement which has a set rules and regulations that binds every treaty which is being formulated between two sovereign states. It provides legal framework for the nations to abide at the time of peace. The framework includes directives on application, conclusion, interpretation, amendment, entry into force treaties and modification. It also states regulations on validity, termination and suspension of different treaties. By this Vienna convention UN enforces its charter onto nations to live in peace and harmony and to maintain international security. Convention may still represent a progressive development of international laws, not supported by a large number of states. Article 26 of the convention says that every treaty signed by a country is binding on it and its obligations imposed by the treaties should be done with good faith.

Few treaties ratified by India

FTA agreement:

 FTA treaty or FTA agreement is multinational agreement according to the international law, it is an agreement which promotes trade across nations with no trade barriers or less trade barriers encouraging international trade however now the agreement not only include trade of goods but also trade of services and investment. The FTA agreement not only facilitates the free trade between nations but also helps under developed nations and developing nations to become more prospers. 

Few advantages of FTA

More dynamic business climate – In the absence of free trade the countries protected their local business which made them stagnant and non – competitive but with the introduction of free trade the local business of nations become more competitive and  motivated to be able to grow globally.

Foreign direct investments- FDI’s promote local business as foreign investors invest in the domestic market so it boost our economies and help domestic business to grow internationally.

Sharing resources and valuable information- as we know international business are expert in developing resources , so it would help domestic companies to access of the information and methods to work efficiently and effectively.

Technology advancement- if domestic companies lack in technologies then the international companies will help the locals in accessing the latest technologies which will make the domestic business grow globally.

Few disadvantages of FTA

Outsourcing- The job outsourcing has been a major problem instead of being a advantage, as there is cheap labour available in other counties it affects the local people who are jobless.

Theft of IP – Every country does not have protected patent laws and other country takes advantage and as a result their ideas are often stolen.

Poor working conditions- Every country does not have proper labour laws so the many times children and women are being harassed.

Solution

Protection of trade is not the permanent solution of the problems faced. As increasing the tariffs and subsides can be a solution for the short term but not for the long term.  A better way is to make some rules within trade agreements that are the solutions to all the cons of the trade agreement.  Countries can insist that foreign companies build local factories as part of the agreement. They can insist to train their workers and make share technology.

Shimla Agreement, 1972

The Shimla agreement signed between India and Pakistan on 2 July 1972 was more than just an agreement, it was set of guidelines which India and Pakistan adhere to maintaining the peaceful relations with India. The agreement was signed the Prime mister Indira Gandhi of India and President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan.

The agreements says that-

The UN charter will govern the relations of the two nations.

Both the countries shall resolve all the issues between them by mutual and peaceful means. And all the rest of the issues between the nations will be solved through bilateral agreements and by unilateral. 

They also agreed to maintain respect for each other’s territorial integrity, sovereignty and non – interference in each other’s internal affairs on the basis of equality, and mutual benefit. 

Both the nations will take steps to resume communication, to promote travel facility, exchange in field of science and technology will be promoted.

In order to maintain durable peace forces of both the nations will be withdrawn from their side of international border.

In Jammu and Kashmir, the line of control shall be respected by both the nations and no one can unilaterally seek to alter it. It shall be resolved with mutual or unilateral agreements.

Despite having the legal agreement Pakistan has continually failed to be committed to the agreement. They have continually terrorised India by their terror attacks, which has always been an issue for India. However we know that using terror to achieve ones goals is not a rational behaviour. And the matter of article370 was an internal matter of India to promote socio- economic development and good governance. And India has always been committed to the agreement while Pakistan has been failed to comply with it. Moreover terrorism is the act which no democracy accepts.

Significance of international conventions under international law:

The international agreements set ground rules for different nations in framing laws and policies on various subjects. They also lay down guidelines for Indian judicial system to fill gaps in the matter where there are no clear laws in Indian legal system. Like on case vishaka v. state of Rajasthan where vishaka and other women filed an PIL against Rajasthan and the central government to enforce fundamental rights in articles 14, 19 &21 of the constitution of India. The petition was filed after a social worker was gang raped for stopping a child marriage. Later the SC took in the consideration of international laws and guarantee of gender equality, right to work with human dignity in article 14, 19, &21 of constitution of India. Without domestic law involving the field to plan successful measures to check the abhorrence of evil of sexual harassment against working ladies at all work puts, the substance of International Conventions and standards are noteworthy with the end goal of translation of the assurance of gender equality, right to work with Human nobility in Articles 14, 15, 19(1) (g) and 21 of the Constitution and the protections against sexual harassment verifiable in that. Any international treaty showing not conflicting with the key rights and in congruity with its spirit must be added something extra to those arrangements to develop the significance and substance thereof, to advance the object of the Constitutional assurance. International conventions help the country to settle disputes with the foreign states like Shimla agreement, 1972 and bilateral agreement with Bangladesh of sharing Ganges water are few examples of the same.

Conclusion:

As mentioned international treaties play a significant role in cultivating global participation in different fields influencing the lives of individuals and advancing harmony and peace.  The Indian Constitution contains provisos with that impact in article 51(c). The question however remains that in any case, is that who chooses which settlement is useful for the nation and which authority is skilled to settle on the equivalent. Under the Indian Constitution and as asserted by different legal proclamations it is the Indian Parliament which is preeminent in choosing such issues. Article 253 of the Indian Constitution is sure about that. Notwithstanding, the Indian Parliament has not made any law so far controlling the methodology for the Indian government to go into universal or two-sided arrangements.  In the absence of same under article 73 it is the executive which is consenting to global arrangements now and again without bringing the parliament into certainty. While it may not be pragmatic to have the Parliament to favour all agreements. It will be suitable to take a fair view regarding the matter and have an enactment engaging the official to sign arrangements subject to specific conditions. The Parliament may command particular kinds of conventions to be endorsed by it preceding its marking by the executive. Particular sorts of treaties then again might be left totally to the discretion of the executive.

Author: Mudita Dubey, Legal Intern at Legal Desire (June 2020)

Law Student pursuing BBA-LLB (H) from amity university, Rajasthan. My interest is corporate laws.

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[dailyposttribune]

Building Resiliency in Teens: Why Learning How to Cope with Adversity Can Boost Emotional Readiness for College (and Life)

Originally posted on Caron

If you or someone you know is suffering from or at risk of an alcohol addiction, take the next step and reach out to a Caron specialist at 877-920-4849 or contact us online. 

The college years can be an emotionally and physically demanding time. Three out of four college students say they’re stressed, according to a recent study of 67,000 college students. Worse, one in five of these students reported thoughts of suicide, while one in 10 had attempted it. This is twice the national average for adults!

Coupled with this is the dropout rate. Less than 40% of first-time students entering a four-year college graduate after four years with a degree. After six years, only 52% will have earned a degree. Success at college is not guaranteed.

I work closely with students in high school and college who struggle with the transition to college. Always, parents are eager to know, “Is my child ready for college? How can I help prepare them?”

There is no easy answer to that question. Many students experience difficulties with this life change, but some are better able to handle that transition than others. I find that emotional readiness and resilience are the best predictors of success in college and in life. The reality is that life is bound to be stressful, and teens and young adults must have the skills necessary to thrive in the face of inevitable challenges.

The fear of failure prevents growth Parenting plays a significant role in a child’s development of emotional readiness and resiliency skills. Research shows that by the time a child reaches adolescence, his or her need to feel “secure and safe” transfers from the parental relationship to social peer relationships. There is also a shift during that time to more independence and reliance on themselves. The challenge is that it doesn’t always happen smoothly and can leave many young people with an emotional deficit.

In fact, the tried-and-true method for developing resiliency is surviving something difficult, growing from it and becoming stronger as a result. The impediment to emotional growth comes when a child is prevented from experiencing adversity, or if fear of “failure” prevents them from facing the challenge and learning from it.

Let me take a step back for a moment and talk about that dreaded concept – failure. It’s a scary word that evokes an immediate reaction for many. Failure doesn’t actually exist in the outside world. In fact, failure is a personal emotional response – a feeling you get when you don’t live up to your own expectations. Or when you feel like you’ve haven’t lived up to someone else’s expectations.

It’s helpful to think of success or failure within the framework of intrinsic goals versus extrinsic goals. Extrinsic goals are the ways we measure our success based on outcomes like admittance to a good college, having an impressive resume and getting good SAT scores. Intrinsic goals make us feel fulfilled and useful and inspire us. The more we focus on those extrinsic goals to the exclusion of the intrinsic goals, the more likely we are to feel emotional distress when the extrinsic goals don’t turn out exactly as we hoped.

The fear of failure presents most frequently as anxiety. It taps into our primitive flight-or-fight response. Our heart starts pounding, our adrenaline surges, and our mind starts racing. We’re prepared to run from the lion, but there is no lion.

Today’s overwhelming focus on the extrinsic goals is now leading to a rise of anxiety among adolescents. They feel more pressure to perform while, at the same time, they’ve had less experience at a young age taking risks, coping with disappointment and learning to solve problems on their own. There’s more dependence on family than there once was, whether that’s for economic reasons or just new approaches to parenting. Part of it is also likely due to social media, because it isolates people in a way that they don’t have to experience as much face-to-face discomfort.

The good news is that parents can help their children by letting them experience small difficulties in their lives without an immediate intervention and by teaching them healthy approaches to managing challenges from an early age, so they are equipped with resilience skills.

Anxiety during the college admissions process It’s important for parents to be aware that the process of college admissions and college transition is just as much an emotional process as it is an academic one. Just as parents hire college advisors and college counselors to help students improve their test scores, it may be worthwhile for parents to seek therapeutic support to help their child become emotionally ready.

The process of applying to college triggers a lot of anxiety for students. Parents should be alert for potential problem behaviors:

How does our child seem during this period?

Are we noticing changes in their behavior?

How are their sleeping habits?

What are their eating habits?

How are they interacting with their siblings or with us?

How are their relationships with their peers?

Warning signs of deeper trouble might include:

Substance use

Eating disorders

Withdrawal from friends or loved ones

Low energy and interest in favorite activities

Poor grades

Changing the narrative can boost emotional resilience Often, students get wrapped up in the beliefs they have about themselves. One student I was tutoring for the SAT approached the test thinking, “I’m so bad at tests. Ever since I was little, I’ve never been as smart as my classmates. Forget this. I’m just not even going to try.” I could sit with him and see he wasn’t even really reading the questions, because he already had this story in his mind. Before we could even address the geometry questions, we first had to challenge the beliefs he had about himself and develop new ones.

Even the appearance of success may not accurately reflect a young person’s emotional readiness. I recently had a client who was very high achieving – high IQ, highly motivated. That was where she found a lot of her self-worth. When she got into an Ivy League college, she was surrounded by people who were just as accomplished. She was no longer getting straight As, but Bs or even Cs. This caused so much distress that she came home after her first semester and took a semester off. If she wasn’t the smartest kid, then who was she? This was her moment of adversity, and it rocked her whole world. But out of this experience, she had an opportunity to learn what she was good at and what really excited her. Taking a step back and working on appreciating her authentic self gave her the emotional tools and perspective to move forward.

Ultimately, I encourage parents to strive for balance and help their children understand the difference between external rewards and internal fulfillment. You need both to succeed at college and at life. Accomplishing goals is important, but equally important is developing satisfaction from being present and feeling good enough about who you are right now, without expectations.

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[anthonybialy]

Filthy Rich Tomorrow

Our government is going to double your cash out of pure benevolence. You don't get to decline this amazing investment opportunity. But why would you? Only a liberty-loving fool would not be interested in getting rich quick, and your government exists to guide you into wholly legitimate opportunities for prosperity that you wouldn't have the sense to fund on your own.

Endless wealth without toil is not a scheme this time unlike all those other occasions, as we have smartened up and learned from the last attempts to collect payments. Leftists who resent how rich corporation owners are compared to their workers call everyone else jealous. They don't even try buying the right stocks. Shady plans are legal once the government endorses them. An imprimatur changes everything. Ponzi was an amateur.

A ridiculous hourly wage is the next-best thing to getting a check for not working. Demanding a high starting salary is a sure sign you hired someone who's going to toil relentlessly.

Those filling gaps for robotic workers wonder why they don't advance into management while protesting in front of their places of employment. The delightfully cheery entitlement of someone who thinks they're owed something for being hired explains why your burger is always tainted by pickles despite your polite request.

Forget earning a raise: politicians work hard to ensure you don't have to exert, depending on your definition of sweating. Sure, seeing work as the goal itself instead of as a byproduct of having useful tasks to complete ensures job loss. But it feels like you're getting more. Artificial payment inflation is the perfect example of not thinking ahead which embodies the solid planning of those so convinced they know how to create wealth that they've never wasted talents running a company.

What is a job? Don't ask a Democrat. You'll hear seductive yet costly ideas about an obligation to provide for someone else, which is certain to create happy prosperity. Treating someone who offers employment as a villain for not offering what Bernie Sanders decides is a living wage is sure to make them want to continue.

Don't fret about what happens when businesses get fed up, as we just need a law against decisions. Wholesale ignorance of human nature is their policy, so really commit to it. Nobody in support can figure out why they're poor.

Negotiation between two parties for compensation sounds like even more work. Those who call themselves underpaid by law don't grasp that they have power in the relationship, which is the same reason why they demand government restricts one of the transaction's sides.

There are no guarantees in life regardless of what laws supposedly soften reality's soft edges. Take how many arrogant diploma recipients have not gotten smarter after completing 120 credits. Free college isn't for economics majors unless you get the same degree as Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Her mortifying diploma is worth less than the paper it's printed on, which is a preview of what she'd do to money.

Meanwhile, medical school graduates inadvertently teach about economics. Health care is costly precisely because nobody gets billed directly. I'm sure using Washington's credit card will lessen prices.

Some truly happy individuals wouldn't be pleased with affordability of a product they've righteously decided is a right. Making someone else provide a service is banned by the 13thAmendment, but that whole Constitution thing is outdated. Health crusaders are resentful about the cost of saving life, which is the truest sign of gratitude.

Paying for the most important service of all is demonized the most. The skill and equipment it takes to save a life is taken for granted, as there's nothing grateful like presuming the service must be provided. Pretending that charging the government means something's free makes everything a ripoff. Not seeing a bill doesn't create affordability any more than ginseng will cure your ills.

Free is sure expensive. The astronomic cost for those who bother to look at insurance bills is not just something to giggle about out of relief. Billing those using services would get treatments closer to affordable. But then they wouldn't be fake free.

Removing consumers from prices makes life more costly, if you can believe it. The unwillingness to treat health care as a commodity is precisely why it's making us broke. People should be willing to give every dime they have to stay alive. Thanks to statist medicine, getting relieved of all your funds becomes ever more likely.

Preposterous schemes to dodge payments makes everything more costly. Billing those Wall Street villains feels like Oceania trying to win a war. The practical effects are the only thing as bad as legal thievery. It's not like those rich bastards pay everyone else. In those exploitative situations, one must work to be compensated, which perpetrates life's most fiendish cruelty.

By contrast, you're totally getting away with something by billing an unrelated successful party for the services you use. Nobody can solve the mystery of why there's no money in the first place. Pay Encyclopedia Brown a quarter to find out.

Anyone who thinks the economy is social is eying your wallet. Master planners do everything they can to drain cash from the collective. Meanwhile, you'll be called selfish for wanting to retain what you've received.

Sanctimonious campaigners wonder why life is so expensive. They're too busy rationally railing against corporate greed to consider how warping interactions between buyers and sellers caused the very problems they claim will be solved with the next round of subsidies. We're just a step away from becoming the rich people we hate.

[newssplashy]

They do so much evangelism-inclined welfare and give to the needy. The Church of GOD is matching on.

Nigeria is an interesting country where people often feel others are stupid. But the combination of the entire ‘better than others’ thought has not led to any progress in any major development area.

Although, it is almost impossible to have a nation of genius, but the small percentage of the smartest class in a country often wields transcendent impact across sectors.

So, if there are fiercely intelligent engineers, who know what they are doing and are passionate about solutions – regardless of Nigeria’s electricity sabotage – there would be new directions to solve the problem.

This same thing would apply to other sectors as a way to ignore the useless. If government or the private sector – in charge of something – decides they’re useless, the smart people who know what to do – or can know what to do if they try – can find a way around it, for progress for all.

But Nigeria does not have this, instead it is so much education & tiny smartness, gross darkness & rare electricity, potholed roads, tiny pay employment, rising retail costs, state governments competing for worthlessness, federal government caring about nothing useful, etc.

Many of these have been the same from thirty years ago. Announcements and projects publicized like something will change, but, often a farce.

Also Read: Antagonist's waste company

 Yet, there are people in Nigeria, where no one is doing pronounced national development work, who would say they are better than others, or that people are dumb.

This educated class whose education or knowledge is often to be antagonists of those doing certain stuff they think is stupid. But the stuff or not doing doesn’t mean development for Nigeria. So the entire antagonism is mostly worthless.

For them what is not a problem is the problem, and what is not the solution is the solution. Their impact is not felt in – alternative – development of the country. Doing business to make money while it makes no difference is easier than doing business that does much on development.

It is safe to say that antagonists in Nigeria, especially on social media who cry every day that people are dumb or, something is problematic, are loud but probably not smart.

Also Read: Big Christianity or Big Poverty & Churches are NOT business centers

The Insincere Society

Nigeria runs on insincerity. It is so abundant that in several situations, if you’re sincere you would get punished. There’s often an expectation of insincerity – to give and to receive – so sharpness is built around both.

The insincerity in Nigeria is even abused, taken to any length that puts lives at risk. Nothing is too small or big or delicate to be insincere at. Everything is an opportunity for insincerity and that is just the way it works.

There are places where there is no ‘niceness’ at all. Niceness or sincerity is seen as foolishness while insincerity or wickedness is seen as cute.

This thinking is what many of those who hate true Churches and Pastors in Nigeria deploy: that it impossible to grow that big, for a Church like RCCG without lots of insincerity.

But that is not the case. It is possible there are those in the Church who are professional hypocrites and pretenders.

It is also possible some people use the name of GOD irresponsibly on issues within common sense, but the Church is for true Faith, true Hope, true Prayers and Worship – in Spirit and in Truth.

Giving in Church is a move of Faith, and if sincere prayers are made for tenth givers or others, within the extents of Faith – it is not a scam or a fraud.

 Also Read: Christianity or Brainwashed & Antagonist’s Intellect

There are several words and prayers by true Pastors that haters often seek to invalidate, but doing so invalidates the command that without Faith – without believing or with doubt, it is impossible to please GOD.

True Churches were not also made for development. Churches would have been the biggest scam if you paid them to offer electricity and they provided cuts instead.

The expensiveness of Church universities is not their biggest fault, if considered closely. If Church universities can guarantee that all or majority of their graduates would be super smart, passionate and skilled at graduation, then what they are offering can be close to quality education.

But cheap school or free school isn’t the answer Nigeria has been seeking for solution in education. There are so many examples where schools, classes or trainings are made to be deliberately expensive, so as to feel like quality but just another insincere sham.

Some haters are selling prosperity as abhorrent. That, because it is possible to be a true Pastor and prosper and that it is possible that there are poor members in a Church means Church prosperity or for Pastor is a bad thing. NO! It isn’t. 

What has RCCG done again?

RCCG should create more parishes and branches, but can be more specialized about it. There should be places for prayers only, and centers that open on evenings when there are no services so those who want to come and pray or praise or study the Word can come in and do so.

Also Read: Questions on RCCG & Antagonist’s Parasitic Fame

 There may have to be registration for this. Also, in every local government, there could be several specialized RCCG centers, focused on edifications or just prayer messages or the Word. Some may open throughout Saturdays as well.

There is no point holding back expansion in every way because whatever RCCG does now is already a hate tool for critics. The way some of the antagonists mention RCCG or the lead Pastor, it is often like what have they done again?

RCCG is not a scam and their lead Pastor is not a fraud. Were RCCG a scam, they would have been doing lots of eye service projects – from long ago – that critics would have said, cool!

But NO, instead, the Church focused on spreading the gospel, on expansion, on fruits of the Spirit, gifts of the Spirit and personal development. The Church prays, worships and deploys Faith.

They do so much evangelism-inclined welfare and give to the needy. The Church of GOD is matching on.

The antagonists are really mad, aside from being foolish and insincere. Blaming RCCG for almost every problem of Nigeria is a classic schizophrenic case many of them have including their yellow fever nauseating man who has terminal intellectual disability.

Written by Nneka Okumazie

Twitter/IG: Okumazie

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