#amazon biospheres

[alirisy]

Life as an Amazonian isn’t so bad! Photos of inside the Amazon Biospheres, Seattle, WA. 🌿

[rutaecoproyectos]

Proyecto Oteri, Junio 2023, Perú

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/proyectoteri?_rdc=1&_rdr

Ubicación: Shintuya, Biosfera Natural del Manu, Perú Enfoque: Reforestación, Activismo Ecológico Entorno: Rural, Selva Amazónica Fundación: 2016 Población: ~2 miembros

Contacto: Willi +51 929934050, oteriterra@gmail.com

En nuestro viaje al Proyecto Oteri, ubicado en la selva amazónica del Perú, tuvimos la oportunidad de sumergirnos en la biodiversidad de la Reserva Natural del Manu, específicamente en la comunidad nativa de Shintuya que fue fundada el 29 de septiembre de 1950, y es hogar del pueblo indígena Harakbut, que habita principalmente en las regiones de Madre de Dios y Cusco. Este lugar es conocido como la puerta de entrada a las comunidades nativas del Parque Nacional del Manu, donde se estableció el primer contacto con el mundo exterior y se busca mantener un aislamiento voluntario. De hecho tanto la carretera como el río Alto Madre de Dios son las principales vías de acceso de las cuales depende la comunidad para abastecerse de alimentos y vender su producción, principalmente plátanos.

Proyecto Oteri se originó a causa desafíos que está enfrentando la Amazonia en la actualidad. La creciente intervención humana, incluyendo la deforestación, los incendios forestales, el desplazamiento forzado de la población, el narcotráfico, la minería ilegal, están llevando a la Amazonía hacia un punto de no retorno, y es que en la última década, más del 20% de la selva amazónica ha sido destruida.

En Proyecto Oteri concretamente se han enfrentado a problemas de tala ilegal en su propio terreno sin delimitar, lo que ha llevado a la pérdida de árboles, incluyendo especies en peligro de extinción dentro del área protegida del proyecto. En respuesta a estos desafíos, la reforestación se ha convertido en una herramienta crucial para regenerar estos ecosistemas y proporcionar hogar y protección a la fauna local.

Durante nuestro voluntariado, tuvimos la oportunidad de participar en diversas actividades como la pesca tradicional en el río junto a Willi, y disfrutamos de cenas compartidas con la familia de su hermana. También colaboramos en la cosecha de papas, la colecta de cocos y la replantación de esquejes en el terreno protegido del proyecto. Participamos en la recolecta de semillas y aprendimos sobre la elaboración de remedios con plantas medicinales, como la Uña de Gato. Estas experiencias nos dieron una visión más profunda de la vida en la selva amazónica, y entendimos que la preservación del ecosistema requiere un esfuerzo colectivo de la comunidad, que principalmente vive de la agricultura, la pesca y la caza. De esta manera se genera menos dependencia de productos importados, y se aprovechan los recursos naturales para necesidades básicas.

En conclusión, a través de iniciativas como la reforestación y la conciencia ambiental, podemos contribuir a la preservación de estos valiosos ecosistemas y apoyar a las comunidades indígenas en su lucha por proteger sus hogares.

Voluntariado

Pesca en el rio de la comunidad

Cocina tradicional Harakmbut con bambú

Cosecha de papas de diversos tipos

Colecta de frutos como cacao, cocos

Replantación de esquejes dentro del terreno protegido del proyecto

Recolecta de semillas

Desbrozado del terreno

Recolecta de plantas medicinales como la Uña de Gato.

Elaboración de remedio medicinales con Uña de Gato para tratar inflamaciones tanto externas como internas del organismo.

Como llegar

Se debe partir desde Cusco, salidas en minivan desde el control San Jerónimo con destino Salvación, capital de la provincia del Manu (11h de la mañana). Parada en Paucartambo para almorzar. Llegada sobre las 7 de la tarde a Salvación, entonces hay dos opciones para llegar a la CN. Shintuya: Subirse a un carro el mismo día. Pasar la noche en Salvación y viajar al día siguiente, temprano en la mañana o por la tarde, en el bus del señor Cotayo.

Enlaces relacionados:

[elbiotipo]

Ocassionally you see articles that are like "scientists are trying to hide how bad things are" and I'm the opposite of that. I've done my work on ecological restoration (actually grabbed a shovel and planted trees) and I'm amazed at how fast nature can restore itself. Ecologists used to think restoring tropical rainforests, to give an example of a complex ecosystem, would take centuries to go back if it was even possible -this is why you see all the dystopian fiction of rainforests going extinct- when in fact, it has been proven that without human pressure, ecological succession takes place and rainforests grow back nearly to its original physionomy in a few years, even if diversity does take a time to bounce back. Reintroducing animals might sound harder and it is, but we must remember that animals have faster cycles than humans. Just letting breeding pairs in protected areas is often enough for populations to grow back, as in the reintroduction of jaguars to Iberá in Corrientes Argentina, and many other cases. What is even more interesting and encouraging is how cheap, both in the monetary and the general effort sense, these works are. If a bunch of underpaid biologists, rural people and park rangers can do it, imagine if they had the full support and backing from states and international institutions.

We are at a stage where, besides climate change, we are facing tremendous biodiversity loss and this mostly comes to our methods of land use and food production. But these can be changed. We must assume the fact that nature is not a pristine untouched thing, but humans, in every continent they have lived in, have long managed its resources. The Amazon Rainforest is full of useful plants that hint at silviculture which is still done by its native peoples, the deserts and tundra that seem uninhabited have been home to pastoral and hunter-gatherer peoples. Humans have shaped all habitats on Earth, even the most 'untouched' ones. Just as they have managed their environments and natural resources, other civilizations have managed or mismanaged them. Now that industrial civilization has spread across the globe, we need to find a way to balance our need for food and other products with the need to preserve and take care of Earth. This can be done, we can ensure both a good quality of life and a protected biosphere. We can stop the dichotomy of humans separate from nature, assume our historical role as managers and stewards of natural resources, and do it with our modern understanding of ecology and science.

This does mean that it will take a lot of popular mobilization and change to uproot current interests and create states that uphold these principles. But I'm a marxist. I don't 'believe' in class struggle, I think it's a fact based on observations about society, and I also think that this current form of capitalism will eventually be replaced by socialism, and I believe the future socialist societies will not do the same mistakes as the past. We not only can create new societies that can take care of nature and the general welfare of people, but I also think that as history proceeds, it will be inevitable.

[typhlonectes]

GOOD NEWS:

Ecuadorians reject oil drilling in the Amazon, ending operations in a protected area

Ecuadorians voted against drilling for oil in a protected area of the Amazon, an important decision that will require the state oil company to end its operations in a region that’s home to isolated tribes and is a hotspot of biodiversity. With over 90% of the ballots counted by early Monday, around six in 10 Ecuadorians rejected the oil exploration in Block 43, situated within Yasuni National Park. The referendum took place along with the presidential election, which will be decided in a runoff between leftist candidate Luisa González and right-wing contender Daniel Noboa. The country is experiencing political turmoil following the assassination of one of the candidates, Fernando Villavicencio. Yasuni National Park is inhabited by the Tagaeri and Taromenani, who live in voluntary isolation, and other Indigenous groups. In 1989, it was designated, along with neighboring areas, a world biosphere reserve by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, also known as UNESCO. Encompassing a surface area of around 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres), the area boasts 610 species of birds, 139 species of amphibians and 121 species of reptiles. At least three species are endemic.

[rjzimmerman]

Excerpt from this story from EcoWatch:

Current climate policies are putting the world at a high risk of critical Earth system components reaching tipping points, even if global temperatures return to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average following a period of overshoot.

However, a new study has found that, if global heating is quickly reversed, these risks could be minimized.

The human-caused climate crisis has the potential to cause a destabilization of large-scale elements of Earth systems like ocean circulation patterns, ice sheets and components of the global biosphere. In the study, the researchers examined the risks that future emissions scenarios and current mitigation levels posed to four interconnected tipping elements, a press release from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) said.

The research team determined the risks of tipping for destabilizing a minimum of one of four central climate elements: the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Greenland Ice Sheet, the Amazon Rainforest and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) — the Atlantic Ocean’s main ocean current system. All four of these contribute to the regulation of the stability of the planet’s climate. Sudden changes to these biophysical systems can be triggered by global heating, leading to irreversible outcomes.

The report’s analysis explains how important it is to stick to the climate targets laid out in the Paris Agreement, while emphasizing that our current choices will impact the planet for centuries or even millennia.

“Our results show that to effectively limit tipping risks over the coming centuries and beyond, we must achieve and maintain net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Following current policies this century would commit us to a high tipping risk of 45% by 2300, even if temperatures are brought back to below 1.5°C after a period of overshoot,” said Tessa Möller, co-lead author of the study and a researcher with the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)’s Integrated Climate Impacts Research Group, in the press release.

The researchers discovered that tipping risks become substantial by 2300 for several of the future emissions scenarios they assessed. If the average global temperature does not return to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2100 — even if net-zero greenhouse gas emissions are reached — there will be a tipping risk of as much as 24 percent by 2300. This means that in roughly one-quarter of the scenarios that do not return to less than 1.5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, a minimum of one of the tipping elements they considered will have tipped.

“We see an increase in tipping risk with every tenth of a degree of overshoot above 1.5°C. If we were to also surpass 2°C of global warming, tipping risks would escalate even more rapidly. This is very concerning as scenarios that follow currently implemented climate policies are estimated to result in about 2.6°C global warming by the end of this century,” said co-lead author Annika Ernest Högner, also with PIK, in the press release.

“Only a swift warming reversal after overshoot can effectively limit tipping risks. This requires achieving at least net-zero greenhouse gases. Our study underscores that this global mitigation objective, enshrined in Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, is vital for planetary stability,” said Carl Schleussner, one of the authors of the study and a leader with the IIASA Integrated Climate Impacts Research Group, in the press release.

[dontmeantobepoliticalbut]

Ecuadorians voted against drilling for oil in a protected area of the Amazon, an important decision that will require the state oil company to end its operations in a region that’s home to two uncontacted tribes and is a hotspot of biodiversity.

Yasuni National Park is inhabited by the Tagaeri and Taromenani, who live in self-isolation. In 1989, it was designated a world biosphere reserve by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, also known as UNESCO. Encompassing a surface area of over 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres), it boasts 610 species of birds, 139 species of amphibians, and 121 species of reptiles. At least three species are endemic.

With over 90% of the ballots counted by early Monday, around 6 in 10 Ecuadorians rejected the oil exploration in Block 43, situated within Yasuni.

The outcome represents a significant blow to Ecuadorian President Guillermo Lasso, who advocated for oil drilling, asserting that its revenues are crucial to the country’s economy. State oil company Petroecuador will be required to dismantle its operations in the coming months.

The referendum took place alongside the presidential election, which will be decided in a runoff between leftist candidate Luisa González and right-wing contender Daniel Noboa. The country is experiencing political turmoil following the assassination of one of the candidates, Fernando Villavicencio.

[ogresound]

Listen/purchase: WILDER by OGRE Sound

WILDER is out now and streaming in full everywhere. Celebrate with me this Friday 28th with an exclusive listening party on Bandcamp!

Spotify Youtube Amazon Bandcamp All Other Platforms

Hope you enjoy this slice of Ballardian cinema for your ears; a perfect soundtrack for the dystopian self-immolation of the internet.

Plot Synopsis for Wilder:

Recognising the portentous warning signs of a global extinction event, elect individuals retreat to Hermetica: a sealed biosphere and luxury resort; a privileged vantage for the super-elite to watch the last catastrophic moments of humankind play out on screens as entertainment.

Whilst life support and ecologies are governed by an artificial intelligence, under the Labour For Life Initiative, a non-elect staff, selected by trades, skills and other desirable physical attributes, are housed within Hermetica. After all, a biosphere needs maintenance, its elite residents require hospitality, and the eventual rejuvenation of an apocalyptic world must have bodies to do the heavy-lifting.

After months of exposure to what began as casual current affairs viewing, growing into algorithmically curated media debasement (decapitations over breakfast before hot-yoga; the live-flaying of a village playing out on the screens of the gymnasium), Hermetica’s elite residents begin to desire something more, something that even the capital-expenditure sim’s most outlandish scenarios can’t provide.

There’s only so much you can get from witnessing an act before you just have to try it yourself, they say, as Hermetica accelerates into wilder, happy destruction…

[pendantaudio]

SILON, a sci-fi audio drama, episode 105: An act of sabotage traps half of the League in the BioSphere, Pinkerton confronts Kate about her double life, and Ada’s search for Charles Babbage has devastating consequences.

Written by Darian Lindle, directed by VC Morrison, asst. director Paul Brueggemann! Produced in conjunction with Live Girls! Theater. On Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, Google Podcasts, iHeartRadio, Amazon Music, and more! Transcript available at pendantaudio.com.

https://pendantaudio.com/shows/silon

[truuther]

Dust from the Sahara desert provides critical iron nutrients to marine phytoplankton, essential for their growth and survival in the oceanic food chain., The iron in dust from the Sahara is converted into a more accessible form while it travels through the atmosphere, increasing its impact on the biosphere below., Atmospheric chemical processes transform iron-bound dust from the Sahara into a bioavailable form, stimulating biological processes in the oceans and continents., North African desert dust, carried by winds, is Earth's largest source of airborne particles, transporting isotopes of iron to the Americas annually., The iron in desert dust is crucial for securing carbon in the atmosphere into organic molecules, but its limited availability influences the distribution of life on Earth., Dust from the Sahara reaching regions like the Amazon and Bahamas contains soluble iron, enhancing its availability to life due to longer exposure to atmospheric processes., Chemical processes in the atmosphere convert less bioreactive iron in dust to more accessible forms, increasing the distribution of bioactive iron with transport distance., Saharan dust provides vital bioactive iron that fu

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Fires Rage Along Brazil’s Deforestation Frontier

Fire season in Brazil got off to an early and active start in 2024. In February, NASA satellites observed unusually widespread and intense fire activity in the northern state of Roraima. In May and June, drought in the more southerly state of Mato Grosso do Sul helped spread intense, early-season blazes in the Pantanal, one of the world’s largest wetlands. In July, fires picked up to unusually high levels within rainforests in the Amazon River Basin.

Fires are more prevalent in Brazil in the driest months of the year—generally beginning in July and peaking in August and September. In some parts of the country, fire activity was already intense in July 2024. As of August 7, Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) had detected via satellite almost twice as many active fires in the Brazilian Amazon compared to the same January-to-August time period in 2023.

The MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of smoke from fires over the states of Amazonas and Pará on August 4, 2024. Dense smoke was present in the Apuí region of Amazonas and along the BR-163 highway in southern Pará. Triangular plumes streamed from areas of recent deforestation—often adjacent to side roads off the main highway that create a “fishbone pattern” of cleared land when viewed from above. Deforested land in this area is usually used for cattle ranching and crop production.

Using data from Aqua, INPE detected more fires in the state of Amazonas in July 2024 than any previous July in their record, which goes back to 1998. The satellite-powered SERVIR Amazon Fire Dashboard, which classifies active fire detections from the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) sensors based on their intensity, persistence, and the type of vegetation burned, indicated that most of the activity was linked to deforestation.

“The major fire activity in July was tied to deforestation along this ‘leading edge’ of the deforestation frontier,” said Doug Morton, an Earth system scientist in the Biospheric Sciences Laboratory at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. People ignite deforestation fires during the dry season to remove drying trees, branches, and stumps, left over after using bulldozers and other equipment to clear land during the wetter months. It sometimes takes months or even years to burn off enough of the woody debris that land can be used for ranching or farming.

Severe drought has plagued the Amazon Basin since mid-2023, partly because El Niño, which heated up the eastern Pacific Ocean from May 2023 to May 2024, shifted rainfall away from this area. According to scientists at World Weather Attribution, drought is also severe because human-caused global warming has added extra heat to the region and helped create conditions where fires can flourish and spread rapidly.

Carbon emissions from blazes in the Brazilian Amazon and Pantanal biomes so far this year have been the highest since 2005, according to Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Parrington tracks fires for the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) using a satellite-based data record that began in 2003. Emissions were especially high from Amazonas and Mato Grosso do Sul.

NASA Earth Observatory image by Michala Garrison, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Story by Emily Cassidy.

[noneofthisisreal]

Core tipping elements with planetary-scale impacts on the Earth system include cryosphere subsystems such as the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), large-scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns such as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and biosphere subsystems like the Amazon Rainforest (AMAZ), the four of which we will focus on in this study. Further tipping elements include Boreal Permafrost, extra-polar mountain glaciers, and tropical coral reefs, among others

[amazontripsperus]

Top 5 Must-Do Activities on an Amazon Jungle Tour from Puerto Maldonado.

Settled in the focal point of the Peruvian Amazon, Puerto Maldonado offers spearheads an entry to one of the most biodiverse locales on earth. Whether you're a nature fan, untamed life sweetheart, or fundamentally searching for an escape into the profundities of perfect rainforests, an Amazon jungle tour from Puerto Maldonado ensures an unprecedented experience. Here are the main five must-do exercises that ought to be on each wayfarer's agenda:

1. Wildlife Watching

One of the most exciting parts of visiting the Amazon wilderness, particularly on Manu Reserved Zone Puerto Maldonado tours 9 days, is experiencing its different untamed life. From the notorious pumas and monster stream otters to bright macaws and fun loving monkeys, Puerto Maldonado's wilderness abounds with life. Guided tours frequently incorporate early morning or night journeys, when the backwoods wakes up with the sights and hints of its occupants. Master guides will lead you through secret paths, expanding your possibilities spotting subtle species right at home.

2. Canopy Walk and Zip-lining

Experience the rainforest according to an alternate point of view with an overhang walk or zip-lining experience on a Manu biosphere zone Pto Maldonado tour 8 days. Suspended high over the backwoods floor, these exercises offer stunning perspectives and an opportunity to notice the wilderness covering very close. Navigate solid scaffolds between transcending trees, feeling the adventure of being encircled by lavish plant life and the calls of colorful birds reverberating through the air. It's an invigorating method for valuing the Amazon's colossal biodiversity and stunning landscapes.

3. Piranha Fishing and River Cruises

Take part in traditional Amazonian exercises like piranha fishing or leave on relaxed river travels along the Madre de Dios River on Jungle tours from Puerto Maldonado. These excursions provide bits of knowledge into neighborhood culture and the natural significance of the river frameworks. Whether you're reeling in a fierce piranha or peacefully drifting past dense riverbanks, these experiences connect you deeply with the rhythms of life in the rainforest.

4. Night Safaris

As sunset settles over the wilderness, set out on a night safari to observe something else entirely of Amazonian wildlife. Furnished with spotlights and directed by master naturalists, investigate nighttime animals that arise under the front of obscurity. From energetic tree frogs and subtle night monkeys to shining eyes of caimans reflecting in the waterway, each nighttime experience reveals the Amazon's supernatural charm.

5. Indigenous Community Visits

To understand the Amazon's cultural and ecological significance, visit nearby native networks. Participate in cultural trades, find out about traditional practices, and gain bits of knowledge into reasonable living inside the rainforest. Many visits offer chances to partake in handicraft studios, traditional functions, or instructive discussions driven by local area individuals. Valuing the profound association between native people groups and their common habitat is an opportunity.

Discovering Amazon Trips Peru - Your Gateway to Unforgettable Amazon Jungle Tours in Puerto Maldonado

Amazon Trips Peru offers immersive Amazon jungle tours in Puerto Maldonado, blending adventure with sustainability. With expert guides, eco-friendly practices, and tailored itineraries, they ensure unforgettable experiences. Explore diverse wildlife, canopy walks, and cultural exchanges with local communities, promising a rich and responsible journey through Peru's rainforest.

[dkehoe]

Hale Wheeler inherited billions from his wealthy father. His mission is to spend that money helping rebuild the world’s resources. He doesn’t have time for love but when he meets celebrity journalist Elsa Cohen he is tempted by their chemistry. Elsa, too, is on a mission to build her career reporting the celebrity news and knows that an interview with the elusive Hale Wheeler will make her career. The two of them want very different things from love but can they forge a path together? The fifth installment in the River Rain series, this novel tells the story of Hale and Elsa but also gives us glimpses into the lives of other couples who’s stories we’ve followed. That’s what I love about Kristen Ashley’s series, the characters are so integrated into each others lives that their stories aren’t just one and done. You get these little extensions into their lives while enjoying a fresh story. Hale and Elsa have been side characters and their story arc began a few books back so the author has been building their tension in the background. All of these connections are like one of those little biosphere’s incapsulated in glass. The oxygen is feeding the organisms who keep growing, moving, and staying interconnected. I love it when one of her series works well together and The River Rain series is a good example of that. Hale has a tragic life story. Raised by his mentally unstable mother full time, then spending part time with his father Cory who loved him but had trouble showing it physically, Hale has trouble facing his own feelings which makes his pursuit of Elsa both interesting and hard to read. Elsa is loving and open a contrast to his more closed off emotions. Of course watching them make that connection and figure out how to be a couple is what makes a good romance great and Fighting the Pull had moments that were both touching and emotionally fraught. This made for a really good story and an un-put-downable book. If you love romances with great characters, lots of heat, quirky and loving side characters, and a bit of danger, then this book will fit the bill. Unfortunately, to get the real benefit of all the quirkiness in those side characters, please read the series in it’s entirety. If you don’t have the time, I think you’ll still enjoy this book but you’ll miss a few nuances, and back stories from other books in the series but you’ll still enjoy the read. ❤️❤️❤️❤️ Click this link to purchase this book!* Fighting the Pull Copyright 2024 The Reading Chick All Rights Reserved *Amazon Associate- if you purchase this book through the above link I’ll receive a small stipend.

[petnews2day]

Road paving in a Peruvian bird paradise threatens wildlife and ecotourism

New Post has been published on https://petn.ws/ir70p

Road paving in a Peruvian bird paradise threatens wildlife and ecotourism

In the Manu Biosphere Reserve of Southeastern Peru, one of the world’s most biodiverse protected areas, a winding dirt road has historically been the only route from the Andes into the Amazon. Now that road has been paved from top to bottom. The resulting increase in vehicle speed is causing concerns among conservationists about road-killed […]

See full article at https://petn.ws/ir70p #BirdNews

[jcmarchi]

Study: Global deforestation leads to more mercury pollution

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/study-global-deforestation-leads-to-more-mercury-pollution/

Study: Global deforestation leads to more mercury pollution

About 10 percent of human-made mercury emissions into the atmosphere each year are the result of global deforestation, according to a new MIT study.

The world’s vegetation, from the Amazon rainforest to the savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, acts as a sink that removes the toxic pollutant from the air. However, if the current rate of deforestation remains unchanged or accelerates, the researchers estimate that net mercury emissions will keep increasing.

“We’ve been overlooking a significant source of mercury, especially in tropical regions,” says Ari Feinberg, a former postdoc in the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (IDSS) and lead author of the study.

The researchers’ model shows that the Amazon rainforest plays a particularly important role as a mercury sink, contributing about 30 percent of the global land sink. Curbing Amazon deforestation could thus have a substantial impact on reducing mercury pollution.

The team also estimates that global reforestation efforts could increase annual mercury uptake by about 5 percent. While this is significant, the researchers emphasize that reforestation alone should not be a substitute for worldwide pollution control efforts.

“Countries have put a lot of effort into reducing mercury emissions, especially northern industrialized countries, and for very good reason. But 10 percent of the global anthropogenic source is substantial, and there is a potential for that to be even greater in the future. [Addressing these deforestation-related emissions] needs to be part of the solution,” says senior author Noelle Selin, a professor in IDSS and MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.

Feinberg and Selin are joined on the paper by co-authors Martin Jiskra, a former Swiss National Science Foundation Ambizione Fellow at the University of Basel; Pasquale Borrelli, a professor at Roma Tre University in Italy; and Jagannath Biswakarma, a postdoc at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. The paper appears today in Environmental Science and Technology.

Modeling mercury

Over the past few decades, scientists have generally focused on studying deforestation as a source of global carbon dioxide emissions. Mercury, a trace element, hasn’t received the same attention, partly because the terrestrial biosphere’s role in the global mercury cycle has only recently been better quantified.

Plant leaves take up mercury from the atmosphere, in a similar way as they take up carbon dioxide. But unlike carbon dioxide, mercury doesn’t play an essential biological function for plants. Mercury largely stays within a leaf until it falls to the forest floor, where the mercury is absorbed by the soil.

Mercury becomes a serious concern for humans if it ends up in water bodies, where it can become methylated by microorganisms. Methylmercury, a potent neurotoxin, can be taken up by fish and bioaccumulated through the food chain. This can lead to risky levels of methylmercury in the fish humans eat.

“In soils, mercury is much more tightly bound than it would be if it were deposited in the ocean. The forests are doing a sort of ecosystem service, in that they are sequestering mercury for longer timescales,” says Feinberg, who is now a postdoc in the Blas Cabrera Institute of Physical Chemistry in Spain.

In this way, forests reduce the amount of toxic methylmercury in oceans.

Many studies of mercury focus on industrial sources, like burning fossil fuels, small-scale gold mining, and metal smelting. A global treaty, the 2013 Minamata Convention, calls on nations to reduce human-made emissions. However, it doesn’t directly consider impacts of deforestation.

The researchers launched their study to fill in that missing piece.

In past work, they had built a model to probe the role vegetation plays in mercury uptake. Using a series of land use change scenarios, they adjusted the model to quantify the role of deforestation.

Evaluating emissions

This chemical transport model tracks mercury from its emissions sources to where it is chemically transformed in the atmosphere and then ultimately to where it is deposited, mainly through rainfall or uptake into forest ecosystems.

They divided the Earth into eight regions and performed simulations to calculate deforestation emissions factors for each, considering elements like type and density of vegetation, mercury content in soils, and historical land use.

However, good data for some regions were hard to come by.

They lacked measurements from tropical Africa or Southeast Asia — two areas that experience heavy deforestation. To get around this gap, they used simpler, offline models to simulate hundreds of scenarios, which helped them improve their estimations of potential uncertainties.

They also developed a new formulation for mercury emissions from soil. This formulation captures the fact that deforestation reduces leaf area, which increases the amount of sunlight that hits the ground and accelerates the outgassing of mercury from soils.

The model divides the world into grid squares, each of which is a few hundred square kilometers. By changing land surface and vegetation parameters in certain squares to represent deforestation and reforestation scenarios, the researchers can capture impacts on the mercury cycle.

Overall, they found that about 200 tons of mercury are emitted to the atmosphere as the result of deforestation, or about 10 percent of total human-made emissions. But in tropical and sub-tropical countries, deforestation emissions represent a higher percentage of total emissions. For example, in Brazil deforestation emissions are 40 percent of total human-made emissions.

In addition, people often light fires to prepare tropical forested areas for agricultural activities, which causes more emissions by releasing mercury stored by vegetation.

“If deforestation was a country, it would be the second highest emitting country, after China, which emits around 500 tons of mercury a year,” Feinberg adds.

And since the Minamata Convention is now addressing primary mercury emissions, scientists can expect deforestation to become a larger fraction of human-made emissions in the future.

“Policies to protect forests or cut them down have unintended effects beyond their target. It is important to consider the fact that these are systems, and they involve human activities, and we need to understand them better in order to actually solve the problems that we know are out there,” Selin says.

By providing this first estimate, the team hopes to inspire more research in this area.

In the future, they want to incorporate more dynamic Earth system models into their analysis, which would enable them to interactively track mercury uptake and better model the timescale of vegetation regrowth.

“This paper represents an important advance in our understanding of global mercury cycling by quantifying a pathway that has long been suggested but not yet quantified. Much of our research to date has focused on primary anthropogenic emissions — those directly resulting from human activity via coal combustion or mercury-gold amalgam burning in artisanal and small-scale gold mining,” says Jackie Gerson, an assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Michigan State University, who was not involved with this research. “This research shows that deforestation can also result in substantial mercury emissions and needs to be considered both in terms of global mercury models and land management policies. It therefore has the potential to advance our field scientifically as well as to promote policies that reduce mercury emissions via deforestation.

This work was funded, in part, by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology.

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Into the Wild: Embarking on Diverse Wildlife Safaris

Embarking on a wildlife safari is an exhilarating journey into the heart of nature, where every rustle in the bushes and distant call of the wild beckons you into a realm of breathtaking biodiversity. Diverse wildlife safaris offer a kaleidoscope of experiences, from the African savannah to the lush rainforests of South America. In this exploration, we traverse the globe to unveil the wonders of diverse wildlife safaris that promise encounters with creatures great and small.

Diverse Wildlife Safaris

1. African Safari Adventure Unlocking the Secrets of the Serengeti: An African safari is a quintessential wildlife experience, and the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania stands as an icon of untamed beauty. The annual Great Migration, where millions of wildebeest and zebras traverse the plains, is a spectacle that defines the Serengeti. Witnessing the circle of life unfold amid predators and prey is an awe-inspiring adventure that showcases the raw power and resilience of Africa's wildlife. Meeting the Big Five in Kruger National Park: South Africa's Kruger National Park is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts seeking encounters with the legendary Big Five—lion, elephant, buffalo, leopard, and rhinoceros. The diverse landscapes of Kruger, from savannahs to riverine forests, provide a rich tapestry for a safari adventure. Guided game drives and walking safaris offer intimate glimpses into the lives of these magnificent creatures. 2. Amazon Rainforest Exploration Navigating the Waterways of the Amazon: The Amazon Rainforest, often referred to as the "Lungs of the Earth," is a treasure trove of biodiversity. Venturing into the heart of the Amazon involves navigating its intricate waterways. Amazon River cruises and jungle excursions reveal a rich mosaic of wildlife, from vibrant macaws and elusive jaguars to the fascinating array of amphibians and insects that call this dense jungle home. Encountering Unique Species in the Yasuni National Park: Ecuador's Yasuni National Park, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve within the Amazon, is a haven for unique and endemic species. With its towering trees and vast swamplands, Yasuni is home to pink river dolphins, harpy eagles, and the elusive Amazonian manatee. Wildlife safaris in Yasuni offer a chance to explore the hidden corners of the rainforest and witness the symbiotic relationships that sustain its diverse inhabitants. 3. Arctic Wildlife Expedition Svalbard's Polar Bear Paradise: For those seeking wildlife adventures in the far north, Svalbard, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, is a polar bear paradise. Expeditions to Svalbard reveal a stark and stunning landscape where polar bears roam freely. With the Arctic's unique light providing an otherworldly backdrop, travelers may also encounter walruses, Arctic foxes, and various seabird species. Whale Watching in Iceland: Iceland, with its dramatic landscapes and abundant marine life, is a hotspot for whale watching. Safaris in the waters surrounding Iceland offer the chance to witness majestic creatures like humpback whales, orcas, and minke whales. The spectacle of these colossal marine mammals breaching and playing in their natural habitat is a testament to the wonders of Arctic wildlife. 4. Galápagos Islands Wildlife Expedition Evolutionary Marvels in the Galápagos: The Galápagos Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, hold a special place in the annals of wildlife exploration. The islands' unique isolation led to the evolution of species found nowhere else on Earth. Giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and blue-footed boobies are just a few of the extraordinary creatures that greet visitors in this living laboratory of evolution. Snorkeling with Marine Life: Diverse wildlife safaris in the Galápagos extend beyond land encounters. Snorkeling excursions reveal the vibrant underwater world teeming with sea lions, penguins, and a kaleidoscope of tropical fish. The Galápagos offers a rare opportunity to observe marine life in their natural habitat, fostering a deeper appreciation for the delicate balance of this isolated ecosystem. 5. Indian Wildlife Safari Tigers and More in Ranthambhore National Park: India's Ranthambhore National Park is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts, especially those eager to catch a glimpse of the elusive Bengal tiger. Jeep safaris through Ranthambhore's diverse terrain provide opportunities to spot not only tigers but also leopards, sloth bears, and a myriad of bird species against the backdrop of ancient forts and temples. Rhinos of Kaziranga National Park: Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India, is renowned for its conservation success in protecting the one-horned rhinoceros. The park's grasslands and wetlands also harbor elephants, wild water buffaloes, and a variety of birdlife. Safaris in Kaziranga offer a chance to witness the conservation efforts that have made it a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Diverse wildlife safaris invite intrepid travelers to become part of the intricate tapestry of the planet's ecosystems. Whether exploring the vast plains of Africa, the lush rainforests of the Amazon, the icy realms of the Arctic, the evolutionary wonders of the Galápagos, or the diverse landscapes of India, each safari is a celebration of the planet's biodiversity. These journeys into the wild not only provide unforgettable encounters with iconic species but also foster a deep sense of responsibility for the conservation of the fragile ecosystems that support Earth's diverse wildlife.

Best wildlife safari destinations

Embarking on a wildlife safari is a transformative journey into the heart of nature, where untamed landscapes and diverse ecosystems come alive with the enchanting dance of wildlife. For those seeking the best wildlife safari destinations, the planet offers a bounty of natural wonders. In this exploration, we unveil the top wildlife safari destinations that promise unforgettable encounters with the world's most iconic and elusive creatures. 1. Maasai Mara, Kenya - The Crown Jewel of African Safaris The Great Migration Spectacle: No list of the best wildlife safari destinations is complete without the Maasai Mara in Kenya. Renowned for the spectacular Great Migration, where vast herds of wildebeest and zebras traverse the savannah, the Mara offers a front-row seat to one of the most awe-inspiring natural events on Earth. The predator-prey interactions, river crossings, and sweeping landscapes make the Maasai Mara a crown jewel of African safaris. Abundance of Big Cats: Beyond the migration, the Maasai Mara boasts an abundance of big cats, including lions, leopards, and cheetahs. The open grasslands provide the perfect stage for wildlife enthusiasts to witness the raw drama of the animal kingdom. Balloon safaris offer a unique perspective, allowing visitors to soar above the plains and witness the beauty of the Mara from the sky. 2. Serengeti National Park, Tanzania - The Stage of the Great Migration Endless Plains and Breathtaking Wildlife: Tanzania's Serengeti National Park is a timeless expanse of endless plains and iconic acacia trees, setting the stage for the world-famous Great Migration. Witnessing the wildebeest and zebra herds on their journey across the Serengeti is a mesmerizing experience. The park's diverse ecosystems support a rich variety of wildlife, including the Big Five and an array of bird species. Hot Air Balloon Safaris at Dawn: For a truly magical experience, Serengeti offers hot air balloon safaris at dawn. Drifting above the savannah as the sun paints the landscape in hues of gold, visitors can marvel at the sheer scale of the migration and the untouched beauty of the Serengeti. 3. Okavango Delta, Botswana - Water Wonderland Safari A Symphony of Water and Wildlife: The Okavango Delta in Botswana is a unique safari destination, characterized by its labyrinthine waterways and lush landscapes. The delta transforms into a water wonderland during the annual flood, attracting a diverse array of wildlife. Exploring the delta by mokoro (traditional canoe) offers a tranquil and immersive safari experience, where visitors can encounter elephants, hippos, and an abundance of birdlife. Exclusive Wilderness Retreats: For those seeking luxury and seclusion, the Okavango Delta provides exclusive wilderness retreats. These intimate lodges and camps offer a front-row seat to the delta's natural spectacle, with personalized safaris and the chance to unwind in the heart of pristine nature. 4. Yellowstone National Park, USA - America's Wildlife Wonderland Bison, Wolves, and Grizzlies: Yellowstone National Park in the United States stands as an emblem of America's untamed wilderness. Home to a diverse range of wildlife, including bison, wolves, and grizzly bears, Yellowstone offers a unique blend of geothermal wonders and iconic North American fauna. The Lamar Valley, often referred to as the "American Serengeti," is a prime location for wildlife sightings. Old Faithful and Wildlife Adventures: Yellowstone's unique combination of geysers, hot springs, and wildlife makes it a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts. Witnessing Old Faithful erupt against the backdrop of roaming bison or encountering wolves in the Lamar Valley creates an unforgettable blend of natural wonders. 5. Galápagos Islands, Ecuador - Evolutionary Marvels Unveiled Up-Close Encounters with Unique Species: The Galápagos Islands, a living laboratory of evolution, offer a wildlife safari unlike any other. Visitors can have up-close encounters with unique species such as giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and blue-footed boobies. Snorkeling excursions reveal the vibrant underwater world, where sea lions and penguins play in their natural habitat. Conservation Success Stories: The Galápagos Islands are a testament to successful conservation efforts. Strict regulations and sustainable tourism practices have preserved this UNESCO World Heritage site, allowing visitors to witness the extraordinary biodiversity that inspired Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. 6. Ranthambhore National Park, India - Tigers and Ancient Forts Land of the Bengal Tiger: Ranthambhore National Park in India is a haven for wildlife enthusiasts eager to spot the elusive Bengal tiger. The park's varied landscapes, from dense forests to ancient ruins, provide a dramatic backdrop for tiger safaris. Jeep safaris and guided tours offer opportunities to witness these majestic cats in their natural habitat. Historical Marvels Amidst Wildlife: What sets Ranthambhore apart is the juxtaposition of wildlife and history. The park is dotted with ancient forts and temples, creating a unique blend of natural and cultural wonders. Witnessing a tiger against the backdrop of Ranthambhore Fort is an experience that transports visitors back in time. The best wildlife safari destinations beckon adventurers to witness the wonders of the natural world in its purest form. From the iconic plains of Africa to the lush waterways of the Okavango Delta, each destination offers a unique safari experience. These wildlife safaris not only provide thrilling encounters with iconic species but also instill a deep appreciation for the delicate balance of our planet's diverse ecosystems. As travelers venture into the wild, they become stewards of conservation, ensuring that future generations can marvel at the same awe-inspiring scenes that define the best wildlife safari destinations.

Wildlife photography tips on safari

Embarking on a safari is not just a journey into the heart of nature; it's a unique opportunity to capture the untamed beauty of wildlife through the lens. Wildlife photography on safari presents its own set of challenges and exhilarating moments. In this guide, we delve into essential tips to elevate your wildlife photography experience and bring home stunning images that tell the captivating stories of the animal kingdom. 1. Equip Yourself with the Right Gear Invest in a Good Camera and Lens Combo: Choosing the right camera and lens is crucial for wildlife photography on safari. Opt for a DSLR or mirrorless camera with a fast autofocus system and burst mode capabilities. A telephoto lens with a focal length of at least 200mm is essential for capturing distant and elusive wildlife without disturbing their natural behavior. Pack Essential Accessories: Ensure your camera bag includes accessories like extra memory cards, spare camera batteries, lens cleaning kits, and a sturdy tripod for stability during low-light conditions or when using slower shutter speeds. 2. Master Your Camera Settings Understand and Use Aperture Priority Mode: Aperture Priority mode allows you to control the depth of field, crucial for isolating your subject from the background. Use wider apertures (lower f-stop numbers) for a shallow depth of field, highlighting your subject while creating a pleasing background blur. Learn to Use Shutter Priority: Shutter Priority mode is vital for freezing or capturing motion. In wildlife photography, a fast shutter speed (1/500s or faster) is often necessary to avoid motion blur, especially when photographing fast-moving animals. Explore ISO Settings: Adjust your ISO settings to accommodate different lighting conditions. A higher ISO is suitable for low-light situations but be cautious as it may introduce digital noise. Experiment with ISO settings to find the right balance between exposure and image quality. 3. Be Patient and Observe Behavior Study Animal Behavior: Understanding the behavior of the wildlife you're photographing is key to capturing compelling shots. Take time to observe how animals interact with each other and their environment. This knowledge will help you anticipate their movements and capture more natural and engaging images. Practice Patience: Wildlife photography on safari requires patience. Be prepared to spend time observing and waiting for the perfect moment. Patience pays off when you capture a unique behavior or expression that tells a story. 4. Focus on Composition Follow the Rule of Thirds: Compose your shots using the rule of thirds, dividing the frame into a 3x3 grid. Place key elements, such as the eyes of your subject, along these grid lines or at their intersections for a more visually appealing composition. Create Depth with Leading Lines: Utilize natural elements like branches, rivers, or pathways to create leading lines that draw the viewer's eye into the photograph. This adds depth and interest to your wildlife images. Experiment with Different Perspectives: Don't be afraid to get creative with your composition. Experiment with different perspectives, such as shooting from ground level or capturing reflections in water, to add a unique and artistic touch to your photographs. 5. Master the Art of Timing Capture Golden Hours: The golden hours—early morning and late afternoon—provide soft, warm light that enhances the beauty of your subjects. Animals are often more active during these times, creating ideal conditions for stunning wildlife photography. Anticipate Action Shots: Be ready to capture action shots by anticipating movements. Whether it's a predator on the hunt or a bird taking flight, being prepared and having your camera settings adjusted in advance will increase your chances of getting the perfect shot. 6. Practice Ethical Wildlife Photography Maintain a Safe Distance: Respect the natural behavior and habitat of the wildlife by maintaining a safe and ethical distance. Use long lenses to get close-up shots without intruding on the animals' space. Avoid Disturbing the Wildlife: Resist the urge to disturb or provoke wildlife for a better shot. Always prioritize the well-being and conservation of the animals over getting the perfect photograph. Educate Yourself on Conservation: Understanding the ecosystems and conservation efforts in the areas you're visiting contributes to responsible wildlife photography. Educate yourself on local conservation initiatives and support ethical tourism practices. 7. Post-Processing for Enhancement Use Editing Software Wisely: While capturing the perfect shot in-camera is essential, post-processing can enhance your images further. Learn the basics of photo editing software to fine-tune exposure, contrast, and colors. Be mindful not to over-process, aiming for a natural and authentic representation of the scene. Backup Your Images: Protect your wildlife photography collection by regularly backing up your images. Invest in reliable external hard drives or cloud storage solutions to ensure your precious moments are preserved for years to come. Wildlife photography on safari is a thrilling pursuit that requires a combination of technical skill, patience, and a deep respect for the natural world. By equipping yourself with the right gear, mastering your camera settings, and practicing ethical photography, you can capture breathtaking images that not only showcase the beauty of wildlife but also contribute to the conservation and appreciation of these incredible creatures in their natural habitats.

Safari tour operators reviews

Embarking on a safari is a dream for many, and choosing the right safari tour operator can make or break this once-in-a-lifetime adventure. Safari tour operators play a pivotal role in curating an experience that seamlessly blends wildlife encounters, cultural immersion, and exceptional service. In this guide, we delve into the world of safari tour operators, providing comprehensive reviews to help you navigate the wild and select the perfect partner for your safari journey. 1. Read the full article