#XRF

[uchicagoscrc]

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded on this day in 1901. Recently, we analyzed two of the seven Nobel Prizes in our collections to see how much gold they contain.

Overview X ray fluorescence spectroscopy is a method of instrumental analysis that allows us to learn about the elemental composition of an object. The process involves emitting very small, focused x-ray beam at a target. When the beam collides with the atoms of the target object, it pushes electrons out of their normal orbit around a nucleus. The resulting space is filled by electrons from other orbitals – a process that results in an affected element emitting its own characteristic X-rays or signature that is then recorded by the device and translated onto a screen in the form of a line graph. Over the last several months, the XRF team has been working to better understand the hardware, software, and data associated with XRF spectroscopy.

During this time, we focused primarily on testing bindings, inks, parchment and pigments. For our inaugural XRF project, however, we wanted to be sure the artifacts tested were easy to manage both in quantity and analysis. Residing among our collections are seven Nobel medals: James Franck (1925), Enrico Fermi (1938), Eugene Wigner (1963), James Cronin (1980), Milton Friedman (1976), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1983) and Ronald Coase (1991). We know that to get clear XRF data the objects we test should be substantial (relatively large and dense), as homogeneous as possible in its composition, and corrosion-free. Given the properties of gold, Nobel medals checked all those boxes. Moreover, we had some legitimate questions XRF spectroscopy could answer.

Questions

First, while we knew that recipients were given more than one copy – an “official” copy made of gold and at least one presentation copy likely plated in gold – we were unsure the exact composition of the presentation copy or if trace metals would be detectable in either copy. As both copies of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar’s 1983 Nobel medal reside here in Special Collections we hoped XRF testing would provide a clear answer. Our second question related to Nobel medal composition over time. Though we were unsure precisely when the medals we made, we can be sure of the dates they were awarded. If there was a difference in composition over time, even with our somewhat limited sample size, we hoped to determine this with XRF testing. Our final question relates to James Franck’s Nobel Medal. Franck’s medal was suspended in an acidic solution known as aqua regia and hidden among other jars and beakers at the Bohr Institute a short time before the Nazis invaded Denmark. After the war it was reconstituted and recast. We were eager to know if these processes had left any mark on the composition of the Nobel medal and we expected our testing to provide some insight.

Results

It is important to point out that XRF testing is not quantitative. Our results will show the presence of an element but not measure precisely how much of that element exists in the object. The results take the form of a spectra – a line graph for which “peaks” or sharp upward trends indicate the presence of an element. Though out of the scope of this project, semi-quantitative results based on relative intensities or “peak height” of the recorded elements can be determined. A great example of the difference in peak height can be seen in the image “Region of Interest Nobel Copy Comparison”. Here, you can see that Chandrasekhar’s presentation copy spectra (green) has more intense copper and zinc readings than it has for gold and the official copy spectra (red) has a strong gold reading but a nearly imperceptible copper peak. While our XRF testing does not tell us about the orientation of these elements within the object, these results are consistent with our expectations that the official copy was more gold than anything else and the presentation copy was likely a less expensive element plated in gold.

Notably, the only other element with a substantial peak in the official copy is silver. This observation is important for our change over time question. Similar to Chandrasekhar’s official medal, the other official medals’ spectra indicated that gold was the principal element present. However, unlike Chandrasekhar’s official medal, the two earlier official medals (Franck’s and Fermi’s) did not have a silver peak. Rather, they contained a copper peak of similar size to the silver peaks in the medals from the latter half of the century. Given the history of the Franck medal, I think we all kind of hoped we would see some vast difference in composition. Ultimately, we found nothing abnormal. In fact, the Franck medal spectra was very similar to the Fermi medal, copper peak and all.

Final thoughts

The Nobel Prize Project was our first opportunity to combine the skills and knowledge we had been building over the last few months. Even though testing went smoothly, and the results were more or less what we expected, there are still a few lingering questions. Is medal composition consistent across disciplines? How do we explain the shift from copper to silver in official copies? Is this “shift” even a trend, or is it a coincidence? One thing is certain, XRF spectroscopy has enhanced our understanding of the objects in our collections and has encouraged us to pursue new and fascinating questions. If you share an interest in how the materiality of our cultural heritage impacts how we understand, use, and discuss it, I encourage you to look for our future XRF projects.

The team:

Patti Gibbons Ann Lindsey Melina Avery Jenny

Michael Fealey

[jaimehbb]

ARTSTATION Jorge Cáceres

Pagina web donde Jorge Cáceres (modelador blender XRF) tiene un portfolio con varios diseños hechos por el

[ruanbaijie]

我这一生都不想再放弃了。我绝不放弃，不死不休。 In this life, I don’t want to give up anymore. I will never give up, and will fight until my death.

HE YU as YE DINGZHI DASHING YOUTH 少年白马醉春风 (2024) 1.25

[minsarasarahair]

Baili Dongjun in this scene is like "The reason why I'm ignoring you is not like I hate you or I blame you for my master's death but yeah, no matter how much I tried to convince myself. I still have a grudge against you and want to beat you up!"

[rose-tinted-vision]

I'm ready 🥹😭⌨️

[zhouszishu]

XIAO RUOFENG

[innspubnet]

Honey plants are plants that produce a good amount of nectar and pollen that can be collected by bees to make honey. In the north of Côte d’Ivoire, beekeeping is an income-generating activity subject to climatic hazards. It is therefore necessary to study honey plants in the north of Côte d’Ivoire, which is an area of high honey production. The present study was carried out in the Ferme des Trois Lacs in the Department of Dabakala. The farm is one of the largest beekeeping farms in the North and the largest in the region. The study contributes to the knowledge of the honey plants of the Côte d’Ivoire and makes it possible to popularize beekeeping in the region. A total of 72 species of honey plants have been identified. They are divided into 66 genera and 29 botanical families. The richest family in species is the Fabaceae. These are more than half (55.5%) of the transition zone plants. The microphanerophyts are the most represented with 40.27%. The flora is dominated by shrubs at 33.72%. These plants mostly flower during the rainy seasons. Most are visited by bees for nectar. And finally, these plants are mostly spontaneous.

[dcashew45]

Reliable Positive Material Inspection in Pune | PMI Services & XRF PMI Technology

Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a crucial process in industries where the integrity and composition of materials are of utmost importance. At Integrated NDE Solutions, we specialize in providing comprehensive PMI services in Pune, ensuring that your materials meet the required specifications and standards.

What is Positive Material Identification (PMI)?

Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to verify the chemical composition of materials, particularly metals. PMI is essential in industries such as oil and gas, aerospace, manufacturing, and construction, where material mix-ups can lead to severe consequences, including safety risks and costly failures.

Our PMI Services in Pune

At Integrated NDE Solutions, we offer a range of PMI services to meet the diverse needs of our clients:

XRF PMI Equipment: We utilize advanced X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) PMI equipment to provide accurate and reliable material identification. XRF PMI technology allows us to perform on-site inspections quickly, ensuring minimal disruption to your operations.

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PMI Material Identification: Our PMI material identification services are designed to confirm the exact composition of materials used in your projects. This helps prevent material mix-ups and ensures compliance with industry standards.

Positive Material Identification for Carbon Steel: Carbon steel is widely used in many industries, and its proper identification is crucial. Our PMI services for carbon steel ensure that the correct material is used, preventing potential failures and ensuring the safety and reliability of your structures and products.

PMI Chemical Analysis: Our PMI chemical analysis services provide detailed information about the chemical composition of materials, helping you make informed decisions about material selection and usage.

Positive Material Inspection: Regular positive material inspections are essential for maintaining the integrity of your materials and ensuring they meet the required specifications. Our team conducts thorough inspections to verify the composition of your materials, reducing the risk of costly errors.

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Expertise: Our team of skilled technicians has extensive experience in PMI material analysis, identification, and inspection. We understand the critical importance of accurate material identification and are committed to delivering reliable results.

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Conclusion

Positive Material Identification (PMI) is an essential process in ensuring the safety, reliability, and compliance of materials used in various industries. At Integrated NDE Solutions, we are dedicated to providing top-quality PMI services in Pune, using advanced technology and expertise to deliver accurate results. Whether you require PMI for carbon steel, chemical analysis, or regular inspections, our team is here to support your needs. Contact us today to learn more about our PMI services and how we can help you ensure the integrity of your materials.

[jaimehbb]

GitHub para crear Gaussian Splatting en Unity una vez ya se tiene el .ply creado

[labotronicsscientific]

Portable XRF Spectrometer

Portable XRF Spectrometer is a lightweight spectrometer with an analysis range of 1ppm to 99.99% and a temperature range from -20℃ to +50℃. Incorporated with a built-in camera that helps to save images and test reports. Enhanced with an SDD detector that increases the element's sensitivity. Our model can perform onsite analysis and in situ analysis anytime and anywhere.

[cleannyclead]

XRF Lead Testing in NYC

Discover non-invasive XRF testing for lead in NYC with CleanNYC. Our advanced XRF technology accurately measures element concentrations without causing any damage or posing any danger. Trust CleanNYC for reliable, efficient, and safe lead paint testing solutions to keep your property compliant and secure.

[kimberlabnics]

Energy dispersive XRF spectrometer

labnics Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) is an analytical instrument used for non-destructive elemental analysis of materials. EDXRF spectroscopy works on the principle of X-ray fluorescence. When a material is exposed to high-energy X-rays, it emits secondary (fluorescent) X-rays characteristic of its elemental composition.

[dcashew45]

Ensuring Safety with PMI Material Identification and Positive Material Inspection in Pune

Positive Material Identification (PMI) Services by Integrated NDE

Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a critical aspect of quality control and assurance in various industries, ensuring that the materials used in manufacturing and construction meet specified requirements. Integrated NDE offers comprehensive PMI services that cater to the stringent demands of industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, power generation, pharmaceuticals, and more.

The Importance of Positive Material Identification

In industrial applications, using the correct material is paramount to maintaining safety, performance, and regulatory compliance. PMI helps prevent material mix-ups, which can lead to catastrophic failures, costly repairs, and safety hazards. By implementing PMI, companies can verify the material composition and ensure that they are using the appropriate alloys for their specific applications.

Advanced Techniques in PMI

Integrated NDE utilizes state-of-the-art techniques and equipment to provide accurate PMI results. Among these techniques are X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), which are highly effective for material identification.

XRF PMI

XRF PMI is a non-destructive testing method that determines the elemental composition of materials. It is particularly useful for analyzing metals and alloys, offering quick and accurate results. XRF PMI is ideal for identifying various elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and other alloying elements.

OES PMI

OES PMI involves using an optical emission spectrometer to analyze the light emitted by a sample when it is excited by an energy source. This technique is highly sensitive and can detect low levels of elements, making it suitable for detailed chemical analysis and positive material inspection.

Comprehensive PMI Services

Integrated NDE provides a wide range of PMI services tailored to meet the needs of different industries. These services include:

PMI Material Identification

Our PMI material identification services ensure that the materials used in your processes are correctly identified and compliant with industry standards. We help you verify the composition of metals and alloys, providing detailed reports on their chemical makeup.

Positive Material Inspection

Our positive material inspection services are designed to prevent material mix-ups and ensure the integrity of your products. By conducting thorough inspections, we help you maintain quality control and avoid potential issues related to material discrepancies.

Positive Material Identification for Carbon Steel

Carbon steel is widely used in various industries due to its strength and durability. Our PMI services for carbon steel ensure that the material meets the required specifications, preventing failures and ensuring optimal performance.

State-of-the-Art Equipment

Integrated NDE uses advanced PMI equipment to deliver accurate and reliable results. Our tools are calibrated and maintained to the highest standards, ensuring precise measurements and consistent performance. The use of cutting-edge technology allows us to provide quick and efficient PMI inspections, minimizing downtime and maximizing productivity.

Benefits of PMI Services

Implementing PMI services offers several advantages, including:

Safety Compliance: Ensuring that materials meet safety standards and regulations.

Quality Assurance: Verifying the composition and quality of materials to maintain product integrity.

Cost Savings: Preventing costly repairs and downtime caused by material failures.

Regulatory Compliance: Meeting industry-specific requirements and avoiding penalties.

PMI Chemical Analysis

PMI chemical analysis is a crucial part of our services, providing detailed information about the elemental composition of materials. This analysis helps in identifying potential issues and ensuring that the materials used in your processes are suitable for their intended applications.

Identification of PMI

Our identification of PMI services includes detailed reporting and documentation, providing you with the necessary information to make informed decisions about material usage. We offer comprehensive reports that include elemental analysis, material composition, and compliance verification.

Industries We Serve

Integrated NDE serves a wide range of industries, including:

Oil and Gas: Ensuring the integrity of pipelines, refineries, and other critical infrastructure.

Petrochemicals: Verifying the composition of materials used in chemical processing plants.

Power Generation: Ensuring the reliability and safety of materials used in power plants.

Pharmaceuticals: Maintaining the quality and purity of materials used in drug manufacturing.

Why Choose Integrated NDE?

Integrated NDE is a trusted provider of PMI services, offering expert knowledge and advanced technology to meet your material identification needs. Our team of experienced professionals is dedicated to delivering accurate and reliable results, helping you maintain quality control and ensure the safety of your operations.

For more information about our positive material identification services and how we can assist you, visit our Positive Material Identification page.

[jollyclamps50]

PMI Testing For Manufacturing Excellence

In the production of hose clamps, Positive Material Identification (PMI) equipment is essential for guaranteeing that the materials fulfill quality standards and specifications. PMI confirms the composition of metals and alloys using methods such as optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). This process ensures the production of hose clamps that are dependable and compliant by improving quality assurance, traceability, compliance with industry standards, and cost efficiency. It also prevents the use of incorrect or substandard materials.

The importance of Positive Material Identification (PMI) machines in hose clamp manufacturing includes:

Quality Assurance: Ensures hose clamps are made from the correct materials, enhancing product reliability and safety.

Compliance: Helps meet industry standards and customer specifications, avoiding legal and regulatory issues.

Traceability: Provides detailed records of material composition throughout the manufacturing process, aiding in quality control and audits.

Cost Efficiency: Reduces the risk of product failure, recalls, and rework, saving on costs associated with these issues.

Process Optimization: Allows for early detection of material issues, preventing disruptions in the manufacturing workflow.