#TEDGlobal

[lboogie1906]

Iyeoka Okoawo (born April 28, 1975) is a Nigerian-American poet, recording artist, singer, activist, educator, and TEDGlobal Fellow. Her music includes elements from soul, R&B, rock, hip-hop, and jazz.

A first-generation Nigerian-American, she was a practicing pharmacist before launching her musical career.

She began her musical career by founding the group The Rock by Funk Tribe, a collective of musicians that enabled her to interweave her poetry with jazz, blues, funk, and gospel. She released her first solo full-length album of poem songs, called Black and Blues, through Phanai Records. Then she began to tour and appeared on other artists’ albums, including The Press Project’s Get Right album and Memoirs of the Tempo by Tempo Valley.

She released her second album of poetry and music fusion, Hum The Bass Line, again on Phanai Records. She made a cover of U2's hit song “Desire” for a compilation of U2 covers called In The Name Of Love: Africa Celebrates U2. The album featured Grammy Award-winning/nominated African artists, including Angelique Kidjo, Les Nubians, Sierra Leone’s Refugee All Stars, Vieux Farka Touré, Vusi Mahlasela, and the Soweto Gospel Choir.

She released her new album, Say Yes, containing nine songs and two poems, through the Underground Sun artist development company. The first song, “The Yellow Brick Road Song”, was featured in an episode of How To Make It in America. “The Yellow Brick Road Song” is being used as the theme song for the series “Fairly Legal”.

She was nominated in The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards for her song “This Time Around” in the R&B Song category.

She is touring in support of the new album and her poetry. She has toured in support of artists such as Femi Kuti, Zap Mama, and Soulive, as well as playing at musical festivals, including Bonnaroo. The buzz surrounding her poetry has garnered her national attention through performances at the TBS Trumpet Awards, the Sullivan Honors Awards at the Kennedy Center, and Russell Simmons’ Def Poetry Jam. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[itzpitoski]

Stay tuned for something amazing!

Turn up the bell notification and stay connected!Because my new jam will be dropping soon. Get ready to be amazed by the sweet remedy. #newmusicvideo #comingsoon #stayconnected #letsvibetogether✌️ #bigdick #SXSW #TEDGlobal #Oscars #WebSummit

[iphigeniacomplex]

[Transcript:

"The Palestinian poet Mourid Barghouti writes that if you want to dispossess a people, the simplest way to do it is to tell their story and to start with, "secondly." Start the story with the arrows of the Native Americans, and not with the arrival of the British, and you have an entirely different story. Start the story with the failure of the African state, and not with the colonial creation of the African state, and you have an entirely different story."

—Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, "Danger of a Single Story" TEDGlobal, July 2009

Start with the rockets fired into Israel by Hamas on October 7, 2023 and not with the illegal occupation of Palestinian land by Israel and the blockade of Gaza since 2007, and you have an entirely different story.

]

— Harvard Divinity School, Statement from the Leadership of Religion and Public Life on the Current Spate of Violence in Palestine/Israel

[takahashicleaning]

ＴＥＤにて

ハラルド・ハース：電球からのデータ通信について？

（詳しくご覧になりたい場合は上記リンクからどうぞ）

世界中の電球からデータを発信できたらどうでしょうか？

TEDGlobal でハラルド・ハースは、それを実現させる機器の初のデモンストレーションを行います。人間の眼では認知できない速度でLEDライトを点滅させることで、セルラー方式の電波を使うよりも遥かに多いデータを送ることができます。

さらに、効率性・安全性・有用性でも従来のものより優れています。これを 「Li-Fi」と呼んでいます。つまり、ライト・フィデリティーです。

知っていますか？140万本のセルラー方式の電波塔がこの世界にあります。これは基地局となっています。また、この世界には、このような機器がなんと50億個以上もあります。

つまり、セルラー方式の携帯電話です。我々は、携帯電話で毎月600テラバイトものデータを送信しています。ゼロがなんと14個もある膨大な数値となっています。

今日では、電気や水のように無線通信も生活必需品となっています。職場でもプライベートでも毎日のように使っています。

さらに、時折、このようなイベントでは当たり前のように携帯電話の電源を切るよう丁寧にお願いされます。重要度の高さが、まさに、この技術の抱える問題を研究しようと思った理由です。

つまり、無線通信は生活に不可欠なのです。

その問題の１つが容量です。データを送る方法として電磁波。特に電波を使っています。電波には制限があります。量は乏しく 値段は高く、一定の範囲の波長しか使えません。

この制限のせいで毎月送られる膨大なバイト数や莫大なデータを処理できず、無線通信の需要が満たされていないのです。スペクトルを使い果すためです。

２つ目の問題は、効率の悪さです。基地局である140万本の電波塔は、大量のエネルギーを消費します。なんと、エネルギーのほとんどは電波を送るためではなく、塔を冷却するために使われています。

それらの電波塔の効率性は、たったの５％なのです。この効率の悪さは大きな問題です。

３つ目の問題は、皆さんもお気づきでしょう。飛行機で携帯電話を使えないという実用性の問題です。病院では安全面の問題がでてきます。

安全性が４つ目の問題です。電波は壁を通過します。妨害されることもありますし、人によってはあなたのネットワークを利用しようとします。

この４つが主な問題です。

ところが、その一方で世界には140億個もの電球があります。つまり、光です。光は、電磁スペクトルの一種です。では、他の電磁スペクトルも見てみましょう。ガンマ線は危険なので近づかないで下さい。

Ｘ線は医療の現場で役立ちます。次は、紫外線です。程良い日焼けにはいいですが、度を超すと危険です。赤外線は低出力でのみ使用できます。眼の保護規制がありますから。次は、電波です。

もう問題はお分かりですね。そして真ん中にあるのが光スペクトルです。そう、光です。光は何百万年も存在しています。実のところ、光は我々を創造し、生命を創り、そして、命における全てのものを創りました。

つまり、光は本質的に人間に安全なのです。光を通信手段に使うことは、素晴らしいと思いませんか？

実は、光を他のスペクトルと比較しました。

電波の量と光スペクトルの量を比べてみました。どうなったでしょうか？なんと、電波よりも光スペクトルの方が１万倍も多く使用することができるのです。量が多いだけではありません。先程述べた数字を使いましょう。

この世界には、非効率的で高価なセルラー方式の基地局が140万本あります。それを１万倍にしてみると140億となります。140億という数字は既にある電球の数です。つまり、インフラは整っています。天井を見上げると電球がたくさんあります。メインフロアでも同じです。

これを通信に使えるか？使えます。何が必要になるでしょうか？まず、必要な事は、効率も悪く、高熱を発する蛍光灯を取り除いて代わりに新しい技術であるLED電球を設置することです。

LEDは、半導体の電子機器です。そして、LED電球は反応がとても早いです。とても速いスピードで明るさの調節が可能で電源を消すことも瞬時に行えます。この性質は不可欠です。

独自の技術を使って研究しました。では、お見せしましょう。まずは、身近な物で説明しましょう。そうリモコンです。リモコンには、赤外線LEDが付いていて、それをOn/Offするのです。

これは単調なデータが遅いスピード。毎秒１万～２万ビット流れる仕組みですがYoutubeには遅すぎます。

それについて、我々は、ある技術を開発し、リモコン内の電球をさらに改良して取り替えました。我々の技術を使えば、単一のデータ流だけでなく数千ものデータ流を同時に送ることができます。

スピードも増しています。我々は、この技術をSIM OFDM と呼んでいます。光源でのデータ発信ができるようになります。

先程、４つの課題を述べました。

まずは、容量。電波より１万倍も多い光スペクトルがあります。その数のLEDが既にあります。つまり、容量は問題ないです。賛成してくれますよね。次に効率。データは光を通ります。

元々は、照明機器です。エネルギー予算を計上してみるとデータ発信は無料で行えます。つまり効率はよくなります。LED電球自体の効率性には、ここでは触れません。世界全体にLEDを設置すれば何百もの発電所が必要なくなります。

そして実用性。光は、もちろん病院の中にありますよね。見えないといけませんから光は飛行機の中にもあります。つまり、どこにでもあるのです。そう、スマートフォンだってそうですよ。LEDライトが付いています。

これらを使って高速データ発信が可能なのです。

最後に安全性。光は壁を通過しません。これには賛成してくれますよね。機密データであろうが、光がここにある場合、壁の向こう側にいる人たちは誰も読むことができません。光のある所にのみデータが存在するのです。

つまり、この受信機にデータを与えたくない場合、私がやることはただ光をそらせばいいのです。そこには、もう送られません。データの行き先が実際に分かります。

安全第一の環境である石油化学プラントでは高周波は使えません。火が点くかもしれません。しかし、見ての通り光なら使えます。病院では、新しい医療機器に利用できそうです。道路での交通規制にも使えそうですね。

車には、LEDライトが前後に付いています。車同士の通信も可能になり、情報交換によって事故を防ぐことすらできます。信号と車の通信など、他にも色々あります。

世界中の道路には、数百万本もの街灯が立っています。街灯で無線通信ができます。これを「Li-Fi」と呼んでいます。ライト・フィデリティーです。

飛行機の客室には数百個もの電球があります。この電球を使ってデータを発信することができます。あなたのお気に入りのTEDトークを長旅の間に見られます。オンライン生活も不可能ではありません。

必要な事はマイクロチップを照明機器に取り付けるだけです。これによって、生活の基盤の２つである照明と無線通信の両方の機能が得られます。これは共益関係であり、今日の無線通信における４つの問題に対する解決策だと思います。

そして、将来、140億個の電球がLi-Fi装置となって世界中に整備されているでしょう。向かう先は、クリーンで環境に優しく���そして、もっと明るい未来です。

匿名性と高レベルのセキュリティーの前提です。

匿名性と高レベルのセキュリティーの前提です。

匿名性と高レベルのセキュリティーの前提です。

こういう新産業でイノベーションが起きるとゲーム理論でいうところのプラスサムになるから既存の産業との

戦争に発展しないため共存関係を構築できるメリットがあります。デフレスパイラルも予防できる？人間の限界を超えてることが前提だけど

しかし、独占禁止法を軽視してるわけではありませんので、既存産業の戦争を避けるため新産業だけの限定で限界を超えてくだ���い！

（個人的なアイデア）

光を利用した無線通信技術「LiFi」を開発するスコットランド企業pureLiFi。および、Fraunhofer HHIは2023年に

IEEEアライアンスにおけるLiFiの標準規格 「IEEE 802.11bb」を批准しました。

Wi-Fi標準規格「IEEE 802.11」に並ぶものとなります。

Li-Fiの通信速度は、最大224Gbps（理論値）でデータ転送が可能とされています。

2019年に認証されたWi-Fi6でさえも最大9.6Gbpsとなります。Li-FiはWi-Fiの約20倍くらいです。

次世代の通信規格候補に挙げられています。

問題点は、光の強い場所。太陽の下などでは、光の点滅を用いているので通信が切断もしくは不安定になります。

もうひとつは、壁や遮蔽物があると通信が切断もしくは不安定になります。

＜おすすめサイト＞

グレン・グリーンウォルド: なぜプライバシーは重要なのか！

＜提供＞

東京都北区神谷の高橋クリーニングプレゼント

独自サービス展開中！服の高橋クリーニング店は職人による手仕上げ。お手頃50ですよ。往復送料、曲Song購入可。詳細は、今すぐ電話。東京都内限定。北部、東部、渋谷区周囲。地元周辺区もＯＫです

東京都北区神谷のハイブリッドな直送ウェブサービス（Hybrid Synergy Service）高橋クリーニングFacebook版

[alinajohsblog]

” Children will learn what they want to learn”

It is truly amazing what young children working in groups can accomplish with the help of a computer. I was a bit skeptical when Sugata Mitra (TED, 2010), said that ” a teacher that can be replaced by a machine should be”.

I think that a big part of the teachers in Finnish schools share my incredulity. This is something that should be changed. I think the reason for teachers avoiding Google and the internet in general, is that they do not think that pupils will gain any deep learning from the usage of computers. This is however a false belief. 

Sugata Mitra (TED, 2010) did a study in which he let pupils fill in a test. The pupils worked in small groups and were only allowed to use one single computer to find the answers to the questions on the test. The average percentage of right answers amongst the groups was 76. Two months later, Sugata Mitra visited the same school and group of pupils. The pupils now got to fill in the same test, but individually and without the help of computers. The percentage of right answers was now also 76. This indicated that deep learning had happened when students filled in the test with the help of computers. 

However, deep learning would not have been accomplished, had the pupils worked individually. Sugata Mitra means, that deep learning, in this case, can only be achieved when the students communicate and discuss the questions and answers with each other. 

Sugata Mitra (TED, 2010) has concluded a lot of studies on children in groups working with computers. In one study he put a computer inside a wall. Curious groups of children visited the computer and learned, amongst other things, how to record songs and play them, download games and multiply numbers – all by themselves. 

In another study, Sugata Mitra (TED, 2010) left Tamil-speaking 12-year-old children in a south Indian village to teach themselves biotechnology in English on their own. In two months the class accomplished a 30% average score on tests. Sugata Mitra then asked a girl who didn’t know much about the topic to help the students using the method of the grandmother. The girl’s only task was to stand behind the students and admire them and their work. Because of the method of the grandmother, student’s scores went up from 30% to 50%. 

Sugata Mitra (TED, 2010), has also done a study, in which he wrote questions in English on a blackboard in an Italian classroom. The 10-year-olds in the class worked in groups, and found answers to all the questions written on the blackboard, and also in short periods of time. These 10-year-olds managed to answer complex questions, such as ”What is the Pythagorean theorem?”, written in English which for them was an unknown foreign language. 

In conclusion, teachers should start to use computers and the internet more often in their teaching. When pupils in groups get to use a computer as a tool to solve even complex tasks, deep learning can be reached through discussion. As Sugata Mitra mentions (Ted, 2010), ”children will learn what they want to learn”. 

Mitra, S. TEDGlobal. (July 2010). The child-driven education. TED.https://www.ted.com/talks/sugata_mitra_the_child_driven_education

[toddlohenry]

Raffaello D'Andrea: The astounding athletic power of quadcopters

In a robot lab at TEDGlobal, Raffaello D’Andrea demos his flying quadcopters: robots that think like athletes, solving physical problems with algorithms that help them learn. The astounding athletic power of quadcopters (Raffaello D'Andrea | TEDGlobal 2013) https://t.co/EGR6yxpO04 via @TEDTalks— Bright, Shiny Objects (@brightshinyobje) September 8, 2023 See on www.ted.com

[saramiah]

Presentation Skills

We had a presentation presentation. We were tasked on researching a good public speaker as a group. We were given Andi Puddicombe.

Andi Puddicombe is a British meditation teacher, author, and co-founder of the meditation app Headspace. He was born in Bristol, England, in 1972.

Puddicombe started his career as a meditation teacher after he spent ten years as a Buddhist monk in Nepal, India and Burma. He then returned to the UK and completed a degree in Circus Arts before co-founding Headspace in 2010 with Rich Pierson, an advertising executive.

Headspace is a meditation app that provides guided meditation sessions to help people improve their mental health and well-being. The app has been very successful, with over 70 million users in more than 190 countries.

Puddicombe has also written several books on mindfulness and meditation, including "The Headspace Guide to Meditation and Mindfulness" and "The Headspace Guide to a Mindful Pregnancy." He has been featured in numerous media outlets, including The New York Times, The Guardian, and Time magazine.

Puddicombe's work has been influential in popularising meditation and mindfulness in the West, and he has been recognized for his contributions to the field. In 2014, he was awarded a "disruptive innovation" award by the Harvard Business Review, and in 2018, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Northampton.

Andi Puddicombe is known for his engaging and accessible presenting skills, which he has used to share his knowledge and expertise on mindfulness and meditation with a wide audience. He has a warm and approachable style, and his presentations are often infused with humor and personal anecdotes.

In addition to his work on the Headspace app and his books on mindfulness, Puddicombe has given numerous talks and presentations on meditation and mental health. He has spoken at events such as TEDGlobal and the Wisdom 2.0 Conference, and has appeared on TV shows such as The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Today Show.

Puddicombe's presenting skills are characterized by his ability to break down complex ideas into simple and relatable terms, and to connect with audiences on a personal level. He is skilled at using storytelling and visual aids to convey his message, and is able to adapt his style to different audiences and contexts.

Overall, Puddicombe's presenting skills have played an important role in helping to make meditation and mindfulness more accessible to people around the world.

These are some aspects of Andi Puddicombe's presenting skills that make him stand out as a good public speaker:

Clarity: Puddicombe is very clear in his communication, which helps to make his presentations easy to understand. He uses simple language and avoids jargon, which makes his ideas accessible to a wide range of people.

Authenticity: Puddicombe comes across as authentic and genuine in his presentations. He shares personal anecdotes and speaks from his own experience, which helps to establish a connection with the audience.

Engagement: Puddicombe is skilled at engaging his audience and keeping their attention throughout his presentations. He uses humor and storytelling to make his talks interesting and relatable, and he often incorporates visual aids to illustrate his points.

Adaptability: Puddicombe is able to adapt his presentation style to different audiences and contexts. Whether he is speaking to a group of corporate executives or a group of schoolchildren, he is able to tailor his message to meet their specific needs and interests.

Authority: Puddicombe is an expert in his field, and his presentations reflect his deep knowledge and understanding of meditation and mindfulness. He is able to convey complex ideas in a way that is accessible and easy to understand, which helps to establish his authority and credibility.

Overall, Puddicombe's presenting skills are characterised by his clarity, authenticity, engagement, adaptability and authority. These skills have helped to make him a highly effective and influential speaker in the field of mindfulness and meditation.

[deineip]

Die verblüffenden Leistungen von Quadrocoptern

In einem Roboterworkshop bei TEDGlobal demonstriert Raffaelo D’Andrea seine fliegenden Quadrocopter: Roboter, die wie Athleten denken und physische Aufgaben mit Hilfe von Algorithmen lösen, durch die sie in der Lage sind zu lernen. In einer Reihe eleganter Übungen zeigt D’Andrea Drohnen, die Fangen spielen, balancieren können und gemeinsam Entscheidungen fällen. Achten Sie besonders auf die…

[aggielifephotos]

563A7339 by USU_Research https://flic.kr/p/WxPd8P http://ift.tt/2GsliRB

[fantasticradiouk]

@tedxeuston with #Takingthestage - William Adoasi - TEDxEuston 2017 William Adoasi is the founder of Vitae Group (Vitae London, Vitae Digital, Broken Chain Co and Vitae Photography), who started up his first business at 19. . Vitae’s most stand out venture is Vitae London, a watch brand birthed out of London that directly transforms the lives of children who have either been orphaned or live in poverty. Each purchase from their elegant range of watches supplies a child in Africa with two sets of school uniform, a bag and footwear for the year. . William has been named on prestigious Future of Ghana Top 30 under Pioneer list and will be sharing his journey with us on stage on December 2nd at TEDxEuston 2017. . Get your tickets via the link in our bio #TEDTalks #TEDxEuston #TEDAfrica #AfricanIdeas #Africa #Innovation #TEDGlobal #London #Entrepreneurship #Business #WilliamAdaosi #Ideas #Change #CEO

[ihustleit-blog]

How to speak so that people want to listen | Julian Treasure

New Post has been published on https://www.hustletv.co/how-to-speak-so-that-people-want-to-listen-julian-treasure/

How to speak so that people want to listen | Julian Treasure

[ephea]

Arusha. Africa is Gorgeous! #tedglobal #tbt #travellingman #creativemornings https://www.instagram.com/p/B1vQXghJv3Y/?igshid=1pub9d44xbhwh

[takahashicleaning]

ＴＥＤにて

ラファエロ・ダンドリーア: クアッドコプターの驚くべき運動性能

（詳しくご覧になりたい場合は上記リンクからどうぞ）

TEDGlobalのロボット・ラボで、ラファエロ・ダンドリーアが、クアッドコプターのデモを披露します。真上に投げてもホバリングを今すぐ維持します。

この驚愕の機械は、運動選手のように考えて、学習を助けるアルゴリズムによって、物理的な問題をリアルタイムで解決していきます。

一連の素晴らしいデモで、ダンドリーアはクアッドコプターがボールをキャッチしたり、棒のバランスを取り、複数の機械が協調して意志決定する様子をご覧にいれます。

棒のバランス以外でも、水の入っているグラスでもバランスのとれた状態に復帰していきます。きっとすぐにでも欲しくなると思います。

ヘキサコプターやそれ以上のマルチコプターでも可能ですが、最小プロペラ数で実現しているシンプルな所がクワッドコプターの人気のある理由です。

運動抜群の機械というのはどういうものでしょう？これから機械の運動能力の実演とそれに必要な研究をクアッドコプターを使ってご覧に入れます。

所謂、クアッドコプターは結構昔からあったのですが、最近流行りだした理由は構造的にとてもシンプルだからです。

４つのプロペラのスピードを制御することによってロール、ピッチ、ヨーの動作とプロペラの方向への加速が出来ます。

また、これには電池、コンピューター、様々なセンサーと無線がついています。クアッドコプターはとても敏捷ですが、その代わり不安定でちゃんと飛ばすためにはフィードバック制御が必要になります。

今のをどうやってやったのかですが、天井のカメラとノートPCがこの室内の測位システムの役割をしてい��、反射マーカーを付けた物の位置を測定しています。

推測と制御のアルゴリズムを実行する別のPCにそのデータが送られ、そこからクアッドコプターに指令が送られます。クアッドコプター自体も推測と制御のアルゴリズムを実行しています。

私達の研究の大きな部分をアルゴリズムが占めています。それが、この機械に命を吹き込む魔法なのです。では、機械の運動選手のためのアルゴリズムはどう設計したらいいのでしょう？

私達は広く「モデルベース設計」と呼ばれる手法を使っています。まず、機械の動き方を数学的モデルを使い、物理的に把握します。

それから、制御理論という一種の数学を使ってそのモデルを分析し、制御のためのアルゴリズムを組み上げます。例えば、どうすればホバリングさせられるのか？

まず、力学的性質を一連の微分方程式で記述します。それから、制御理論を使って方程式を操り、クアッドコプターを安定させる。

アルゴリズムを作ります。このアプローチがいかに強力かお目にかけましょう。クアッドコプターにホバリングするだけでなく、バランスを���ってこの棒を立てさせることにしましょう。

少し練習すれば、人間には苦もなくできることです。両足を地面に付けて器用な手を使ってやるということであれば。

でも、片足で立って手を使わずに足でやるとなるとちょっと難しくなります。棒の先端に反射マーカーがあって部屋の中での位置が分かるようにしてあることに注意してください。

棒のバランスを取るために、クアッドコプターが細かく調整しているのが分かるかと思います。このアルゴリズムをどう設計したかですが、クアッドコプターに棒の数学的モデルを追加したんです。

クアッドコプターと棒を組み合わせたモデルができれば、制御理論を使ってその制御をするアルゴリズムが作れます。

ご覧のように安定していて、ちょっと押してやってもバランスの取れた状態に戻ります。このモデルを拡張して行って欲しい場所も含めることができます。

この反射マーカーのついた指示棒を使って、私から一定の距離でクアッドコプターに行って欲しい場所を指示します。このような曲芸飛行の鍵になるのが、数学的モデルと制御理論に基づいて設計されたアルゴリズムです。

一般的には、これを飛ばすためには少なくとも４つのプロペラが必要とされています。ロール、ピッチ、ヨー、加速と４つの自由度があるからです。

ヘクサコプターやオクトコプターには、６つか８つのプロペラがあり冗長性があります。クアッドコプターに人気があるのは４つという最小限のモーターとプロペラしかないからです。

それが欠けたらどうなるのでしょう？２つのプロペラしか機能していない場合の数学的モデルを分析したところ、異例な方法で 飛ばせられることが分かりました。

新しい構成に基づいたアルゴリズムによってヨーの制御はあきらめつつ、ロール、ピッチ、加速は制御し続けることができます。数学的モデルは、それが正確にどんなとき、なぜ？可能なのかを教えてくれます。

この知識によって機体の損傷に対して、柔軟に対応できる新しい構造や優れたアルゴリズムを設計することができます。冗長性を持たせるかわりに、人間の運動選手のように対応するのです。

飛び込み選手が宙返りしな��ら、水に飛び込んだり跳馬選手が迫る地面を前に空中で身を捻るのを見る時、思わず息を止めますよね。飛び込み選手はきれいに着水できるか？跳馬選手は着地を決められるか？

このクアッドコプターに３回転宙返りして元の位置に戻らせたい。としましょう。非常に素早い動作が要求されるため、やっている最中に位置を教えて動きを修正させることはできません。

十分な時間がないのです。かわりに、クアッドコプターは目隠しでやって動作をどう終えたかを観察し、その情報によって動きを修正し、次回にもっとうまくできるようにします。

スポーツの飛び込みや跳馬の選手と同じように練習を繰り返し、動きを身に付けることによってのみ、このような動きは実現できるのです。動くボールを打ち返すというのは、様々なスポーツで要求されるスキルです。

運動選手が苦もなくやっているように見えることをどうすれば機械にさせられるでしょう？このクアッドコプターは、ラケットが貼付けてありますが、スイートスポットはリンゴの大きさほどしかありません。

次に説明する計算を20ミリ秒ごと。つまり、１秒間に50回しています。最初にボールの飛ぶ先を求めます。それから、投げられた場所に打ち返すには、ボールをどう打つ必要があるか？

計算します。それから現在位置からボールを打つ位置まで移動する軌道を計画します。そして、その計画を20ミリ秒間だけ実行します。20ミリ秒後に、また、このプロセス全体を繰り返しボールを打つ瞬間までそれを続けます。

動物の世界では、遊びはスキルや能力を磨く役割があるという説があります。集団を結び付ける社会的役割があるという説もあります。

私達は、同様にスポーツや競技のアナロジーを使って、機械のための新しいアルゴリズムを作り、限界を押し広げよう としているんです。

機械のスピードが私達の生活にもたらす影響は何でしょう？過去のあらゆる発明や創作と同様、それは、人々の生活の改善にも使えるでしょう。

私達が直面しているのは、技術的ではなく社会的な選択です。正しい選択をして未来の機械から最善のものを引き出すようにしましょう。

こういう新産業でイノベーションが起きるとゲーム理論でいうところのプラスサムになるから既存の産業との

戦争に発展しないため共存関係を構築できるメリットがあります。デフレスパイラルも予防できる？人間の限界を超えてることが前提だけど

しかし、独占禁止法を軽視してるわけではありませんので、既存産業の戦争を避けるため新産業だけの限定で限界を超えてください！

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Daphne Koller: What we're learning from online education

New Post has been published on https://hititem.kr/daphne-koller-what-were-learning-from-online-education-2/

Daphne Koller: What we're learning from online education

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha Like a lot of you, i’m one of the crucial fortunate people. I used to be born to a loved ones the place schooling was pervasive. I am a third-new release PhD, a daughter of two academics. In my childhood, I played around in my father’s institution lab. So it used to be taken with no consideration that I attend probably the most first-rate universities, which in flip opened the door to a world of possibility. Sadly, most of the persons on the planet will not be so lucky. In some materials of the arena, for instance, South Africa, schooling shouldn’t be readily obtainable. In South Africa, the educational procedure was developed within the days of apartheid for the white minority.And as a end result, at present there’s simply now not sufficient spots for the many extra persons who want and deserve a high fine education. That shortage resulted in a main issue in January of this yr at the school of Johannesburg. There were a handful of positions left open from the typical admissions system, and the night time before they were presupposed to open that for registration, 1000s of individuals lined up external the gate in a line a mile long, hoping to be first in line to get one of those positions.When the gates opened, there was a stampede, and 20 people had been injured and one woman died. She used to be a mom who gave her lifestyles looking to get her son a chance at a greater life. But even in constituents of the world like the U.S. Where schooling is to be had, it could now not be inside reach. There was a lot discussed within the last few years concerning the rising fee of wellbeing care.What would no longer be relatively as obvious to people is that during that same period the price of bigger schooling training has been increasing at just about twice the cost, for a total of 559 percentage considering that 1985. This makes schooling unaffordable for many individuals. Ultimately, even for many who do control to get the greater schooling, the doorways of opportunity might now not open. Best a little bit over 1/2 of up to date institution graduates in the united states who get a higher schooling simply are working in jobs that require that schooling. This, of course, is just not actual for the pupils who graduate from the top institutions, however for many others, they do not get the worth for their time and their effort. Tom Friedman, in his contemporary the big apple instances article, captured, in the way in which that no person else would, the spirit behind our effort.He stated the gigantic breakthroughs are what occur when what’s immediately feasible meets what’s desperately critical. I’ve talked about what’s desperately crucial. Let’s talk about what’s all of a sudden viable. What’s instantly viable used to be confirmed by using three significant Stanford classes, every of which had an enrollment of a hundred,000 persons or more. In an effort to comprehend this, let’s look at one of those classes, the computer finding out class provided by my colleague and cofounder Andrew Ng. Andrew teaches one of the greater Stanford lessons. It’s a desktop studying class, and it has four hundred folks enrolled every time it is supplied. When Andrew taught the machine studying category to the general public, it had one hundred,000 people registered. So as to put that quantity in viewpoint, for Andrew to arrive that identical dimension viewers by teaching a Stanford classification, he would have to do this for 250 years. Of course, he’d get relatively bored. So, having seen the affect of this, Andrew and i determined that we would have liked to particularly attempt to scale this up, to carry the first-rate nice education to as many humans as we would.So we formed Coursera, whose purpose is to take the excellent guides from the excellent instructors at the fine universities and furnish it to all people around the world without cost. We currently have 43 publications on the platform from 4 universities across a range of disciplines, and let me exhibit you just a little bit of an outline of what that appears like. (Video) Robert Ghrist: Welcome to Calculus. Ezekiel Emanuel: Fifty million persons are uninsured. Scott web page: units help us design extra amazing institutions and insurance policies. We get incredible segregation. Scott Klemmer: So Bush imagined that someday, you’ll put on a camera right within the center of your head. Mitchell Duneier: Mills desires the pupil of sociology to enhance the high-quality of intellect … RG: putting cable takes on the type of a hyperbolic cosine. Nick Parlante: For each pixel within the photo, set the crimson to zero. Paul Offit: … Vaccine allowed us to eliminate polio virus. Dan Jurafsky: Does Lufthansa serve breakfast and San Jose? Good, that sounds humorous.Daphne Koller: So this is which coin you pick, and this is the two tosses. Andrew Ng: So in colossal-scale computing device studying, we’d prefer to provide you with computational … (Applause) DK: It seems, possibly now not incredibly, that pupils like getting the first-rate content from the first-class universities without spending a dime. Due to the fact that we opened the website in February, we have now 640,000 scholars from a hundred ninety international locations. We have now 1.5 million enrollments, 6 million quizzes in the 15 lessons that have launched to this point have been submitted, and 14 million movies have been considered. But it surely’s now not close to the numbers, it is also concerning the folks. Whether or not it’s Akash, who comes from a small city in India and would never have access in this case to a Stanford-first-rate path and would on no account be able to come up with the money for it. Or Jenny, who’s a single mom of two and desires to hone her competencies so that she will go back and complete her grasp’s degree.Or Ryan, who cannot go to institution, given that his immune poor daughter can’t be risked to have germs come into the apartment, so he could not depart the condo. I’m really completely happy to claim — recently, we now have been in correspondence with Ryan — that this story had a glad ending. Baby Shannon — you’ll find her on the left — is doing much better now, and Ryan obtained a job through taking some of our publications. So what made these courses so distinct? In any case, on-line path content material has been available for a while. What made it extraordinary was once that this was once actual course expertise. It started on a given day, after which the pupils would watch videos on a weekly basis and do homework assignments. And these would be real homework assignments for a real grade, with a real cut-off date.One can find the time limits and the utilization graph. These are the spikes showing that procrastination is international phenomenon. (Laughter) at the end of the course, the scholars acquired a certificate. They could present that certificates to a potential enterprise and get a greater job, and we know many students who did. Some students took their certificate and offered this to an educational university at which they had been enrolled for actual tuition credit. So these pupils have been really getting anything significant for their investment of time and effort. Let’s talk a bit bit about one of the vital accessories that go into these courses. The first aspect is that when you transfer away from the constraints of a bodily lecture room and design content material explicitly for an online structure, that you can break away from, for illustration, the monolithic one-hour lecture. Which you can spoil up the material, for instance, into these quick, modular models of eight to 12 minutes, each and every of which represents a coherent concept. Pupils can traverse this fabric in one of a kind approaches, depending on their heritage, their expertise or their interests. So, for illustration, some students might improvement from a little bit bit of preparatory material that different scholars would have already got.Different students possibly concerned with a designated enrichment subject that they need to pursue individually. So this structure allows for us to break away from the one-dimension-matches-all model of education, and enables pupils to follow a way more customized curriculum. Of direction, everyone knows as educators that scholars don’t be taught through sitting and passively watching movies. Maybe some of the largest add-ons of this effort is that we ought to have students who apply with the material with the intention to relatively have an understanding of it. There may be been a variety of reviews that display the significance of this. This one who seemed in Science final year, for instance, demonstrates that even simple retrieval observe, the place scholars are simply speculated to repeat what they already realized gives considerably improved results on various success assessments down the road than many different educational interventions.Now we have tried to construct in retrieval observe into the platform, as good as different varieties of observe in lots of ways. For instance, even our movies should not simply movies. Every short while, the video pauses and the pupils get asked a query. (Video) SP: … These four matters. Prospect conception, hyperbolic discounting, fame quo bias, base cost bias. They may be all well documented. So they are all well documented deviations from rational habits. DK: So here the video pauses, and the pupil types in the reply into the box and submits. Most likely they weren’t paying attention. (Laughter) so that they get to try once more, and this time they received it right. There’s an not obligatory clarification if they need. And now the video strikes on to the subsequent a part of the lecture. This can be a style of simple question that I as an teacher could ask at school, but once I ask that kind of a question in class, eighty percentage of the pupils are still scribbling the final thing I mentioned, 15 percentage are zoned out on fb, and then there may be the smarty pants in the entrance row who blurts out the answer earlier than someone else has had a hazard to believe about it, and i as the instructor am terribly gratified that anyone in reality knew the answer.And so the lecture moves on earlier than, quite, most of the students have even noticed that a question had been requested. Here, every single pupil has to interact with the fabric. And of path these simple retrieval questions usually are not the top of the story. One needs to build in rather more significant apply questions, and one additionally wants to provide the scholars with feedback on these questions. Now, how do you grade the work of one hundred,000 pupils if you happen to would not have 10,000 TAs? The answer is, you have got to use technology to do it for you. Now, happily, technology has come far, and we will now grade a range of exciting varieties of homework.In addition to multiple option and the varieties of quick reply questions that you saw within the video, we are able to additionally grade math, mathematical expressions as well as mathematical derivations. We are able to grade items, whether or not it can be monetary models in a business type or physical models in a science or engineering type and we will grade some lovely refined programming assignments. Let me show you one that is clearly beautiful simple but rather visible. That is from Stanford’s computer Science one zero one category, and the pupils are imagined to colour-right that blurry pink photo. They are typing their program into the browser, and one can find they didn’t get it relatively right, woman Liberty is still seasick. And so, the scholar tries again, and now they obtained it proper, and so they’re advised that, and they can move on to the next project. This capability to have interaction actively with the material and be advised when you’re proper or improper is particularly principal to scholar finding out. Now, of path we can not yet grade the range of work that one needs for all courses. Specially, what’s missing is the kind of principal pondering work that’s so predominant in such disciplines because the humanities, the social sciences, industry and others.So we tried to persuade, for example, a few of our humanities faculty that a couple of option was not such a dangerous method. That didn’t go over relatively well. So we had to give you a different solution. And the solution we ended up utilising is peer grading. It seems that earlier reports show, like this one with the aid of Saddler and just right, that peer grading is a surprisingly strong procedure for providing reproducible grades.It was tried handiest in small classes, but there it showed, for example, that these pupil-assigned grades on the y-axis are without a doubt very good correlated with the teacher-assigned grade on the x-axis. What’s even more stunning is that self-grades, where the students grade their possess work critically — as long as you incentivize them accurately in order that they can’t provide themselves a perfect ranking — are certainly even higher correlated with the trainer grades. And so this is an effective technique that can be used for grading at scale, and is also a priceless finding out strategy for the students, since they virtually be taught from the expertise. So we’ve the biggest peer-grading pipeline ever devised, where tens of hundreds of students are grading each other’s work, and fairly efficaciously, I have to say. But this is not virtually pupils sitting on my own in their living room working by way of issues. Around every one of our publications, a group of scholars had formed, a world community of people around a shared mental pastime. What you see here is a self-generated map from students in our Princeton Sociology a hundred and one direction, the place they’ve put themselves on a global map, and that you would be able to really see the worldwide attain of this type of effort.Students collaborated in these publications in a sort of one of a kind methods. Initially, there was once a question and answer discussion board, the place scholars would pose questions, and different pupils would answer these questions. And the relatively mighty thing is, because there were so many scholars, it means that despite the fact that a pupil posed a question at three o’clock within the morning, someplace around the world, there could be somebody who was once awake and dealing on the identical predicament. And so, in a lot of our guides, the median response time for a question on the question and reply forum used to be 22 minutes.Which is not a degree of provider i have ever supplied to my Stanford students. (Laughter) And you will find from the pupil testimonials that students certainly find that on account that of this giant online group, they received to engage with each different in many approaches that have been deeper than they did within the context of the physical study room. Students also self-assembled, without any style of intervention from us, into small be trained groups. A few of these were bodily be trained companies alongside geographical constraints and met on a weekly groundwork to work by means of hindrance sets. That is the San Francisco be taught workforce, however there were ones all over the place the sector.Others had been digital learn groups, usually alongside language traces or along cultural traces, and on the bottom left there, you see our multicultural common gain knowledge of crew where individuals explicitly wanted to attach with people from different cultures. There are some enormous possibilities available from this variety of framework. The first is that it has the skills of giving us a totally remarkable appear into understanding human finding out. On account that the info that we will accumulate right here is targeted. That you would be able to acquire every click, each homework submission, each discussion board publish from tens of hundreds of students. So which you could flip the study of human studying from the speculation-driven mode to the information-driven mode, a change that, for illustration, has revolutionized biology. You should use these knowledge to have an understanding of essential questions like, what are just right learning systems which can be effective versus ones that aren’t? And in the context of targeted publications, that you would be able to ask questions like, what are one of the most misconceptions which are more long-established and the way can we support pupils fix them? So this is an illustration of that, also from Andrew’s computing device learning category.This can be a distribution of flawed solutions to one in every of Andrew’s assignments. The answers happen to be pairs of numbers, so that you may draw them on this two-dimensional plot. Every of the little crosses that you see is a further unsuitable reply. The large cross on the high left is the place 2,000 students gave the specific equal incorrect answer. Now, if two scholars in a category of a hundred give the identical unsuitable answer, you can by no means become aware of. However when 2,000 scholars give the same incorrect answer, it can be variety of rough to overlook. So Andrew and his pupils went in, looked at some of those assignments, understood the foundation reason of the misunderstanding, after which they produced a designated error message that may be supplied to each pupil whose answer fell into that bucket, which means that students who made that same mistake would now get customized feedback telling them the right way to fix their misconception far more with no trouble.So this personalization is anything that possible then build by using having the virtue of giant numbers. Personalization is might be probably the most largest possibilities right here as good, since it provides us with the knowledge of fixing a 30-12 months-historic quandary. Educational researcher Benjamin Bloom, in 1984, posed what’s referred to as the 2 sigma crisis, which he observed by using finding out three populations. The primary is the population that studied in a lecture-headquartered study room. The 2d is a population of scholars that studied making use of a common lecture-headquartered study room, however with a mastery-founded process, so the scholars couldn’t move on to the following subject earlier than demonstrating mastery of the prior one. And in the end, there was a populace of students that had been taught in a one-on-one guideline making use of a tutor. The mastery-established populace was a full ordinary deviation, or sigma, in fulfillment scores better than the normal lecture-founded type, and the person tutoring offers you 2 sigma development in performance. To comprehend what that implies, let’s appear at the lecture-established classroom, and let’s choose the median performance as a threshold.So in a lecture-based classification, half of the scholars are above that degree and half of are under. In the man or woman tutoring guideline, 98 percent of the students are going to be above that threshold. Imagine if we could coach in order that ninety eight percentage of our students can be above normal. Thus, the 2 sigma drawback. On the grounds that we cannot afford, as a society, to furnish every student with an man or woman human tutor. But probably we will have the funds for to furnish every student with a pc or a smartphone. So the query is, how do we use technological know-how to push from the left part of the graph, from the blue curve, to the proper part with the green curve? Mastery is easy to attain using a laptop, considering a computer doesn’t get tired of showing you the identical video 5 times. And it doesn’t even get worn out of grading the identical work a couple of instances, we’ve seen that in among the examples that I’ve shown you.And even personalization is anything that we’re commencing to see the beginnings of, whether it can be through the personalised trajectory via the curriculum or one of the crucial personalized feedback that we have now shown you. So the purpose right here is to try and push, and see how a long way we are able to get toward the golf green curve. So, if that is so excellent, are universities now out of date? Good, Mark Twain certainly notion so. He said that, "college is a location where a professor’s lecture notes go straight to the pupils’ lecture notes, without passing by means of the brains of both." (Laughter) i encourage to fluctuate with Mark Twain, though. I feel what he was complaining about is just not universities however instead the lecture-based structure that so many universities spend so much time on. So let’s return even additional, to Plutarch, who stated that, "The mind is not a vessel that wishes filling, however wooden that desires igniting." And maybe we will have to spend less time at universities filling our students’ minds with content material via lecturing at them, and more time igniting their creativity, their imagination and their crisis-solving capabilities by way of truly talking with them.So how will we try this? We do this by means of doing energetic studying in the study room. So there is been many studies, including this one, that show that if you use active finding out, interacting together with your pupils in the classroom, efficiency improves on each single metric — on attendance, on engagement and on studying as measured with the aid of a standardized experiment. You will discover, for example, that the success ranking practically doubles on this particular experiment. So maybe that is how we will have to spend our time at universities. So as to summarize, if we could offer a top quality education to each person around the world totally free, what would that do? Three matters. First it might establish schooling as a important human right, where any one around the world with the capacity and the incentive might get the expertise that they must make a better existence for themselves, their households and their communities.2d, it would allow lifelong studying. It’s a shame that for thus many men and women, learning stops once we conclude high college or once we finish university. Through having this robust content material be to be had, we’d be capable to learn anything new each time we wanted, whether it can be just to develop our minds or it can be to vary our lives. And eventually, this might permit a wave of innovation, on account that powerful talent may also be observed at any place. Possibly the following Albert Einstein or the subsequent Steve Jobs is living someplace in a far off village in Africa.And if we might present that individual an education, they’d be ready to come up with the following massive notion and make the sector a better location for every body. Thanks very much. (Applause) .

[batterymonster2021]

Daphne Koller: What we're learning from online education

New Post has been published on https://hititem.kr/daphne-koller-what-were-learning-from-online-education-2/

Daphne Koller: What we're learning from online education

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha Like a lot of you, i’m one of the crucial fortunate people. I used to be born to a loved ones the place schooling was pervasive. I am a third-new release PhD, a daughter of two academics. In my childhood, I played around in my father’s institution lab. So it used to be taken with no consideration that I attend probably the most first-rate universities, which in flip opened the door to a world of possibility. Sadly, most of the persons on the planet will not be so lucky. In some materials of the arena, for instance, South Africa, schooling shouldn’t be readily obtainable. In South Africa, the educational procedure was developed within the days of apartheid for the white minority.And as a end result, at present there’s simply now not sufficient spots for the many extra persons who want and deserve a high fine education. That shortage resulted in a main issue in January of this yr at the school of Johannesburg. There were a handful of positions left open from the typical admissions system, and the night time before they were presupposed to open that for registration, 1000s of individuals lined up external the gate in a line a mile long, hoping to be first in line to get one of those positions.When the gates opened, there was a stampede, and 20 people had been injured and one woman died. She used to be a mom who gave her lifestyles looking to get her son a chance at a greater life. But even in constituents of the world like the U.S. Where schooling is to be had, it could now not be inside reach. There was a lot discussed within the last few years concerning the rising fee of wellbeing care.What would no longer be relatively as obvious to people is that during that same period the price of bigger schooling training has been increasing at just about twice the cost, for a total of 559 percentage considering that 1985. This makes schooling unaffordable for many individuals. Ultimately, even for many who do control to get the greater schooling, the doorways of opportunity might now not open. Best a little bit over 1/2 of up to date institution graduates in the united states who get a higher schooling simply are working in jobs that require that schooling. This, of course, is just not actual for the pupils who graduate from the top institutions, however for many others, they do not get the worth for their time and their effort. Tom Friedman, in his contemporary the big apple instances article, captured, in the way in which that no person else would, the spirit behind our effort.He stated the gigantic breakthroughs are what occur when what’s immediately feasible meets what’s desperately critical. I’ve talked about what’s desperately crucial. Let’s talk about what’s all of a sudden viable. What’s instantly viable used to be confirmed by using three significant Stanford classes, every of which had an enrollment of a hundred,000 persons or more. In an effort to comprehend this, let’s look at one of those classes, the computer finding out class provided by my colleague and cofounder Andrew Ng. Andrew teaches one of the greater Stanford lessons. It’s a desktop studying class, and it has four hundred folks enrolled every time it is supplied. When Andrew taught the machine studying category to the general public, it had one hundred,000 people registered. So as to put that quantity in viewpoint, for Andrew to arrive that identical dimension viewers by teaching a Stanford classification, he would have to do this for 250 years. Of course, he’d get relatively bored. So, having seen the affect of this, Andrew and i determined that we would have liked to particularly attempt to scale this up, to carry the first-rate nice education to as many humans as we would.So we formed Coursera, whose purpose is to take the excellent guides from the excellent instructors at the fine universities and furnish it to all people around the world without cost. We currently have 43 publications on the platform from 4 universities across a range of disciplines, and let me exhibit you just a little bit of an outline of what that appears like. (Video) Robert Ghrist: Welcome to Calculus. Ezekiel Emanuel: Fifty million persons are uninsured. Scott web page: units help us design extra amazing institutions and insurance policies. We get incredible segregation. Scott Klemmer: So Bush imagined that someday, you’ll put on a camera right within the center of your head. Mitchell Duneier: Mills desires the pupil of sociology to enhance the high-quality of intellect … RG: putting cable takes on the type of a hyperbolic cosine. Nick Parlante: For each pixel within the photo, set the crimson to zero. Paul Offit: … Vaccine allowed us to eliminate polio virus. Dan Jurafsky: Does Lufthansa serve breakfast and San Jose? Good, that sounds humorous.Daphne Koller: So this is which coin you pick, and this is the two tosses. Andrew Ng: So in colossal-scale computing device studying, we’d prefer to provide you with computational … (Applause) DK: It seems, possibly now not incredibly, that pupils like getting the first-rate content from the first-class universities without spending a dime. Due to the fact that we opened the website in February, we have now 640,000 scholars from a hundred ninety international locations. We have now 1.5 million enrollments, 6 million quizzes in the 15 lessons that have launched to this point have been submitted, and 14 million movies have been considered. But it surely’s now not close to the numbers, it is also concerning the folks. Whether or not it’s Akash, who comes from a small city in India and would never have access in this case to a Stanford-first-rate path and would on no account be able to come up with the money for it. Or Jenny, who’s a single mom of two and desires to hone her competencies so that she will go back and complete her grasp’s degree.Or Ryan, who cannot go to institution, given that his immune poor daughter can’t be risked to have germs come into the apartment, so he could not depart the condo. I’m really completely happy to claim — recently, we now have been in correspondence with Ryan — that this story had a glad ending. Baby Shannon — you’ll find her on the left — is doing much better now, and Ryan obtained a job through taking some of our publications. So what made these courses so distinct? In any case, on-line path content material has been available for a while. What made it extraordinary was once that this was once actual course expertise. It started on a given day, after which the pupils would watch videos on a weekly basis and do homework assignments. And these would be real homework assignments for a real grade, with a real cut-off date.One can find the time limits and the utilization graph. These are the spikes showing that procrastination is international phenomenon. (Laughter) at the end of the course, the scholars acquired a certificate. They could present that certificates to a potential enterprise and get a greater job, and we know many students who did. Some students took their certificate and offered this to an educational university at which they had been enrolled for actual tuition credit. So these pupils have been really getting anything significant for their investment of time and effort. Let’s talk a bit bit about one of the vital accessories that go into these courses. The first aspect is that when you transfer away from the constraints of a bodily lecture room and design content material explicitly for an online structure, that you can break away from, for illustration, the monolithic one-hour lecture. Which you can spoil up the material, for instance, into these quick, modular models of eight to 12 minutes, each and every of which represents a coherent concept. Pupils can traverse this fabric in one of a kind approaches, depending on their heritage, their expertise or their interests. So, for illustration, some students might improvement from a little bit bit of preparatory material that different scholars would have already got.Different students possibly concerned with a designated enrichment subject that they need to pursue individually. So this structure allows for us to break away from the one-dimension-matches-all model of education, and enables pupils to follow a way more customized curriculum. Of direction, everyone knows as educators that scholars don’t be taught through sitting and passively watching movies. Maybe some of the largest add-ons of this effort is that we ought to have students who apply with the material with the intention to relatively have an understanding of it. There may be been a variety of reviews that display the significance of this. This one who seemed in Science final year, for instance, demonstrates that even simple retrieval observe, the place scholars are simply speculated to repeat what they already realized gives considerably improved results on various success assessments down the road than many different educational interventions.Now we have tried to construct in retrieval observe into the platform, as good as different varieties of observe in lots of ways. For instance, even our movies should not simply movies. Every short while, the video pauses and the pupils get asked a query. (Video) SP: … These four matters. Prospect conception, hyperbolic discounting, fame quo bias, base cost bias. They may be all well documented. So they are all well documented deviations from rational habits. DK: So here the video pauses, and the pupil types in the reply into the box and submits. Most likely they weren’t paying attention. (Laughter) so that they get to try once more, and this time they received it right. There’s an not obligatory clarification if they need. And now the video strikes on to the subsequent a part of the lecture. This can be a style of simple question that I as an teacher could ask at school, but once I ask that kind of a question in class, eighty percentage of the pupils are still scribbling the final thing I mentioned, 15 percentage are zoned out on fb, and then there may be the smarty pants in the entrance row who blurts out the answer earlier than someone else has had a hazard to believe about it, and i as the instructor am terribly gratified that anyone in reality knew the answer.And so the lecture moves on earlier than, quite, most of the students have even noticed that a question had been requested. Here, every single pupil has to interact with the fabric. And of path these simple retrieval questions usually are not the top of the story. One needs to build in rather more significant apply questions, and one additionally wants to provide the scholars with feedback on these questions. Now, how do you grade the work of one hundred,000 pupils if you happen to would not have 10,000 TAs? The answer is, you have got to use technology to do it for you. Now, happily, technology has come far, and we will now grade a range of exciting varieties of homework.In addition to multiple option and the varieties of quick reply questions that you saw within the video, we are able to additionally grade math, mathematical expressions as well as mathematical derivations. We are able to grade items, whether or not it can be monetary models in a business type or physical models in a science or engineering type and we will grade some lovely refined programming assignments. Let me show you one that is clearly beautiful simple but rather visible. That is from Stanford’s computer Science one zero one category, and the pupils are imagined to colour-right that blurry pink photo. They are typing their program into the browser, and one can find they didn’t get it relatively right, woman Liberty is still seasick. And so, the scholar tries again, and now they obtained it proper, and so they’re advised that, and they can move on to the next project. This capability to have interaction actively with the material and be advised when you’re proper or improper is particularly principal to scholar finding out. Now, of path we can not yet grade the range of work that one needs for all courses. Specially, what’s missing is the kind of principal pondering work that’s so predominant in such disciplines because the humanities, the social sciences, industry and others.So we tried to persuade, for example, a few of our humanities faculty that a couple of option was not such a dangerous method. That didn’t go over relatively well. So we had to give you a different solution. And the solution we ended up utilising is peer grading. It seems that earlier reports show, like this one with the aid of Saddler and just right, that peer grading is a surprisingly strong procedure for providing reproducible grades.It was tried handiest in small classes, but there it showed, for example, that these pupil-assigned grades on the y-axis are without a doubt very good correlated with the teacher-assigned grade on the x-axis. What’s even more stunning is that self-grades, where the students grade their possess work critically — as long as you incentivize them accurately in order that they can’t provide themselves a perfect ranking — are certainly even higher correlated with the trainer grades. And so this is an effective technique that can be used for grading at scale, and is also a priceless finding out strategy for the students, since they virtually be taught from the expertise. So we’ve the biggest peer-grading pipeline ever devised, where tens of hundreds of students are grading each other’s work, and fairly efficaciously, I have to say. But this is not virtually pupils sitting on my own in their living room working by way of issues. Around every one of our publications, a group of scholars had formed, a world community of people around a shared mental pastime. What you see here is a self-generated map from students in our Princeton Sociology a hundred and one direction, the place they’ve put themselves on a global map, and that you would be able to really see the worldwide attain of this type of effort.Students collaborated in these publications in a sort of one of a kind methods. Initially, there was once a question and answer discussion board, the place scholars would pose questions, and different pupils would answer these questions. And the relatively mighty thing is, because there were so many scholars, it means that despite the fact that a pupil posed a question at three o’clock within the morning, someplace around the world, there could be somebody who was once awake and dealing on the identical predicament. And so, in a lot of our guides, the median response time for a question on the question and reply forum used to be 22 minutes.Which is not a degree of provider i have ever supplied to my Stanford students. (Laughter) And you will find from the pupil testimonials that students certainly find that on account that of this giant online group, they received to engage with each different in many approaches that have been deeper than they did within the context of the physical study room. Students also self-assembled, without any style of intervention from us, into small be trained groups. A few of these were bodily be trained companies alongside geographical constraints and met on a weekly groundwork to work by means of hindrance sets. That is the San Francisco be taught workforce, however there were ones all over the place the sector.Others had been digital learn groups, usually alongside language traces or along cultural traces, and on the bottom left there, you see our multicultural common gain knowledge of crew where individuals explicitly wanted to attach with people from different cultures. There are some enormous possibilities available from this variety of framework. The first is that it has the skills of giving us a totally remarkable appear into understanding human finding out. On account that the info that we will accumulate right here is targeted. That you would be able to acquire every click, each homework submission, each discussion board publish from tens of hundreds of students. So which you could flip the study of human studying from the speculation-driven mode to the information-driven mode, a change that, for illustration, has revolutionized biology. You should use these knowledge to have an understanding of essential questions like, what are just right learning systems which can be effective versus ones that aren’t? And in the context of targeted publications, that you would be able to ask questions like, what are one of the most misconceptions which are more long-established and the way can we support pupils fix them? So this is an illustration of that, also from Andrew’s computing device learning category.This can be a distribution of flawed solutions to one in every of Andrew’s assignments. The answers happen to be pairs of numbers, so that you may draw them on this two-dimensional plot. Every of the little crosses that you see is a further unsuitable reply. The large cross on the high left is the place 2,000 students gave the specific equal incorrect answer. Now, if two scholars in a category of a hundred give the identical unsuitable answer, you can by no means become aware of. However when 2,000 scholars give the same incorrect answer, it can be variety of rough to overlook. So Andrew and his pupils went in, looked at some of those assignments, understood the foundation reason of the misunderstanding, after which they produced a designated error message that may be supplied to each pupil whose answer fell into that bucket, which means that students who made that same mistake would now get customized feedback telling them the right way to fix their misconception far more with no trouble.So this personalization is anything that possible then build by using having the virtue of giant numbers. Personalization is might be probably the most largest possibilities right here as good, since it provides us with the knowledge of fixing a 30-12 months-historic quandary. Educational researcher Benjamin Bloom, in 1984, posed what’s referred to as the 2 sigma crisis, which he observed by using finding out three populations. The primary is the population that studied in a lecture-headquartered study room. The 2d is a population of scholars that studied making use of a common lecture-headquartered study room, however with a mastery-founded process, so the scholars couldn’t move on to the following subject earlier than demonstrating mastery of the prior one. And in the end, there was a populace of students that had been taught in a one-on-one guideline making use of a tutor. The mastery-established populace was a full ordinary deviation, or sigma, in fulfillment scores better than the normal lecture-founded type, and the person tutoring offers you 2 sigma development in performance. To comprehend what that implies, let’s appear at the lecture-established classroom, and let’s choose the median performance as a threshold.So in a lecture-based classification, half of the scholars are above that degree and half of are under. In the man or woman tutoring guideline, 98 percent of the students are going to be above that threshold. Imagine if we could coach in order that ninety eight percentage of our students can be above normal. Thus, the 2 sigma drawback. On the grounds that we cannot afford, as a society, to furnish every student with an man or woman human tutor. But probably we will have the funds for to furnish every student with a pc or a smartphone. So the query is, how do we use technological know-how to push from the left part of the graph, from the blue curve, to the proper part with the green curve? Mastery is easy to attain using a laptop, considering a computer doesn’t get tired of showing you the identical video 5 times. And it doesn’t even get worn out of grading the identical work a couple of instances, we’ve seen that in among the examples that I’ve shown you.And even personalization is anything that we’re commencing to see the beginnings of, whether it can be through the personalised trajectory via the curriculum or one of the crucial personalized feedback that we have now shown you. So the purpose right here is to try and push, and see how a long way we are able to get toward the golf green curve. So, if that is so excellent, are universities now out of date? Good, Mark Twain certainly notion so. He said that, "college is a location where a professor’s lecture notes go straight to the pupils’ lecture notes, without passing by means of the brains of both." (Laughter) i encourage to fluctuate with Mark Twain, though. I feel what he was complaining about is just not universities however instead the lecture-based structure that so many universities spend so much time on. So let’s return even additional, to Plutarch, who stated that, "The mind is not a vessel that wishes filling, however wooden that desires igniting." And maybe we will have to spend less time at universities filling our students’ minds with content material via lecturing at them, and more time igniting their creativity, their imagination and their crisis-solving capabilities by way of truly talking with them.So how will we try this? We do this by means of doing energetic studying in the study room. So there is been many studies, including this one, that show that if you use active finding out, interacting together with your pupils in the classroom, efficiency improves on each single metric — on attendance, on engagement and on studying as measured with the aid of a standardized experiment. You will discover, for example, that the success ranking practically doubles on this particular experiment. So maybe that is how we will have to spend our time at universities. So as to summarize, if we could offer a top quality education to each person around the world totally free, what would that do? Three matters. First it might establish schooling as a important human right, where any one around the world with the capacity and the incentive might get the expertise that they must make a better existence for themselves, their households and their communities.2d, it would allow lifelong studying. It’s a shame that for thus many men and women, learning stops once we conclude high college or once we finish university. Through having this robust content material be to be had, we’d be capable to learn anything new each time we wanted, whether it can be just to develop our minds or it can be to vary our lives. And eventually, this might permit a wave of innovation, on account that powerful talent may also be observed at any place. Possibly the following Albert Einstein or the subsequent Steve Jobs is living someplace in a far off village in Africa.And if we might present that individual an education, they’d be ready to come up with the following massive notion and make the sector a better location for every body. Thanks very much. (Applause) .