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cleoenfaserum · 1 year ago

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INFIBULATION in FGM (Female Genital Mutilation)

The horror that I am about to explain to myself makes ablation and chastity belts child (play). The cruelty inflicted on these children by ablation and infibulación is beyond words. Such unimaginable ignorance and callousness cannot be comprehended in the 21st Century. Man has learned nothing but greed that gives him the power of obsessive possessiveness and the token of this greed is obfuscated by sex. Thus we have pedophiles like Trump and Biden and sex predators like the Epstein's and Weinstein's who are finally being exposed by a society that was complicit. We have Ballard's banner in THE SOUND OF FREEDOM and the Lydia Cacho's outcry leading this justified crusade against child abuse and trafficking but now we are dealing in a reverse psychology of sexual burkas of ablation and infibulación. Perhaps I am naive wrapped in my comfortable world of conformity, jolted every once in a while by the harsh truth that shatters my imaginary world. I must thank Helena Williams, a friend from my social media MeWe who in an article she posted brought the house of cards I had built down on me. The horror cannot be more terrorizing, yet it exist.

So, what is INFIBULATION?

The short definition by Free Dictionary: "To close off or obstruct the genitals of, especially by sewing together the labia majora in females or fastening the prepuce in males, so as to prevent sexual intercourse.

Read more: Female genital mutilation - Wikipedia

This practice is mainly found in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation. Infibulation can also refer to placing a clasp through the foreskin in men. (Infibulation - Wikipedia)

Chastity piercing - Wikipedia

What is FGM, where does it happen and why? - BBC News This woman in Mombasa, Kenya shows the razorblade she has used on girls' genitals. By Eva Ontiveros BBC World Service

It's estimated that 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone some form of FGM, according to the United Nations (UN).

Although primarily concentrated in 30 countries in Africa and the Middle East, it is also practised in some countries in Asia and Latin America. And amongst immigrant populations living in Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, the UN says.

It is calling for an end to FGM on International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation on 6 February.

FGM can cause physical and mental health problems that go on to affect women in later life, as Bishara Sheikh Hamo, from the Borana Community in Kenya's Isiolo County explains.

What are the four types of FGM?

(695vid1) https://emp.bbc.com/emp/SMPj/2.50.2

"I underwent FGM when I was 11 years old," says Bishara. "I was told by my grandmother FGM is a requirement for every girl, that it made us pure."

But what Bishara did not know was that it would leave her with irregular periods, bladder problems, and recurrent infections. She was only able to give birth via Caesarean section.

She is now an anti FGM campaigner.

What is Female Genital Mutilation?

Unicef estimates more than 200 million girls and women have suffered FGM in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, but also within migrant communities where FGM is common - in Spain, 18,000 girls are considered to be at risk

Female genital mutilation, or FGM for short, is the deliberate cutting or removal of a female's external genitalia.

It often involves the removal or cutting of the labia and clitoris, and the World Health Organization describes it as "any procedure that injures the female genital organs for non-medical reasons".

Omnia Ibrahim, a blogger and film maker from Egypt, says FGM is distressing and damages women's relationships and how they feel about themselves.

"You are an ice cube. You don't feel; you don't love; you don't have desire," she says.

Omnia says she has struggled with the psychological impact of FGM all her adult life. She says her community taught her "that a body means sex and that sex is a sin. To my mind my body had become a curse".

"I used to always ask myself: did I hate sex because I was taught to be afraid of it, or do I really not care for it?"

Bishara became an anti FGM campaigner after struggling to cope with her mutilation

In Kenya, Bishara told the BBC FGM was carried out on her, together with four other girls. "I was blindfolded. Then she [the cutter] tied my hands behind my back. My legs were spread open and then they pinned down my labia."

"Then after a few minutes, I felt a sharp pain. I screamed, I yelled, but no-one could hear me. I tried to kick myself free, but a vice-like grip held my leg.

She says it was "pathetic. It's one of the most severe types of medical procedures, and so unhygienic. They used the same cutting tool on all of us girls".

The only pain relief available was a traditional remedy: "There was a hole in the ground, and they kept herbs in the hole. Then they tied my legs like a goat and rubbed the herbs on me. Then they said 'next girl, next girl,' and they took another girl..."

Although FGM it is illegal in many countries, it is still routinely carried out in parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East - and also among the diaspora of those countries where FGM is common.

There are four types of FGM

Type 1: Clitoridectomy. That's the total or partial removal of the sensitive clitoris and its surrounding skin.

Type 2: Excision. The partial or total removal of the clitoris plus the removal of the labia minora, or inner skin folds surrounding the vagina.

Type 3: Infibulation. The cutting and repositioning of the labia minora and the labia majora - the outer skin folds that surround the vagina. This often includes stitching to leave only a small gap.

This practice is not only extremely painful and distressing, it's also an ongoing infection risk: the closing over of the vagina and the urethra leaves women with a very small opening through which to pass menstrual fluid and urine.

In fact, sometimes the opening can be so small that it needs to be cut open to allow sexual intercourse or birth - often causing complications which harm both mother and baby.

Type 4: This covers all other harmful procedures like pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterising the clitoris or genital area.

Why does it happen?

Some Kenyan Maasai women voiced opposition to a FGM ban because of fears that uncut girls would not be able to get married or become promiscuous

The most frequently cited reasons for carrying out FGM are social acceptance, religion, misconceptions about hygiene, a means of preserving a girl or woman's virginity, making the woman "marriageable" and enhancing male sexual pleasure.

In some cultures FGM is regarded as a rite of passage into adulthood, and considered a pre-requisite for marriage.

Although there are no hygienic advantages or health benefits to FGM, practising communities believe that women's vaginas need to be cut - and women who have not undergone FGM are regarded as unhealthy, unclean or unworthy.

Often it's performed against their will, and health professionals worldwide consider it a form of violence against women and a violation of their human rights. When FGM is inflicted on children, it is also seen as a form of child abuse.

Where is FGM practised?

Many of the women surveyed by Unicef and the WHO said it was taboo to even discuss FGM in their communities for fear of attracting criticism from outsiders, or - in those places where FGM is illegal - for fear it would lead to prosecution of family or community members.

Therefore figures are based on estimates.

The above map was put together by The Woman Stats Project, who have collated research on the issue, including data from the UN and Unicef.

It is estimated by the UN that although FGM is concentrated in 30 countries in Africa and the Middle East, it is also practiced in some countries in Asia and Latin America. And amongst immigrant populations living in Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand, the UN says.

According to a Unicef report carried out in 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East, the practice is still being widely carried out, despite the fact that 24 of these countries have legislation or some form of decrees against FGM.

In countries such as the UK, where FGM is illegal, expert and barrister Dr Charlotte Proudman says it is increasingly being performed on babies and infants. Therefore it is "almost impossible to detect" as the girls are not in school or old enough to report it.

Recently a mother in London became the first person in the UK to be found guilty of carrying out FGM on her three-year-old daughter. She will be sentenced on 8 March.

REF: 695

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libramc · 4 years ago

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❤️ How to predict WHERE you're going to meet your future spouse through Astrology ❤️

hi guys! in today's post I'm going to show you how to find out where you'll meet your future spouse through your birth chart. this technique was discovered by the astrologer Kapiel Raaj, and it's based on vedic astrology. hence, you're going to need your sidereal birth chart to calculate this. if you already know how to do that, you can skip this part.

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first of all, go to astro.com > horoscope and then click on extended chart selection.

add your birth data by clicking on the 'add a new person' button. it's necessary to have your accurate birth time for this, as it's based on your ascendant.

then scroll down and click on options for zodiac and houses. choose the whole signs house system and then click on sidereal. after that, choose 'hindu/lahiri' on the ayanamsha button.

after you've calculated your chart, it will be something like this (this is angelina jolie's sidereal birth chart):

to calculate where you're going to meet your spouse, we need to first of all take a look at the 7th house lord, which is the planet that rules your 7th house. in this chart it is saturn, as she has capricorn in her 7th house. now that you know what is your 7th house lord, look at where it's placed in your chart. also, keep in mind that since this is a sidereal technique, we're only going to take in consideration traditional rulers, therefore aquarius is ruled by uranus, pisces by jupiter and scorpio by mars. angelina has her saturn in gemini in the 12th house. the opposite sign indicates the circumstances or directly the place where you're going to meet your spouse. in this chart, it is sagittarius. keep reading for an explanation of each sign!!

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♈️ aries opposite 7th house lord ♈️

you're going to meet your spouse when doing some sort of physical activity. you may meet them at the gym, or maybe at a sport event like a football match. you could even meet them just by taking a casual walk, and it could be love at first sight. you two may also meet in a place where there's lots of noise and action, maybe even danger, probably not in a quiet place. places that are ruled by aries are palestine, england, hong kong, germany, poland, syria, israel, lithuania, senegal, sierra leone and zimbabwe. as for cities, we have birmingham, cape town, leicester, florence, krakow, naples, utrecht, marseilles and georgia.

♉️ taurus opposite 7th house lord ♉️

taurus loves the finer things in life, so if you have this sign opposite your 7th house lord you may meet your spouse during your chill time. for instance, you may meet them at a spa, at the mall, at the beach... anything that symbolizes relax for you. in addition, taurus also rules finances, therefore you could meet them in a bank or in any place or circumstance where you have to deal with finances, even in a shop for example. also, since taurus rules over the throat and the voice, you may meet at a place where there's singing for instance, or at least there's music playing in the background. last but not least, being an earth sign, taurus opposing your 7th house lord may also indicate that you're going to meet your future spouse in a place where there's lots of green, maybe at the park or in a forest. places that are ruled by taurus are cyprus, tasmania, ireland, capri, rhodes, the greek iIslands, cuba, east timor, serbia, tanzania, south africa and yemen. as for cities, we have lucerne, eastbound, eastbourne, hastings, palermo, leipzig, st. louis and dublin.

♊️ gemini opposite 7th house lord ♊️

with gemini opposing your 7th house lord, you may meet your future spouse through socializing. you could meet them through your friends or through your siblings, maybe they're a sibling of a friend of yours. you could also meet them during short-distance trips, so maybe in a city near you or even on a train, on a bus, etc. communication is going to be involved, and hence you could even meet them at an event where there's the need to talk and / or write. possibly, you may as well meet him online or in school. places that are ruled by gemini include iceland, sardinia, morocco, belgium, wales, eritrea, guyana, kuwait, norway, montenegro, sweden and tonga. as for cities, we have nuremberg, tripoli, san francisco, london, melbourne, plymouth and cardiff.

♋️ cancer opposite 7th house lord ♋️

if cancer is opposing your 7th house lord, then you could have possibly known your future spouse since your childhood. you could have met a school, or to talk in a more general way you may be from the same city. possibly, you could as well meet in a place where there are children, or where there's food. in addition, since cancer is ruled by the moon, you could meet in a place where there's moon symbolism. maybe during a full or new moon. perhaps, you're going to meet near water as well, as cancer is a water sign. places that are ruled by cancer include usa, paraguay, scotland, holland, the bahamas bahrain belize, burundi, cape verde, columbia, comoros, democratic republic of the congo croatia djibouti, kiribati laos, liberia, madagascar, malawi mozambique, rwanda, slovenia solomon islands, algeria, somalia, and south korea. as for cities, we have manchester, new york, stockholm, tokyo, venice, york, amsterdam and milan.

♌️ leo opposite 7th house lord ♌️

with the sign of leo opposing your 7th house lord, you’re likely to meet your future spouse in a place where there’s fun. it could be at a party, during a vacation, at a bar, a restaurant... certainly not at work, that’s for sure. you’ll meet your spouse in a situation of relax, not of stress. since leo also rules celebrities, you may even meet them in a place where there are famous people, like a concert for instance. countries ruled by leo are afghanistan, india, italy, macedonia, romania, sicily, ecuador, zanzibar, bhutan, bolivia, central african republic chad, the ivory coast, gabon, indonesia, north korea, south korea, kyrgyzstan, malaysia, maldives, nicaragua, pakistan, mongolia, seychelles, singapore, ukraine and madagascar. as for cities, we have bristol, bombay, chicago, madrid, los angeles, philadelphia, rome and bath.

♍️ virgo opposite 7th house lord ♍️

virgo rules over health, and hence you may meet your future spouse in a health-related place. it could be at the doctor’s, at the dentist’s, in a hospital, etc. virgo is also routine, so you may meet your future spouse in a typical day of yours. it could be at the supermarket, at work, while you’re walking your dog, at the gym, and so on. basically, it could be that your future spouse is going to casually approach you in the streets. countries ruled by virgo include crete, brazil, greece, switzerland, turkey, uruguay, west indies, armenia, azerbaijan, belarus, brazil, costa rica, el salvador estonia guatemala, honduras, mali, moldova, qatar and tajikistan. as for cities we have athens, paris, toulouse, corinth, lyons, boston and mexico city.

♎️ libra opposite 7th house lord ♎️

if you have libra opposing your 7th house lord, you may get to meet your spouse in a place that has to do with beauty, so maybe in a clothes shop or at a salon. you may also meet them in a place where there are many people, or even at some sort of event like a marriage. libra also rules over politics and justice, so maybe you could meet them at the courthouse or during election time. countries that are ruled by libra include france, tibet, argentina, austria, burma, canada, china, japan, siberia, botswana, equatorial guinea, fiji, iraq, israel, lesotho, nigeria, palau, saint lucia, saudi arabia, tuvalu and uganda. as for cities that are ruled by libra we have lisbon, frankfurt, copenhagen, johannesburg, nottingham and antwerp.

♏️ scorpio opposite 7th house lord ♐️

scorpio is the sign of darkness, hence if you have it opposing your 7th house lord you may get to meet your spouse during nighttime. scorpio is also about sex, so this relationship could start off as a one night stand, or maybe you may meet in a place where sex is involved. you could also meet them in a place that has to do with death or where there's death symbolism, such as a graveyard (I hope not tho lol💀). you two may also be transforming yourselves when you meet, you could be starting a new chapter of your life to leave toxicity behind your shoulders. you could also meet at a place where you need to be naked, such as a beach or at the spa, or again in a place related to finances and money. countries that are ruled by scorpio include angola, morocco, queensland, korea, syria, norway, the transvaal, bavaria, antigua, barbuda, cambodia, dominica, latvia, lebanon, micronesia, panama, turkey, turkmenistan and zambia. cities that are ruled by scorpio include cincinnati, liverpool, newcastle, washington, vienna, baltimore and new orleans.

♐️ sagittarius opposite 7th house lord ♐️

sagittarius rules over foreign lands, so if you have it opposite your 7th house lord you're most likely going to meet your future spouse abroad. or perhaps, they are foreign and they travel to your country. you may also meet them in a place related to foreign culture, so maybe in a place filled with tourists, or perhaps in an exotic restaurant, perhaps at a sushi bar if you're not japanese for example. it may also be time for you for new experiences, perhaps you're doing something for the first time, such as trying a new sport or taking a plane. you may also meet your future spouse in college or in university, or in general in a place where there's teaching of any kind. last but not least, sagittarius is also a very spiritual sign, so you could meet them in a church, or maybe at an event related to religion such as a marriage, a baptism, etc. countries that are ruled by sagittarius include spain, australia, chile, hungary, saudi arabia, bangladesh, barbados, cameroon, kazakhstan, kenya, libya and mauritania. cities that are ruled by sagittarius include budapest, johannesburg, naples, nottingham, sheffield, sunderland, stuttgart and toronto.

♑️ capricorn opposite 7th house lord ♑️

capricorn is ruled by saturn, the planet of responsibilities, therefore if you have this sign opposing your 7th house lord you'll most likely meet your spouse on your workplace. perhaps they're your boss or a co-worker of yours, or maybe they may even be a customer of yours. you'll surely meet them later in life, when you're at least 27/28 years old, or perhaps when you manage to accomplish something really big in your life, not necessarily career-related. countries that are ruled by capricorn include india, bulgaria, mexico, great britain, albania, afghanistan, lithuania, bosnia, brunei, czech republic, haiti, nauru, slovakia and sudan. as for cities that are ruled by capricorn we have brandenburg, brussel, delhi, mexico city, port said, oxford and ghent.

♒️ aquarius opposite 7th house lord ♒️

you may meet your spouse in any place that has to do with electricity, for instance at a movie theater, at a theme park, at an apparel store, and so on. perhaps even on a public transport, such as a train, a taxi or a plane. also, since we're talking about electricity we can also count on internet, therefore if you have aquarius opposing your 7th house lord you have high chances of meeting your future spouse on social media, such as twitter, instagram, etc. or even through dating apps, such as tinder. last but not least, you may also be introduced to your spouse by your friends, or perhaps they could be a part of your group of friends. you may be both best friends and lovers, you would have a very playful and youthful relationship. countries that are ruled by aquarius include iran, finland, new zealand, russia, sweden, syria, ethiopia, the holy vatican city and sri lanka. cities that are ruled by aquarius include brighton, hamburg, helsinki, moscow, salzburg, st. petersburg and bremen.

♓️ pisces opposite 7th house lord ♓️

if you have pisces opposite your 7th house lord, you may first of all meet your future spouse near water. therefore you could meet them at the beach, at an aquarium, at the lake, at the pool, etc. perhaps even at a restaurant that serves seafood and fish, such as a sushi bar. pisces is also about alcohol, therefore you may also meet them in a bar or at a party where there's alcohol. pisces also rules over art and images, therefore you could meet them in a place where there are lots of pictures and paintings, such as a museum, or perhaps even at the movie theater, at a concert, etc. the club would be an option too, as it combines both alcohol and dancing, two pisces related things. also, it could be very late at night, when you're supposed to be sleeping, or perhaps, you're just sleepy or even drunk. last but not least, this placement usually indicates a soulmate or twinflame connection, therefore you may even meet your spouse first in the 5D than in the 3D, perhaps you feel spiritually connected to them even if you haven't met them yet. you could very likely dream of them as well. lastly, pisces is also about healing, so your future spouse may either work in the medicine field or maybe they're some sort of spiritual healer. you could possibly also meet them at the church or in a temple. countries that are ruled by pisces include normandy, north africa, portugal, samoa, egypt, Scandinavia, mauritius, morocco, namibia and tunisia. cities that are ruled by pisces include warsaw, alexandria, grimsby, jerusalem, bournemouth, seville and cowes.

and this is it! let me know in the comments where you're going to meet your spouse, and if you've already met them feel free to say if this post resonated with your experience!

follow me for more,

libramc xx

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zvaigzdelasas · 3 years ago

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Chinese foreign ministers have traditionally marked the new year by visiting the African continent. Wang Yi’s 2022 African tour begins with Eritrea against the backdrop of the US strategy in the Horn of Africa to gain control of the strategically vital Red Sea that connects the Indian Ocean with the Suez Canal.

Eritrea and China are close friends. China was a supporter of the Eritrean liberation movement since the 1970s. Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki, the veteran revolutionary who led the independence movement, received military training in China.

More recently, Eritrea was one of the 54 countries backing Beijing’s Hong Kong policy (against 39 voicing concern in a rival Western bloc) at the UN General Assembly in October 2020.

Last November, Eritrea signed a memorandum of understanding with China to join the Belt and Road Initiative. Neighboring Djibouti is already a major participant in the BRI. So is Sudan along the Red Sea coastline.

Central to regional cohesion in the Horn of Africa is the relationship between Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has been a conflict-ridden, troubled relationship, but China, which also has close ties with Ethiopia, is well placed to mediate reconciliation.[...]

the politico-military axis between Ethiopia and Eritrea to take on the TPLF proved to be the decisive factor. China encouraged the rapprochement between Addis Ababa and Asmara.

In effect, the two leaderships understood that they have a congruence of interests in thwarting the TPLF, which is an American proxy to destabilize their countries and trigger regime changes.

Washington is mighty displeased that China’s influence in Djibouti is on the rise and resents that the Marxist Eritrean regime of Isaias Afwerki keeps the US at arm’s length.

The Horn of Africa is of great strategic importance, and Ethiopia sits at its heart. Destabilize Ethiopia and impact the whole region; install a dictatorial expansionist ethnocentric regime (TPLF); sow division and poison the atmosphere of mutual understanding and cooperation that is being built within the region – this is the neocolonial agenda. [...]

The widespread revulsion among Africans all over the continent is palpable over the US using its TPLF proxy to destabilize Ethiopia. Their collective cry is “No more” – no more colonialism, no more sanctions, no more disinformation, no more lies by CNN, BBC, etc. The cry resonates widely among the Ethiopians, Eritreans, Sudanese, Somalis, Kenyans and friends of Ethiopia.

The paradox is, Ethiopia now has a democratically elected government after decades of thuggery under the TPLF that ruled with an iron fist for more than 30 years with US backing [...]

In geopolitical terms, Washington would see many advantages in the destabilization of Ethiopia as it would trigger a multi-vector regional conflagration, as happens when multi-ethnic nations unravel – such as the former Yugoslavia or today’s India or Russia.

And neighboring countries would be inevitably sucked into ethnic wars such as Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia and Kenya – and even Egypt and Persian Gulf states.

The fact that the UAE, Turkey and Iran – improbable allies – are supporting Abiy’s desperate effort to preserve Ethiopia’s sovereignty and national cohesion and helped boost his military campaign to ward off another attempt by the US-backed TPLF to capture power speaks volumes.

In this matrix, while the US aims to dominate the hugely strategic Horn of Africa, “Plan B” will be to be the spoiler by throwing the region into turmoil so that China is also a loser. The point is, the Western world has no answer to China’s BRI.

China and Ethiopia have a strong political affinity and deep economic bonds, and Ethiopia is one of China’s top five investment destinations on the African continent. Beyond investment, relations extend to trade, infrastructure finance and other areas. Economic engagement with China has provided Ethiopia with many opportunities.

Curiously, even prior to the advent of the BRI, China was already a major financier of Ethiopia’s infrastructure. Chinese investment in the manufacturing sector – incidentally, one of the Abiy government’s focus areas currently – has contributed to the country’s economic transformation and diversification and to job creation. [...]

Simply put, if there is mayhem in Ethiopia, the locomotive of China’s BRI in the vast regions of the Horn of Africa and East Africa can potentially be slowed down, if not derailed. That is the least the US can do, faced with the grim prospect that it has no alternative offer to make to the African nations to counter the BRI.

If the BRI locomotive chugs along unimpeded, the entire Western neocolonial project in Africa in the 21st century is threatened with extinction.

The existential angst shows in the Joe Biden administration’s announcement on New Year’s Eve terminating Ethiopia’s access to the US duty-free trade program under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) “amid the widening conflict in northern Ethiopia.”

7 Jan 22

#interesting perspectives & things to consider

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cruelsister-moved · 3 years ago

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also it's actually so disturbing how people will actively take away from a poem that does have specific context to make it more "relatable".... i saw an ~aesthetic~ screenshot of a line of dan pagis' that said 'my parents invented grief/I invented silence' and like. much of his work is about the holocaust and that line describes the general response of survivors in israel for the first few decades but without that context it could easily be something you put on one of those oooo i have a complicated relationship with my parents moodboards...i was just reading abt poetry going viral and how this poem that was about conflict in somalia and kenya had one short phrase taken out of context that went viral after the charlie hebdo thing... and its one reason i hate the moodboard bc its just manipulating complex stories into an amorphous blob of... omg I do that!!

#and the rumi translation shit!!!#like it disproportionately affects minorities bc their experiences r less likely to be found broadly relatable #but its an underlying issue #and on the opposite note how rupi k*ur had this aesthetic of vulnerability but actually only ever wrote about like #'collective trauma'#like i mean it's okay if some stuff is relatable but thats not meant to be the end goal

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enolix · 3 years ago

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ainawgsd · 5 years ago

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The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), also known as the sand puppy, is a burrowing rodent native to parts of East Africa. It has a highly unusual set of physical traits that allow it to thrive in a harsh underground environment and is the only mammalian thermoconformer, almost entirely ectothermic (cold-blooded) in how it regulates body temperature.

The naked mole-rat lacks pain sensitivity in its skin, and has very low metabolic and respiratory rates. The naked mole-rat is also remarkable for its longevity and its resistance to cancer and oxygen deprivation.

Typical individuals are 3 to 4 inches long and weigh 30 to 35 grams (1.1 to 1.2 oz). Queens are larger and may weigh well over 50 grams (1.8 oz), the largest reaching 80 grams (2.8 oz). They are well-adapted to their underground existence. Their eyes are quite small, and their visual acuity is poor. Their legs are thin and short; however, they are highly adept at moving underground and can move backward as fast as they can move forward.

Their large, protruding teeth are used to dig and their lips are sealed just behind the teeth, preventing soil from filling their mouths while digging. About a quarter of their musculature is used in the closing of their jaws while they dig—about the same proportion that is utilized in the human leg. They have little hair (hence the common name) and wrinkled pink or yellowish skin. They lack an insulating layer in the skin.

The naked mole-rat is the first mammal discovered to exhibit eusociality. This eusocial structure is similar to that found in ants, termites, and some bees and wasps. As in certain bee species, the workers are divided along a continuum of different worker-caste behaviors instead of discrete groups. Some function primarily as tunnellers, expanding the large network of tunnels within the burrow system, and some primarily as soldiers, protecting the group from outside predators. Only one female (the queen) and one to three males reproduce, while the rest of the members of the colony function as workers. The queen and breeding males are able to breed at one year of age. Workers are sterile, with the smaller focusing on gathering food and maintaining the nest, while larger workers are more reactive in case of attack. Non-reproducing members of the colony are involved in cooperative care of the pups produced by the reproducing female. This occurs through the workers keeping the pups from straying, foraging for food, grooming, contributing to extension of tunnels, and keeping them warm.

The non-reproducing females appear to be reproductively suppressed, meaning the ovaries do not fully mature, and do not have the same levels of certain hormones as the reproducing females. On the other hand, there is little difference of hormone concentration between reproducing and non-reproducing males. In experiments where the reproductive female was removed or died, one of the non-reproducing females would take over and become sexually active.

The relationships between the queen and the breeding males may last for many years; other females are temporarily sterile. Queens live from 13 to 18 years, and are extremely hostile to other females behaving like queens, or producing hormones for becoming queens. When the queen dies, another female takes her place, sometimes after a violent struggle with her competitors. Once established, the new queen's body expands the space between the vertebrae in her backbone to become longer and ready to bear pups.

Colonies range in size from 20 to 300 individuals, with an average of 75-80. The naked mole-rat is native to the drier parts of the tropical grasslands of East Africa, predominantly southern Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia. The tunnel systems built by naked mole-rats can stretch up to three to five kilometres (2–3 miles) in cumulative length.

Naked mole-rats feed primarily on very large tubers (weighing as much as a thousand times the body weight of a typical mole-rat) that they find deep underground through their mining operations. A single tuber can provide a colony with a long-term source of food—lasting for months, or even years, as they eat the inside but leave the outside, allowing the tuber to regenerate. Symbiotic bacteria in their intestines ferment the fibres, allowing otherwise indigestible cellulose to be turned into volatile fatty acids. Naked mole-rats sometimes also eat their own feces. This may be part of their eusocial behavior and a means of sharing hormones from the queen.

#rat ABC's #N #naked mole-rat #heterocephalus glaber #sand puppy #SAND PUPPIES #rats #mole-rats #hairless animals

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somalibantu · 4 years ago

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Somali Bantu History

Introduction: The Somali Community is made up of various ethnic groups. The two majorities of Somalis are Cushitic and Bantu. These are the two largest ethnic groups. Other groups living in Somalia are Arabs and Italians, who are minorities. The Cushitic Somalis are split into several clans. For instance, we have the Darod and Hawiye clans, which form the Sab-Clans. Most Cushitic people live in the northern region, and some are on the southern side of Somalia. The main occupation of Cushitic Somalis is pastoralism — they spend most of their lives moving with animals. They speak the Maha, which is the official language. On the other hand, the Bantu Somalis occupy the Shebelle and Jubba river valleys, and most of them practice farming. They are culturally and ethnically different from the Cushitic Somalis. They also are split into several clans, and most of them reside in the southern region, an area that extends to central Somalia. Most of them are Zigua and Mai Mai speakers. When the civil war of 1990s broke out in Somalia, the Bantu Somalis have faced all forms of dehumanization. They feared the Cushitic Somalis, and that’s why they didn’t stand up to them. During the war, the Cushitic had taken everything from them. Many of the Bantus migrated to Kenya in the refugee camps. They applied for asylum in the United States. They were officially classified as “persecuted,” Then, the United States opened its doors in 2000 to settle many of the Bantus. Therefore, this research article seeks to outline the relationship between the Cushitic’s and Bantu Somalis in terms of (1) their differences, (2) their history, (3) The Ethio-Somali war, (4)how the civil war of Somalia in the 1990s began, (5) how the civil war affected Somali Bantus’ living state, and (6) a reflection on the Somali Bantu and Cushitic situation.

Somali Bantu and Somali Cushitic Differences

There is a significant difference in the two communities in Somali. There are significant ways in which the two communities differ, for instance, the aspect of origin, appearance, and economic activities. Somalia, one of the countries in East Africa, contains both the Bantus and Cushitic people. Although in one country, the two groups are different, significant ethnicities that use Somalia’s natural resources. Also, the population of Bantu and Cushitic Somalis has increased rapidly over the years. Still, cultural assimilation between the two groups is prevalent and prompts debates on the differences between them. However, irrespective of the assimilation in culture in the present day, they portray notable historical differences. Further, the two groups differ in their body size, appearance, economic activities, distribution, and social nature. In this section, each of these differences is discussed.

First, the Bantu and Cushitic groups differ in terms of their origin and distribution in Africa. The Bantus are composed of subgroups that originated in the Niger-Congo region and are primarily located in the tropical savanna climate areas. The Bantus mostly inhabit Western, Southern, and Central Africa, as well as some portions of Eastern Africa. On the other hand, the Cushitic people are composed of many subgroups, but they all originated in the Afro-Asiatic region. They are primarily located in warm desert climate areas and inhabit most parts of Eastern Africa. This reveals apparent differences between the two groups regarding their origin and distribution in Africa.

Second, Somali Bantus and Somali Cushitic can be differentiated based on their bodies’ physical structure and appearance. In general, Somali Bantus appear to have sturdier, more muscular physiques than the Somali Cushitic people. Somali Bantu men have healthy muscular bodies, while the Somali Cushitic people have weak, non-muscular bodies. Somali Bantus also exhibit a shorter body structure, while Somali Cushitic people have thin bodies with a taller body structure. Moreover, Somali Bantus have Afro-textured hair that naturally grows to medium length. In contrast, the Somali Cushitic people have thin, textured hair that typically grows to more extended lengths like Asian hair. Somali Bantus also differ from Cushitic Bantus in the physical makeup of their noses. Somali Bantus have a thicker, shorter nose structure, while Cushitic people have a thinner, sharper nose appearance. Therefore, foreigners to Somalia can use identifiable differences in physical body structure to differentiate between the Bantus and Cushitic Somalis.

Moreover, Somali Bantus and Cushitic people differ in the types of economic activities practiced as well as their settlement regions. Though both groups reside in the same country, they utilize the country’s economic and natural resources differently. Somali Bantus are highly concentrated in the country’s southern region, particularly around the Juba and Shabelle rivers, characterized by cool and wet climatic conditions. Somali Bantus’ main economic activity is crop farming associated with minimal livestock keeping. Thus, the Somali Bantus are exclusively vegetarians. They rely heavily on the southern region’s conventional rainfall and water from the Juba and Shabelle rivers for farming activities.

On the other hand, the Somali Cushitic people reside in the Northern Somali region. The northern part is a semi-desert with hot and dry climatic conditions. The Cushitic people keep livestock on a large scale since it is their main economic activity. They are known for being nomadic since they move from one place to the next in search of water and pasture. The Cushitic people rely on products from livestock such as goats, sheep, cows, and camels. Thus, most of their food comprises animal products, particularly livestock meat. The difference in food types consumed by the Bantu and Cushitic peoples, therefore, explains the underlying differences between the physiques of the members of these two ethnic groups.

It should also be noted that the Somali Bantu and Cushitic people differ in their social nature. The Cushitic people have an inherently radical nature, while the Bantus are docile and peaceful individuals. Looking at the terms radical and docile, we see apparent differences in the social composition of the two groups. Radical pertains to people who over-express their feelings and appear violent at times, which is against human norms. Docile people are moral, rational, and take time to express their feelings. In terms of brain functioning, the Cushitic people are quick to act and are fast in decision-making with minimal thinking about the consequences of their decisions. Due to the irrational manner in which the Cushitic people deal with issues, they are more likely to engage in violence. In Somalia, ethnic attacks have become a norm among the Cushitic communities. Clashes are seen as part of life, though they cause suffering and pain. Cushitic people attack and harass other ethnic groups without viable reasons, especially when they see their weakness. The only reason they do that is to satisfy their heartless nature.

On the contrary, Somali Bantus take time to make their decisions. They are more analytical than their Cushitic counterparts. Due to the logical way of thinking, they hardly engage in violent behaviors. While they may not be as fast as the Cushitic group in their thinking patterns, they quickly develop trust in other individuals. At times, the Cushitic people take advantage of their logical thinking. Moreover, the Bantus are rigid in their way of life. Hardly do they accept change in their social behaviors. In general, the Bantus are peaceful in their way of life; thus, they may appear naïve to the outgoing Cushitic group.

Thus, Somali Bantus and Cushitic peoples differ in physical body structure, economic activities, and social nature. Cushitic people have a weaker body physique than the Bantus due to the different work performed and the different types of food consumed by the two groups. Somali Bantus practice crop farming as their main economic activity, while the Cushitic people are nomadic pastoralists. Bantus are peaceful and analytical in decision-making, while the Cushitic people are quick to make decisions and willful.

Somali Bantu and Somali Cushite History

There is an interesting history of the Bantus and the Cushitic people in Somalia. For centuries, the Somali Bantu and the Somali Cushitic lived in Somaliland harmoniously. At the time, they lived in different regions. The Bantu occupied the southern part of Somalia, while their counterparts, the Cushitic group, occupied central and northern Somalia. The land was peaceful, as no group interfered with the affairs of the other. Still, each group defended their territory and could even help one another in times of need. In their subgroups, they governed themselves for many generations. However, a time came when a group of Cushitic people visited the Bantu southern region searching for food. They looked weak, thin, starved, and tired, as they had walked for a long distance without food. Due to their state at the time, the Bantus did not realize that the Cushitic group could be dangerous. Thus, after the Cushitic members had expressed their needs, the Bantu, out of their generosity, decided to offer help. They gave them food and shelter as they sympathized with the sickly state of their visitors. The Cushitic gladly received a warm welcome. Nonetheless, the Bantu only adhered to their moral practice of welcoming those who needed their help and forgot to be cautious when dealing with strangers whom they did not fully understand. Henceforth, the Bantu and the Cushites started living together. The Bantu shared their resources with the Cushites and made sure that they were well fed. As a result, the Cushites became established in the Bantu region. The Bantu invited a bitter enemy into their region out of their generosity.

Many years later, Italy colonized part of Somaliland and took control of the two regions occupied by the Bantu and the Cushitic groups, which was the genesis of the Bantus’ problems. The colony built many schools in the Bantu and Cushite area, and the Cushites who were living in the Bantus’ areas used to warn them not to go to school while the Cushite children were in school. When the Bantus asked why, one of the justifications the Cushites gave was that the schools’ teachings were based on the Christian faith and would lead their children away from the Islamic faith. The Cushitic people acted as if they cared for the Bantus while lying to and deceiving them. Their situation was just like the prophet Adam and the Devil’s story. The Devil told Adam to eat from the tree that would make him immortal, acting as if he cared about him. This same misconception misled many Bantus. As a result, many of the Bantus never acquired formal learning. They remained illiterate while the Cushites educated their children. As the colonizer left the colony, it was granted independence. However, the chosen leader came from the Cushitic group.

The government was transferred to the Cushite people after the colonizers left the colony. The Cushite-led government wanted nothing to do with the Bantus since the government is in their hands. Thus, constant conflicts emerged between the two groups, as the Cushites often acted against the Bantus. The Bantus let the Cushitic group lead the country in their desire for peace to prevail in the region, and they started sending their children to government schools. That, however, did not improve the situation. The government continuously discriminated against and deceived the Bantus. For instance, when the Bantu’s children graduated from high school, the government gave their diplomas to Cushites who had not graduated, and then transferred them to other countries. There are so many Bantu children who finished high school but have no diplomas. The government did so to kill the Bantu’s hope in the country. In this way, the Bantu people will never have opportunities to join the government. Therefore, the Somali-led government that was given the Italians’ reins started discriminating against and deceiving the Somali Bantu.

In conclusion, the historical record shows that before the Italians invaded Somalia during the colonial era, the area of Somalia was separated into two different geographical regions, each occupied by Bantus and Cushitic communities. During this period, the Somali Bantus enjoyed control over the southern part of Somalia, and the region flourished in peace. When the Cushitic people from Ethiopia and Northern Somalia arrived in the Bantu southern region, the Somali Bantu welcomed them with open arms and without any caution. Following the emergence of the Italian colonial control of Somalia, they accepted that the two areas be combined, and the Bantus let the Cushitic people control regions. That produced catastrophic consequences, as the Cushitic-led government instituted oppressive, discrimination, and corrupt governance. Therefore, the harsh and unfriendly treatment of the Somali Bantus stems from a mistake made by their ancestors before the colonial era. That teaches us to be cautious even as we welcome strangers, as they may turn out to be traitors.

The War between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1977

In 1977–1978, there was a war between Somalia and Ethiopia. This war was called the Ogaden war or the Ethio-Somali war. This war was a result of Ethiopia and Somalia fighting for a region that was between them. The area was known as the Ogaden Region. Below is an explanation of how the whole war was and the result of the war. Upon Siad Barre becoming the president of Somalia, the war started between Somalia and Ethiopia. Siad Barre used the Somali Bantu children in the war to fight the Ethiopians, especially on the front lines, while his clan was in the back. The cause of this war was to protect the sub-clans where Siad Barre originated. The Somali Bantus’ population decreased at a very high rate after Siad Barre became president, even though they still had children just like the Cushites. This was different from the Somali Cushite people, whose population increased since they did not participate in the front line in the war.

To understand more about the Ogaden war, we need to understand what led to the Ogaden war. The Cushitic Somalis are split into several clans, the same as the Bantus. For instance, we have the Darod clan, which also form sub-clans. The Darod clan was one of the largest sub-clan among the Cushitic ethnic group, and still, it was divided into three groups; the Darod of Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya. In 1977, Ethiopia and Somalia were absorbed in a colony dispute over the Ogaden region. The region was located between Ethiopia and Somalia, and so the two nations claimed the area to be theirs. The difficulty in the war was that big powers supported both of the states, which could bring the Cold War to Africa. This notion of the Cold War in Africa was very sound because the Soviet Union financed Ethiopia, while the United States financed Somalia. To conclude, this war was very tricky, and if care was not taken, it could extend to the other parts of Africa. If this war continued, then the notion of the Ogaden war bringing the Cold War in Africa would be proved right.

It is good to understand whether, before the war started, there disputes were between Ethiopia and Somalia in the past. According to research, it is clear that before the Ethio-Somali war started, there were disputes about the Ogaden region. Due to the Second World War, when Ethiopia had lined up with the Allies in opposition to the Axis powers, Great Britain renounced its claims on the Ogaden region as a fragment of the British Somali land. Besides, once the British Somali area became a fragment of Somalia’s new independent state in 1960, the government had no option than to control the region. Afterward, there was intensified monitoring of the area when a military coup in Somalia led to the killing of the Somali president Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. Then, in 1969, the military under Siad Barre seized control of the state of Somalia. One could tell that things were not getting any better.

To better understand the situation, it is also good to know what was happening in Ethiopia when things were not right in Somalia. In this period, the longtime emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, was displaced in September 1974 by the defense force known as the Derg. This led to the disorganization of the Ethiopian nation, leading to the emergence of many separatist movements that were opposed to the Derg due to uncertainties in Ethiopian politics. Surprisingly, one of those groups, called Western Somali, was staying in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia. The same group asked for the takeover of the territory they controlled in Somalia. To conclude, it was the beginning of another dispute between the Somali natives in the Ogaden region with the Ethiopian natives.

Before entering the real war, we have to understand what was happening to the Derg. So, in 1977, Haile Miriam had become the Derg leader, who was in the custody of the whole of Ethiopia. Due to these privileges, the Derg suppressed all the Ethiopians and, to be specific, the Western Somalia Liberation Federation (WSLF) and its supporters. Thus, there was more emphasis on the notion that there was a Cold War in Africa. By this particular time, the Derg had made Ethiopia a communist state and allied it with the Soviet Union. Allying it with the Soviet Union meant that now, the Ethiopians had funds to deal with Somalia since the Soviet Union would fund them.

Since the Somali government had obtained large quantities with Soviet help, they provided the Western Somali Liberation Federation with weapons. So, in July 1977, Somalia’s government army took thirty-five thousand armed men commanded by Mohamed Siad Barre. These Somali militaries were also supported by fifteen thousand military men from the Western Somali Liberation Federation. Together they invaded the Ogaden region, but unfortunately, the Army of Somali was outnumbered by the Ethiopian army. To their advantage, they had superior weapons because of earlier support from Soviet military donations. This was a clear alarm of a cruel war.

Moreover, the Soviets were also providing their newfound Ethiopia with funds and even weapons. After they were unsuccessful in getting a suspension in fighting, they gave all their aid to the Ethiopians by bringing fifteen thousand men from the Army of Cuba. Similarly, there were volunteers from other communist nations, Yemen, and South Korea. On the other hand, the people of Somalia had gotten aid from the United States. Given that now the two states were aided by supreme powers, the war escalated.

Lastly, there came the war where the fittest would survive since there was aid from supreme powers on both sides. When the war started in 1977, the Ethiopians had control of about ten percent of the Ogaden region. Since the Ethiopians received Soviet aid more often, they were able to overpower the Somali Army and their helpers, the Western Somali Liberation Front allies. In October, the Somali Army tried their best to be hostile to acquire the Harar city of Ethiopia. Unfortunately, they were faced by forty thousand militaries from Ethiopia and eleven thousand armed men from the Cuban Army who aided them. Soviet weapons and air forces also supported these Cuban troops. As stated above, the Ethiopians outnumbered the Somalians, and so they were able to push the Somalians out of the Ogaden garden without force. By March 1978, the Ethiopians had taken almost the whole Ogaden region. Now, the Somalians had been defeated, leading them to surrender their fight for the area. This is how the Ethiopians ended up having the Ogaden region in their name.

The Ethio-Somali war was the start of the Somali Bantu genocide. This is because Siad Barre was forcing Somali Bantu boys aged fifteen and up to join the war for free so that he could save his clan in Ethiopia. Concerning this, the Somali government had not shown the Somali Bantus how to fight. The only thing they taught them was shooting, and then they sent the poor Bantus to war. In the war, Siad Barre put the Somali Bantus on the front line, and then his fellow Cushites were at the back. This is a clear illustration that the probability of the Somali Bantus dying was very high. When the Bantus saw how their community was dying, they started running away, but in return, the Cushites were shooting them and telling them not to run away but fight for their country. There were very many Somali Bantus that died in this war. The Ethiopian army killed most of these Somali Bantus, and their fellow Somali people still killed some of them. This shows how Somali Cushite people were selfish and did not even care about their fellow Somali Bantus.

Even with these efforts, the president of Somalia did not succeed in taking the Ogaden region. Ever since former Somalian president Siad Barre lost the war with Ethiopia, one of his aims had been to seize the Bantu land for his people. Before Siad Barre, all other former presidents of Somalia were against the Somali Bantus, but they had never thought of erasing them from Somalia. Siad Barre was the first president who thought of seizing their land for his clan, and all other presidents after him have followed in his footsteps. Siad Barre divided the Somali Bantus and created disunity and hatred among them. After dividing the Bantus, Siad Barre started to resettle his sub-clans in Southern Somalia, giving them full control over Bantu land. The Bantus were not in control of their own villages, towns, and cities, let alone the capital. The Bantus controlled nothing in their own region; everything was given over to the management of the Cushitic people, especially those from the presidential sub-clan. The southern region belonged to the Bantus, but Siad Barre wanted to acquire it for his people because the land was very fertile. His general, Farrah Hassan Aidid, who was of the same Cushitic ethnicity but of the Hawiye sub-clan, began to notice the president’s plans and wanted a share for his own sub-clan, but Siad Barre refused to share the land. When the general realized that the president didn’t want to share with him in the deal, he started thinking about how he could take Siad Barre’s position. This was how the division of Somalia began until they eventually destroyed the entire country.

It should also be noted that the Cushitic people used numerous myths to justify their claim over the Bantu land. Before we look at the myths, it is essential to point out that the Cushites living with the Bantus in southern Somalia originated from northern Somalia and Ethiopia, the Ogaden region. Some of them had been exiled from Ethiopia for spreading violence in their localities. When the Bantus welcomed them, and the Cushitic people took many advantages and treated their kindness as a weakness. With this understanding of the Cushitic, we now look at the myths they perpetuate. First, the Cushitic people have written many books and articles posted on the internet. The books demean the Bantus and fail to explain that the Arabs and the Bantu used to trade together. Further, the writings are not categorical that the Arabs only used to steal the kids from both the Cushitic and Bantu groups and sell them to the Middle East and India. Neither do the writings state that the Arabs did not steal people from Tanzania or Mozambique and bring them to be slaved by the Cushitic people. The real question is, why would the Arabs, who were prosperous and civilized for many centuries, waste time to steal people for the inferior and uncivilized Cushitics when they could sell their slaves to rich people who were civilized? In the writings, the Cushitic people used perpetual deception to subjugate the truth.

Other myths are the use of slavery to justify their unfair treatment of the Bantus and giving of wrong statistics; the Cushite was very unfair. Concerning the statistics, the Somali Cushite always gave the Bantus wrong statistics because they wanted to do away with them. Their statistics stated that the Bantus had approximately one percent population, while the Somali Bantus population was forty to fifty percent. This percentage was very wrong, and I wonder why the Cushite followed these tricks only to grab land and have power over the Somali Bantus. These myths were made to lie to the world and give the Somali Cushite a leeway to justify their claim over Somalia. This was a very negative way of doing things, and no one should emulate the Somali Cushite.

In conclusion, my opinion is that the Ogaden War was a big war, but there had to be a winner, just like any other war. In the Ogaden War, it is clear that the Ethiopians had it right and thus could gain the Ogaden region to their name. Moreover, the Ethiopians proved to be more prepared for this war than the Somalians. Lastly, another opinion is that this war brought the Cold War to Africa, which is true. This is because there was an intervention of supreme powers that tried to intimidate each other with their abilities. The Bantus proved to have a lot of influence in the Ethiopia–Somalia war, more so than the Somali Cushites. If anyone should have been greatly rewarded, it was the Somali Bantus. Unfortunately, Siad Barre was against them and thus used his authority to suppress them to the weakest point possible. This is an act that everybody in the world should condemn, and unity should be preached instead of disunity.

How the Civil War of Somalia in The 1990s Began

Somali has undergone various civil wars in its history. Most civil wars have political underpinnings, as politicians usually spread hatred and animosity among the citizens to the point that a simple issue could result in a big fight. A good example is the American Civil War of 1861–1865, which arose due to the difference in opinions regarding slavery. Another case was in Kenya (2007–2008) when the citizens differed on the outcome of the 2007 election. Somalia’s case was not any different; the war began as resistance against President Mohamed Siad Barre. With time, it grew more prominent and, thus, affected many people within the country. The war was supposed to be between two Cushitic sub-clans, Darod and Hawiye, but it ended up affecting the Bantus the most.

It is noteworthy that tribal underpinnings often influence African countries’ politics. For example, Mohamed Siad Barre, President of the Somali Democratic Republic between 1969 and 1991, fell into a similar trap. He was a member of the Cushitic group and belonged to the clan of Darod and Rer Dini. President Barre could be said to be among the worst dictators the world has seen. He massacred many people in the name of tribal affiliations. His general, Mohamed Farrah Hassan Aidid, was also a Cushite just like him, but from the clan of Hawiye and Habar Gidir. The Darod and Hawiye clans are the two main powerful sub-clans in Somalia. Thus, President Barre’s ascension to power was based on his tribal affiliation and not on his ability to lead the Somali people.

Most politicians cling to power even when people do not like them. For example, President Barre began to make plans to retain power while he was still the president. He intended to turn Somalia into a monarchy, where a member of his sub-clan could inherit power after his death. His general requested that he replace him, but President Barre refused. Instead, he embarked on resettling his people among the Somali Bantus as a strategy to secure the Bantus’ fertile land for them. Meanwhile, General Aidid secretly trained the military to fight against President Barre. The president got to know about the ongoing training when it was too late to counter it. Therefore, he fled the country, telling his people to prepare for a civil war. Barre attempted to cling to power, although he lacked the support and goodwill of the Somalis.

Initially, the war seemed to be between two clans. The president’s clan members fled from their homes and hid in the Bantus’ area because they were not prepared for war. The Hawiye clan was ready, and it started pursuing the Darod clan. Eventually, it discovered that the members of the Darod clan were hiding in the Bantus’ area. The Hawiye clan went to the southern region and massacred the members of the Darod clan. It also committed other atrocities. For instance, the Hawiye clan members repeatedly assaulted the Darod women in daylight in front of the Somali Bantus. The Darod clan members ran, but they had nowhere to hide from their rivals. The Somali Bantus did not engage in the war at the time, and the Darod clan collected all their guns. However, they forgot to retain some of the guns for their defense against attacks. Thus, it seemed like a war between the Darod and the Hawiye.

As the civil war between the Hawiye and the Darod clans escalated, the Bantus were accused by the Hawiye of being accomplices of the Darod. Thus, they mercilessly massacred them. They assaulted the Bantu women just as they had done with the Darod women. While the Hawiye Clan were busy with the Bantus, the Darod clan regrouped themselves and returned for their revenge. The Darod clan started attacking the Hawiye Clan until they ran back to Mogadishu. After the Hawiye retreated to the capital, the Darod clan members continued fighting the Bantus, who were defenseless at the time. They accused them of failing to assist in fighting against the Hawiye clan. As the war continued, many Somali Bantus lost their lives since they were on the receiving end in the long run.

Thus, the Somali Civil War was supposed to be a war between the Hawiye and the Darod clans. Still, the Somali Bantus ended up suffering the most compared to Somali Cushitic ethnic groups. The aftermath of the conflict was extremely brutal. Through the war, the Bantus underwent severe suffering, a violation and abuse of human rights at the hands of the Hawiye and Darod clans. The genesis of the war was the power struggle between President Mohamed Siad Barre and General Mohamed Farrah Hassan Aidid. The general wanted to dislodge the president from power, but the latter refused to leave the office. Therefore, their respective sub-clans turned against each other. Somali Bantus only got involved due to their perceived association with both clans, each accusing them of being an accomplice to the other.

How the Civil War Affected Somali Bantus’ Living State

Somalia, a country in the African continent, has been consistently presented by the media as full of mysteries. Two such significant groups living there are the Somali Bantus and Somali Cushites. The Bantus are the ethnic group living in Somalia who have been deprived of their fundamental rights. The historical record shows that the Cushitic-led government had plans to wipe out the Somali Bantus from the land completely from the beginning. Although the plan failed, the Bantus went through some of the dehumanizing acts that fit the definition of genocide. The damages he caused the Somali Bantu people affected them mentally, and it also caused significant damages to their offspring’s future. The vast majority of Somali Bantus were being harassed and assaulted by the Cushitic people. Every family member of the Somali Bantus was affected by pain during wartime because each of them had one or more of their family members either killed, raped, or tortured. Their properties were also looted. Ultimately, although the Bantus suffered in the war, the impact would have been worse if Siad Barre were in power.

The Siad Barre government used a disguise to achieve its evil plan. First, the government called for peace, and the Bantus were commanded to surrender their weapons to the government. That was a plan to disarm the Bantus’ citizens while not doing the same to the Somali Cushites. At the time, the plans awaiting the Bantus’ people by their government were not within their knowledge. From the look of things, President Mohamed Siad Barre and General Farrah Aidid, the Somali warlord and militia leader, both disregarded the Somali Bantus. The Somali Bantus went through humiliation by both the government and rebel groups. While it is an obligation for heads of state to protect the lives of their citizens, in the case of the Civil War of Somalia, President Mohamed Siad Barre is believed to have engineered the war. At last, the plan failed after Siad Barre ran away from the country. Instead, his clan, the Darods who were at the center of the war, gave a lifeline to the Somali Bantus. However, the Bantus were honest about their actions, and they received their fair share from Allah, whereas the two thrives of Somalis received what they deserved. It was through Allah’s mercy that the government’s evil plan did not succeed. It establishes that deceivers will never achieve their plots, and they always end up as losers.

The Somali Bantus faced many physical attacks while in the country. They suffered racial discrimination since they were different in appearance to their Cushitic counterparts. They were harassed in various ways such as killings, sexual assaults (especially on women), and looting of their properties. As the situation worsened, the Somali Bantus were exposed to severe suffering. The only way out for them was to vacate their premises and look for other places to shelter their families. Thus, many Somali Bantus left their homes in Somalia and headed for the Kenyan border. The journey was long and took two to four weeks. Many of them died on the way due to hunger, and wild animals killed some. The only food available to them on the way was tree leaves. They relied on rain to provide water for cooking and drinking. However, the water they used was muddy and harbored diseases. They overcame numerous maladies, like malaria and others, which spread all over Somalia. There was a quota for Bantus in the Kenyan healing centers. Many Somali Bantus succeeded in reaching Kenya, but they faced many hardships during this journey.

Even in the United Nations camps, the Somali Bantus were treated with disdain. In 1991, a significant portion of the Somali Bantus and other Somali Cushitic peoples gathered in the UNHCR refugee camps called Dadaab. The UN divided them into three distinct camps, known as Ifo, Dagahaley, and Hagadera. The reason was that they were too many to fit into one place. The Somali Bantus settled down and expected to find peace in the United Nations camps. However, after several years in the camps, similar issues to those they had faced in Somalia emerged. There were rampant cases of theft and sexual assault on women. These crimes usually happened at night and also when the Bantu women went into the woods to gather firewood. The Somali Cushitic clans perpetuated the animosities in the camp against the Somali Bantus. It reveals that the Cushitic people held a deep hatred for the Bantus to the extent that they continued attacking the latter in the camps. Thus, the Somali Bantus faced many security issues in the United Nations camps.

Indeed, the physical attacks on the Somali Bantus did not stop when they left Somalia. When the sexual assault and harassment kept on expanding in the refugee camps, the camps’ chieftains decided to solicit aid from the UNHCR. The leaders of the camps, who presented the Bantus’ grievances, wanted the Commission to provide them with security by relocating them to a safer place. The Commission’s authorities in the camps, to the surprise of the Bantus, dismissed their request for relocation. The dismissal of their petition prompted the leaders to go the extra mile and contact the Australian authorities through a memo, which failed. The Bantus then reached out to the US authorities. In 1998, the Bantus’ hopes were restored, and the US government addressed their grievances. The government reached an agreement, helping to resettle around 12,000 families of Somali Bantu refugees. The United States of America made history since it had never before resettled such a vast number of refugees from Africa. The US identified the Bantus in Somalia as a continually suffering community prone to physical abuse and racial discrimination.

The US government agreed to give shelter to many Bantu, a move that was unexpected by the Cushitic Somali community. When the Cushitic people heard the news, they were shocked at first, and then they tried to convince the Bantu not to go to America. When the Bantu asked why, the Cushitic people’s reply was that it’s a Christian country, and it would lead their children away from the Islamic faith. The Bantu didn’t listen to them the second time because they didn’t want to end again in the same hole the Cushitic people trapped them before. When they saw the Bantu were eager to go to America, the Cushitic people started making a truce with the Bantu. They implored the Bantu to intermarry with them to have the opportunity to leave for the United States. However, the Bantu, who were determined to take advantage of the opportunity to get away from the Cushitic group and start a new life, rejected the offer. The rejection of the proposal prompted the Cushitic people to plant bombs in the streets, protesting the United States’ decision to allow the emigration of the Bantu. The International Organization for Immigration (IOM) had to step in to control the violence. That culminated in the settlement of the Somali Bantu into another Kenyan camp. In 2000, one major camp created for this relocation was called Kakuma. The Bantu were to stay in the camp for three years before their departure for the US. This move by the IOM was inconvenient for the Somali government because the government could not explain the departure of the Somali Bantu. In particular, the government of Somalia was locked out of the planned departure of the Somali Bantu to the US.

The civil war in Somalia in the 1990s played a significant role in shaping the lives of Somalia’s following generations; it affected the future population of the Somali Bantu people the most. The poor conditions the Somali Bantus faced after the war culminated in their quest for liberation. The Bantus were physically discriminated against due to their differences. Their appearance marked them as very different from their counterparts. Through their leaders, the Bantus sought help from various European authorities, to no avail. After contacting the US authorities, they finally got help. Though the aid came at a cost, the Bantus settled in Kenya at the Kakuma camp, where they waited for their departure to the United States. The hardship the Bantus faced gave them the strength to pursue their freedom.

Reflection on the Somali Bantu and Cushitic situation

The article I have presented highlights various situations of the Somali Bantu and Cushitic communities. Ideally, I have described an accurate and detailed exploration of why the Somali Bantu people remain a top secret of the Somali government. I have assessed the poor conditions of the Somali Bantu people after the civil war. Further, I have conducted an in-depth analysis of the efforts they made for their survival throughout the period. I intended to evaluate their strength; I admire their patience, tranquility, faith, resilience, and courage to face all their hardships. The story of the Somali Bantu informs us that difficulties in life can be overcome. Whenever we see people facing myriad challenges in their life, we should realize that God has the power to turn challenges into an opportunity. We should treat others with respect and dignity. We should not be part and parcel of corrupt dealings or participate in demeaning other human beings’ lives. Most importantly, we should pursue peace and not condone violence. We should emulate the United States government’s actions, which provided a safe and reliable place for the Bantus so that they could live a normal life like other people.

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anuworlduniverse-blog · 5 years ago

Text

Peer-graded Assignment:Getting Your Research Project Started

Course Data Set Selected : Gapminder.csv

Research Question : Impact of unemployment on suicide rate

Hypothesis : Unemployment is strongly related to suicide, but the relationship is more enduring and stronger among women

Second Topic : Assessing why female employ rate is less compared to male employ rate

Details of Variables : Impact of Employ rate and Female Employ rate on Suicide rate

Data set under consideration for my problem :

1. World wide Suicide rate

2. Employ rate

3. Female Employ rate

References :

1. Augustine J. Kposowa , Psychological Medicine , Volume 31, Issue 1, January 2001 , pp. 127-138, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799002925

Required Data set / CODE BOOK:

Country

Suicide rate

Employ rate

Female employ rate

Afghanistan

6.6843853

55.70000076

25.60000038

Albania

7.699329853

51.40000153

42.09999847

Algeria

4.848769665

50.5

31.70000076

Andorra

5.362178802

Angola

14.55467701

75.69999695

69.40000153

Antigua and Barbuda

2.1618433

Argentina

7.765584

58.40000153

45.90000153

Armenia

3.741587877

40.09999847

34.20000076

Australia

8.470030125

61.5

54.59999847

Austria

13.09437

57.09999847

49.70000076

Azerbaijan

1.380964637

60.90000153

56.20000076

Bahamas

3.374415874

66.59999847

60.70000076

Bahrain

4.414990425

60.40000153

30.20000076

Bangladesh

14.53835678

68.09999847

53.59999847

Barbados

3.108602524

66.90000153

60.29999924

Belarus

26.8746903

53.40000153

48.59999847

Belgium

15.95385

48.59999847

41.70000076

Belize

9.388795853

56.79999924

38.79999924

Benin

6.057739735

71.59999847

58.20000076

Bhutan

15.54260254

58.40000153

39.90000153

Bolivia

2.034178495

70.40000153

61.59999847

Bosnia and Herzegovina

11.8367157

41.20000076

34.90000153

Botswana

11.21397018

38.70000076

Brazil

4.777007

64.5

53.29999924

Brunei

1.370001554

63.79999924

55.5

Bulgaria

9.216544

47.29999924

42.09999847

Burkina Faso

8.204221725

81.30000305

75.80000305

Burundi

14.68093586

83.19999695

83.30000305

Cambodia

4.961071491

78.90000153

73.40000153

Cameroon

7.214220524

59.09999847

Canada

10.10099

63.5

58.90000153

Cape Verde

5.633333683

55.90000153

43.59999847 Central African Rep.

13.54841995

71.30000305

62.90000153

Chad

8.283070564

68.90000153

66.30000305

Chile

10.17187

35.5

China

16.91324806

72.80000305

68.90000153

Colombia

4.907702

63.20000076

54.90000153 Comoros

4.751083851

59.29999924

Congo, Dem. Rep.

14.71302032

66.19999695

50.40000153

Congo, Rep.

9.873761177

64.19999695

52.29999924

Cook Islands

4.373364925

Costa Rica

6.597168

58.59999847

40.09999847

Cote d'Ivoire

20.31793022

59.90000153

38.09999847 Croatia

14.77625

47.09999847

39.40000153

Cuba

10.57191

43.70000076

Cyprus

2.206169

59.09999847

51.29999924

Czech Rep.

12.36798

47.59999847

Denmark

8.973104

63.09999847

58.09999847

Djibouti

4.993475914

Dominica

5.835250854

Dominican Rep.

6.519536972

52.70000076

40.5

Ecuador

8.504684448

59.70000076

45.5

Egypt

1.799903631

42.40000153

18.20000076 El Salvador

7.304886

58.20000076

44.79999924

Equatorial Guinea

10.12934971

61.70000076

39.59999847

Eritrea

8.913362503

64.90000153

51.70000076

Estonia

16.95924

56.5

52.09999847

Ethiopia

10.07194233

80.69999695

Fiji

3.94025898

56.40000153

36.79999924

Finland

16.23437

57.20000076

53.40000153

France

14.09153

51.20000076

45.59999847

Gabon

7.745064735

52.59999847

Gambia

6.449156761

71.69999695

65.69999695

Georgia

1.574350119

55.59999847

48.5

Germany

9.211085

53.5

46.79999924

Ghana

6.288554668

65.09999847 64.09999847

Greece

2.816705

49.59999847

37.79999924

Grenada

3.576478243

Guadeloupe

43.09999847

38.29999924

Guatemala

2.234896

62.70000076

Guinea

7.443826199

81.5

77.59999847

Guinea-Bissau

7.563692093

65.90000153

49.90000153

Guyana

35.75287247

58.90000153

41.79999924

Haiti

1.519248009

55.90000153

35.40000153

Honduras

7.060184479

56.29999924

34.20000076

Hong Kong, China

51.59999847

Hungary

20.16201

47.29999924

40.29999924

Iceland

11.42618084

73.59999847

69.59999847

India

18.58382607

55.40000153

32.29999924

Indonesia

11.39611149

61.5 44.09999847

Iran

6.021882057

47.79999924

26.89999962

Iraq

17.03264618

37.40000153

12.39999962

Ireland

10.36507

59.90000153

Israel

5.931845

51.29999924

46.40000153

Italy

4.930044509

46.40000153

35.79999924

Jamaica

4.417507172

58.20000076

47.5

Japan

18.94693

57.29999924

46.20000076

Jordan

0.2014487237

38.90000153

Kazakhstan

25.4046

63.70000076

58.20000076

Kenya

10.93771839

73.19999695

66.59999847

Korea, Dem. Rep.

4.735673428

64.59999847

Korea, Rep.

22.40456

58.90000153

Kuwait

1.498057424

65.69999695

Kyrgyzstan

9.875281

58.90000153 48.79999924

Laos

26.21919823

78.19999695

78.09999847

Latvia

20.36959

56.79999924

50.70000076

Lebanon

5.83831501

22.29999924

Lesotho

7.858619213

56.29999924

49.79999924

Liberia

7.1848526

53.20000076

Libya

4.667024612

48.59999847

23.20000076

Lithuania

33.34186

53.09999847

48.79999924

Luxembourg

12.40591812

53.5

45.90000153

Macao, China

63.59999847

57.5

Macedonia, FYR

7.876878262

34.90000153

26.79999924

Madagascar

5.767406464

79.19999695

Malawi

10.17173481

71.80000305

Malaysia

8.2110672

60.5

43.09999847

Maldives

22.35347939

56.90000153

42.09999847

Mali

8.262892723

45.70000076

34.40000153

Malta

4.551121235

46.79999924

30.10000038

Marshall Islands

7.202383518

Martinique

42.5

38.20000076

Mauritania

6.882952213

46.90000153

45.29999924

Mauritius

8.08154

54.5

36.29999924

Mexico

4.288574

57.90000153

39.59999847

Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

4.762269974

Moldova

15.53849

44.29999924

43.59999847

Monaco

11.1510725

Mongolia

13.08961582

52.09999847

50.90000153

Morocco

2.109413624

46.20000076

22.20000076

Mozambique

10.55037498

82.19999695

Myanmar

10.11499691

74.69999695

66.5

Namibia

8.021969795

37.29999924

Nauru

4.079525471

Nepal

11.65520954

61.79999924

54.59999847

Netherlands

8.164005

61.29999924

54.29999924

Netherlands Antilles

53.5

47.09999847

New Zealand

12.17976

58.29999924

Nicaragua

12.12226868

58.79999924

Niger

9.257975578

60.40000153

38 Nigeria

7.631049633

50.90000153

36.5

Niue

4.217076302

Norway

10.823

60.90000153

Oman

3.716739416

50.70000076

22.60000038

Pakistan

12.86981487

Palau

5.554276466

Panama

6.1052819

59.79999924

43.40000153

Papua New Guinea

11.95694065

70.40000153

68.90000153

Paraguay

4.409532

73.09999847

65.30000305

Peru

1.658907771

68.30000305

59.79999924

Philippines

1.922485113

46.79999924

Poland

13.63706

48.70000076

42.09999847

Portugal

8.188375473

57.59999847

50.59999847

Puerto Rico

42.40000153

34.59999847

Qatar

2.515720844

39.59999847

Reunion

44.20000076

37.90000153

Romania

10.05932

49.5

43.79999924

Russia

27.87416

58.79999924

53.79999924

Rwanda

13.11794853

79.8000030

80.5

Saint Lucia

8.21094799

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

9.593027115

Samoa

5.542323589

San Marino

6.087670803

Sao Tome and Principe

10.49314976

Saudi Arabia

6.401537895

51.20000076

17.70000076

Senegal

6.81143856

65.59999847

56.90000153

Serbia

13.71634

Serbia and Montenegro

14.46964836

48.70000076

41.09999847

Seychelles

9.507927895

Sierra Leone

11.98049736

63.79999924

63.40000153

Singapore

9.127511

62.40000153

51.29999924

Slovak Republic

10.64574

53.40000153

45.29999924

Slovenia

19.42261

55.90000153

49.40000153

Solomon Islands

4.484752655

51.29999924

Somalia

29.86416435

50.70000076

South Africa

15.714571

41.09999847

34.29999924

Spain

5.888479

52.5

41.70000076

Sri Lanka

28.10404587

55.09999847

39.20000076

Sudan

9.709555626

47.29999924

27.89999962

Suriname

20.7474308

44.70000076

30.39999962

Swaziland

12.87222195

50.90000153

47.09999847

Sweden

11.11583

60.70000076

56.70000076

Switzerland

13.23981

64.30000305

Syria

0.5235275626

44.79999924

16.70000076

Taiwan

54.5

47.09999847

Tajikistan

2.648980856

54.59999847

50.09999847

Tanzania

12.41118145

78.19999695

76.09999847

Thailand

9.847459793

Timor-Leste

9.633114815

67.30000305

54.70000076

Togo

6.369887829

63.90000153

48.40000153

Tonga

4.527851582

Trinidad and Tobago

14.54716682

61.5

50.5

Tunisia

3.146814108

41.59999847

21.39999962

Turkey

3.56332469

42.79999924

21.89999962

Turkmenistan

12.21676922

58.5

53.90000153

Tuvalu

7.934811592

Uganda

12.28912163

83.19999695 80

Ukraine

18.95457

54.40000153

49.40000153

United Arab Emirates

1.392950654

75.19999695

37.29999924

United Kingdom

6.014659

59.29999924

53.09999847

United States

9.927033

62.29999924

Uruguay

14.53727

57.5

Uzbekistan

5.21372

57.5

52.59999847

Vanuatu

4.983421803

Venezuela

4.11962

59.90000153

45.79999924

Vietnam

11.65332222

67.59999847

West Bank and Gaza

11.30000019

Yemen, Rep.

6.265789032

20.29999924

Zambia

12.01903629

53.5

Zimbabwe

13.90526676

66.80000305

58.09999847

1 note · View note

2nacheki · 5 years ago

Video

youtube

Queen Sono Netflix’s First Original African Series Premieres with major star power The streaming site’s six-episode TV thriller, Queen Sono, stars South African Pearl Thusi, as the eponymous secret agent. She takes on her most dangerous mission yet while facing changing relationships in her personal life. Written and directed by Kagiso Lediga, an award-wining stand-up comedian in South Africa, it is filmed in several locations across the continent. All six episodes of Queen Sono are now available for Netflix members. The Netflix series is a major win for many from different parts of the continent. A song by Kenyan afro-pop band, Sauti Sol, featuring Sho Madjozi and Real Black Motion has been featured in Queen Sono after producing the official soundtrack. This comes a few weeks after they released their new jam Suzanna, which attracted attention not only in Kenya but worldwide. Speaking of Sauti Sol, they are an award-winning Kenyan afro-pop band formed in Nairobi, Kenya by vocalists Bien-Aimé Baraza, Willis Chimano and Savara Mudigi in 2005. The four-man band reveals in an interview with Kenyan Milele FM, that their next album will feature appearances from an all-star African cast of Burna Boy, Sho Madjozi and India Arie. They also revealed the album was recorded in different parts of the world including South Africa and Los Angeles. At this rate, we expect more awards coming their way. Earlier in the year, Sauti Sol has bagged a recording deal with Universal Music Africa (UMA). UMA is a division of the Universal Music Group (UMG), a global leader in music-based entertainment. The deal grants Sauti Sol access to UMG’s worldwide music marketing and distribution network, and paves the way for myriad opportunities hinged on ensuring the band’s music transcends across global audiences. You can support 2nacheki on Patreon here https://ift.tt/2OaL7gA -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Thanks for watching 2nacheki the biggest African channel on Youtube from #Africa . All our videos are aimed at Educating, Informing, Reporting, Reviewing, Criticizing & Ranking everything #African. Our content includes: #africanews #africalist #Africanpopculture #Africaentertainment #Afrcicanmusic #Africanculture #Africainterviews #AfricaSpeeches #Africanpolitics & #Panafricanism -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Email us [email protected] for News Tips, content submission, ads partnership, collabos, sponsorship or content issues. -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Africa is watching i.e #Algeria #Angol #Benin #Botswana #BurkinaFaso #Burundi #CapeVerde #Cameroon #CentralAfricanRepublic #CAR #Chad #Comoros #DRCongo #Congo #IvoryCoast #Djibouti #Egypt #EquatorialGuinea #Eritrea #Eswatini #Swaziland #Ethiopia #Gabon #Gambia #Ghana #Guinea #GuineaBissau #Kenya #Lesotho #Liberia #Libya #Madagascar #Malawi #Mali #Mauritania #Mauritius #Morocco #Mozambique #Namibia #Niger #Nigeria #Rwanda #SaoTomePrincipe #Senegal #Seychelles #SierraLeone #Somalia #SouthAfrica #SouthSudan #Sudan #Tanzania #Togo #Tunisia #Uganda #Zambia #Zimbabwe #AfricaUnion #AU -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- We have written permission to use the majority of content found on this channel by the content owners themselves and do not infringe on any copyrighted content knowingly. As for the other content on this channel we assure you it is strictly only used under Fair Use. Please email us first for any takedowns, credit or removal of your content at [email protected] -~-~~-~~~-~~-~- Copyright Disclaimer: Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. by 2nacheki

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creepingsharia · 5 years ago

Text

Former San Diego Resident Jehad Mostafa Charged with Providing Material Support to Islamic Terror Org al-Shabaab

Mostafa is believed to be in Somalia and the FBI is seeking assistance of the public in the U.S. and East Africa in locating and apprehending Mostafa.

youtube

NEWS RELEASE SUMMARY – December 2, 2019

SAN DIEGO – An indictment was unsealed in federal court today charging Jehad Serwan Mostafa, a 37-old U.S. citizen and former San Diego resident who is on the FBI’s Most Wanted Terrorist List, with terrorism violations arising from his critical role in providing support to the militant Islamic terrorist organization, al-Shabaab.

The superseding indictment alleges that from no later than March 2008 through in or about February 2017, Mostafa conspired to provide material support, including himself as personnel, to terrorists; conspired to provide material support to al-Shabaab, a designated foreign terrorist organization (FTO); and provided material support to al-Shabaab.

Mostafa, also known as “Ahmed Gurey,” “Ahmed,” “Anwar,” “Abu Anwar al Muhajir,” and “Abu Abdallah al Muhajir,” was originally charged in a three-count indictment in October 2009 with similar charges. The superseding indictment announced today expands the scope of the indictment alleging that Mostafa’s support of terrorist activities and al-Shabaab continued up to and including February 2017.

On March 20, 2013, the Department of State’s Reward for Justice Program offered a reward of up to $5 million dollars for information leading to the arrest and conviction of Mostafa. U.S. Attorney Robert Brewer said the United States unsealed the superseding indictment with hopes that Mostafa will be apprehended and brought to justice. “We believe this defendant is the highest-ranking U.S. citizen fighting overseas with a terrorist organization,” Brewer said. “Al-Shabaab’s reign of terror threatens U.S. national security, our international allies and innocent civilians. Today we seek the public’s assistance in capturing Mostafa and disrupting Al-Shabaab.”

Scott Brunner, the Special-Agent-In-Charge of the San Diego FBI, stated that Mostafa is currently believed to be in Somalia, and the FBI is seeking the assistance of the public, both in the United States and East Africa, in locating and apprehending Mostafa. SAC Brunner stated that the apprehension and prosecution of Mostafa will aid in disrupting al-Shabaab’s terrorist activities, which continue to threaten U.S. national security, our international allies, and innocent civilians, both U.S. and foreign citizens alike.

SAC Brunner stated that Mostafa was raised in the Serra Mesa area of San Diego and attended high school and college in San Diego. After graduating from college, in late 2005 at the age of 23, Mostafa departed San Diego, traveling first to Sana’a, Yemen, and then on to Somalia where he engaged in fighting against internationally supported Ethiopian forces. Mostafa eventually joined al-Shabaab, a terrorist group that the U.S. Department of State designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization in 2008.

Al-Shabaab, meaning “The Youth” in Arabic, is a violent and brutal militia group that has used intimidation and violence to undermine the Somali government and the foreign military presence supporting it. The group seeks to control territory within Somalia in order to establish a society based on its rigid interpretation of Sharia law. In 2012, it pledged allegiance to the militant Islamist organization Al-Qaeda. Over time, al-Shabaab has engaged in external operations in neighboring countries in pursuit of global jihad. While its terrorist attacks have been concentrated in East Africa, it has claimed responsibility for attacks that resulted in injuries to Americans and/or had ties to San Diego: the 2010 Kampala, Uganda suicide bombing of a bar during a World Cup soccer match that killed a U.S. citizen working for a San Diego non-profit organization; and a 2013 attack on the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya that killed over 60 and injured U.S. citizens, including a graduate of Torrey Pines High School. Additionally, as recently as January 15, 2019, al-Shabaab executed a coordinated attack at the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi, Kenya, where 16 innocent civilians were killed, including one U.S. citizen.

SAC Brunner stated that for over a decade, Mostafa has played a critical role in al-Shabaab, including in its media operations, training of soldiers, and participating in attacks on Somali government forces and African Union troops. Since 2009, Mostafa has held leadership positions with al-Shabaab, and today is believed to be the highest-ranking U.S. citizen fighting overseas with a terrorist organization. In 2011, Mostafa appeared at a press conference with an al-Shabaab leader, purporting to be an al-Qaeda emissary. SAC Brunner stated that the FBI assesses that this media stunt evidences his efforts to facilitate al-Shabaab’s relationship with other terrorist groups and role in external operations.

According to SAC Brunner, in 2019, the FBI became aware of Mostafa’s participation and leadership within al-Shabaab’s explosives department. Specifically, Mostafa has been implicated in the use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in attacks in Somalia and in improving their effectiveness as a tool of terror. Al-Shabaab has recently used IEDs against U.S. interests in Somalia. On September 30, 2019, al-Shabaab attacked the Baledogle U.S. military airbase in southern Somalia where U.S. soldiers are located to support Somali and African Union troops, and assaulted an Italian military convoy traveling in the Somali capital of Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for both attacks. Al-Shabaab is resolved to continue attacks on innocent civilians in Somalia and in the region, and has demonstrated it will go to great lengths to threaten the security of the United States and our partners.

SAC Brunner noted that the FBI believes Mostafa continues to play a critical role in planning operations directed against the Somali government and internationally supported African Union forces in Somalia and East Africa. As a result, Mostafa continues to pose a direct threat to U.S. forces, civilians and interests.

The public is reminded that a reward of up to $5 million dollars is being offered for information leading to the arrest and conviction of Mostafa. Anyone with information about Jehad Serwan Mostafa can report tips anonymously by phone at 1-800-CALL-FBI or online at “tips.fbi.gov” or can contact the nearest FBI office, American Embassy or Consulate.

DEFENDANT Criminal Case No. 09CR3726-WQH

Jehad Serwan Mostafa Age 37 Somalia (former resident of San Diego)

SUMMARY OF CHARGES

Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to Terrorists – Title 18, U.S.C., Section 2339A(a)

Maximum penalty: Fifteen years in prison and $250,000 fine

Conspiracy to Provide Material Support to a Foreign Terrorist Organization – Title 18, U.S.C., Section 2339B(a)(1)

Maximum penalty: Twenty years in prison and $250,000 fine

Providing Material Support to a Foreign Terrorist Organization – Title 18, U.S.C., Section 2339B(a)(1)

Maximum penalty: Twenty years in prison and $250,000 fine.

INVESTIGATING AGENCIES

San Diego Joint Terrorism Task Force

Federal Bureau of Investigation

#Legal #Jihad #Islam #Muslim #Sharia #News #Politics #FBI #Military #Travel #Finance

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zvaigzdelasas · 3 years ago

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Mohamed, 66, who governed Somalia from 2012 to 2017, beat incumbent Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, known locally as Farmajo, in a final round of voting to reclaim the post on May 15. While Farmajo forged close relations with Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki, Mohamud has long-standing ties with the rulers of Ethiopia’s northern Tigray region, who fought a war with Abiy’s forces and its Eritrean allies from late 2020 until a truce was agreed in March.

The power shift has emboldened the Tigrayans, who are [allegedly] considering attacking the Eritrean capital of Asmara, according to three diplomats in the region who spoke on condition of anonymity because they aren’t authorized to comment. That would open a new chapter in the Ethiopian conflict, which has already claimed thousands of lives.

Tigray President Debretsion Gebremichael wrote to Mohamud on Monday congratulating him on his victory and expressing his “readiness to cooperate in the overall stability of the region, building upon excellent pre-existing relations.” And Getachew Reda, a senior Tigrayan leader, said in a Twitter posting on the Somali elections that Isaias’s “pharaonic ambition in the Horn of Africa is decidedly unraveling.” [...]

Farmajo’s defeat has been welcomed in Kenya, which clashed with his administration over the rights to oil blocks and its approach toward tackling al-Shabaab. [...]

Mohamud’s fight against al-Shabaab will be bolstered by a decision by US President Joe Biden to send Special Operations troops back to Somalia to revive a counterterrorism mission that was ended by Donald Trump’s administration.

17 May 22

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zelda-world-blog1 · 5 years ago

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