#Serum Biomarkers

[healixhospitals24]

Learn to interpret your liver function test results with our comprehensive guide. Understand commonly used liver tests and their implications for your health.

Do Visit: https://www.healixhospitals.com/blogs/reading-and-interpreting-your-liver-function-test-a-guide-to-commonly-used-liver-tests

[darkmaga-returns]

By GreenMedInfo Research Group

A new epidemiological study found that fluoride exposure from drinking water associates with decreased testosterone levels in young and middle-aged men.

Testosterone dropped most sharply in 18-39 year-olds based on fluoride burden. Surprisingly, in older men with higher fluoride exposure, testosterone increased with age instead of declining as expected. This complex relationship hints that fluoride may disrupt multiple hormonal pathways beyond the male reproductive axis.

A novel study reveals fluoride affects serum testosterone in a complex, age-specific manner, adding evidence that environmental toxicants may contribute to declining hormonal function in younger males.

Published in Biological Trace Element Research, the cross-sectional study examined fluoride exposure and two reproductive biomarkers, testosterone and androgen binding protein (ABP), in over 300 Chinese farmers.1 Scientists divided participants into higher and lower fluoride exposure groups based on urinary fluoride levels.

Compared to the lower exposure group, men with elevated fluoride measured significantly lower testosterone overall. This depletion was most pronounced in 18-39 year olds. Paradoxically, among higher-exposed middle aged and older men, testosterone increased slightly with age instead of undergoing the expected age-related decline.

Meanwhile, ABP remained unaffected across groups regardless of fluoride burden and age. As ABP governs testosterone transport and tissue uptake, results indicate fluoride direct

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference archived on our website (click to see more than 1,000 open-access covid studies! Daily updates!)

This is just a pilot study, so it's hard to tell if there will be therapeutics derived from this, but it's interesting to see spa treatments pitched for releaving long-covid symptoms. This is the 3rd or 4th study in this area I've seen. Just kinda neat.

Abstract Background The long-COVID syndrome is characterised by a plethora of symptoms. Given its social and economic impact, many studies have stressed the urgency of proposing innovative strategies other than hospital settings. In this double-blind randomised case-control trial, we investigate the effects of sulfur thermal water inhalations, rich in H2S, compared to distilled water inhalations on symptoms, inflammatory markers, nasal microbiome in long-COVID patients.

Methods 30 outpatients aged 18-75, with positive diagnosis for long-COVID were randomised in two groups undergoing 12 consecutive days of inhalations. The active Group (STW) received sulfur thermal water inhalations whereas the placebo group received inhalations of sterile distilled non-pyrogenic water (SDW). Each participant was tested prior treatment at day 1 (T0), after the inhalations at day 14 (T1) and at 3 months follow-up (T2). At each time point, blood tests, nasal swabs for microbiome sampling, pulmonary functionality tests (PFTs) and pro-inflammatory marker measure were performed.

Results The scores obtained in the administered tests (6MWT, Borg score, and SGRQ) at T0, showed a significant variation in STW group, at T1 and T2. Serum cytokine levels and other inflammatory biomarkers reported a statistically significant decrease. Some specific parameters of PFT's showed ameliorations in STW group only. Changes in the STW nasopharyngeal microbiota composition were noticed, especially from T0 to T2.

Conclusions Inhalations of sulfur thermal water exerted objective and subjective improvements on subjects affected by long-COVID. Significant reduction of inflammatory markers, dyspnea scores and quantitative and qualitative changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome were also assessed.

[fivehundredwords]

Alzheimer's Disease: biomarkers and neuroimaging markers cheatsheet for research articles

As Alzheimer's Disease (AD) research skews toward understanding the brain than the pathogenic proteins, studies exploring biomarkers and neuroimaging are hopeful toward developing a method for successful prevention of AD. A biomarker is a molecule, whose presence indicates abnormality or disease, and thus, is crucial in diagnostic procedures. Levels of certain molecules is notably altered in cerebrospinal fluid and in blood plasma, which helps in diagnosing the occurrence of AD. Neuroimaging involves the use of techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography to observe neuronal activity in the brain. This is good news, especially for AD, as the asymptomatic stage of the disease can be identified early enough.

Although the exact function and involvement in clinical practice is not profuse, altered concentrations of these biomarkers in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid encourage further research:

Amyloid and tau serve as the unsurprising biomarkers of AD pathology.

Neurofilament-light chain (NF-L) and visinin-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) are the most promising biomarkers of neuronal injury.

Post-synaptic protein neurogranin (Ng) and pre-synaptic proteins synaptosome-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1) are considered major biomarkers of synaptic injury.

Brain and CSF levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and increased levels of interleukin group of proteins (ILs) indicate intensified microglial response to neuroinflammation.

TREM2 receptor and YKL-40 glycoprotein are also reliable indicators of inflammation and impaired clearance of amyloid beta.

Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (hFABP) could be a marker for pathology in blood vessels supplying the brain. Some vascular markers also show potential as markers of vascular injury in AD: von Willebrand factor (vWF) and monokine induced by γ-interferon (MIG, also known as CXCL-9).

Concentrations of TAR-DNA binding protein (TDP-43) in the brain and plasma and serum indicate, even contribute to, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal/synaptic injury in AD.

Neuroimaging techniques reveal structural, functional, and diffusion-related activities of the neurons. To identify them, markers are tracked in images obtained. Each marker is determined with the activity and biochemistry of the group of/individual neurons being studied.

Structural MRI will show location and severity of atrophy which can be identified in grey scale images by applying programs that create analogous color grading.

Functional MRI relies on blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal which reflects changes in blood oxygenation levels in response to neural activity.

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) focuses on diffusion of water molecules. A tensor model is applied to images obtained from DWI. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics thus obtained help in studying connectivity through structural integrity of white matter tracts.

Tractography involves 3-D reconstruction of white matter as observed in DWI, which provides a more detailed look into a patient’s neural networks.

In positron emission tomography (PET), markers are identified and labelled so their features or functions can be traced during this procedure to obtain a resulting PET scan. The imaging procedure is named according to its marker: amyloid-PET, tau-PET, FDG-PET, inflammation-PET, receptor-PET.

FDA approved drugs Galantamine, Rivastigmine, and Donepezil alleviate symptoms such as memory loss and confusion in mild to moderate AD, although their effects seem to be negligible. They also cause nausea and vomiting as side effects and are not suitable for every patient. Recently approved drugs, Aducanumab and Lecanemab focus on removing accumulated amyloid. Their effectiveness is still doubted on the basis of studies finding that targeting amyloid has little to do with curbing the actual progression of the disease.

bibliography -

Tarawneh R. Biomarkers: our path towards a cure for Alzheimer disease. Biomarker insights. 2020 Nov;15:1177271920976367.

Cavedo E, Lista S, Khachaturian Z, Aisen P, Amouyel P, Herholz K, Jack Jr CR, Sperling R, Cummings J, Blennow K, O’Bryant S. The road ahead to cure Alzheimer’s disease: development of biological markers and neuroimaging methods for prevention trials across all stages and target populations. The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease. 2014 Dec;1(3):181.

Medications for Alzheimer's Disease Stanford Healthcare. Accessed 21-04-2023.

[quirksphere]

Understanding Inflammatory Biomarkers: What They Are and Why They Matter

Inflammation is a natural process by which the body responds to injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. While it plays a crucial role in healing and defense, chronic or excessive inflammation can contribute to various diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, autoimmune conditions, and even cancer. To better understand and manage inflammation-related health conditions, researchers and healthcare providers rely on inflammatory biomarkers.

What Are Inflammatory Biomarkers?

Inflammatory biomarkers are measurable molecules in the blood, tissues, or other bodily fluids that indicate the presence or extent of inflammation in the body. These biomarkers are typically proteins, enzymes, or metabolites produced by the immune system or damaged tissues during an inflammatory response. By measuring their levels, healthcare providers can gain insights into a patient’s health status, track disease progression, or assess the effectiveness of treatments.

Types of Inflammatory Biomarkers

Inflammatory biomarkers can be broadly classified based on their origin or function. Some of the most commonly studied biomarkers include:

C-Reactive Protein (CRP): CRP is produced by the liver in response to inflammation. Elevated CRP levels are often associated with acute inflammation, infections, or chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): ESR measures how quickly red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube. A higher sedimentation rate can indicate inflammation or infection.

Cytokines: Cytokines are signaling proteins that regulate immune and inflammatory responses. Common pro-inflammatory cytokines include interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).

Fibrinogen: A protein involved in blood clotting, fibrinogen levels often rise during systemic inflammation and are linked to cardiovascular risk.

Serum Amyloid A (SAA): This acute-phase protein is produced in response to inflammatory signals and can serve as an indicator of infection or chronic inflammation.

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes: These lipid molecules mediate inflammatory processes and are often studied in relation to asthma, arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions.

How Are Inflammatory Biomarkers Measured?

Inflammatory biomarkers are typically measured using blood tests, though some can be detected in saliva, urine, or tissue samples. Advanced laboratory techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and multiplex immunoassays are used to quantify these molecules with precision.

Clinical Applications of Inflammatory Biomarkers

Inflammatory biomarkers have a wide range of applications in medicine and research:

Disease Diagnosis and Monitoring: Elevated levels of certain biomarkers can help identify inflammatory or autoimmune conditions, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease. They are also used to monitor disease progression.

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: High levels of CRP and fibrinogen are associated with an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes, making them valuable in assessing cardiovascular health.

Therapeutic Guidance: Biomarkers can help evaluate the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory medications, allowing for personalized treatment strategies.

Predicting Outcomes: In conditions like sepsis or COVID-19, elevated biomarkers such as IL-6 and CRP can predict disease severity and guide critical care interventions.

The Future of Inflammatory Biomarkers

Advances in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics are driving the discovery of novel inflammatory biomarkers. Researchers are exploring multi-biomarker panels that provide a more comprehensive picture of inflammation. Additionally, wearable technologies capable of monitoring biomarkers in real-time are on the horizon, promising to revolutionize how inflammation is tracked and managed.

Conclusion

Inflammatory biomarkers are powerful tools for understanding the body’s response to injury and disease. They offer invaluable insights into diagnosing, monitoring, and treating a wide range of conditions. As research progresses, these biomarkers will likely play an even greater role in precision medicine, helping to improve outcomes for patients worldwide. By staying informed about these advancements, both healthcare providers and patients can better navigate the complexities of inflammation-related health issues.

[waghaditi]

Blood Collection Tubes Market: Exploring Future Trends and Growth Opportunities

The blood collection tubes market is rapidly evolving, driven by advancements in medical technologies and a growing emphasis on precision diagnostics. This market is pivotal for ensuring high-quality sample collection, a critical aspect of healthcare and research industries. Let’s explore the emerging trends shaping the future of this market.

1. Adoption of Smart Blood Collection Tubes

Integration of RFID technology for better sample tracking.

Enhanced compatibility with automated diagnostic systems.

Reduction in human error through digital data recording.

2. Rising Demand for Eco-Friendly Tubes

Development of biodegradable materials for tube manufacturing.

Minimization of biomedical waste with reusable blood collection systems.

Increased regulatory focus on sustainable practices in healthcare.

3. Expansion of Personalized Medicine

Blood collection tubes tailored for genomic and proteomic testing.

Increased use in cancer immunotherapy research.

Customization to meet the needs of targeted diagnostic solutions.

4. Growth in Home Diagnostic Testing

Tubes designed for safe and easy use by non-medical personnel.

Enhanced stability of samples during transportation.

Integration with home-testing kits to support telemedicine initiatives.

5. Advances in Material Science

Introduction of chemically inert polymers for extended sample preservation.

Enhanced resistance to chemical interactions and contamination.

Lightweight designs to improve handling and reduce shipping costs.

6. Focus on Patient Comfort and Safety

Development of tubes with reduced vacuum pressure for a gentler collection process.

Minimization of clotting and hemolysis risks with advanced additives.

Use of color-coded designs for easy identification and reduced errors.

7. Increasing Role of Point-of-Care Testing

Rise in demand for tubes optimized for immediate analysis.

Expansion of point-of-care testing in remote and rural areas.

Compatibility with portable diagnostic devices for rapid results.

8. Rise of AI-Driven Diagnostics

Blood collection tubes integrated with AI-based systems for predictive analysis.

Enhanced sample categorization using AI algorithms.

Faster and more accurate diagnostic outcomes with minimal manual intervention.

9. Surge in Chronic Disease Monitoring

Tubes designed for frequent monitoring of diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.

Better support for longitudinal studies and patient data tracking.

Improved additives to preserve biomarkers for extended periods.

10. Strengthening of Regulatory Frameworks

Development of standardized guidelines for blood collection tube manufacturing.

Improved compliance with international safety standards.

Enhanced quality assurance practices to meet regulatory demands.

11. Increasing Focus on Biobanking Applications

Growth in demand for tubes suitable for long-term sample storage.

Improved preservation methods for genetic and molecular research.

Tailored solutions for biobanking facilities in clinical and research settings.

12. Rising Investments in Emerging Markets

Expansion of healthcare infrastructure in developing regions.

Affordable tube options designed for low-income settings.

Enhanced awareness of diagnostic benefits among underserved populations.

13. Use of Wearable Technology for Collection Assistance

Integration of wearables to guide blood collection procedures.

Automated monitoring of blood volume and flow rates.

Real-time connectivity with diagnostic labs for immediate processing.

14. Enhanced Compatibility with Robotic Systems

Tubes designed for seamless use in robotic blood collection arms.

Improved efficiency and precision in automated systems.

Reduced reliance on manual intervention in high-volume laboratories.

15. Demand for Specialized Tubes for Research

Growth in research applications requiring niche tube formulations.

Tubes designed for rare sample types, such as plasma and serum studies.

Improved chemical stability for advanced clinical research needs.

16. Emergence of Disposable Capillary Tubes

Increasing preference for single-use capillary blood collection systems.

Reduction in cross-contamination risks in clinical environments.

Easy adoption in pediatric and geriatric diagnostic procedures.

17. Strengthening of Partnerships and Collaborations

Collaboration between manufacturers and diagnostic labs for product optimization.

Strategic partnerships for expansion into untapped markets.

Co-development of tubes for innovative diagnostic technologies.

18. Rising Popularity of Pre-Filled Additive Tubes

Pre-filled tubes with specific additives for tailored diagnostic needs.

Reduction in preparation time and enhanced workflow efficiency.

Increased demand from high-throughput testing facilities.

19. Technological Advancements in Vacuum Sealing

Improved vacuum technology for consistent sample volumes.

Extended shelf life of tubes with advanced sealing methods.

Greater reliability in diverse environmental conditions.

20. Growth of Global Supply Chains

Streamlined production and distribution processes for improved market reach.

Diversification of suppliers to mitigate risks and ensure availability.

Enhanced focus on localized production for faster delivery.

[rupal1234]

Understanding EDTA Blood Collection Tubes: The Science Behind Reliable Lab Tests

When it comes to accurate and reliable lab results, the choice of collection tubes plays a crucial role. Among the various types of blood collection tubes, EDTA Blood Collection Tubes are widely used in medical laboratories. These tubes are designed to preserve the integrity of blood samples for accurate testing and diagnosis. In this blog, we will explore the science behind EDTA Blood Collection Tubes, their applications, and how they contribute to reliable lab tests.

What are EDTA Blood Collection Tubes?

EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a powerful anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting, making it an essential component in many blood collection tubes. EDTA Blood Collection Tubes are specially designed to collect blood samples for various types of tests, including blood counts, blood typing, and DNA analysis. These tubes contain a specific concentration of EDTA, which binds to calcium ions in the blood, effectively inhibiting the clotting process.

Unlike other anticoagulants, EDTA is particularly effective in preserving the morphology of blood cells and is preferred for hematological tests. The unique properties of EDTA ensure that blood samples remain in a stable state until they are analyzed in the lab, making it an indispensable tool for clinicians and laboratory professionals.

How EDTA Blood Collection Tubes Work

The function of EDTA in blood collection tubes is to prevent clotting by chelating calcium ions, which are essential for the coagulation cascade. Without calcium, blood cannot form clots, ensuring that the sample remains in a liquid state for proper analysis. The ability to prevent clotting is crucial for various blood tests, such as complete blood counts (CBC), where accurate cell counting is necessary for diagnosing conditions like anemia, infections, and blood disorders.

The EDTA Blood Collection Tubes are often color-coded to indicate the type of anticoagulant and the specific amount used. The most common color for EDTA tubes is lavender or purple. These color codes help laboratory technicians easily identify the right tube for different types of tests.

Applications of EDTA Blood Collection Tubes

EDTA Blood Collection Tubes are primarily used for tests that require whole blood or plasma. Some of the most common applications include:

Complete Blood Count (CBC): One of the most common tests performed using EDTA tubes, the CBC measures various components of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. EDTA helps maintain the integrity of blood cells, ensuring accurate counts.

Blood Typing: EDTA tubes are also used in blood typing tests to determine an individual's blood group. By preventing clotting, EDTA ensures that the blood remains in a state suitable for testing.

DNA Analysis: When it comes to genetic testing, the preservation of DNA is crucial. EDTA Blood Collection Tubes help prevent DNA degradation, making them ideal for tests like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and other molecular assays.

Hematology Tests: EDTA tubes are used in a wide range of hematology tests, including those that detect abnormal blood cell morphology or other blood disorders like leukemia.

Plasma and Serum Analysis: In addition to whole blood tests, EDTA tubes can be used to separate plasma for further analysis of various biomarkers, electrolytes, and other substances in the blood.

Why EDTA Blood Collection Tubes Are Essential for Lab Accuracy

The use of EDTA Blood Collection Tubes ensures that blood samples are preserved in their natural state, minimizing the risk of inaccurate results. For example, if blood were to clot during transport or storage, it could interfere with various blood tests, leading to errors in diagnosis. By preventing clotting, EDTA ensures that the blood sample remains consistent and reliable.

Additionally, EDTA's ability to maintain the integrity of blood cells makes it a preferred choice for tests that require the examination of blood morphology. This includes tests for anemia, infections, and various hematological conditions. With EDTA, laboratories can ensure that the blood sample remains stable from the moment it is collected until the test is complete.

Proper Use and Handling of EDTA Blood Collection Tubes

To ensure that blood samples remain reliable, it is important to handle EDTA Blood Collection Tubes properly. Some key considerations include:

Proper Mixing: After collection, the EDTA Blood Collection Tubes must be gently inverted several times to ensure that the blood is thoroughly mixed with the anticoagulant. This helps prevent clotting while maintaining the sample's integrity.

Avoiding Hemolysis: Care must be taken to avoid excessive shaking of the tube, as this can lead to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells). Hemolysis can interfere with test results, leading to inaccurate readings.

Timely Transportation: Blood samples in EDTA tubes should be transported to the lab as quickly as possible to prevent degradation. Delayed processing can compromise the quality of the sample and the accuracy of the test.

Conclusion

In conclusion, EDTA Blood Collection Tubes are a vital component of modern laboratory practices. Their ability to prevent clotting and preserve blood samples in their natural state makes them indispensable for accurate and reliable blood tests. From routine CBCs to complex DNA analysis, EDTA tubes play a crucial role in ensuring that clinicians receive precise data to make informed decisions about patient care.

For laboratories and healthcare providers looking to streamline the blood collection process, the introduction of an EDTA Blood Collection Tubes App can offer added convenience. This app can help streamline tracking, ensure proper handling, and improve sample management, leading to even more reliable lab results in the future.

[jcsmicasereports]

Comparison and significance of serum 7 cytokines in children with community-acquired common pneumonia and lobar pneumonia by Shi Changsong in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstracts

Objective: To investigate the availability of seven serum cytokines, interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-12-70 (IL-12P70), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) changes and significance in Common and lobular community acquired pneumonia (CAP). 

Methods: Fifty-three patients admitted to our hospital from April 2022 to July 2023 were selected as the observation group. According to the degree of pneumonia, they were divided into common pneumonia group (observation group 1), lobular pneumonia group (observation group 2), and children with fever (acute upper respiratory tract infection) during the same period were selected as the control group. The clinical data of the subjects in three groups (observation group 1, 2 and control group) were retrospectively analyzed. Temperature, length of stay, chest CT and other basic information were recorded. Fasting venous blood of three groups of children was collected and 7 cytokines levels were detected. The cytokine levels of the three groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance. 

Results: The hospital stay of lobar pneumonia group was significantly longer than that of common pneumonia group and fever group. There were no significant differences in IL-4, IL-6,IL-10, IL-17, IL-12P70, TNF-a and IFN-γ among lobular pneumonia group, common pneumonia group and fever group (P > 0.05). 

Conclusion: Lobar pneumonia prolongs the hospital stay of children. The cytokines IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,IFN-γ, IL-17,TNF-a and IL-12P70 showed no significant difference in lobular pneumonia group, common pneumonia group and fever group. According to the World Health Organization, pneumonia killed 920,000 children under the age of five in 2016, 98% of whom were in developing countries. Pneumonia is also one of the main causes of death among children < 5 years old in China, and most of them are lobular community acquired pneumonia (CAP)[1]. At present, there are few studies on biomarkers used to assess disease severity and prognosis [2]. Cytokines are major regulatory factors of inflammatory response, which play a role in amplifying, transducing and coordinating pro-inflammatory signals, leading to synchronous expression of molecular effectors and regulating autoimmune responses [3]. Previous studies have shown that the prognostic value of changes in cytokine levels is correlated with the severity of pneumonia [4]. The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze and compare cytokine levels in children with common pneumonia and lobar pneumonia.

Data and methods

General Information:The medical records of 53 children with CAP who were hospitalized in the pediatric respiratory department of our hospital from April 2022 to July 2023 were collected. According to the degree of pneumonia, they were divided into common pneumonia group and lobar pneumonia group. Children with fever during the same period were selected as the control group, and basic information such as temperature at admission, length of stay, duration of medical history and chest CT were recorded. Cytokine levels were determined by the key Laboratory of hematological Pathology of our hospital. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Provincial People's Hospital (2023) No. 65.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria for children with pneumonia:

Inclusion criteria: 1) The diagnostic criteria of community-acquired pneumonia and lobar pneumonia in children in the 8th edition of Zhufutang Practical Pediatrics were met; 2) Complete clinical data; Exclusion criteria: 1) combined with other lung diseases, such as asthma and tuberculosis; 2) Previous immune disease, unexplained long-term fever, joint swelling and pain; 3) A recent or longterm history of glucocorticoid use; 4) Immunomodulators and immunosuppressants such as immunoglobulin and interferon have been applied in the past 2 months.

Statistical Processing:

All the data of the patients were recorded, and the differences of each index between the two groups were analyzed using Graphpad Prism 8. Counting data is expressed as example (%); The measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x±s), and the cytokine levels of the three groups were examined by one-way ANOVA for inter-group comparison. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. 

Results: Compared with the other 2 groups, the length of hospital stay in the lobar pneumonia group was significantly increased, with statistical significance (P < 0.05), while there was no statistical significance in other general data (P > 0.05). Compared with lobular pneumonia group, common pneumonia group and fever group, there were no significant differences in serum cytokines in IL-4,IL-6,IL-10, IL-17, IL12P70, TNF-a and IFN-γ (P > 0.05).

Discussion: CAP is a common infectious disease in childhood, especially in infants and young children. It is the most common cause of hospitalization in children and the first cause of death in children under 5 years old. For hospitalized children or areas with good conditions, the evaluation of CAP severity should also be based on the scope of lung lesions, the presence of hypoxemia, and the presence of internal and external pulmonary complications[5]. This study was mainly based on the clinical symptoms of pneumonia and the range of chest imaging lesions as a grouping basis to determine the severity of pneumonia. The results of this study found that the length of hospital stay in the fever group, the common pneumonia group and the lobular pneumonia group was different in pairwise comparison, and the length of hospital stay in the lobular pneumonia group was significantly longer than that in the other two groups, indicating that the scope of chest imaging lesions may affect the length of hospital stay and treatment time, which has guiding significance for our clinical evaluation of the length of hospital stay for pneumonia.

Cytokines, including types Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-18) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13), can recruit or activate B, T, and NK cells to initiate and amplify inflammatory/immune responses. Thus providing an important function in host defense against bacterial or viral infections [6]. Cytokines participate in the pathogenesis of pneumonia by interacting with organ receptors [7], leading to a decline in respiratory system related functions. Studies have found that TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β and other cytokines have been proven to be correlated with adult CAP severity [8]. However, Luo Zhengxiu et al. retrospectively analyzed and compared the serum cytokine levels between the severe children group and the non-severe CAP group and found no statistically significant differences in the levels of IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A between the two groups [9]. Therefore, there is no consensus on the effect of cytokines on the prognosis of childhood pneumonia. This study found no correlation between IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-12P70 and the severity of pneumonia. Due to the single-center and small sample data in this study, the correlation between these cytokines and the severity of pneumonia needs further study.

[willyskristina]

Preeclampsia Diagnostics Market

Preeclampsia Diagnostics Market Size, Share, Trends: Roche Diagnostics Leads

Shift Towards Non-Invasive and Rapid Diagnostic Tests Gains Momentum

Market Overview:

The global preeclampsia diagnostics market is witnessing steady growth due to the increasing prevalence of hypertension diseases during pregnancy, improved healthcare infrastructure in emerging nations, and enhanced government maternal health programs. North America dominates the market, driven by a rising incidence of preeclampsia, growing awareness about maternal health, and advancements in diagnostic technologies. The development of innovative biomarkers and point-of-care testing methods is transforming the market landscape, allowing for earlier and more accurate diagnosis of preeclampsia.

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Market Trends:

A significant trend in the preeclampsia diagnostics market is the shift towards non-invasive and rapid diagnostic techniques. The demand for timely and accurate preeclampsia screening in prenatal care settings is pushing innovation in test design. Manufacturers are focusing on creating point-of-care tests that can deliver results in minutes rather than hours or days. For example, automated immunoassay technologies for preeclampsia biomarkers are gaining popularity, providing up to 70% faster findings than traditional laboratory procedures. This trend is crucial as it facilitates early detection and management of preeclampsia, improving outcomes for both mothers and babies.

Market Segmentation:

Blood tests continue to dominate the preeclampsia diagnostics market, accounting for a significant share of global sales. The high sensitivity and specificity of serum biomarkers in detecting and diagnosing preeclampsia make blood tests a critical component of prenatal care. Tests assessing angiogenic factors such as sFlt-1 and PlGF, alongside other markers like PAPP-A and PP-13, are now integral for comprehensive preeclampsia risk assessment. Advances in test accuracy and the development of multi-marker panels with higher predictive value are driving the increased adoption of blood tests in high-risk pregnancy management and large hospital laboratories.

Market Key Players:

The preeclampsia diagnostics market is competitive, with several key players driving innovation and growth. Leading companies in this market include:

Roche Diagnostics

Thermo Fisher Scientific

PerkinElmer, Inc.

Siemens Healthineers

Abbott Laboratories

bioMérieux SA

Contact Us:

Name: Hari Krishna

Email us: hari.krishna@aurorawaveintellects.com

Website: https://aurorawaveintellects.com/

[healixhospitals24]

Reading And Interpreting Your Liver Function Test - A Guide To Commonly Used Liver Tests

The liver is a vital organ responsible for numerous metabolic functions in the body, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and bile production. Monitoring liver health is crucial for early detection and management of liver diseases. One of the primary tools for assessing liver function is the Liver Function Test (LFT). In this guide, we will delve into the commonly used liver tests, how to interpret the results, and what they indicate about your liver health.

Understanding Liver Function Tests

Liver Function Tests (LFTs) are a group of blood tests that provide valuable insights into the health and function of the liver. These tests measure various enzymes, proteins, and substances in the blood that are indicative of liver health.

Key components of Liver Function Tests

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): Elevated levels suggest liver damage, commonly caused by conditions like hepatitis or fatty liver disease.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): Similar to ALT, elevated AST levels indicate liver damage but may also be elevated in conditions affecting the heart or muscles.

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Elevated ALP levels may suggest liver or bone disease.

Total Bilirubin: Increased levels may indicate liver dysfunction or obstruction of bile ducts.

Albumin and Total Protein: These are measures of liver synthetic function; decreased levels may suggest liver disease.

What are the causes of abnormal liver function test results?

Causes of abnormal liver function test results can vary and may indicate different underlying conditions. Some common causes include:

1. Build-up of Fat in the Liver:

* Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can lead to abnormal liver function tests, especially in overweight or obese individuals.

2. Liver Inflammation and Damage:

* Infections, toxic substances like alcohol or certain medications, and immune conditions can cause liver inflammation and subsequent abnormal test results.

3. Liver Overworking:

* When the liver is under stress from processing medicines or toxic substances like alcohol or paracetamol, it can result in abnormal liver function tests.

4. Bile Duct Blockage:

* Blockages in the bile ducts, such as by gallstones, can lead to abnormal liver function test results.

5. Liver Conditions and Diseases:

* Underlying conditions like Wilson's disease, haemochromatosis, or Gilbert's syndrome can affect liver function and result in abnormal test values.

6. Liver Injury:

* Physical injury to the liver, trauma, or presence of abscesses or tumors within the liver can cause abnormal liver function tests.

7. Medications and Supplements:

* Certain medications, over-the-counter drugs, herbal remedies, and traditional medicines can also impact liver function test results.

8. Other Factors:

* Factors like high alcohol intake, viral infections, autoimmune conditions, metabolic liver diseases, heart problems, and tumors in the liver can contribute to abnormal liver function tests.

Continue Reading: https://www.healixhospitals.com/blogs/reading-and-interpreting-your-liver-function-test-a-guide-to-commonly-used-liver-tests

[biomedres]

Is Pentraxin 3 A Marker in Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome?

Is Pentraxin 3 A Marker in Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome? in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase protein that is structurally similar to C-reactive protein (CRP). Macrophages, endothelial cells, and adipocytes all produce PTX3 in response to inflammatory stimuli, but hepatocytes are the main source of CRP. PTX3 could play a role in the genesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and CRP because obesity and MetS are chronic inflammatory diseases [1]. MetS is a group of risk factors that includes glucose intolerance, abnormal lipid profiles, hypertension, and abdominal obesity [2- 6]. Each of these factors has been linked to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The majority of current research has found a link between MetS components and inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CRP [7]. Furthermore, serum CRP levels were shown to be greater in individuals with more risk factors for MetS, and higher serum CRP levels were related to higher occurrence of cardiovascular events, reflecting the prognostic relevance of MetS severity [8]. In particular, many types of cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, adipose cells, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells, have been reported to produce PTX-3, a newly recognized acute-phase reactant that is structurally and functionally similar to CRP [9]. The link between MetS and PTX-3 hasn’t been well investigated, and the available evidence appears to be discordant. Several investigations have found a link between MetS components and inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and CRP [7]. The hs-CRP is the most well-known and validated of these inflammatory biomarkers. Insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and unfavorable cardiovascular events have all been linked to high levels of hs-CRP [10,11].

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[covid-safer-hotties]

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An interesting study of diversity of covid biomarkers and what it could mean for future research

Introduction: Over the past four years, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious global health challenges. The severe form of disease and death resulted from the failure of immune regulatory mechanisms, closely highlighted by the dual proinflammatory cytokine and soluble immune checkpoint (sICP) storm. Identifying the individual factors impacting on disease severity, evolution and outcome, as well as any additional interconnections, have become of high scientific interest.

Methods: In this study, we evaluated a novel panel composed of ten sICPs for the predictive values of COVID-19 disease severity, mortality and Delta vs. Omicron variant infections in relation to hyperinflammatory biomarkers. The serum levels of sICPs from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected patients at hospital admission were determined by Luminex, and artificial neural network analysis was applied for defining the distinct patterns of molecular associations with each form of disease: mild, moderate, and severe.

Results: Notably, distinct sICP profiles characterized various stages of disease and Delta infections: while sCD40 played a central role in all defined diagrams, the differences emerged from the distribution levels of four molecules recently found and relatively less investigated (sCD30, s4-1BB, sTIM-1, sB7-H3), and their associations with various hematological and biochemical inflammatory biomarkers. The artificial neural network analysis revealed the prominent role of serum sTIM-1 and Galectin-9 levels at hospital admission in discriminating between survivors and non-survivors, as well as the role of specific anti-interleukin therapy (Tocilizumab, Anakinra) in improving survival for patients with initially high sTIM-1 levels. Furthermore, strong associations between sCD40 and Galectin-9 with suPAR defined the Omicron variant infections, while the positive match of sCD40 with sTREM-1 serum levels characterized the Delta-infected patients.

Conclusions: Of importance, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of circulatory immune factors governing the COVID-19 pathology, and identifies key roles of sCD40, sTIM-1, and Galectin-9 in predicting mortality.

[krishgen]

GENLISA™ KITa - Kyushu Lung Cancer Antigen 1 (CXorf61) Detection Kit

The GENLISA™ KITa is an advanced enzyme immunoassay designed for the precise quantification of Kyushu Lung Cancer Antigen 1 (CXorf61) in various biological fluids. This kit can be used to measure CXorf61 levels in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, and other related samples. CXorf61, a biomarker linked to lung cancer, plays a key role in early diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. The GENLISA™ KITa offers a reliable, sensitive, and efficient solution for research and clinical applications, facilitating enhanced understanding and management of lung cancer progression and patient prognosis.

[leedsomics]

Quantitative site-specific glycoproteomics by ZenoTOF reveals glyco-signatures for breast cancer diagnosis

Intact glycopeptide characterization by mass spectrometry has proven a versatile tool for site-specific glycoproteomics analysis and biomarker screening. Here, we present a method using the ZenoTOF instrument with optimized fragmentation for intact glycopeptide identification and demonstrate its ability to analyze large-cohort glycoproteomes. From 124 clinical serum samples of breast cancer, non-cancerous diseases, and non-disease controls, a total of 6901 unique site-specific glycans on 807 glycosites of proteins were detected. Much more differences of glycoproteome were observed in breast diseases than the proteome. By employing machine learning, 15 site-specific glycans were determined as potential glyco-signatures in detecting breast cancer. The results demonstrate that our method provides a powerful tool in glycoproteomic analyses for biomarker discovery studies. http://dlvr.it/TD371G