#Quantitative Research

[inheritance-beyond-genes]

08.06.24

Introduction to quantitative genetics 🐁🐁🐁🐀

[studiesiread]

Playing dice with criminal sentences: the influence of irrelevant anchors on experts' judicial decision making

Judicial sentencing decisions should be guided by facts, not by chance. The present research however demonstrates that the sentencing decisions of experienced legal professionals are influenced by irrelevant sentencing demands even if they are blatantly determined at random. [...] Expertise and experience did not reduce this effect. This sentencing bias appears to be produced by a selective increase in the accessibility of arguments that are consistent with the random sentencing demand: The accessibility of incriminating arguments was higher if participants were confronted with a high rather than a low anchor.

Englich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006). Playing dice with criminal sentences: the influence of irrelevant anchors on experts' judicial decision making. Personality & social psychology bulletin, 32(2), 188–200. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205282152

available in full on researchgate!

[medsocionwheels]

Sociological Theory and the Canon

It's Sociology Sunday! Today we're talking theory.

What is sociological theory?

Sociological theory is a set of interrelated ideas that allow for the (1) systematization of knowledge of the social world (2) the explanation of that world, and (3) predictions about the future of that world, and which are falsifiable through empirical research.

Theory provides a possible answer to questions like, “why did this happen?” or, “why did they do that?” This means theory is speculation, not fact, but unlike “ideas” generally, theory is speculation driven by a more formal, systematic, process, which incorporates the work of previous theorists and research findings.

The Sociological Canon

Some theories are more popular than others. Some theories, while unpopular, are considered “pivotal” to the foundation of sociology. The “sociological canon” helps us identify the “popular” and “pivotal” theories.

The sociological canon is defined as the theories, ideas, and texts that are widely considered as the most important in the field of sociology (Ritzer and Stepnisky 2018) 

“I’m not a regular mom theory, I’m a cool mom theory!”

The canonized theories are sort of like the “cool mom” in Mean Girls (oshowing my age here, the original 😘) – others exist, but these are the ones we tend to think of first when we think of “the mom in Mean Girls” (or, in this case, “sociological theory”).

Critics of the canon argue that the canon is not a neutral construction; rather, it is affected by power and the politics of the theory. To some degree, they are right.

The field of sociology has historically privileged theories that have testable hypotheses, known as “positivist” theories, and theories produced by white men faculty. In this, we can see that the canon, and relatedly, the field of sociology,  have tended to reflect power structures in society more broadly. Which means that, yes, technically the canon is full of theories created by old white dude philosophers in Europe in the late 1800s to early 1900s. Nowadays, though, most sociologists agree that the canon includes much more than Marx, Weber, and Durkheim. 

Meaning the canon is now considered to  include theories from other classical theorists writing during the same time as Mark/Weber/Durkheim, like W.E.B. DuBois and Ida B. Wells. The canon has also expanded in the last 40 or so years to include contemporary theories, such as emancipatory, feminist, and queer theories. These expansions were important steps towards accounting for the reality of the field as it presently exists, and to correctly reflect the field’s foundations which expand far beyond whiteness, masculinity, and western imperial culture. Presently, women make up the (quantitative) majority of sociology faculty, and while this women majority was historically white, the number of women, including and especially women of color, in sociology continues to grow, substantially outpacing white men. 

Sociological Theory and Empirical Research

Empirical research is rooted in theory.

Sometimes these theories are the driving force behind research, constituting the research question for an empirical study. You begin with the possible answer to the question, the theory, and you investigate to see if it holds up–your results may call into question some or all of the theory’s propositions. This is called “deductive reasoning.”

Theory is not always the starting point of research, though. Sometimes theory is generated from research. This process is called “inductive reasoning.” In this case, you begin with observations, draw conclusions, and from those conclusions, generate new ideas about the social world. 

Deductive reasoning is often linked with quantitative research. Quantitative researchers usually have some idea of theory before forming their research question, and some quantitative research is constructed with the goal of testing (falsifying) theoretical propositions.  Qualitative research, in contrast, often uses inductive reasoning, beginning with observation and developing theory as part of the study’s conclusions. This is not always the case with qualitative research, though. One approach to creating contemporary sociological theory assumes the “best” theory is constructed via inductive reasoning, and thus, begins with observation, absent of pre-existing ideas. This is known as a “grounded theory” approach, because it produces theory that is “grounded” in observation of tangible facts instead of based upon pre-existing abstract ideas. The sociologists Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss are often credited with popularizing the “grounded theory” approach, which they outlined in their 1967 book “The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research”.

Other approaches to qualitative research, like content analysis, may start with theory or observations.

Summary:

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Watch full lecture:

[kiindr]

just conducted a successful aging assessment on an old person for my psychology practical. god, do people have experiences.

[academicelephant]

Quantitative research is fun. Or at least creating surveys is, it remains to be seen if processing the data will be too

[phd-thesis-support]

Unravelling Insights: The Dynamic Duo of Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Data plays a fundamental role in explaining complex issues while providing insight and informing the basis for decisions in the research world. There are two principal types of data: the qualitative and the quantitative types, which have different and complementary roles in knowledge search. The distinction between two types of data can often be very helpful to any researcher who wishes to present meaningful conclusions from their study.

Quantitative data addresses numbers and measurable variables. It includes countable and measurable data. It assists the researchers in applying statistical techniques for the analysis of trends, patterns, and relationships. Some examples of quantitative data are fixed response surveys, experiments, and any data that can be represented in a numeric form. Such data, therefore, provides a clear objective view. The researcher can easily discover the correlation, test the hypotheses, and generalize the findings over larger populations. For example, studies on the relationship between the number of hours spent studying and exam grades use quantitative data to develop statistical evidence that may accept or reject a hypothesis.

Qualitative data, on the other hand, deals with the depth and richness of human experiences. Qualitative data is usually unstructured and descriptive; it can be gathered through interviews, open-ended survey questions, focus groups, or observations. Qualitative research seeks to study the meaning, motivations, and context of human actions. Therefore, it should be in-depth about how participants experience things. Interviewing students who are following an online course would for example demand that their thinking, feelings, and problems had to be reflected in fine detail. Qualitative measures point out themes and trends which are missed by these quantitative measures. It means a holistic view of matters is better presented.

While quantitative data does an exceptionally good breadth through statistical analysis, qualitative data gives contextual depth to research in a way that brings flesh to the narrative of such research. In such a combination, both the qualitative as well as the quantitative ways can be utilized to deliver a more complete view into a research question. The fusion of these two ways was called mixed-methods research. In some other scenarios, research may seek to determine if health outcomes have improved because it collects quantitative data related to a trend in a patient's rate of recovery in one situation and qualitative interview, as that seeks to obtain the feelings of patients while under care.

However, research objectives determine which one to prefer between qualitative and quantitative data or if both have to be applied. A good study often requires generalization and statistical validation, but the qualitative one comes in aptly for exploratory studies and tries to understand complex phenomena. Researchers have to weigh their objectives, their type of research question, and their context to ensure that it satisfies the specific demands to take up the best approach.

Qualitative and quantitative data are two of the most important weapons in the research arsenal, each providing different insights and strengths. With a recognition of how each type differs and how they complement each other, researchers can truly utilize their power to shed light on complex issues and derive meaningful conclusions. Embracing the dynamic duo of qualitative and quantitative data paves the way for richer, more nuanced research that captures the full spectrum of human experience and behaviour.

For further research assistance, reach out to us on our WhatsApp wa.me/+918217879258

[bestquantitativeanalysisblogs]

The Role of Quantitative Research in Environmental Studies

Discover the importance of quantitative research in environmental science with Insight Opinion. This blog delves into how data-driven approaches are essential for understanding and addressing environmental challenges, enabling scientists to make informed decisions and develop sustainable solutions for a healthier planet.

[insightsopinion01]

Methods of Quantitative Research

Quantitative research methods involve collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns, test theories, and make predictions. Techniques include surveys, experiments, and statistical analyses, providing objective insights that drive decision-making and enhance understanding of complex phenomena.

https://insightsopinion.com/service/quantitative-research/

[amritafoundation]

In Action: Classroom Research

Everything we see, hear, and do has its own worldview, a language through which it is understood and that tells a story of research approaches. Each research approach has its own assumptions, data, analysis, and interpretation. The research approaches (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) should not be seen as discrete but rather as a continuum with two different ends. Quantitative research seeks…

[chandantripathi889]

What is Business Research? Methods & Types

Data-driven decision-making has caused significant growth in business research methods. With the increasing complexity of the business environment, organizations use different types of business research methods to understand market trends, know what the customers want and how the competition is functioning. The results of this research help in strategic planning, product development, and improving operational efficiency. These tools provide deeper insights for more precise decision-making, enhancing their marker edge.

Business research methods are critical in sectors like marketing, finance and human resources. In marketing, research helps develop effective ad campaigns and understand consumer behavior. In finance, it aids in risk assessment and investment decision-making. Additionally, academic institutions and consulting firms heavily rely on business research to offer data-driven advice and innovative solutions.

For graduates in India, the scope of business research is vast and promising. The country’s growing economy and the proliferation of startups and multinational companies have heightened the demand for skilled researchers. Graduates can pursue careers as market research analysts, business consultants, data analysts, and academic researchers. The ability to conduct thorough research and provide actionable insights is highly valued across industries, making business research a critical and lucrative field for new graduates.

Types of Business Research Methods

Business research focuses on collecting, analyzing and interpreting data related to the organization’s operations. Based on the data available, they make decisions that impact the long-term profit generation of the organization. They also solve the problem points and enhance their strategies. Surveys, interviews, focus groups, and data analysis provide insights for effective business strategies and competitive advantage.

There are a variety of techniques that fall under business research methods. These methods gather, analyze and generate data relevant to the businesses’ operations and decisions. The data helps businesses understand market dynamics as well as internal operations, facilitating informed strategic planning and problem-solving. 

Qualitative Research Methods:

This type of business research method helps understand the preferences and inner motivations of the entity whose data is collected. It provides insights into the problem and helps develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Common qualitative research methods include:

Interviews: Through something as simple as one-on-ones, business researchers can understand the workings of the responder. They can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, allowing flexibility to probe deeper into specific topics.

Focus Groups: This is more expensive, where a group of people sharing similar and dissimilar interests are gathered to understand diverse opinions. This is usually for gauging consumer reactions to a product or service.

Observations: Researchers observe subjects in their natural environment without interference. This method is useful for understanding behaviors and contexts that might not be evident through direct questioning.

Quantitative Business Research Methods:

This method collects and analyzes numerical data to extract patterns, test hypotheses and make predictions. It is highly structured and relies on statistical techniques to ensure accuracy and objectivity.

Surveys: These are structured questions or polls designed to collect data from large groups of people based on specific variables. They can be conducted online or face-to-face. This method is efficient for data collection because there are several online tools that can provide graphical representations of the data collected in the click of a button.

Experiments: These are controlled studies where variables are manipulated to observe their effect on other variables. Experiments are particularly useful for establishing causal relationships.

Secondary Data: This is based on the vast data already available and not collected particularly for the organization’s purposes such as government reports, industry data and previously concluded research. It is cost-effective and gives valuable insights without the help of primary data.

Mixed Business Research Methods:

This is the most common way of approaching business research- using both qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive overview of the problem and its possible solutions. Businesses can triangulate data, enhance robustness and provide a more versatile result. For example, a researcher might conduct focus groups to explore a topic and then use a survey to quantify the findings.

Case Studies:

Case studies involve an in-depth analysis of a single entity, such as an organization, event, or individual, over time. This method provides detailed analysis and is useful for understanding complex issues. This is just a type of data analysis and still borrows methodologies from qualitative and quantitative spaces. They employ multiple data collection methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis.

Ethnographic Research:

This is a study of qualitative attributes that can be quantified. It is an immersive research method where culture, tradition and sociological decision-making are studied in an anthropological context. In business, ethnographic research can be valuable for gaining insights into consumer behaviors and organizational cultures.

How Do You Apply Types of Business Research Methods? 

Business research methods are applied across various domains to support decision-making and strategy formulation. They identify market needs, preferences, and trends to guide product development and marketing strategies. By pointing out the data patterns, they help improve efficiency and effectiveness. They can also point out risks and how to overcome them with the right decisions. Overall, they help gain customers as well as organizational satisfaction and increase the potential for long-term growth.

Effective business research methods are critical for any organization aiming to thrive in a competitive environment. Understanding how business research works gives a professional an edge in the competitive job market. With a comprehensive education and skill training in a certificate programme like the Post Graduate Certificate in Executive General Management Programme (EGMP) at IIM Tiruchirappalli, professionals can upskill and do impactful work quickly. 

By learning how to systematically gather and analyze data, businesses can make informed decisions, anticipate market changes, and address challenges proactively. A professional armed with the certification and training to conduct business research would become a great asset in the workplace. Through qualitative insights or quantitative analysis, business researchers provide the foundation for strategic planning and innovation, driving long-term success.

[henry011111]

Understand the difference between semiotics and qualitative research

Leapfrog Strategy Consulting can help businesses understand the difference between semiotics and qualitative research, two valuable but distinct approaches to understanding consumer behavior. While qualitative research focuses on gathering data through interviews, surveys, and observation, semiotics involves analyzing the cultural meanings and symbols behind communication. By combining both approaches, businesses can gain a more comprehensive understanding of their target audience and create more effective branding and marketing strategies. Leapfrog Strategy Consulting provides expert guidance in both areas to help businesses achieve their goals. Visit our website to know more!

[inheritance-beyond-genes]

07.06.24

Analog desk > everything

[studiesiread]

Biased evaluation of incriminating and exonerating (non)evidence

Recent evidence suggests that convictions in criminal procedures are susceptible to biased decision making. In this study, the potential detrimental effects of confirmation bias and the feature positive effect (FPE) were explored. The former states that decision-makers will be more impressed by incriminating than by exonerating evidence. The latter states that they assign more weight to finding evidence than to the failure to secure it, even though the absence of evidence can be as diagnostic as its presence. [...] Findings partly confirmed the presence of both a confirmation bias and an FPE.

Eerland, A., & Rassin, E. (2010). Biased evaluation of incriminating and exonerating (non)evidence. Psychology, Crime & Law, 18(4), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2010.493889

if you happen not to be subscribed to psychology, crime & law, you may check this blog's description for alternatives <3

[dreamwhalestudying]

Hello again SPSS, I still hate you. And I still don't know why I'm doing this.

[leapfrogstrategyconsulting]

Semiotics And Qualitative Research vs. Semiotics And Quantitative Research: Which is the Best Approach?

Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and their interpretation. It is an important tool used in research to understand how people interpret and assign meaning to different signs and symbols. Semiotics is often used in both qualitative and quantitative research, but the approach used in each type of research is different. In this blog, we will discuss the differences between semiotics and qualitative research and semiotics and quantitative research.

Semiotics And Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is an exploratory approach that seeks to understand the experiences, feelings, and perceptions of individuals. Qualitative research is often used to understand the underlying meanings behind a particular phenomenon. In semiotics and qualitative research, the focus is on interpreting signs and symbols from the perspectives of the participants.

In semiotics and qualitative research, researchers use open-ended questions, interviews, and focus groups to collect data. They analyze the data to identify the meanings assigned to different signs and symbols by the participants. The researchers also look for patterns and themes that emerge from the data.

The advantage of semiotics and qualitative research is that it allows researchers to explore complex and nuanced meanings assigned to different signs and symbols. However, the approach can be time-consuming and subjective. The interpretation of the data can also be influenced by the researcher's biases and preconceptions.

Semiotics And Quantitative Research

Quantitative research is a structured approach that seeks to measure and quantify different phenomena. In semiotics and quantitative research, the focus is on identifying the frequency and distribution of different signs and symbols.

In semiotics and quantitative research, researchers use surveys and questionnaires to collect data. They analyze the data to identify the frequency of different signs and symbols and to determine if there are any significant differences in the interpretation of the signs and symbols across different groups.

The advantage of semiotics and quantitative research is that it allows researchers to collect large amounts of data in a relatively short time. The approach is also less subjective and more objective than qualitative research. However, the approach can be less nuanced, and the data may not capture the complex meanings assigned to different signs and symbols.

Which Approach is the Best?

The choice between semiotics and qualitative research and semiotics and quantitative research depends on the research question and the goals of the research. If the research question is exploratory and seeks to understand the underlying meanings assigned to different signs and symbols, then semiotics and qualitative research may be the best approach. If the research question is focused on identifying the frequency and distribution of different signs and symbols, then semiotics and quantitative research may be the best approach.

Semiotics is a complex field, and both qualitative and quantitative approaches have their strengths and limitations. The choice of approach will depend on the research question and the available resources. However, regardless of the approach chosen, it is important to have a clear understanding of semiotics and their applications in research.

In semiotics and qualitative research, the researcher has to be careful to avoid bias and subjective interpretations of the data. The researcher needs to be open-minded and willing to explore the complexities and nuances of the meanings assigned to different signs and symbols. The researcher also needs to have a good understanding of the cultural and social context in which the data was collected.

In semiotics and quantitative research, the researcher has to be mindful to ensure that the data collected is reliable and valid. The researcher needs to be able to design surveys and questionnaires that capture the frequency and distribution of different signs and symbols accurately. The researcher also needs to be able to analyze the data using appropriate statistical methods.

One of the challenges in using semiotics in research is that the interpretation of signs and symbols can be influenced by cultural and social factors. For example, a sign that has a positive meaning in one culture may have a negative meaning in another culture. Researchers need to be aware of these cultural and social factors and take them into account when interpreting the data.

Another challenge in using semiotics in research is that the meanings assigned to different signs and symbols can change over time. For example, the meaning of the peace sign has evolved over time, and what was once a symbol of peace and love is now used by some as a symbol of protest and resistance. Researchers need to be aware of these changes in meaning and take them into account when interpreting the data.

It is also important to note that semiotics is not a standalone methodology but can be used in conjunction with other research methodologies to gain a deeper understanding of the data. For example, semiotics can be used in conjunction with ethnography to gain a better understanding of the cultural context in which the data was collected.

Furthermore, technology has opened up new avenues for semiotic analysis, with the rise of social media and digital communication. Researchers can now use social media platforms to analyze the meanings assigned to different signs and symbols in real time, providing insights into how people interact with each other and with the world around them.

Overall, semiotics and their application in research can provide valuable insights into the complex and nuanced meanings assigned to different signs and symbols. Whether using a qualitative or quantitative approach, researchers need to be aware of the strengths and limitations of each approach and be open-minded and willing to explore the complexities of the data to gain a deeper understanding of the world around us.

[academicelephant]

I was the first one to show up for the quantitative research methods group lesson today (I came in the class 15 minutes before the lesson started and got to choose the best seat, yay). The other students came in about five minutes before the lesson started and a few were up to 10 minutes late. Earlier this week we were instructed to arrive well in advance, which raises the question of the others' idea of what 'well in advance' means 🙄