#Petersen Type L

[kultofathena]

Markland Merchants – Vikingr (Raider) – Type L Fighting Axe

This hafted version of the Markland Merchants Raider Axe is a robust, real axe meant for serious reenactors and enthusiasts and was designed by a Viking reenactor who wished to make a higher quality and more accurate Viking axe available. It is crafted to a higher level of quality than many other axes with attention paid to fit and finish, such as the fitting of the axe to the stained Hickory haft being tailored to each haft by using the historical techniques of clamping and bending the points of the axehead into the wood to make it very closely fitted to the haft and highly resistant to movement. The fitting of the axe socket is futher enhanced by a sheet of malleable copper to form-fit the interior of the axe socket to the haft which is a fine bit of practical detailing that is historically accurate, but rarely executed with modern replicas. Please Note: we recommend using Butchers block wax to re-seal and moisturize the handles to keep them from drying out and shrinking over time. Replacement hafts will be made available in the near future.

“Vikings” is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe. Our Petersen Type L fighting axe, which we have called the Vikingr, is one that any Viking warrior of the time would have been proud to carry and is based on the dimensions and weights of historical examples. The head weighs approximately 1lb, and when mounted on a haft of the right length – it becomes a very quick and balanced weapon that is an absolute joy to wield.  If you close your eyes, you can almost hear the sails rippling in the wind, feel the salt spray on your face, and taste the sea air seasoned with a slight hint of burning thatch.

[fab-bladesmith]

A Sword of Petersen type L. Pattern-welded blade with a core of 3 rods of twisted 15N20 and 1075 steel (11 layers), and a forge-welded 1075 steel edge ; brass fittings,  based on various finds from the Portable Antiquities Scheme. The 5-lobed pommel is hollow, and the tang is peened though. Grip is Bog Oak of at least 4 thousand years old, with a nice translucency under the sun thanks to its mineralisation. The scabbard has a wooden core made of two slabs, hand-carved to shape, with an inside lining  of 100% wool fabric ; this core is wrapped in linen (cloth and thread to form risers) and vegetable tanned leather, with a back stitch running to the front of the scabbard tip.   All glued with cheese (casein) glue. Lining and outer leather are whip-stitched at the throat with natural-dyed silk thread. The strap slide is carved from cow bone, and placed under the leather/linen, as fitting. Historical examples of chapes seem to correspond to very specific finds and contexts, and it was therefore decided not to put one on this set, which is more looking towards the Xth century British Isles in terms of area of inspiration. The suspension system is loosely based on the Ballateare find, though I chose not to make a lower ring/plate to allow for more versatility in adjusting the angle of the scabbard on the hip. Also, the decorated strap end was made after a find from York. All straps are vegetable tanned leather,  all fittings are brass. The worst twist to historicity here, that I tried to conceal with questionable success for the sake of these photos (though the rest is highly debatable if one is keen to go down that rabbit hole) is a family crest carved and tooled on the outer leather between the strap slide and the mouth of the scabbard - customer's request, and in those matters the customer is, for once, King. Overall length 866 mm. Blade is 731 mm long. The sword alone weighs 945 g, and the point of balance is about 20 cm down from the cross

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 9, 2023

Enhancement of hippocampal-thalamocortical temporal coordination during slow-frequency long-duration anterior thalamic spindles. Alizadeh, Z., Azimi, A., & Ghorbani, M. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(38), 7222–7243.

Dynamics of Hierarchical Task Representations. Cellier, D., Petersen, I. T., & Hwang, K. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(38), 7276–7284.

Causal Inference of Body Ownership in the Posterior Parietal Cortex. Chancel, M., Iriye, H., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(37), 7131–7143.

Alpha oscillations track content-specific working memory capacity. Chen, Y.-T., van Ede, F., & Kuo, B.-C. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(38), 7285–7293.

Tonic and phasic effects of reward on the pupil: implications for locus coeruleus function. Cole, L., Lightman, S., Clark, R., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2022). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1982).

Circadian rhythmicity of pain sensitivity in humans. Daguet, I., Raverot, V., Bouhassira, D., & Gronfier, C. (2022). Brain, 145(9), 3225–3235.

Observers penalize decision makers whose risk preferences are unaffected by loss–gain framing. Dorison, C. A., & Heller, B. H. (2022). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151(9), 2043–2059.

Local field potentials reflect cortical population dynamics in a region-specific and frequency-dependent manner. Gallego-Carracedo, C., Perich, M. G., Chowdhury, R. H., Miller, L. E., & Gallego, J. Á. (2022). eLife, 11, e73155.

Two types of motor inhibition after action errors in humans. Guan, Y., & Wessel, J. R. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(38), 7267–7275.

Reverse engineering of metacognition. Guggenmos, M. (2022). eLife, 11, e75420.

Human value learning and representation reflect rational adaptation to task demands. Juechems, K., Altun, T., Hira, R., & Jarvstad, A. (2022). Nature Human Behaviour, 6(9), 1268–1279.

Direct eye gaze enhances the ventriloquism effect. Lavan, N., Chan, W. Y., Zhuang, Y., Mareschal, I., & Shergill, S. S. (2022). Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84(7), 2293–2302.

Task specificity in mouse parietal cortex. Lee, J. J., Krumin, M., Harris, K. D., & Carandini, M. (2022). Neuron, 110(18), 2961-2969.e5.

Scene memories are biased toward high-probability views. Lin, F., Hafri, A., & Bonner, M. F. (2022). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(10), 1116–1129.

Social inferences from physical evidence via bayesian event reconstruction. Lopez-Brau, M., Kwon, J., & Jara-Ettinger, J. (2022). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151(9), 2029–2042.

Controllability boosts neural and cognitive signatures of changes-of-mind in uncertain environments. Rouault, M., Weiss, A., Lee, J. K., Drugowitsch, J., Chambon, V., & Wyart, V. (2022). eLife, 11, e75038.

How does visual working memory solve the binding problem? Shepherdson, P., Hell, L., & Oberauer, K. (2022). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(10), 1137–1152.

Dynamics and Mechanisms of Contrast-Dependent Modulation of Spatial-Frequency Tuning in the Early Visual Cortex. Tanaka, H., & Sawada, R. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(37), 7047–7059.

Reward prediction errors, not sensory prediction errors, play a major role in model selection in human reinforcement learning. Wu, Y., Morita, M., & Izawa, J. (2022). Neural Networks, 154, 109–121.

Common Neural Mechanisms Control Attention and Working Memory. Zhou, Y., Curtis, C. E., Sreenivasan, K. K., & Fougnie, D. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(37), 7110–7120.

[armthearmour]

A lovely Petersen type L (?) Viking era sword, Anglo-Saxon or Scandanavian, ca. 850-975 AD, housed at the Reichstadt Museum.

[instituteofgeorgianhistory]

Greek Cities in Colchis. Point of View

Tedo Dundua, Natia Phiphia

The paper deals with the principal aspect of Graeco-Colchian relations, i.e. colonization, using narrative, archaeology and numismatics. Empiric level of the issue is as follows: Pomponius Mela narrates that city of Phasis in Colchis at the East Black (Pontic) Sea Coast (modern Photi, West Georgia) was founded by Themistagoras the Milesian (Pomp. Mela. I. 108) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I. Fontes. Logos. MMX, p. 487). The note dates back to the end of the 6th c. B.C. According to Arrianus, Dioscurias (modern Sokhumi, West Georgia) also was founded by the Milesians (Arr. Peripl. 12) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 305). The note dates back again to the end of the 6th c. B.C. Ps.-Scylax writes about Hellenic cities in Colchis. They are as follows – Phasis and Gyenos (modern Ochamchire, West Georgia) (Ps.-Scylax. Asia. 81) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 154). This note dates back already to the midst of the 4th c. B.C. We do not have Aristotle’s (?) full account of Phasian constitution (Ps.-Heracl. Polit. XVIII.) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 197). And Strabo describes Dioscurias and Phasis as trading places of the Colchians (Strabo. XI. 2. 16, 17)  (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, pp. 222-223). Pliny mentions pillaged Pitius (Bichvinta, Western Georgia), and also, castellum Sebastopolis instead of city of Dioscurias/Sebastopolis (Plin. NH. VI. 14-16) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 500). Arrian in 131 saw no Greeks in Phasis and Sebastopolis (Arr. Peripl. 11-12) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, pp. 304-305). What happened to them? According to Ephorus (via Aristotle), they ran away from there to Miletus (Arist. Fr. 557) (T. Kaukhchishvili. Greek Authors about Georgia. vol. II (Aristotle, Nicolaus of Damascus, Claudius Aelianus). Tbilisi. 1969, p. 73). Why did the Greeks leave Colchis? Hippocrates narrates about bad climate and dangerous humidity in Colchis, and also, yellow coloring of the skin of fat and lazy Phasians (Hippocr. 15) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, pp. 108-109; T. Kaukhchishvili. Hippocrates about Georgia. Tbilisi. 1965, pp. 45, 47).

           This schematic story needs to be filled up, using numismatics.

Apollo was main deity of Phasis, according to records and numismatics. Lion, symbol of Apollo, is depicted on the local coins.

Obverse: Lying hermaphrodite lion to the right/left with a head turned back.

Reverse: Kneeling female figure with a bull’s head to the right/left in quadratum incusum.

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=4

 This is Colchian (Phasian) didrachm, struck in the 5th c. B.C. Lion is depicted also on other denominations. Hermaphroditization is a result of Apollo’s merge with the local female sun.

When city has Apollo as main deity, it is oligarchic. Phasis was oligarchic republic.

In the 5th-3rd cc. B.C. Phasis issued the hemidrachms below:

   Obverse: Archaic female head to right/left within the linear circle or in border of the dots.

Reverse: Bull’s head to right within the linear circle. Some of the coins are with the Greek letters – ΜΟ/ΣΟ, Φ, Α, Ο, Ε, Π, Δ.

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=13

                       Athens, a fashion maker, still preserved archaic style on the coins until the 2nd c. B.C., thus demonstrating its democratic conservatism. Archaic style on Colchian (Phasian) money, does it mean the same, i.e. fidelity to republican constitution until the 3rd c. B.C.?

           When city has symbols of Dionysus on the coins, it could be democratic, even formally.  

Municipal copper coins of Dioscurias (105-90 B.C.).

Obverse: Caps of Dioscuri, surmounted by six, or eight-pointed stars.

Reverse: Thyrsos of Dionysus in the center of the coin, the Greek three-line legend on both sides ΔΙΟΣ/ΚΟΥΡΙΑ/ΔΟΣ.

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=22

                       Dioscurians, subjugated to Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, preserved their municipal structures and struck their own copper money. Also, it seems that Mithridates’ garrison was located in Dioscurias and official appointed by him controlled the mint.

  For the republics in Classical Antiquity there were the gods to justify a legitimacy of a coin. With the decay towards autocracy the first persons started to be portrayed.

  Julius Caesar became the first living individual to be portrayed in Rome, and it was done by special senatorial decree (Chr. Howgego. Ancient History from Coins. London and New York. 1995, pp. 67-69).

  Was he really the first Roman to be honored this way?

What is about Gnaeus Pompejus, that is exactly him on obverse of the light drachm struck in Phasis in 52/51 B.C.

Obverse: Head of Gnaeus Pompejus in solar diadem right.

 Reverse: Tyche seated, Greek inscription

– ΑΡΙΣΤΑΡΧΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΛΧΙΔΟΣ/BΙ 

of Aristarchus, the viceroy of Colchis”,  

regnal years 12 (52/51 B.C.).

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=18

             Pompejus is shown as rex et deus, king and god (T. Dundua. Money in Georgia. Appendix. Tbilisi. 2020, pp. 77-80, 99-101).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344202635_Money_in_Georgia_Appendix).

Now we can fix general story for the Greeks living in Colchis. In the 7th-6th cc. B.C. the Ionian city of Miletus possessed exceptional wealth and commercial enterprise. Miletus, the greatest trading city, organized the first Greek settlements in Colchis, daughters of the Ionian metropolis – Phasis, Dioscurias etc. Themistagoras from Miletus is believed to be chargé d’affaires. In the 6th-4th cc. B.C. the Greeks established all their poleis at the East Black Sea Coast. The Greeks served their major purpose during the activity in Colchis having in mind subsequent full economic integration of the region with Hellas and highly Hellenized Anatolia. They were supposed to improve local industrial output. This ended up in failure because of super humidity of the country. In many lowland places there were terrible marshes, and the Greeks had no special idea how to drain those marshlands. There was no chance for maintaining Hellenic industrial structures as agriculture was too slow in development. Hellenism in Colchis failed with the Hellenic communities first becoming bilingual, then completely assimilated within the local society.  

           Still, the Greeks exported different materials, like timber, linen, metals. They imported industrial goods, mostly ceramics, which was imitated by the Colchians. Phasis and Dioscurias were splendid Greek cities dominated by the mercantile oligarchies. Gradually they became more democratic. To promote trade, Phasis issued its own silver money with Graeco-Colchian types. Trade of the peoples across the Black Sea thrived. Armament industry and ceramic production flourished in Pontus, mining in Colchis and agriculture in Bosphorus. The whole Black Sea area might be looked upon as a multicultural region of which the economic systems were ultimately based on the principle of Hellenism. The age-old maritime route from Sinope towards Phasis was easily covered in three days. From the 3rd c. B.C. Greeks flooded Colchis also for the transit purposes.

           The Colchians used to write in Greek and build the temples in Greek style, but these did not prevent local kings and sceptuchoi (dukes) in the 3rd c. B.C. from conquering the Hellenic poleis.

               Then economic crisis followed. In 105-66 B.C. Colchis was a part of kingdom of Pontus and there could be illusion of short economic revival. End of the 1st c. B.C. was total political chaos for Western Georgia and urban life declined, the Greeks losing their identity. Experiment aiming for inclusion of this land into the Greek economic system failed. And for the Romans Colchis/Lazica was just Pontic limes to be defended in a manner of forward defence (T. Dundua. Colchis in the 6th-4th cc. B.C. The Greek Settlements in Western Georgia. Tbilisi. 2009; T. Dundua. Georgia within the European Integration. Tbilisi. 2016, pp. 24-33, 48-51, 81-88; T. Dundua. History of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2017, pp.8-10, 121-126).

Global story is as follows. Climate determines eco­no­mics. Hot and less humid environment defines an early advantage of the South over the North – indeed, the Egyptian state and the crafts confront entirely the primitive clan-system which existed in fact everywhere. Then the whole situation was changed.

           Times after, some technical improvements towards the North created a very comfortable vegetation process, while the Egyptians still needed time to put the seed beyond the reach of the sun. In the 9th-8th cc. B.C. the Greeks are already vanguard by means of the technics and the structures. The countries being superb before, like Egypt and Babylon, or India, now face a new hegemonic power – Hellas, already overpopulated and needing grain and the raw materials to be imported. Then the perception of Europe has appeared. Europe is a special term for the part of the earth, which stipulates or will stipulate the same vanguard level of development. Even Scythia with its rough spring was thought to be reorganized in the Greek manner, than those countries which needed the additional finances for irrigation. So, the making of Europe started (The author is largely indebted by the general works about European integration. Some of them are cited here: Prosopographia Imperii Romani Saec. I. II. III. Pars VI. Consilio et Avctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Berolinensis et Brandenburgensis. Iteratis Curvis Ediderunt L. Petersen, K. Wachtel. Adivvantibus M. Heil, K. P. Johne, L. Vidman. Berolini. Novi Eborau. MCMXCVIII; A. N. Sherwin-White. The Roman Citizenship. Oxford. At the Claredon Press. 1939. Second edition. Oxford. 1973; D. Braund. Rome and the Friendly King. The Character of the Client Kingship. Beckenham, Kent. Fyshwick, Australia. 1984; F. Braudel. A History of Civilization. Printed in the USA. 1995; K. Rozen. Die Geburt Europas. Das Mittelmeer – die Wiege der Europäischen Kultur. Bonn. 1998, pp. 10-25; K. Held. Die Entdeckung der Welt bei den Griechen als Ursprung Europas. Das Mittelmeer…, pp. 26-45; H. Galsterer. Einheit und Vielfalt im Römischen Reich. Das Mittelmeer…., pp. 115-129; G. Alföldy. Das Imperium Romanum – ein Vorbild für das vereinte Europa? Basel. 1999; K. M. Girardet. Bundesstaaten im Antiken Griechenland und das Romische Imperium als “supranationale” Ordnung – Modelle für ein vereintes Europa von Morgen? Europa. Traditionen-Werte-Perspektiven. Beiträge zu einer Ringvorlesung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes in Sommersemester 1999. St. Ingbert. 2000, pp. 13-48; B. und H. Galsterer. Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen. Xantener Berichte. B. 2. Köln. 1992. Kolloquium in Xanten. 2-4 Mai. 1990, pp. 377-387; S. Runciman. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge. University Press. 1996; J. J. Norwich. A Short History of Byzantium. Published in Penguin Books. 1998).

           The Greek pattern was as follows: 1. occupying or even frequently being invited to the key-points of other economic structures like Caria, Thrace, Bosphorus or Colchis; 2. establishing the autonomous Greek social structures granted heavily with the technics from metropolis; 3. the natives being equipped with the best tools for agriculture; 4. the Greek industrial structures maintained on this background; 5. exporting supplies to Hellas and receiving back some industrial goods. The Aegean and the Pontic (the Black Sea) areas were supposed to form once unique economic space. Anatolia was a complete victory of Hellenism, even being integrated politically under Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus, as far back as in the 1st c. B.C. The Roman overlordship gave a new sense to the economic prosperity of the Greek World. But there were the serious failures too. Colchis (Western Georgia) offered a dangerous humidity to the Greek way of life. The Greeks living there had no chance to keep their industrial spirit as the agriculture was very slow in a development. Soon the Greek community became a bilingual one, and after – totally assimilated within the Colchian society. As to Bosphorus (at the Northern Black Sea coast), a corn-supply from Asia Minor to Greece had broken the traditional scheme, and the region soon lost its Greek style (T. Dundua. The Making of Europe (Towards History of Globalization). The Caucasus and Globalization. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies. v. 2. Issue 2. Sweden. 2008, pp. 38-45;  Т. Дундуа. Как создается Европа (к истории глобализации). Кавказ и глобализация. Журнал социально-политических и экономических исследований. т. 2. вып. 2. Швеция. 2008, pp. 44-52; T. Dundua. Georgia within the European Integration. Tbilisi. 2016, pp. 7-23; T. Dundua. History of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2017, pp. 39-55).

     With no Greek residents any more, Colchis/Lazica still remained a vigorous recipient of the Greek styles.

[aweeklyoutlook]

Social media and its affordances - Good or bad? 

Social media is a vast and expanding network, allowing users from around the globe to engage and connect to others when it wouldn't normally be possible. Whilst it is wonderful to be able to talk to family members whenever it is needed, social media gives society the opportunity to stay up to date with someone's life without ever even sending them a message. Platform giants such as Facebook and Instagram allow the options of 'stories', a running photographic commentary of someone's day to day life that can be edited both visually and audibly. This is a luxury that a hundred years ago, society would have never thought to achieve.

However, positive impacts can still become the catalyst for negative impacts. The ability to view profiles and keep up to date with them, whether it's a friend, celebrity, an influencer - it invites the human nature of comparison. 

Comparing followers, likes and comments, it can raise or lower an individual's self-esteem. As SNSs are predominantly used by a younger generation, more and more children are growing up with social media incorporated into their daily lives. Social standing and hierarchy, feeling important and acknowledged, is slowly becoming this aspiration that young people should work towards as SNSs influencers become younger and younger. 

This need for validation and acknowledgement online has led to two important things:

Firstly - Users now cater their profiles towards the 'aesthetic', directly posting targeted content that appears visually pleasing or generally likeable such as charity work and positivity posts. This has also led to users directly lying or obscuring the truth of their daily lives in order to make it look appealing to their followers.

Secondly - The impact and contribution it is having on mental health is astronomical. It is hard to determine the epicentre of disorders such as depression as they are often multifactorial but studies have found a definite link between social media use and mental health, specifically in regards to time and consumption.

The point that needs asking is, is this affordance of knowledge and acknowledgement worth the negative effects it is having on adolescents and their development. 

There are growing links and theories on why social media affects mental health directly.

The displacement hypothesis: Social media and the time spent on that may be displacing other important interactions such as face to face social events or sleeping. 

The gratifications theory: An individual has an active role in selecting the type of media they wish to consume and engage based on what they desire to see. Both of these theories can be connected to things such as escapism and suppressing symptoms.

Social media is an online virtual world where an identity is built over time, cultivated to be seen in a specific way - it is a world where escapism is very possible. There are entire online communities dedicated to directly fantasy roleplaying, writing stories, sharing art, and bringing each other together by shared interests. In those communities, an individual's life doesn't factor into their belonging, it is put aside whilst they engage with others. 

It is clear there is a connection between social media and mental health, but to what extent we are still uncertain. Due to the multifactorial nature of mental health, social media can definitely be considered as one of many factors in a wide spectrum. Social media is now structured as a day to day activity in many generations - what is important is how it is used, consumers are aware of how they are using and perhaps educational guidance may also encourage healthy digital habits.

 References: 

Coyne., S Rogers., A Zurcher., J., Stockdale., L & Booth., M 2020. Does time spent using social media impact mental health? An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior. Vol. 104.

Petersen., C Compas., B Brooks-Gun., J Stemmler., M 1993. Depression in adolescence. American Psychologist. Vol. 48, No. 2.

Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K 2014. Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4

[kultofathena]

This hafted version of the Markland Merchants Raider Axe is a robust, real axe meant for serious reenactors and enthusiasts and was designed by a Viking reenactor who wished to make a higher quality and more accurate Viking axe available. It is crafted to a higher level of quality than many other axes with attention paid to fit and finish, such as the fitting of the axe to the stained Hickory haft being tailored to each haft by using the historical techniques of clamping and bending the points of the axehead into the wood to make it very closely fitted to the haft and highly resistant to movement. The fitting of the axe socket is futher enhanced by a sheet of malleable copper to form-fit the interior of the axe socket to the haft which is a fine bit of practical detailing that is historically accurate, but rarely executed with modern replicas.

Available to order now.

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 47, 2018

Naturalistic multiattribute choice. Bhatia, S., & Stewart, N. (2018). Cognition, 179, 71–88.

Principles governing the integration of landmark and self-motion cues in entorhinal cortical codes for navigation. Campbell, M. G., Ocko, S. A., Mallory, C. S., Low, I. I. C., Ganguli, S., & Giocomo, L. M. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(8), 1096–1106.

Valuation of knowledge and ignorance in mesolimbic reward circuitry. Charpentier, C. J., Bromberg-Martin, E. S., & Sharot, T. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), E7255–E7264.

PKCα integrates spatiotemporally distinct Ca2+ and autocrine BDNF signaling to facilitate synaptic plasticity. Colgan, L. A., Hu, M., Misler, J. A., Parra-Bueno, P., Moran, C. M., Leitges, M., & Yasuda, R. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(8), 1027–1037.

Principal cells of the brainstem’s interaural sound level detector are temporal differentiators rather than integrators. Franken, T. P., Joris, P. X., & Smith, P. H. (2018). eLife, 7, e33854.

Recurrent network model for learning goal-directed sequences through reverse replay. Haga, T., & Fukai, T. (2018). eLife, 7, e34171.

Visuomotor learning is dependent on direction-specific error saliency. Jiang, W., Yuan, X., Yin, C., & Wei, K. (2018). Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(1), 162–170.

Astrocytes restore connectivity and synchronization in dysfunctional cerebellar networks. Kanner, S., Goldin, M., Galron, R., Ben Jacob, E., Bonifazi, P., & Barzilai, A. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), 8025–8030.

Time-resolved neural reinstatement and pattern separation during memory decisions in human hippocampus. Lohnas, L. J., Duncan, K., Doyle, W. K., Thesen, T., Devinsky, O., & Davachi, L. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), E7418–E7427.

Hippocampus-dependent emergence of spatial sequence coding in retrosplenial cortex. Mao, D., Neumann, A. R., Sun, J., Bonin, V., Mohajerani, M. H., & McNaughton, B. L. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), 8015–8018.

Data-driven body-machine interface for the accurate control of drones. Miehlbradt, J., Cherpillod, A., Mintchev, S., Coscia, M., Artoni, F., Floreano, D., & Micera, S. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), 7913–7918.

Stable long-term BCI-enabled communication in ALS and locked-in syndrome using LFP signals. Milekovic, T., Sarma, A. A., Bacher, D., Simeral, J. D., Saab, J., Pandarinath, C., … Hochberg, L. R. (2018). Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(1), 343–360.

Risk approximation in decision making: approximative numeric abilities predict advantageous decisions under objective risk. Mueller, S. M., Schiebener, J., Delazer, M., & Brand, M. (2018). Cognitive Processing, 19(3), 297–315.

Maximum-entropy models reveal the excitatory and inhibitory correlation structures in cortical neuronal activity. Nghiem, T.-A., Telenczuk, B., Marre, O., Destexhe, A., & Ferrari, U. (2018). Physical Review E, 98(1), 012402.

State-dependent cell-type-specific membrane potential dynamics and unitary synaptic inputs in awake mice. Pala, A., & Petersen, C. C. (2018). eLife, 7, e35869.

Pupil mimicry promotes trust through the theory-of-mind network. Prochazkova, E., Prochazkova, L., Giffin, M. R., Scholte, H. S., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Kret, M. E. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), E7265–E7274.

Dopamine neurons create Pavlovian conditioned stimuli with circuit-defined motivational properties. Saunders, B. T., Richard, J. M., Margolis, E. B., & Janak, P. H. (2018). Nature Neuroscience, 21(8), 1072–1083.

The hippocampal engram maps experience but not place. Tanaka, K. Z., He, H., Tomar, A., Niisato, K., Huang, A. J. Y., & McHugh, T. J. (2018). Science, 361(6400), 392–397.

Amygdala lesions eliminate viewing preferences for faces in rhesus monkeys. Taubert, J., Flessert, M., Wardle, S. G., Basile, B. M., Murphy, A. P., Murray, E. A., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), 8043–8048.

Efficient compression in color naming and its evolution. Zaslavsky, N., Kemp, C., Regier, T., & Tishby, N. (2018). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(31), 7937–7942.

[orthographewrites]

If you are like me, and you’re tired of seeing the same -sson last names that seem forever glued to Swedish characters -- or if you’re just a person wishing to play a person with Swedish roots -- then look no further! I, a Swedish woman, believes in breaking of patterns and as happy I am to see more people take on Swedish characters I just wish people would care more about their names. 

Although the -sson part is rooted to our pasts we are, oddly enough, not still in Medieval times and our last names have developed into a whole new section of options as cultures mix and match! I do not know all of them and this list will be a constant on-going update as people will be able to submit their’s, as well as me doing some research and maybe hearing some new ones out on the streets of where I live. I’d gladly help with any type of Swedish research and questions you may have, or at least as far my own knowledge reaches so don’t be afraid to come to me with your concerns!

The list is A-Ö, and some last names will feel repeated as we mix and match words and meanings. There will be some -sson names to be found, but underused or forgotten only. Also don’t worry about ÅÄÖ, we get it! 

A

Abrahamsson

Ahlberg (alt Ahlgren, qvist, strand, ström)

Ahlén

Almén

Almgren (alt Almqvist, ström)

Anderberg

Appelgren (alt Appleqvist)

Arvidsson

Ask

Asp (alt Asplund)

Axelsson

Axén

B

Back (alt Backlund, man, ström)

Bark

Beck/Bäck (alt Beckman/Bäckman)

Berg (alt Bergman, kvist/qvist, dahl, gren, lind, lund, mark) 

Berger

Bergval

Berlin

Birgersson

Bjurström

Björk (alt lund, man, qvist)

Björling (lund)

Blad

Blixt

Blom (alt berg, dahl, qvist, gren) 

Bohlin/Bolin

Borg (alt ström)

Boman/Bohman

Boberg

Brandt

Brodén

Burman

By (alt ström, lund)

Börjesson

C

Carl (alt berg, ström) 

Carlén

Ceder (alt holm, lund, berg, gren) 

Classon

D

Danielsson

Dahl ( alt berg, gren, man, qvist, ström)

Dahlén 

Damberg

Degerman

E

Ed (alt holm, gren, berg, lund, man, ström)

Ehn

Einarsson

Ek (alt man, berg, blad, blom, dahl, lund, holm, löf, strand, ström) 

Elg

Enberg

Eng (alt blom, lund, dahl, man, berg, strand) 

Ersson

F

Fager (alt berg, lund, ström)

Fahl (alt gren, ström)

Fahlén

Falk (alt man) 

Flink

Flodin

Fors (alt berg, ell, gren, lund, man, mark)

Franzén

Fredin

Fredlund

Fri (alt berg, dell, man)

Fröberg

Fält

G

Gabrielsson

Gerdin

Gidlund

Gillberg

Glad

Glans

Gradin

Grahn

Granat

Gran (alt qvist, berg, lund, ström)

Gren

Grip

Grön (alt qvist, lund, berg)

Grönvall

Gullberg

Gustafsson

Gällerstedt

H

Haag

Hag (alt berg, lund, man, ström)

Hagelin

Hallberg

Halldén

Hallgren

Hallin

Hall (alt ström, qvist, man)

Hamberg

Hammar (alt berg, ström, lund)

Hamrin

Hansen

Hansson

Hedberg

Hedblom

Hedin

Hed (alt lund, man, qvist)

Helander

Hell (alt ström, man, berg, gren, sten, strand)

Henning

Hjelm

Hjerpe

Hjorth/Hjort

Holmer

Holm (alt gren, qvist, lund, ström, stedt)

Holst

Hult (alt berg, gren, man)

Hurtig

Hägg (lund)

Hällgren

Hällström

Hög (alt berg, lund, man, ström)

I

Ingemarsson

Ingvarsson

Isaksson

Isberg

Israelsson

Ivarsson

J

Jakobsson

Jansson

Jarl

Jensen

Jeppsson

Jernberg

Joelsson

Johannesson

Johannisson

Johansen

Johansson

Johnsson

Jonasson

Jonsson

Josefsson

Juhlin

Julin

Jönsson

Jörgensen

K

Kallin

Karlberg

Karlén

Karlsson

Karlström

Kempe

Kihlberg (alt ström)

Kjellberg

Kjellin

Kjell (alt man, ström)

Klaesson

Klang

Klasson

Kling (alt berg)

Klint

Knutsson

Konradsson

Kraft

Krantz

Kristensson

Kristiansson

Kristoffersson

Kron

Krook

Kroon

Kruse

Kullberg

Kvarnström

Kvist

Käck

Käll (alt berg, gren, man, ström)

Kämpe

Köhler

L

Lager (alt gren, qvist, ström)

Landberg

Landén

Landgren

Landin

Landström

Lans

Lantz

Larsen

Leandersson

Leander

Ledin

Leijon

Lejon

Lennartsson

Levin

Lidberg

Lidén

Lidman (ström)

Lif

Lilja

Liljedahl (alt gren, kvist)

Lindahl (alt berg, blad, blom, bom, borg, bäck)

Lindeberg

Lindell

Lindén

Linderoth

Linder

Linde

Lind (altfors, gren, holm, qvist, man, mark, roth, skog, stedt, strand, ström)

Lindvall

Ling

Ljung (alt berg, dahl, gren, kvist, ström)

Lorentzon

Lovén

Ludvigsson

Lundahl

Lund (alt berg, blad, borg, bäck, gren, holm, kvist, mark, stedt, ström)

Lundell

Lundén

Lundh

Lundin

Lundvall

Längström

Läng

Löf/Lööf (alt berg, dahl, gren, qvist, stedt, strand, ström)

Lönn (alt berg, qvist)

Lövgren

M

Malmberg (alt borg, gren, kvist/qvist, ros, sten, ström)

Marklund (alt ström)

Markusson

Martinsson

Matsson

Mattiasson

Mattisson

Mattsson

Medin

Meijer

Melander

Melin

Mellberg

Mellgren

Mikaelsson

Moberg

Modig

Modin

Molander

Molin

Morén

Morin

Mossberg

Möller

Mörk

N

Nielsen

Niemi

Niklasson

Norberg

Nordahl

Nordell

Nordén

Nordin

Nordvall

Nord/ Nordh (alt berg, gren, kvist, lander, ling, mark, strand, ström)

Norell

Norén

Norgren

Norin

Norlander

Norling

Norlin

Norman

Norrby

Norrman

Norström

Nyberg (alt gren, holm, kvist, lander, lund, man, stedt, ström)

Nylén

Nyrén

Näslund (alt man, ström)

O

Olander

Olausson

Olin

Olofsson

Olovsson

Olsen

Olsén

Olsson

Oscarsson

Oskarsson

Ottosson

P

Palm (gren, qvist)

Paulsson

Pedersen

Pehrsson

Persson

Petersen

Petersson/Pettersson

Pihl

Pålsson

Q

Qvarnström

Qvist

R

Rahm

Ramberg

Ramström

Rapp

Rask

Rehn

Reinholdsson

Renberg

Renström

Ringdahl

Ringström

Ring

Risberg

Rodin

Rosell

Rosenberg (alt dahl, gren, kvist)

Rosén

Rosvall

Ros/Roos (alt ander, berg, lund)

Roth

Rundberg (alt gren, qvist)

Rutgersson

Ryberg

Rydberg

Rydell

Rydén

Ryd (ström)

Rylander

Rönn (alt berg, bäck, qvist)

S

Sahlberg (alt ström)                        

Sahlén

Sahlin

Salomonsson

Samuelsson

Sandahl

Sandberg

Sandell

Sandén

Sander

Sandgren

Sandin

Sand (alt qvist, ström)

Schmidt

Schultz

Seger

Selander

Selberg

Selin

Sjö/Sjöö (alt berg, blom, dahl, gren, holm, kvist, lander, lund, stdt, strand, sten)

Sjödin

Sjölin

Skoglund

Skog/Skoog

Sköld

Smedberg

Smith

Staaf

Stark

Steen

Stenvall

Sten (alt berg, lund, mark, man, qvist, ström)

Sterner

Stolpe

Stoltz

Stolt

Storm

Strand (alt berg)

Stridh

Strid

Ström (alt berg, bäck, gren, qvist)

Ståhl

Stålberg

Stålnacke

Sundelin

Sundell

Sundén

Sundin

Sundvall

Sund (alt berg, gren, kvist, man, ström)

Svan/Svahn (alt berg, ström)

Svedberg (alt lund)

Svedin

Svenningsson

Svensk

Svärd

Säfström

Söder (alt berg, gren, holm, kvist, lind, lund, man, ström, blom)

Sörman

T

Tapper

Tell

Thelander

Thelin

Thorell

Thorén

Thorsell

Thor

Thulin

Thunberg

Thuresson

Thörn/Törn (alt berg, ros, blom, gren, kvist )

Tillberg (alt man)

Tjernström

Tornberg

Trulsson

Trygg

Tufvesson

U

Uddman

Udsén

Uhlin

Ulander

V

Valhberg          

Valfridsson

Vallgren

Vallin

Vall

Van

Vedin

Velander

Vennberg

Vestberg

Vesterberg (alt gren, lund)

Vestin

Vestling (alt lund, man)

Viberg

Vidén

Vigren

Viktorsson

Vik (alt berg, lund, man, ström)

Vilhelmsson

Vinberg

Von

W

Wahlgren (alt qvist, ström)

Wallberg

Wallén

Wallgren (alt man, ström)

Wallin

Wall

Wedin

Welander

Welin

Wendel

Wennberg/Wennerberg

Wennerström/Wennström

Werner

Wessman

Westberg

Wester (alt berg, gren, lund)

Westin

Westling

Westlund

Westman

Wiberg

Wickman (alt ström)

Widell

Widén

Widlund

Wihlborg

Wik (alt man, lund, ström)

Wilhelmsson

Wiman

Winberg

Wirén

X

Y

Z

Zackrisson

Zakrisson

Zander

Zetterberg

Zetterlund

Zetterström

Å

Ågren

Åhlander

Åhlén

Åhlin

Åhman

Åhs

Åkerberg (alt blom, lind, lund, man, ström)

Ålander

Ålund

Åman

Åsberg

Åslund

Åstrand

Åström (alt berg, gren)

Ådman

Åhlin

Åhlund (alt man)

Åhrn

Ålund (alt man, qvist)

Ä

Ö

Örn

Östberg

Österberg (alt gren, lund, man)

Öster

Östling (alt lund, man, ström)

Öst

[biologytimesnews-blog]

A Minute With Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, and the Growing Concern of COVID-19

By Milica Lugonja | Posted: March 1st 2020

(Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Governor-General of WHO)

     Let’s face it, we are at the forefront of an international health crisis. It is no longer a prediction, or a “fear for the future”, it is happening now. The COVID-19 outbreak that started out as a small blip in a food market in Wuhan, China has now killed hundreds, and has infected thousands more. Now standing tall with its own name, rising statistics and no cure, COVID-19 is a major threat to public health, and the world has decisions to make. The World Health Organization is responsible for maintaining public health and safety, as well as managing major threats worldwide. They carry an impressive resume, including treating major outbreaks like Ebola, SARS, HIV-AIDS, H1N1 just to name a few. Now, all eyes are on what they will do next to combat COVID-19. 

     I was drawn to WHO after having heard about its major strides in the worldwide community. The organization not only tackles large scale threats, but helps manage issues in specific regions. Their impact on the development of health and safety worldwide only sets the bar higher for the expectations on how COVID-19 will be handled. WHO carries a tremendous track record with them, and the media simply doesn’t enlighten what they do enough. There is nothing I disagree with when it comes to their efforts. Amidst the fear, it is wonderful knowing that an organization is working as diligently as they are. That’s why I sat down with the Governor-General of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, because if anyone can give us clear, concise answers, he’s our best bet.

Can you describe what WHO does for our readers?

WHO, in a nutshell, is simply people helping people. Our goal is to try and attain a standard of health worldwide, regardless of who is treating and who is being treated.We follow a set of values, like Being Trusted to Serve Public Health at All Times, being Professionals Committed to Excellence in Health and Persons of Integrity, just to name a few. Our devotion is what sets us apart from everyone else.

Can you describe these values further?

Of course. As I mentioned, It is important to us at WHO to be trustworthy professionals who are unbiased, and collectively care about the greater good. On top of this, we also value being Collaborative Colleagues and Partners, all working towards a common goal. Finally, what I believe is our most important value, we cherish the idea of People Caring about People, changing the world whilst treating it simultaneously. 

What is your personal goal with WHO?

I envision a world in which everyone can live healthy, productive lives, regardless of who they are or where they live. I believe the global commitment to sustainable development – enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals – offers a unique opportunity to address the social, economic and political determinants of health and improve the health and wellbeing of people everywhere. Achieving this vision will require a strong, effective WHO that is able to meet emerging challenges and achieve the health objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals.*

Beautiful answer. Now, tell me about COVID-19. 

COVID-19 stands for coronavirus disease 2019, and that’s exactly what it is. A disease with no official name that is serving as the most recent outbreak the world has seen, caused by a type of virus labeled coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that we’ve seen before, in SARS most recently too. However, this strain of coronavirus is called a Novel coronavirus, as it is something we have never seen before. It originated in Wuhan, China, most probably in an unhygienic food market. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can also infect animals, which explains the theory. As of now, there is an estimation of about 90,000 cases worldwide, predominantly in China. However, there is no telling how many more people may have it as there is much we still do not know. 

What are the symptoms?

As of now, we’ve officially identified respiratory and pulmonary related symptoms only. Anything else is simply a misinformation. We’ve identified fever, malaise, dry cough, shortness of breath and respiratory distress as the most common. More symptoms could arise though this is what we’re working with now.

Similar to SARS?

SARS, the last coronavirus outbreak in 2003, was also a coronavirus disease that caused respiratory problems hence its name, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Patients experienced high fever, headache, a dry cough and related respiratory distress. Several patients with SARS ultimately developed pneumonia. COVID-19 symptoms are similar to that of a standard pneumonia infection, and to SARS. I wouldn’t say we are basing our treatment on SARS, but there are important similarities that aid. 

How is WHO helping?

At the moment, one of our primary goals is helping the four countries with the highest concentration of cases: China, Iran, South Korea and Italy. We have sent a team to Iran, which should be arriving within the next couple of days, to aid scientists with the virus. We have also sent medical supplies and protective equipment to help further. This is just one of the many ways we are trying to help, along with providing tests, raising money for supplies and medical development, and hopefully working toward a cure, in the form of a vaccine. 

What is WHO doing to combat misinformation?

WHO currently has a “mythbusters” campaign in order to educate the public and keep away from misinformation. At the moment, I feel the greatest misinformation we’ve dealt with is the use of masks against the virus. No, surgical masks or cotton masks do not prevent the spread of the virus. They are meant for sick people, and people who are working with sick people. It is a very pointless fear, which only proves that with misinformation, fear can spread faster than any disease. 

(Example of a WHO poster targeting advice about masks)

Thank you very much for your answers.

You are very welcome. Stay safe. 

-

*Quote from Dr. Ghebreyesus taken directly from WHO.int/dg

References

Benvenuto, D., Giovanetti, M., Ciccozzi, A., Spoto, S., Angeletti, S., & Ciccozzi, M. (2020). The 2019‐new coronavirus epidemic: Evidence for virus evolution. Journal of Medical Virology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25688

Biography. (2018). Retrieved December 18, 2019, from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/dg/biography

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) - events as they happen. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.who.int website: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen

Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020135

Hui, D. S., I Azhar, E., Madani, T. A., Ntoumi, F., Kock, R., Dar, O., … Petersen, E. (2020). The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 91, 264–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009

Munster, V. J., Koopmans, M., van Doremalen, N., van Riel, D., & de Wit, E. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China — Key Questions for Impact Assessment. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2000929

Rosenthal, E. (2020, March 3). Analysis: One Sure Thing About COVID-19: No Telling How Many People Have It. Retrieved from Kaiser Health News website: https://khn.org/news/analysis-coronavirus-infection-rate-unknown/

SARS. (2019). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html

Our values. (2019). Retrieved February 15, 2020, from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/our-values

WHO Director-General. (2018). Retrieved from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/dg

World experts and funders set priorities for COVID-19 research. (2020, February 12). Retrieved February 16, 2020, from www.who.int website: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/12-02-2020-world-experts-and-funders-set-priorities-for-covid-19-research

World Health Organization: WHO. (2020, February 5). US$675 million needed for new coronavirus preparedness and response global plan. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from Who.int website: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/05-02-2020-us-675-million-needed-for-new-coronavirus-preparedness-and-response-global-plan

[nathaliesreflectivejournal]

Interactive audio-visual art

For my bachelor’s thesis project, I will create an interactive audio-visual artwork that explores the interaction aesthetics in the dialogue between the user and interactive art systems. I want to create it in a way that it is perceived as a character and the audio-visual art becomes the language for you and the artwork to communicate to each other. I am interested in what emotional experiences emerge from this, and ultimately, how it could affect our own identity and self-perception.

My initial research questions are:

How do interaction attributes relate to the aesthetic experience of interactive audio-visual art systems?

To what degree is the artwork perceived as alive and how does that affect the interaction with it?

What relationship can emerge from the interaction between the user and the interactive audio-visual art system?

According to Lenz, Diefenbach & Hassenzahl (2013), experience emerges from interaction. We can also see that interest is shifting from intelligent to empathetic products (Bialoskorski, Westerink & van den Broek, 2009). In interactive art, interaction can be viewed as the very material of the artwork. Muller, Edmonds & Connell (2006) argue that studying the user experience of interactive art is fundamental for understanding interaction as a medium. Therefore, understanding the aesthetic experience of interactive art is important for future designing of desired experiences with interactive systems. The aim of my thesis is to open up for discussion around what they could be and broaden the idea of what we could use them for. 

The initial plan of how to investigate this is with help from the following frameworks (although these might change during the project):

Aesthetic Interaction (Petersen, Iversen & Krogh, 2004). This framework promotes curiosity, engagement and imagination in the exploration of interactive systems and contains three aspects of interaction: socio-cultural history, bodily and intellectual experience, instrumentality. 

Interaction vocabulary (Lenz et al., 2013). Explains the how of interactions and can be used to identify as well as differentiate different types of interactions related to experience.

Aesthetic interaction qualities (Löwgren, 2009). Can be used to explore the temporal nature of aesthetics in interactions through four different dimensions: pliability, rhythm, dramaturgical structure and fluency.

As I will investigate art from an interaction design perspective, I will encounter implications. Research solely in art will not be sufficient, nor solely interaction design. The design process I use will be crucial. The double diamond won’t cover my need of creating - learning from - and adapting my artwork, as I will go back and forth between designing and reframing my research questions throughout the whole design phase. I think that I will have to create my own type of design process, with inspiration drawn from the five phases of Design Thinking (empathise, define, ideate, prototype, test).

References Bialoskorski, L. S., Westerink, J. H., & van den Broek, E. L. (2009, June). Mood Swings: An affective interactive art system. In International conference on intelligent technologies for interactive entertainment (pp. 181-186). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Lenz, E., Diefenbach, S., & Hassenzahl, M. (2013, September). Exploring relationships between interaction attributes and experience. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces (pp. 126-135). ACM.

Löwgren, J. (2009). Toward an articulation of interaction esthetics. New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 15(2), 129-146.

Muller, L., Edmonds, E., & Connell, M. (2006). Living laboratories for interactive art. CoDesign, 2(4), 195-207.

Petersen, M. G., Iversen, O. S., Krogh, P. G., & Ludvigsen, M. (2004, August). Aesthetic interaction: a pragmatist's aesthetics of interactive systems. In Proceedings of the 5th conference on Designing interactive systems: processes, practices, methods, and techniques (pp. 269-276). ACM.

[scienceblogtumbler]

Advances in Research on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are the broad range of neurodevelopmental and physical effects that result from prenatal exposure to alcohol. People with FASD may have facial abnormalities and growth impairments, but the most profound effects are cognitive and behavioral deficits. These deficits can contribute to lifelong learning disabilities, poor social skills, and other problems that impact daily functioning (e.g., living independently or holding a job), as well as overall health and well-being. A significant public health problem, FASD affect an estimated 1 to 5 percent of first-grade children in the United States, according to a 2018 study supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) that was conducted by the Collaboration on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Prevalence (CoFASP) and published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

“Research on FASD is a priority for NIAAA, and for many years we’ve supported studies to understand how alcohol disrupts prenatal development and how FASD can be prevented, diagnosed, and treated,” says NIAAA Director George F. Koob, Ph.D. “Basic, translational, and clinical research are providing valuable insight into the mechanisms that underlie the learning deficits and health problems associated with FASD, thereby shedding light on potential intervention strategies.”

For example, in a recent study led by Wolfram Goessling, M.D., Ph.D., and Olivia Weeks at Harvard Medical School, researchers reported a connection between prenatal alcohol exposure and metabolic disorders in adults. Their analyses of a patient database at a large academic health system found that adults with FASD had an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, lower HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels, and elevated triglyceride levels compared to those without FASD. Low HDL cholesterol and elevated triglyceride levels are associated with increased risks of stroke and heart attack.

The researchers also investigated the relationships between metabolic dysfunction and prenatal alcohol exposure using a zebrafish model of FASD. When they examined alcohol-exposed zebrafish at adulthood, they found that a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet resulted in obesity and high glucose levels in male but not female zebrafish. High blood glucose is an indicator of diabetes in humans. The researchers also found an association between increased abdominal fat and abnormal liver development in the adult alcohol-exposed zebrafish, suggesting that the molecular mechanism for such alcohol-related pathology is a highly conserved in zebrafish and an evolutionarily basic component of physiology.

Given that alcohol is frequently used with other substances, NIAAA-supported scientists are investigating the combined effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and substances such as tobacco. As part of the multisite Prenatal Alcohol in SIDS and Stillbirth (PASS) Network, investigators from the United States and South Africa recently reported that children born to mothers who both drank and smoked beyond the first trimester of pregnancy have a twelvefold increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)—the sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year—compared to those who were unexposed or only exposed in the first trimester of pregnancy. Dual exposure to alcohol and tobacco was associated with substantially higher risk than exposure to either substance alone, suggesting that combined exposures to alcohol and tobacco have a synergistic effect on SIDS risk.

In another recent NIAAA-supported study, Kazue Hashimoto-Torii, Ph.D., of the Children’s National Research Institute in Washington, D.C., and colleagues investigated the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the motor deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Previously, the researchers showed that prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with differences in expression of nearly 100 genes. More recently, they focused on the increased expression of a gene, known as Kcnn2, which encodes a protein involved in regulating neuron activity in brain systems associated with learning1 in the motor area of the cerebral cortex in a mouse model of FASD. The researchers demonstrated that increased Kcnn2 expression correlated with deficits in motor skill learning caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. They also observed improvements in these learning deficits when a drug was administered to inhibit activity of Kcnn2, suggesting that Kcnn2 inhibitors may be a potential pharmacological intervention for certain learning disabilities in FASD.

NIAAA-supported clinical research is also focused on developing interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. Researchers at the University of Minnesota and colleagues have been investigating whether supplementing the diet with choline during early childhood brain development could improve memory and executive function in children with FASD. Choline is an essential nutrient with a key role in myelination2 and is known to impact brain development and cognition. In a previous study led by Jeffrey Wozniak, Ph.D., the researchers showed that choline supplementation is feasible and tolerable with minimal side effects among 2- to 5-year-old children who were prenatally exposed to alcohol. In their recently published, 4-year follow-up study on the choline recipients, researchers report that children who received choline had better nonverbal intelligence, visual-spatial skills, and working and verbal memory, as well as fewer symptoms of negative behavior compared to the children who did not receive choline. It is important to note that these effects were evident years after choline administration had ended, suggesting that developmental trajectories had been altered.

“Prenatal alcohol exposure contributes to an array of lifelong physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems,” says Dr. Koob. “These detrimental effects highlight the need for strategies to improve FASD prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. NIAAA’s recent efforts towards the development of a consensus FASD overarching research classification system could accelerate progress in these areas.”

For more information, see “Consensus Meeting on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Research Classification” and “Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders” in the Fall 2020 issue of NIAAA Spectrum.

1Kccn2 stands for potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 2, and is a gene that encodes a protein channel involved in regulating neuronal excitability in brain systems associated with learning.

2Myelination is the formation of an insulating layer or sheath around neurons that allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently.

References: May, P.A.; Chambers, C.D.; Kalberg, W.O.; Zellner, J.; Feldman, H.; Buckley, D.; Kopald, D.; Hasken, J.M.; Xu, R.; Honerkamp-Smith, G.; Taras, H.; Manning, M.A.; Robinson, L.K.; Adam, M.P.; Abdul-Rahman, O.; Vaux, K.; Jewett, T.; Elliott, A.J.; Kable, J.A.; Akshoomoff, N.; Falk, D.; Arroyo, J.A.; Hereld, D.; Riley, E.P.; Charness, M.E.; Coles, C.D.; Warren, K.R.; Jones, K.L.; and Hoyme, H.E. Prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in 4 US communities. JAMA 319(5):474–482, 2018. PMID: 29411031

Weeks, O.; Bossé, G.D.; Oderberg, I.M.; Akle, S.; Houvras, Y.; Wrighton, P.; LaBella, K.; Iversen, I.; Tavakoli, S.; Adatto, I.; Schwartz, A.; Kloosterman, D.; Tsomides, A.; Charness, M.E.; Peterson, R.T.; Steinhauser, M.L.; Fazeli, P.K.; and Goessling, W. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Predisposes to Metabolic Abnormalities in Adulthood. Journal of Clinical Investigation 130(5): 2252–2269, 2020. PMID: 32202514

Mohammad, S.; Page, S.J.; Wang, L.; Ishii, S.; Li, P.; Sasaki, T.; Basha, A.; Salzberg, A.; Quezado, Z.; Imamura, F.; Nishi, H.; Isaka, K.; Corbin, J.G.; Liu, J.S.; Imamura Kawasawa, Y.; Torii, M.; and Hashimoto-Torii, K. Kcnn2 Blockade Reverses Learning Deficits in a Mouse Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Nature Neuroscience 23(4): 533–543, 2020. PMID: 32203497

Wozniak, J.R.; Fink, B.A.; Fuglestad, A.J.; Eckerle, J.K.; Boys, C.J.; Sandness, K.E.; Radke, J.P.; Miller, N.C.; Lindgren, C.; Brearley, A.M.; Zeisel, S.H.; and Georgieff, M.K. Four-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of choline for neurodevelopment in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 12(1):9, 2020. PMID: 32164522

Elliott, A.J.; Kinney, H.C.; Haynes, R.L.; Dempers, J.D.; Wright, C.; Fifer, W.P.; Angal, J.; Boyd, T.K.; Burd, L.; Burger, E.; Folkerth, R.D.; Groenewald, C.; Hankins, G.; Hereld, D.; Hoffman, H.J.; Holm, I.A.; Myers, M.M.; Nelsen, L.L.; Odendaal, H.J.; Petersen, J.; Randall, B.B.; Roberts, D.J.; Robinson, F.; Schubert, P.; Sens, M.A.; Sullivan, L.M.; Tripp, T.; Van Eerden, P.; Wadee, S.; Willinger, M.; Zaharie, D.; and Dukes, K.A.. Concurrent prenatal drinking and smoking increases risk for SIDS: Safe passage study report. EclinicalMedicine 19:100247. PMID: 32140668

This article first appeared in the Fall 2020 issue of NIAAA Spectrum.

source https://niaaa.scienceblog.com/334/advances-in-research-on-fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders/

[equalpayinportland-blog]

History and Advocacy

The Gender Wage gap in America has been a problem we have been trying to solve for years. The Equal Pay Act was signed in 1963 in an attempt to close the wage gap between men and women working the same jobs. According to the National Committee on Pay Equity, when the labor law was signed woman was making an average of 59 cents for every dollar a man was making. This increased to 77 cents by 2010 and these statistics are even worse for a woman of color (2018). Since the late 1970s, the United States has experienced a declining male-female wage gap. Previously, for decades, the ratio of women’s to men’s pay had remained fairly steady at sixty percent (Blau & Kahn, 1994). The reason that such a significant gap existed can be attributed to a few factors. According to Blau and Kahn (1994), in the past, women tended to be less skilled than men; therefore, women were often employed in lower-paying industries and occupations. This was only exacerbated by the overall wage structure of the United States, which was unfavorable to low-wage workers. This adverse environment makes the fact that women have been able to decrease the wage gap in more recent years an even more admirable feat. Another source takes a different approach to explain the gap. In 2001, Meyersson, Petersen, and Snartland proposed that wage gaps arise due to three different types of discrimination in the workplace. In allocative discrimination, employers allocate men and women differently within an organization, which can affect hiring, promotions, and layoffs. The second type of discrimination involves employers simply paying women lower wages than men within a given job category. Lastly, discrimination may occur when an employer values positions primarily filled by women less and therefore pays them less, even though skill requirements and other important factors may be equivalent to jobs held by males. 

Unions have shown to have a significant impact on the wage gap. Women in unions make 88 cents per dollar compared to men. Unions are organized groups of workers who protect each other and allow their voices to be heard. Although the gap has narrowed, there shouldn’t be a gap at all and many organizations in Oregon are attempting to make this inequality a thing of the past.

The Woman’s Foundation of Oregon is working to educate our community on what must be done for Oregon to achieve pay equality. They suggest that we need to pass policies that will strengthen The Equal Pay Act requiring employees to pay the same wage based on comparable work. Our state’s history of racism also has a large impact on discriminatory pay. We must be aware of our past when confronting our future. The way to take initiative is by embracing our diversity and listening to all voices. (2016) The Women advocacy group Woman Get Paid has multiple chapters all over the U.S. Including portland. They encourage women to be their own leaders and help by educating on subjects like business, finance, confidence and leadership. Knowing your worth and gaining skills is the best way we can fight for what is right.   

Blau, F. D. & Kahn, L. M. (1994). Rising Wage Inequality and the US Gender Gap. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 23-28. 

Meyersson, E. M, Petersen, T, & Snartland, V. (2001). Equal Pay for Equal Work? Evidence from Sweden and a comparison with Norway and the US. Journal of Economics.

The Wage Gap Over Time: In Real Dollars, Women See a Continuing Gap. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.pay-equity.org/info-time.html\

Women in Unions. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/women-in-unions/

Invest in Womxn. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://womensfoundationoforegon.org/

Ladies Get Paid. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ladiesgetpaid.com/

[interpretational-domain]

Interpretational 3

Some interpretational problems are obvious on first reading. Others may arise as you read several different Bible translations, talk with others ... Jun 15, 2007 - It's interpretational. Just in case you haven't already seen it, here's Senator Mike Gravel's new campaign ad, which is certainly the most original ... Name. Modified. Insomnia-related interpretational bias is associated with pre-sleep worry. OSF Storage (United States). AST stimuli.docx. 2019-06-06 10:35 AM ... Jul 27, 2007 - Pastoral counselling: towards a diagnostic and interpretational approach in Africa. Vhumani Magezi. In die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi | Vol 41, No 4 ... Dec 5, 2018 - 2018 (English)In: Entropy, ISSN 1099-4300, E-ISSN 1099-4300, Vol. 20, no 12, article id 921 Article in journal (Refereed) Published ... Solving the Interpretational-Confounding and Interpretational-Ambiguity Problems of Formative Construct Modeling in Behavioral Research: Proposing a ... Loading data.. Guilford Press © 2019. Open Bottom Panel. Go to previous Content Download this Content Share this Content Add This Content to Favorites Go ... Interpretational Films. by BlueprintCinema | Public. A list of films that leave you with all the questions but not all the answers, leaving the purpose and meaning to ... from Aygen: Finiteness, Case and Clausal Architecture CHAPTER 2 The Interpretational and Word Order Properties of Case in Turkish The goal of this chapter is ... Oct 29, 2003 - 3 Davidson's interpretational foundational theory of meaning . ... 3.3 Consequences of the interpretational theory and 'conceptual schemes' 4. As mentioned above, the purpose of the voice in this piece is to accompany the coils or to be a sustained resonance of the coils. It should never be soloistic or ... Free Shipping on orders over $35. Buy Understanding World, Other and Self Beyond the Anthropological Paradigm : A Signo-Interpretational Approach at ... ENGLISH KHMER DICTIONARY - LEARN ENGLISH FAST. Though every effort has been made to restrict the number of interpretational ele- ments in this translation, at some points I had to take a position concerning the ... The Wrongfulness of Wrongly Interpreting Wrongfulness: Provocation, Interpretational Bias, and Heat of Passion Homicide. Reid Griffith Fontaine. New Criminal ... Attentional and interpretational biases towards pain-related stimuli in children and adolescents: A systematic review of the evidence. Brookes M, Sharpe L, ... Jul 16, 2015 - Interpretational variability of structural traps: implications for exploration risk and volume uncertainty. Francis L. Richards, Nicholas J. Title: An interpretational study of field ion microscope images; Added title page title: Field ion microscope images; Creator: Sanwald, Roger Carl, 1941- ... Aug 23, 2018 - Furthermore, in the current Post-Truth Era, critical and interpretational competences (e.g. linked with research competences and information ... not affect interpretational properties of Bouguer gravity maps. The anomalous topographic density distribution (taken with respect to the average density of 2247 ... Aug 31, 2018 - Interpretational challenges related to studies of chalk particle surfaces in scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Hjuler, Morten Leth ... ... shared, but their responses are by no means considered to be the last word. Often, their answers only lead to more questions, hence my interpretational angst. Visegrad Journal on Human Rights. Object and means as interpretational key factors in international law. Об'єкт та засоби як ключові фактори інтерпретаціϊ. Interpretational Strategies and Semantic Identities · Ioannis Kanellos, Victor Hugo Zaldivar-Carrillo. Anthology ID: Y95-1028; Volume: Proceedings of the 10th ... Interpretational. Eternal by Linda Petersen, Acrylic/Aluminium, 23 x 29 x 1.5. Eternal Acrylic/Aluminium on Aluminum 23" x 29" x 1.5" Sold. Between Heaven and ... Introduction Interpretational qualitative analysis is not mechanistic, as you will know if you have read the chapter on the various types of qualitative analysis. How ... Jan 1, 2002 - INTERPRETATIONAL FOUNDATIONS IN DIALOGUE WITH TRYPHO. In: Revelation, Truth, Canon and Interpretation. Author: Craig D. Allert. Feb 23, 2006 - Based on space-time-resolved solutions to relativistic quantum field theory we illustrate interpretational difficulties in associating ... In the third part of the article NTS' Sunna hermeneutic is examined more closely and its interpretational implica- tions are noted. The fourth section describes the ... Feb 2, 2003 - The purpose of this paper is to identify and to discuss major analytical and interpretational errors that occur regularly in quantitative and ... interpretational variation. Outi Paloma¨ki*, Tiina Luukkaala, Riikka Luoto and Risto Tuimala. Department of Obstetrics, Tampere University Hospital,. Finland. Jul 7, 2016 - Harmful effects from one puff of shisha-pen vapor: methodological and interpretational problems in the risk assessment analysis. Konstantinos ... Title: An interpretational approach to the Violin Concerto of Nikos Skalkottas. Author: Sousamoglou, Antonios. ISNI: 0000 0004 2680 3282. Awarding Body: City ... Jul 16, 2015 - Interpretational variability of structural traps: implications for exploration risk and volume uncertainty. Francis L Richards, Nicholas J Richardson ... Interpretational Meaning in Urdu is توضیع - Tozee Urdu Meaning. The most accurate translation of Interpretational, Tozee in English to Urdu dictionary with ... Amazon.in - Buy Understanding World, Other, and Self beyond the Anthropological Paradigm: A Signo-Interpretational Approach (Berlin Studies in Knowledge ...

[leedsomics]

Longitudinal multi-omics of host-microbe dynamics in prediabetes.

Related Articles Longitudinal multi-omics of host-microbe dynamics in prediabetes. Nature. 2019 05;569(7758):663-671 Authors: Zhou W, Sailani MR, Contrepois K, Zhou Y, Ahadi S, Leopold SR, Zhang MJ, Rao V, Avina M, Mishra T, Johnson J, Lee-McMullen B, Chen S, Metwally AA, Tran TDB, Nguyen H, Zhou X, Albright B, Hong BY, Petersen L, Bautista E, Hanson B, Chen L, Spakowicz D, Bahmani A, Salins D, Leopold B, Ashland M, Dagan-Rosenfeld O, Rego S, Limcaoco P, Colbert E, Allister C, Perelman D, Craig C, Wei E, Chaib H, Hornburg D, Dunn J, Liang L, Rose SMS, Kukurba K, Piening B, Rost H, Tse D, McLaughlin T, Sodergren E, Weinstock GM, Snyder M Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a growing health problem, but little is known about its early disease stages, its effects on biological processes or the transition to clinical T2D. To understand the earliest stages of T2D better, we obtained samples from 106 healthy individuals and individuals with prediabetes over approximately four years and performed deep profiling of transcriptomes, metabolomes, cytokines, and proteomes, as well as changes in the microbiome. This rich longitudinal data set revealed many insights: first, healthy profiles are distinct among individuals while displaying diverse patterns of intra- and/or inter-personal variability. Second, extensive host and microbial changes occur during respiratory viral infections and immunization, and immunization triggers potentially protective responses that are distinct from responses to respiratory viral infections. Moreover, during respiratory viral infections, insulin-resistant participants respond differently than insulin-sensitive participants. Third, global co-association analyses among the thousands of profiled molecules reveal specific host-microbe interactions that differ between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive individuals. Last, we identified early personal molecular signatures in one individual that preceded the onset of T2D, including the inflammation markers interleukin-1 receptor agonist (IL-1RA) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) paired with xenobiotic-induced immune signalling. Our study reveals insights into pathways and responses that differ between glucose-dysregulated and healthy individuals during health and disease and provides an open-access data resource to enable further research into healthy, prediabetic and T2D states. PMID: 31142858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] http://dlvr.it/RJnjtG

[kultofathena]

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A post shared by Kult Of Athena | Swords & Armor (@kult_of_athena)

“Vikings” is the modern name given to seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe. Our Petersen Type L fighting axe, which we have called the Vikingr, is one that any Viking warrior of the time would have been proud to carry and is based on the dimensions and weights of historical examples. The head weighs approximately 1lb, and when mounted on a haft of the right length – it becomes a very quick and balanced weapon that is an absolute joy to wield.

Available to order now.