#Permian Extinction

[somefisher]

Thoughts?

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

TSRNOSS, page 14.

[maintitle]

my life's work as someone who definitely didn't go to college and will have no impact on the earth is largely ignoring the existence of the Jurassic and Cretaceous period in order to prop up the history of life on Earth that is not the constantly presented non-scientific dinosaurs depicted in every piece of popular art. I do not wish to speak of the Triceratops, I wish to speak of when nearly all life onland was Lystrosaurus, big old cow-like synopsid with fangs. get your sauropods out of here, i want to talk about when crocodiles had land genuses and how we almost lived in a world where some still survived. i never want to see a fucking t-rex ever again, but the world should be as obsessed with sloth bears like megatherium as i am. get these fucking dinosaurs out of my face i want OTHER EXTINCT ANIMALS TO TAKE THE SPOTLIGHT AND I WILL BREAK THE WORLD IN ORDER TO SHOW YOU ALL----

[basilthefrogphotographer]

Nautilus’ and Ammonites incredible ability to survive in low-oxygen climates (how some ammonite species survived the Permian extinction)

Some species of ammonites were able to survive the Permian Extinction (which killed around 90% of Earth’s species). How did they do this? Even the trilobites disappeared after their reign of about 300 million years! Well, why don’t I first explain what scientists hypothesize what might have caused the Permian Extinction. The pores of fossilised leaves suggest that carbon dioxide levels were high about 250 million years ago, following a colder period of time (the pores, or stomata, of leaves take in CO2 so fewer pores means more CO2 in the atmosphere and vice versa). A rapid and sudden drop in sea levels at the end of the Permian ruined shore and near-shore habitats which destabilized the climate. The death of the many inhabitants of those habitats cause mass decomposition. The process of decomposition causes carbon dioxide to be released which then causes a depletion of the available dissolved oxygen and global warming. Near the end of the Permian, there was also intense volcanic eruptions for a couple million years, causing an initial cold snap but then global warming and ozone depletion. The effect of these events cause the oceans to become incredibly anoxic, so most ocean creatures likely suffocated. Of course there are other possible occurrences that could have contributed to the mass extinction, but these are the main ones. Now, how did some ammonite species survive? Using nautilus’ scientists discovered that their shell can function like a Scuba tank. Nautilus’ can counter low oxygen environments by slowing down and lowering its chemical activity. The nautilus can also collect oxygen in its buoyancy chambers in which they then use the stored oxygen to breathe. Fossil evidence suggests the ammonites also had the ability to do this.

Source: In The Blink of an Eye by Andrew Parker

Image by Peter A. Austen

Nautilus (left) and artists depiction of the extinct ammonite (right)

[artmctalon]

I like them piggy boi's :)

[Lystrosaurus illustration, digital painting, created with Autodesk Sketchbook in 2020]

[a-dinosaur-a-day]

Nature, 252 mya: LYSTROSAURUS SWEEEEEEEEEEEEEEP

[jolly-jello]

[joemomrgneissguy]

IT'S TIME FOR PERMIAN WEEKEND BABEY!!!

Do you like volcanoes but wish they were bigger?

Would you like to see the world choked with smoke?

Do you in all your cosmic power feel like things need a hard reset?

Then the Permian period might be for you!

Lasting from 298.9-251.9 Ma, if you compressed all of Earth's history into a year, December 7th-11th would mark the Permian period.

While it did see some innovations in life with the continued diversification of therapsids and sauropsids as they spread around Pangaea, the period is mainly known for mass extinctions, of which there were at least three.

The first was fairly minor in comparison to the others, where the end of the early Permian saw the extinction of several groups of early land vertebrates such as Dimetrodon as other tetrapods gained prominence.

And then, some time in the mid Permian, the sea began to erupt.

The Emeishan Traps are a formation in China where basalt covers an area extending approximately 250,000 square kilometers, which is roughly the size of the state of Michigan. It could have originally been twice that size, covering an area larger than the state of California with volcanic deposits an average of 700 meters thick. Originating on the sea floor, it released massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxides, wreaking havoc on the world's climate. A recent paper published in the journal Geology also makes the case that the eruptions also managed to heat up oil and gas deposits in the area, cooking them underground and leading to the release of even more carbon dioxide and methane gas.

Estimates on the impact of this eruption vary, but around a third of marine life went extinct, and the majority of survivors on land were burrowing animals.

This was already about as significant as the extinction that would kill the non-avian dinosaurs in the late Triassic Cretaceous in terms of severity, but it would soon be eclipsed by the single worst mass extinction in Earth's history: the end Permian, or "The Great Dying".

In what is now modern day Siberia, another massive series of eruptions took place, forming the Siberian Traps. Over the course of two million years, around a million cubic miles of basalt were laid down over an area of 7 million square kilometers. This was 14 times the size of the Emeishan Traps, and covered an area roughly the size of Australia. Most of it erupted in the first million years. The massive amounts of carbon and sulfur dioxide released led to dramatic ocean acidification and climate change.

It is speculated that the traps also lit coal fields on fire, adding to their emissions. This, combined with a possible contribution from a meteorite impact on the other side of the world led to mass die offs.

81% of Marine life, and 70% of terrestrial species went extinct.

On land, it is estimated to have taken nearly 30 million years for life to recover.

As heavy as that is though, it did recover.

When the dust settled, there was still life in the oceans, and plants still grew on the land, and animals came out from their burrows, blinking in the light of a new day. And they lived.

New species would come. Life would be made new. The sun continued to shine, and rain continued to fall, and in the end the Earth had made it through.

Life found a way to make it through a level of destruction beyond anything we have ever seen or could imagine as a species. And, with a little bit of hope, help, and luck, so can we.

Edit: ( Mistakenly wrote "Triassic" rather than Cretaceous)

[floralfairie]

Some of my favorite permian period creatures:

- GORGONOPSIDS

- Coelurosauravus

- Eryops

- Dimetrodon

- Lystrosaurus

- Scutosaurus

Also Heliocoprion gets a shoutout here because of how terrifying that creature looked.

What are your favorite ancient Permian creatures?

[maklodes]

The first "big event" I can think of that makes me think "that really sucked. It's bad that that happened" is the Permian-Triassic Extinction Event, wiping out most of Earth's life 252 million years ago. The first "big event" I can think of that makes me think "that was cool. It's a good thing that that happened" is the Reforms of Solon, establishing a more-or-less democratic Athens 2617 years ago.

Feels a little asymmetrical.

[wouldyourfavepaychildsupport]

Would the end-permian mass extinction, also known as The Great Dying, pay child support?

Image from this article

[ghostb0o]

I still think of him

(cwilbur)

[immoren]

These youtube challenges are getting out of hand

[peregrinethegryphon]

Ya know, I get that mass extinctions happen in an evolutionary blink of an eye, but they didn’t happen in a literal blink of an eye. I want more documentaries that take place during these extinctions. Show me what life was like during the Great Dying, don’t just tell me. Show me the survivors of Chicxulub and how they did or didn’t survive through Impact Winter.

[knuppitalism-with-ue]

Results from the #paleostream which turned into a post-extinction stream after the first sketch that shows a Sharamynodon. It is followed by Moschorhinus, Cimolestes and Eubaculites.

[andy-paleoart]

The great dying: Permo-Triassic extinction | A grande morte: Extinção Permo-Triássica

🇬🇧

The Permian-Triassic Extinction is the most devastating mass extinction event in Earth's history, occurring approximately 252 million years ago, at the end of the Permian period and the beginning of the Triassic period. This mass extinction resulted in the loss of up to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species.

The exact causes of the Permian-Triassic Extinction are still debated among scientists, but several theories have been proposed. One of them is intense volcanic activity, such as the massive eruption of the Siberian Traps, a large volcanic province in Russia. This activity released huge amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing drastic climate change and ocean acidification.

These catastrophic events caused widespread mass extinctions, affecting both marine and terrestrial organisms. The recovery of biodiversity after the Permian-Triassic Extinction took millions of years and profoundly influenced the subsequent evolution of life on Earth.

The relationship between the Permian-Triassic Extinction and current climate events can be observed through similarities in causative factors and consequences for life on Earth. Similarly, contemporary climate events are largely influenced by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This anthropogenic activity has led to global warming, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and ocean acidification, among other impacts. These changes are putting immense pressure on ecosystems and biodiversity, leading to species extinctions and ecosystem degradation. Both the Permian-Triassic Extinction and current climate events highlight the profound impact that changes in climate can have on life on Earth. Understanding the parallels between these events can help inform efforts to mitigate the current climate crisis and protect the planet's biodiversity and ecosystems.

🇧🇷

A Extinção Permiano-Triássica é o evento de extinção em massa mais devastador da história da Terra, ocorrido há cerca de 252 milhões de anos, no final do período Permiano e início do período Triássico. Esta extinção em massa resultou na perda de até 96% das espécies marinhas e 70% das espécies terrestres.

As causas exatas da Extinção Permiano-Triássica ainda são objeto de debate entre os cientistas, mas várias teorias foram propostas. Uma delas é a atividade vulcânica intensa, como a erupção em massa dos Trapps Siberianos, uma grande província magmática na Rússia. Essa atividade liberou enormes quantidades de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, causando mudanças climáticas drásticas e acidificação dos oceanos.

Esses eventos catastróficos causaram extinções em massa generalizadas, afetando tanto organismos marinhos quanto terrestres. A recuperação da biodiversidade após a Extinção Permiano-Triássica levou milhões de anos e influenciou profundamente a evolução subsequente da vida na Terra.

A relação entre a Extinção Permiano-Triássica e os eventos climáticos atuais pode ser observada através de semelhanças nos fatores causadores e nas consequências para a vida na Terra. Da mesma forma, os eventos climáticos contemporâneos são amplamente influenciados por atividades humanas, particularmente a queima de combustíveis fósseis, que libera gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera. Essa atividade antropogênica tem causado o aquecimento global, mudanças nos padrões de precipitação, aumento do nível do mar e acidificação dos oceanos, entre outros impactos. Essas mudanças estão exercendo uma pressão imensa sobre os ecossistemas e a biodiversidade, levando a extinções de espécies e degradação dos ecossistemas. Tanto a Extinção Permiano-Triássica quanto os eventos climáticos atuais destacam o profundo impacto que as mudanças climáticas podem ter na vida na Terra. Compreender os paralelos entre esses eventos pode ajudar a informar esforços para mitigar a atual crise climática e proteger a biodiversidade e os ecossistemas do planeta.