#Natural Agro Products

[ag1-trad]

[navinsamachar]

उत्तराखंड के सर्वश्रेष्ठ कृषि पर्यटन ग्राम सूपी की सफलता की कहानी, अपार संभावनाएं और भविष्य की बड़ी चुनौतियाँ...

डॉ. नवीन जोशी @ नवीन समाचार, नैनीताल, 20 सितंबर 2024 (Story of UKs Best Agro-Tourism Village Soopi-Ntl) । केंद्रीय पर्यटन मंत्रालय की ओर से ग्रामीण पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए उत्तराखंड के चार गांवों को अंतरराष्ट्रीय पर्यटन दिवस पर 27 सितंबर को नई दिल्ली में सर्वश्रेष्ठ पर्यटन ग्राम पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया जाएगा। इन चार गांवों में उत्तरकाशी जिले के जखोल गांव को साहसिक पर्यटन व हर्षिल गांव को…

[buzzlift]

From Farm to Fork: Unveiling the Journey of Agro-Food Product

Explore the fascinating journey of agro-food Products in our latest blog, "From Farm to Fork." Unveil the secrets behind the process that brings fresh, nutritious produce to your table. Join us on a culinary adventure that showcases the intricate dance between farms and kitchens, celebrating the essence of sustainable and delicious agro-food products.

[planthealthday]

Enhancing sustainable plant protection through optimization and minimization.

We depend on them for food, oxygen and so much more... Protecting #PlantHealth is not optional.

[solarpunkbusiness]

“When farmers’ crops fail, whether due to drought or flooding, the first thing that often happens is that they go en masse to cut down trees to make charcoal to earn an alternative income,” says Frazer Handondo.

For Frazer and his wife, this challenge presented an opportunity to kill three birds with one stone: protect Zambia’s natural biodiversity, provide alternative livelihoods to rural communities, and build a business in the process.

In 2017, the couple co-founded Forest Africa Zambia, an agro-processing company with a factory in Chilanga, Zambia. It produces juices and other products from wild fruits harvested by rural community members.

[dailyanarchistposts]

Biotechnology and the future of humanity

Biocide or Genocide?

The high cost of chemical and mechanical inputs and expensive new seed varieties favours large farmers over small; they are bankrupted, lose their land and end up either in the huge and squalid shanty towns and slums that surround so many majority world cities or as agricultural labourers on big farms or plantations. Here they may be one of the over 40,000 ‘Third World’ farm workers killed each year as a result of contact with agro-chemicals. A 1994 UN report estimated 1,000,000 people a year are made ill as a result of over- exposure to agro-chemicals. The increasing use of animal products as well as leading to the misery, waste and pollution of factory farming is also responsible for the erosion of biodiversity and peoples livelihoods in the majority world. For example almost all of Central America’s lowland and lower montane rainforest has been cleared or severely degraded mainly in order to raise cattle for export. The crops most grown under ‘Green Revolution’ and GM regimes of industrial food production are maize and soya, not for human consumption but for animal feed. Small scale organic farming systems based around plants and supporting the producers directly are being destroyed in favour of chemical soaked monocultures to feed the farm animals necessary to feed the animal product heavy global food economy.

Because ‘pests’ and ‘weeds’ can rapidly become immune to herbicides and biocides chemicals don’t even do what they say they do; pesticide use in the US increased by 500% between 1950–1986 yet estimated crop loss due to pests was 20%, exactly the same as in 1950. The damage done by the production and use of biocides and artificial fertilisers is almost unimaginable. Pesticide pollution of the natural world (air, water & soil) is one of the major reasons for the staggering loss of biodiversity (estimated at a loss of 30,000 species a year) we are witnessing as the world is slowly turned into a huge agro-chemical-industrial facility. Pesticide and artificial fertiliser pollution, along with other petro-chemical forms of pollution and increased exposure to radiation, are responsible for massive rates of cancer and birth abnormalities. Then there are the ‘accidents’ which show the system’s inhumanity even more clearly: such as the 1984 explosion at Union Carbide’s insecticide factory in Bhopal, India which left 3,000 dead and 20,000 permanently disabled. Or the less well-publicised events in Iraq in 1971–1972 when large quantities of wheat seed that had been treated with anti-fungus compounds containing mercury were ‘accidentally’ baked into bread. 6,000 neurologically deranged people were admitted to hospital and at least 452 died. Corporate propagandists would have us believe that these are unfortunate side effects of a beneficial technology we desperately need to ‘feed the world. Yet, as anyone who takes the trouble to find out the facts must be aware, the world produces more food than is necessary to feed the human population and the reasons people go hungry are landlessness, poverty, and social dislocation caused by capitalist oppression and war.

[miirshroom]

The many Anagrams of Radagon

Because I found an anagram generator and felt like applying a little confirmation bias to the results, for fun:

"Adan Gor" - Adan, Thief of Fire is a character in Elden Ring. "Gor" is a dialectical oath variant of "god", with well known uses including Moby Dick ("And, by Gor, none of you has de right to dat whale"). Gor is also Old English meaning "dung". Seems like Adan and Dungeater worship the same sun god.

"a dog ran" "a god ran" - the dog part is self explanatory as Radagon is described as a leal hound and here we see that Radagon was a dog god who fled.

"rand oga" - "rand" and "oga" are both Old English/proto-Germanic meaning altogether "on the edge of terror". As blacksmith Hewg says of Marika (who is Radagon): "The sheer terror of her…". In the deep FromSoft history, there was once a minor miner NPC character in King's Field (1994) called "Rand Ferrer" whose name means "on the edge of a blacksmith".

"A Dragon" - I think that the Elden Beast is a fine example of a sparkle dragon. The dragon is also a symbol of the never-ending cycle of alchemy, as both prime materia and the end product. The dragon is endlessly splitting into brother and sister parts and recombining into the divine hermaphrodite - so says Carl Jung in CW12 "Psychology and Alchemy". And the connection that I make personally is that the red-haired Rand al'Thor as the 'Dragon Reborn' is the main character of the Wheel of Time books (1990-2013), whose name means "on the edge of a god" because that's really just his whole character arc in a nutshell. Two of the most significant supporting characters are a blacksmith named for the blacksmith god Perrun and an Odin-expy trickster. See above usage of 'Rand Ferrer''.

"naga d'or" - "naga" is Hindu meaning "a member of a race of spirits recognized in Hinduism and Buddhism that have mingled superhuman and serpent qualities, are genii of waters and rain, and live in a subaqueous kingdom", and "d'or" is French meaning "of gold". Elden Beast seems to exist in a plane of endless water and is a creature of the Golden Elden Ring. Though it is tempting to guess that this might be a DLC payoff one.

"Ra Dagon" - "Ra" Egyptian god of the sun and "Dagon" the principal deity of the ancient Middle Euphrates region. Also the Lovecraftian Dagon fish god thing.

"Ra Gonad" - Ra is god of all of the sky (and earth and underworld), not just the sun. Venus was born of the testicles of Uranus - god of the sky - thrown into the sea. The second phase of Malenia's fight is styled as an allusion to Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus". So technically this one can work with Radagon as a link between his own father the old god of the sky and/or sun and his daughter Malenia.

"Agro DNA" - from the slang term "agro" meaning "aggressive". Perhaps that Radagon has an aggressive nature in his genes. He is something of a Beast.

"And Agro" - as in "Radagon and Agro" - the name of the horse from the Shadow of the Colossus (2005). Elden Ring similarly has the player form an attachment to horse. Notably, The Shadow of the Colossus was directly cited as an inspiration for Elden Ring. Perhaps even a challenge to it - that game has an inevitable grim conclusion at the end, where as Elden Ring lets the player choose wrong 5 out of 6 times, but there is still the 6th more hopeful choice once you learn to read developer intent. Also, Elden Ring has 15 Remembrance Bosses in base game, which is one short of the 16 Colossi in SotC.

"Argo DNA" - Argo was the ship sailed by Jason to find the Golden Fleece. Note the golden sheep in the Altus Plateau area of Elden Ring. It is also the name of a gigantic constellation that was split into three parts in the modern day - thus Radagon's lineage is found in the stars. Afterall "It is said that long ago, the Greater Will sent a golden star bearing a beast into the Lands Between, which would later become the Elden Ring".

"Ag Ra don" "Ag adorn" - "Ag" is chemical short form for Silver, so "Ra dressed in silver", I suppose. More alchemy stuff. One might recall that "Radagon" seems not to have been needed as an entity until going to Liurnia to confront a house of the moon (traditionally associated with silver). Also "Ag" derives from the French "Argent" and another major use of French that I've noted is in the name of "Seluvis" forming "se lu vis" meaning (probably with broken grammar) "To read one's own face".

"Argon AD" - "In the Year of our Lord, 18" - Argon was isolated in 1894 by William Ramsay ("Will I Am, Ram Say" - see Golden fleece above). It is element 18 on the periodic table and has a lavender/violet glow when placed in an electrical field, evocative of the visual used for gravity magic. Notable event in the year 18: "Winter – Germanicus Caesar arrives in Syria, as new commander-in-chief for the Roman East."

"ad argon" - "Ad" is a Latin modifier as in the case of "ad absurdum" or "to the point of absurdity" and etc (much like this post!). "Argon" is a Greek word meaning "lazy" or "inactive". Overall perhaps stretches to "to the point of stagnation"

[darkmaga-retard]

Karl Sanchez

Aug 20, 2024

City of Angels Memorial Cemetery in Beslan

On his way North from Azerbaijan, President Putin made several stops before finally landing in Chechnya. The first stop was the Agro 07 horticultural farm in the village of Germenchik in Kabardino-Balkaria, where he and portions of his staff were given a tour of the production and processing part of the facility.

Here’s the Kremlin’s readout:

LLC "Agro 07" Founded in 2007 and specialized in the production and processing of fruits and vegetables, primarily apples. The gardens of the agricultural enterprise are located in two municipal districts of Kabardino-Balkaria on an area of about 200 hectares, the farm It has modern fruit storage facilities. Since 2020, the company has been specializing in and in the cultivation of blueberries, and also produces natural fruit pastila without Sahara. On a trip The President is accompanied by Head of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic Kazbek Kokov, Presidential Plenipotentiary Envoy to the North Caucasus Federal District Yury Chaika and Minister of Agriculture Oksana Lut. During the visit The agricultural enterprise was explained by its founder Rashid Tumov.

I find it of interest (my ancestors were called citrus ranchers in Southern California) that groves and orchard operations are termed horticultural farms in Russia. There’re more photos of the visit at the above link. The woman accompanying Putin is the current Minister of Agriculture. Putin then met with the Head of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic Kazbek Kokov, who also toured the facility.

[crimson-marine]

Phytochemical, Biological and Physicochemical Characterization of a Marine Green Alga from the Algerian Coast Ulva rigida C. Agardh, 1823

Abstract 

Natural molecules of different origins and mainly those from marine algae create a range of natural bioactive principles with strong therapeutic potential. bioactive compounds present in many species of algae have particularly interesting nutritional properties. This study focuses on determining the phytochemical and nutritional compounds as well as the antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of marine green algae. Ulva rigida harvested on the Algerian coast. The different extracts of the ulva were analyzed and subjected to several physicochemical and biological tests. The results of the various dosages of primary and secondary metabolites revealed that Ulva rigida is rich in water-soluble proteins, total sugars and polyphenols while they are low in amino acids and total lipids. This algae studied is an excellent natural source of antioxidants and has great antibacterial activity, which is not the case for the antifungal activity which was found to be very weak against the yeast strains studied. All these in vitro results are only a first step towards the search for naturally active biological substances from this green algae with the aim of using it in the bioformulation of various food and agro-food products. Further tests are planned to confirm the bio-activity of the algae.

Read more about this article: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eimboo/pdf/EIMBO.000654.pdf

Read more Crimson Publishers Google Scholar Articles: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=5CwCZSMAAAAJ&citation_for_view=5CwCZSMAAAAJ:ZfRJV9d4-WMC

[payperindia]

What is Bagging Machine? - Payper India

A bagging machine is a type of industrial equipment used to automate the process of filling and sealing bags with various products. These machines are widely used in different industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and agriculture, to efficiently package goods ranging from powders and granules to liquids and solids.

Image Ref : What is Bagging Machine — Payper India

Key Functions of Bagging Machines:

Filling: The machine accurately dispenses a pre-set amount of product into each bag. This can be achieved through various mechanisms, such as volumetric fillers, auger fillers, or weigh scales, depending on the nature of the product being packaged. Click here for Ref : www.payperindia.com

Sealing: After the bag is filled, the machine seals it to ensure the product is contained and protected. Sealing methods can include heat sealing, ultrasonic sealing, or using adhesive tapes, depending on the bag material and the product requirements. Click here for Ref : www.payperindia.com

Cutting/Trimming: Some bagging machines also trim excess material from the sealed bags to ensure a neat and uniform appearance. Click here for Ref : www.payperindia.com

Types of Bagging Machines:

Valve Bagging Machines: Designed for heavy-duty products such as cement, sand, or chemicals, these machines fill bags through a valve and then seal the valve to prevent leakage. Click here for Ref : www.payperindia.com

Open-Mouth Bagging Machines: Used for bulk products like grains, animal feed, or fertilizers, these machines fill pre-made bags that are manually or automatically positioned under the filling spout. Click here for Ref : www.payperindia.com

FIBC- Jumbo Bagging Machine: A jumbo bagging machine, or bulk bag filling machine, is designed to fill large bags (500–2000 kg) with bulk materials.

Why Payper ?

Payper India develops and manufactures bagging machines for all types of bulk solids such as powders or granulates. Other important product lines are palletizers and complete lines.

Our customers come from many different sectors, e.g., Chemical Industry, Agro-food Industry, Mining Industry and Building Industry. Payper India offers a comprehensive solution for each sector.

No need or demand is too small neither too big for us. We supply bagging machines for smaller industries with low volume requirements. We also provide complete turnkey projects for customers with high demands as to capacity and speed.

What matters to us is that our customer is comfortable and satisfied with the solution we have developed for them

Visit Payper at — https://www.payperindia.com/

Business LinkedIn -http://bit.ly/45Y1xMQ

Twitter — https://twitter.com/PayperIndia

Instagram — https://www.instagram.com/payperindia/

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Brazil’s piped gas transporters project US$5.8bn in capex

Brazil’s piped natural gas transportation companies intend to invest 30bn reais (US$5.8bn) by 2033, Rogério Manso, CEO of industry association ATGás, told BNamericas.  

The amount includes the previously reported 18bn reais, which are mostly focused on expansion projects by 2030, in addition to undertakings planned to reach new markets. 

Among the latter group is a project to build a pipeline to take gas to Uberaba, in Minas Gerais state, an important fertilizer production hub. 

Atlas Agro intends to build a green fertilizer unit in the municipality, which was also targeted for a fertilizer project designed by federal oil giant Petrobras known as UFN V that ended up being canceled.  

Continue reading.

[head-post]

Ukraine to Face Famine in Autumn

The harvesting campaign is ongoing in Ukraine. This year’s forecasts are bleak. The war with Russia and weather anomalies have led to huge losses for farmers. In the pre-war year 2021, the harvesting campaign brought 86 million tonnes of grain to the country. However, this year, if Ukraine harvests at least 50 million tonnes of grain, it will be a great victory. Owing to the reduction of sown areas, shortage of labour, as well as a lack of fertilisers and a record drought, the industry is in a deep recession. The energy crisis has only aggravated the situation in agriculture. Experts predict famine in Ukraine.

WAR FACTOR

The entire agricultural industry in Ukraine remains in an extremely difficult state today. The largest number of agricultural companies closed down in Ukraine during the war – 1,261 companies for the period from 2022 to the first quarter of 2024 inclusive. Last year too, agricultural companies closed down most often. Among all closed organisations, a record of 15 per cent fell on agro-enterprises. In the first quarter of 2024, the figures deteriorated further and totalled 18 per cent.

The output depends directly on the area sown, but it is still declining. Prior to the war, about 28 million hectares were sown. Now – a little more than 21 million hectares. The front line covers more than 400,000 hectares of agricultural land. Some of the territory is under the control of Russian troops, some lies in the front line, somewhere there are minefields and fortifications.

Apart from that, the problems with grain storage remain. More than 15 per cent of grain storage facilities are lost or damaged today. Therefore, every sixth grain storage facility of the total volume of grain enterprises has suffered damage. Out of 344 objects taken by satellites for assessment, 75 of them were found to have visible damage, according to the press service of the US Department of State, citing a study by the Conflict Observatory, a non-governmental organisation.

LABOUR SHORTAGE

The tightening of the mobilisation law has affected the entire industry. Agriculture is facing a serious labour shortage. This applies to many areas, including animal husbandry. There are almost no men under 60 years of age left in rural areas. First of all, representatives of professions that are in demand in the army, such as tractor drivers, machinists, engineers, as well as veterinarians, are drafted to the war.

On average up to 20 per cent of workers of exclusive specialities are mobilised in large companies, while in small farms sometimes up to 50-60 per cent. Agricultural enterprises have to search for workers among those who will definitely not be taken to war. Hence, they recruit mainly old people and pensioners.

NATURE’S UNPLEASANT SURPRISES

The weather has been a serious challenge for farmers this year. There were frosts in May, while the end of spring and summer in Ukraine turned out to be one of the driest in the last 30 years. The heat wave and drought affected crops in the southern and eastern regions the most. In the northern part of the country, particularly in the Zhytomyr region, spring crops such as corn, soybeans and sunflowers suffered due to hail.

The deputy head of the All-Ukrainian Agrarian Rada, Denys Marchuk, said that weather anomalies may reduce the yield of spring crops by a third: “Losses will be significant. There is no rain… The losses will amount to about 30-35 per cent. This will hit the export potential very hard. Consequently, it will affect the economic condition of farms.” Now farmers fear rains, which can negatively affect the harvest and the quality of grain.

LACK OF FERTILISER

Since the conflict broke out, most of Ukraine’s fertiliser production capacity has been halted due to the fact the plants work with explosive and toxic materials. Those of the production facilities that continue to operate today cannot compensate for the country’s fertiliser shortage.

At the beginning of the year, Ukraine recorded shortages of key fertiliser types. For instance, the supply of urea to agricultural producers for spring field work did not exceed 65 per cent. Traders and large buyers buy up this type of high-performance mineral fertiliser most often, resulting in a shortage of fertilisers, which triggered a rise in prices for these products, leading to unnecessary spending by farmers.

ENERGY CRISIS

Frequent power cuts, tariff hikes this summer and rising fuel and lubricant prices have negatively affected agriculture. The use of diesel generators means additional production costs for farmers. These factors have led to an increase in the prices of manufactured products.

Over the year, butter price increased most of all – by 16.1%, bread (+10.1%), milk (+8.3%) and cheese (+7.8%). Fish price increased by 5.9%. Moreover, the tendencies to price growth are still in place.

BLEAKING PREDICTIONS

Ukraine will face famine. Oleh Soskin, a former adviser to the second President of Ukraine, Leonid Kuchma, made the statement in his YouTube blog. The Ukrainian expert believes that despite poor crop forecasts, grain is being actively sold off, which may eventually lead to a shortage. “It is quite possible that there will be no grain left for food, it is already being actively sold. There will be left for a couple of months or so.”

Oleh Soskin accused the Ukrainian Presidential Property Management Directorate Volodymyr Zelensky of approving the sale of food stocks at the minimum price. According to the expert, with such an approach, the country’s economy is threatened with collapse as early as autumn 2024.

As of today, the economic situation in the country is extremely severe. The sociological service of the Razumkov Centre has published the survey, which shows that one third of the Ukrainian population can only afford food, and every tenth Ukrainian does not have enough money even for food. The survey took place this summer.

The majority of forecasts seem pessimistic. For example, in the last few months the price of flour has increased by 50 per cent. This will lead to the increase in bread prices by at least 20 per cent. Bakers expect supply disruptions. The main thing is that bread should not disappear from the shelves. On the background of general war fatigue, poverty and hunger, the population will be extremely furious, which may lead to various negative scenarios: from political crisis in Ukraine to civil war.

THE ARTICLE IS THE AUTHOR’S SPECULATION AND DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE TRUE. ALL INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM OPEN SOURCES. THE AUTHOR DOES NOT IMPOSE ANY SUBJECTIVE CONCLUSIONS.

Bill Galston for Head-Post.com

[earaercircular]

Pula wins world’s first Friend of the Sea Sustainable City Award

The efforts and initiatives of the Croatian city of Pula to preserve its marine environment and species have been recognised by Friend of the Sea[1], a project of the World Sustainability Organisation (WSO)[2]. Pula has become the world’s first winner of the Friend of the Sea Sustainable City Award[3], which aims to promote sustainable practices and the protection of marine ecosystems.

The award handed by the Friend of the Sea project praises Pula’s efforts to preserve the environment and improve its citizens’ quality of life by embracing sustainable solutions, according to a press release from the WSO.

“We recognize the city of Pula’s impressive record in adopting sustainable practices and marine conservation initiatives. For this reason, we decided to award it with the Friend of the Sea placard”, said Paolo Bray, founder and director of the WSO, which promotes sustainable practices through its two main certification programs – Friend of the Sea and Friend of the Earth

Pula is also among the 100 most sustainable destinations in the world, which demonstrates its ability to work with all stakeholders, particularly environmentally conscious companies, individuals, and associations committed to adopting sustainability, according to the statement.

The sustainability initiatives that Pula has implemented so far include establishing and improving a waste management system, implementing a green model of storm water drainage, and introducing eco-buses that use compressed natural gas, as well as electric bicycles and electric scooters in its public transportation system. It also plans to co-finance the purchase of energy-saving devices and the installation of solar panels.

In June this year, the Pula Aquarium received the Sustainable Aquarium certification from Friend of the Sea for its contribution to promoting environmental policies and animal welfare. At the award ceremony, a sea turtle rehabilitated in the Aquarium’s Rescue Center was released into the sea.

The turtle was released at Pula’s Ambrela Beach, which is in final stages of the certification process to receive the Friend of the Sea Sustainable Beaches[4] label, the WSO said in the statement, adding that the requirements include the absence of disposable plastic, water quality, and respect for the natural ecosystem.

In addition to the already implemented activities, the city of Pula plans to introduce other environmentally friendly measures such as co-financing the purchase of energy-saving devices and the installation of solar panels.

Source

Pula wins world’s first Friend of the Sea Sustainable City Award, in: Balkan Green Energy News, 13-10-2022, https://balkangreenenergynews.com/pula-wins-worlds-first-friend-of-the-sea-sustainable-city-award/

[1] Friend of the Sea is currently a project of the World Sustainability Organization, an international NGO whose mission is to promote environmental conservation. Friend of the Sea has become the leading certification standard for products and services which respect and protect the marine environment. The certification awards sustainable practices in Fisheries, Aquaculture, Fishmeal and Omega 3 Fish Oil. Friend of the Sea also promotes pilot projects related to restaurants, sustainable shipping, whale and dolphin-watching, aquaria, ornamental fish, UV creams and others. https://friendofthesea.org/friend-of-the-sea/

[2] WSO is the only organization proposing two consumer friendly logos which can potentially certify sustainability for the whole food range (seafood and agro) as well as non-food products and services. WSO delivers the certifications based on 30 years’ experience in the field, in full independence and by mean of audits of accredited certification bodies. https://www.wsogroup.org/

[3] https://friendofthesea.org/the-city-of-pula-receives-the-first-friend-of-the-sea-sustainable-award-for-its-merits-in-showcasing-sustainability-and-environmental-awareness/

[4] https://friendofthesea.org/sustainable-standards-and-certifications/sustainable-beach/

[gumdamarsuppliers]

Shorea javanica is a large tree species endemic to Indonesia

The species is confirmed on Sumatra however the species range may be restricted to one national park, giving an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of just over 1,600 km2 or could extend further north giving a much larger extent of occurrence however this estimate is based on a specimen made in 1934 so it is suspected to no longer be present here. The population is currently suspected to be in decline due to fragmentation and forest loss across the region and there is the threat of further expansion of oil palm plantations.

This is a particular concern in the region of Krui where the species is cultivated for Dammar. In this region the species is cultivated but is managed to allow the natural regeneration of sites and therefore still provides a genetic reservoir for the species. This area is targeted for the development of the oil palm industry. The species can also be used for timber but the extent to which this is a threat to the species is not known. Overall, it is likely that the species has a restricted geographic range, small population and is subject to decline and is potentially only found in up to three locations. The species is globally assessed as Endangered.

Population

The population of this species is reported to be small and restricted. It is found in fragmented forests and is rare. Population experienced great decline prior to the 1990’s but since this time the pressure from logging has ceased and current decline is minimal. There was extensive deforestation within Sumatra that was 2.5 times more than the global average. The species is considered to have low genetic diversity, with homzygote loci contributing to much of the genome although microsatellite diversity is higher than predicted. So far the species has avoided inbreeding depression. Within Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park the species is common. The species is thought to have become isolated since the last glacial epoch.

Habitat and Ecology 

Shorea javanica is a large tree species, growing to over 15 m and up to 40 or 50 m in height. The species shows habitat specificity making it restricted to lowland areas on volcanic soils only. It grows within primary and secondary forests on land that is periodically inundated. It forms important ectomycorrhizae relationships which encourages growth. Seedling are shade tolerant, however, the best growth occurs within gaps in the canopy. It most commonly flowers in January and is pollinated by insects.

Seed is dispersed in the wind and generally exhibits good germination. The species is also found in danmar gardens whose structure often bear good resemblance to natural forests with an age structure canopy and good biodiversity. Within these gardens the species is allowed to regenerate naturally. The species is found within patchy forests which are at risk from decline due to logging and expansion of plantations in southern Sumatra.

Use and Trade

This species is used for timber but is more popular for its resin which is harvested locally by villages. For timber it is traded under the name white meranti but the harvest of this species for this is very uncommon. The species is used and prized for its dammar, which is of higher quality than from other Shorea. This is used in the production of varnishes, to caulk boats and to produce torches. The species is found within agro-forests and danmar gardens for this purpose where it is often cultivated alongside coffee trees.

Individuals are grown up from seed and the forests are managed naturally allowing trees to fall in their own time and encouraging Shorea javanica seedlings to grow in their place. In 1994 and 1995, 14,750 and 9,900 tonnes of danmar was traded, respectively, out of Indonesia. Trees can produce between 2 and 15 kg of danmar per year depending on size and age, however tapping for this does damage the tree and reduce its lifespan. Cultivation of the tree began in the mid 19th century however due to the natural management of these sites the species has maintained good genetic diversity for a cultivated tree. There is some collection from natural stands of the tree.

Threats

This species is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation which is already thought to have caused a massive reduction in range for the species. The sites of the danmar gardens in Krui are also under threat as they are in a prime area for the development of oil palm plantations. The price of danmar is in decline and there are more artificial substitutes which may be pushing garden conversion to oil palm, although this is illegal. This puts a remaining reservoir of genetic diversity at risk.

As the remaining population of the species is small and relict there are concerns that there will be genetic erosion and inbreeding depression in the near future. The tapping of any remaining natural trees will reduce their life span and this is a potential risk to the species. It needs confirmation if tapping of wild populations is still occurring or not. Timber harvest is not a threat to the species.

Conservation Actions This species is present in ex situ collections in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Java and in wild individuals are found Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra showing that the species is subject to some in situ conservation. In the National Park, the population size should be calculated and there species presence north of this location should be confirmed. Although the populations within Danmar gardens in Kuri are not wild it should be ensured that they are not taken over by palm oil plantations as they provide an important genetic reserve for this species. Source : https://gumdamarsuppliers.com/

[farmsgro]

https://www.farmsgro.com/ FarmsGro is a leading Producer & Manufacturer Company in Ghaziabad Up.

Farmsgro.com is the official online store of Mihivan Agro Producer company LTD. Full range of best quality, trusted Natural products are now just a click away from your door step. We are dedicated for best service, quality products, real time assistance. We present full product range of food LiKe -Raw Suggar Khandsari, All types of Vinegar ,All Kichen Products