#NEw Species

[markscherz]

Meet the seven new frog species we just named after iconic Star Trek captains!

Artwork by A. Petzold, CC BY-ND 4.0

At the right time of year along rushing streams in the humid rainforests that stretch the length of Madagascar's eastern and northern mountain ridges, otherworldly trills of piercing whistles can be heard.

Are they birds? Insects? Communicator beeps? Tricorder noises?

No, they're little treefrogs!

Boophis janewayae. Photo by M. Vences, CC BY-SA 4.0

Until recently, we thought all of the populations of these little brown frogs across the island were one widespread species, Boophis marojezensis, described in 1994. But genetics in the early 2000s and 2010s showed that there were several species here, not just one.

Now my colleagues and I have shown that they are in fact eight separate species, each with unique calls!

These whistling sounds reminded us so much of Star Trek sound effects that we decided to name the seven new species after Star Trek captains: Boophis kirki, B. picardi, B. janewayae, B. siskoi, B. pikei, B. archeri, and B. burnhamae.

Photos of all new species described by Vences et al. 2024. CC BY-SA 4.0

I subtly and not-so-subtly built some Star Trek references into the paper, but probably the best one is this one:

'Finding these frogs sometimes requires considerable trekking; pursuing strange new calls, to seek out new frogs in new forests; boldly going where no herpetologist has gone before.'

— Vences et al. 2024

There’s a real sense of scientific discovery and exploration here, which we think is in the spirit of Star Trek.

Of course, it doesn't hurt that there are at least two Trekkies amongst the authors (including yours truly). As fans of Star Trek, we are also just pleased to dedicate these new species to the characters who have inspired and entertained us over the decades.

On a personal note, this marks a milestone for me, as it means I have now described over 100 frog species! I am very pleased that the 100th is Captain Janeway's Bright-eyed Frog, Boophis janewayae (if you count them in order of appearance in the paper)—she is probably my favourite captain, and I really love Star Trek: Voyager.

You can read more about the discovery of these new species on my website! You can also read the Open Access paper published in Vertebrate Zoology here.

[infodumpingaboutnature]

New Millipede!!! Sphaerobelum turcosa is a newly discovers species of pill millipede that was recently discovered in the Loei province of Thailand. A team of researchers were doing field work in the Phu Pha Lom Forest when they discovered fourteen of these brightly colored millipedes. Due to their stunning coloration these pill millipedes were nicknamed “The Jewel of The Forest”.

Pill millipedes have convergently evolved a body structure similar to that of isopods (aka roly polies) and have comparatively shorter bodies than other species of millipedes, and like roly polies they will roll themselves into a ball when they feel threatened.

The bright turquoise color of Sphaerobelum turcosa helps warn predators that they are poisonous and not to eat them. This millipede also has tan markings on its exoskeleton that form a mask-like marking that helps to scare off potential predators.

[todropscience]

NEW HAMMERHEAD SHARK JUST DROPPED

Not every day does a new shark get discovered! Meet the Shovelbill Shark (Sphyrna alleni), a newly described species of hammerhead shark named after Microsoft co-founder and philanthropist Paul Allen. This new species is found in the coastal waters of the Caribbean and southwest Atlantic.

Hammerhead sharks are easily recognized by their laterally expanded and dorsoventrally compressed heads. Genetic studies have revealed that what was once thought to be a single bonnethead species (Sphyrna tiburo) is actually a complex, with Sphyrna alleni now recognized as a separate species. A longtime advocate for wildlife conservation, Paul Allen and his Paul G. Allen Family Foundation supported Global FinPrint, an international survey of the world’s reef sharks and rays. It was during this project that scientists conducted much of the fieldwork necessary to describe this newly recognized species. The Shovelbill Shark is smaller than the bonnethead, with distinct genetic and morphological characteristics, including a different number of vertebrae, which suggest it is separate from other hammerhead species. This new species is distributed from Belize to Southern Brazil, inhabiting estuaries, coral reefs, sandy and muddy bottom beds, seagrasses, and mangroves.

The Shovelbill Shark is a common component of artisanal fisheries in many Latin American countries and currently lacks proper management or protection. Previous reports indicate that this new species is undergoing overexploitation, making it imperative to safeguard their populations and establish fisheries regulations.

Photographs: Above is a male shovelhead shark (Sphyrna alleni), described from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Below is Cindy Gonzalez, the lead researcher of the study, tagging the new species Sphyrna alleni (photo courtesy of the Mays Family Foundation).

Reference: Gonzales et al., 2024. Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa.

[saintgabe]

I think tumblr would be into the bright pink freshwater crab that was just discovered

[headspace-hotel]

Y'all remember that post I made about endemic species and Central Kentucky, how you'd expect there to be species unique to the area but there aren't, and speculating that early colonization of the Americas wiped them out before they could be described?

And then I speculated that those undiscovered species could be hanging on somewhere?

WELL GUESS WHAT! THEY FOUND ONE

Trifolium kentuckiense is a species of clover found nowhere in the world but in Central Kentucky and it was totally overlooked until recently

THIS MEANS THERE COULD BE MORE

[pixelarthropods]

Thanks to some of tumblr post mentioning those bug species! I retweeted those ones I saw!

Meet these beautiful beetles that exist including the new discovered beetle Excastra albopilosa!

American carrion beetle (Silpha americana), giant stag beetle (Lucanus elaphus), Dynastes grantii and Macrodontia Cervicornis!

I hope you guys like it ^^

[internetdruid]

New species of Clearwing Moth (Paranthrenella tricincta) discovered in Malaysia! x.

[markscherz]

BOOPHIS SNOOT!

Specifically, an undescribed Boophis from the B. goudotii species group that I discovered in 2015/2016.

[science-lover2941]

Hyloscirtus tolkieni

Also known as Tolkien Frog

A new species of frog has been described from the tropical Andes of Ecuador and was named after the well known fantasy author J.R.R. Tolkien.

The scientists who published the first description of the species (Juan C. Sánchez-Nivicela, José M. Falcón-Reibán, and Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia) said that they named the frog after Tolkien because “the amazing colours of the new species evoke the magnificent creatures that seem to only exist in fantasy worlds."

They also paraphrase The Hobbit in the introduction of their paper (see photo 4)

The adult frogs appear to be nocturnal animals

[todropscience]

THREE NEW SHARK SPECIES THIS WEEK!

The second week of July 2023 something extraordinarily beautiful happened, the findings of 3 new species of sharks for were announced

A new angel sharks species was identified, from the western Indian Ocean on the Mascarene Plateau and off southwestern India in 100–500 m depths, the Lea’s angel shark Squatina leae, was recognized to be different genetically and morphologically distinct from its congeneric species Squatina africanae, following unique morphological features.  This species was first detected in 1988 after finding  three unusual, small sharks, but till today was completely understood. The angel shark is named after one of the author’s fiancee’s late sister, Lea-Marie Cordt.

-  Squatina leae, adult male, in dorsolateral.

Angel sharks are “flatter sharks”, possesing distinctly broad, dorsoventrally flattened bodies, a short snout with large mouth and nostrils, eyes on top of the head close to the large spiracles, very large pectoral fins, and a lateral caudal keel. They've evolved to be ambush predators, they lie in wait for prey to pass closely overhead before attacking.

Reference (Open Access):  Weigmann et al., 2023. Revision of the Western Indian Ocean Angel Sharks, Genus Squatina (Squatiniformes, Squatinidae), with Description of a New Species and Redescription of the African Angel Shark Squatina africana Regan, 1908. Biology 

From North Australia, another species of hornshark is described based on six whole specimens and a single egg case. The painted hornshark Heterodontus marshallae was previously considered to be the same with the zebra bullhead shark another well know bullhead shark from the central Indo-Pacific from Japan  to Australia, but genetic and morphological analyses indicated the sharks were different, but looking alike. The painted hornshark is endemic to northwestern Australia and occurs in deeper waters, at 125–229 m below surface.

-  Lateral view of two mature female painted hornshark Heterodontus marshallae showing small differences between individuals

The painted hornsharks is named in honour of Dr. Lindsay Marshall www.stickfigurefish.com.au a scientific illustrator and elasmobranch scientist who expertly painted all the sharks and rays of the world for the Chondrichthyan Tree of Life Project.

Reference (Open Access): White et al., 2023 Species in Disguise: A New Species of Hornshark from Northern Australia (Heterodontiformes: Heterodontidae). Diversity.

And from an unidentified shark egg collected from the deep waters of northwestern Australia, in 2011 recently helped researchers identify a new species of deep water cat shark. Called ridged-egg catshark Apristurus ovicorrugatus after its eggs, it was collected in the earlys 90 but remained unknown to date. This sharks presents white eyes, and is small in size, reaching less than a half meter in length. .

- Lateral view of female Apristurus ovicorrugatus before preserved. Photo by  CSIRO. 

Egg cases belonging to this species had been documented as early as the 1980s, but could not be matched to any species of Australian shark until recently scientists examined a shark specimen of previously uncertain identity in the CSIRO collection.

��-egg cases of Apristurus ovicorrugatus. Scale bar is 10 mm

Reference (Open Access) White,et al., 2023 What came first, the shark or the egg? Discovery of a new species of deepwater shark by investigation of egg case morphology. Journal of Fish Biology.

[arminreindl]

Caipirasuchus catanduvensis: A vocal sphagesaurid?

A new "crocodile" was just published and one with some fascinating implications.

The new taxon is Caipirasuchus catanduvensis, the sixth species of Caipirasuchus described so far. As a sort of broad overview, Caipirasuchus is a genus of small-bodied sphagesaurid notosuchian, reaching about 1 meter in length. As sphagesaurids, the genus is most closely related to the likes of Yacarerani, Adamantinasuchus as well as the robust Armadillosuchus.

Another interesting thing about Caipirasuchus, and one that's gonna come back later, is how close they are in terms of geography. Of the six species, all are from Brazil's Bauru Group. 5/6 are from the Adamantina Formation and 5/6 are Sao Paulo State. So unlike the also specious Araripesuchus, these are all comparably limited in their distribution.

left: Caipirasuchus escaping baurusuchids by Deverson da Silva right: Generalized Caipirasuchus distribution adapted from Iori et al. 2024

Now what is interesting about this new species is a certain feature referred to as the pterygoid chamber, a hollow pocket in the pterygoid bone, that is notably more complex and pronounced than in other Caipirasuchus species (thus also why it was given its own name). Now an older study using CT scans already showed that this chamber connects to the choanal septum, which functions as a sort of air duct that connects the pterygoid chamber with the airways of the animal. There is also a secondary chamber and evidence that suggest that these structures grew more complex as the animal aged.

Now, the interesting part is that this combination of large hollow bone pockets with the airways is seen in some other animals as well, notably the wildebeest Rusingoryx and hadrosaurs, in which the pockets serve as a resonating chamber. As was already suggested in 2020, this might mean that Caipirasuchus catanduvensis had a much more complex range of vocalisations, which in turn would have a large influence on social behavior.

Now remember how I brought up how all the species of Caipirasuchus lived in a fairly enclosed area relative to Araripesuchus, the other specious notosuchian? Well one hypothesis proposes that this rapid speciation was driven not by dietary preferences, but by them refining their vocalisation and social structure. This in turn might be tied to environmental factors (like needing to be louder in more crowded, forested environments).

One pointer to this being the case is how species of Caipirasuchus differ from each other. Rather than skull shape or even the teeth, the main differences seem to be found in the palate, i.e. a region of the skull that would be tied to vocalisation. Another, albeit more tenuous, piece of evidence stems from the senses of what was likely a major predator of Caipirasuchus. Baurusuchids, larger predator notosuchians growing up to 3 meters in length, appear to have a complex outer ear (meatal chamber specifically), which indicates that they had good hearing. We also know that they did feed on sphagesaurids, as evidenced by a specimen of Aplestosuchus being preserved with one (possibly Caipirasuchus) found in its stomach contents. So by extension, it would not be unreasonable to assume that baurusuchids used their good hearing to track down noisy Caipirasuchus. Though more research is required of course.

left: Aplestosuchus and its prey by Rodolfo Nogueira right: various images from Godoy et al. 2014 featuring the fossil material of Aplestosuchus

All of this is of course fascinating. Crocodiles and their extinct kin are rarely viewed as very vocal, despite the fact that modern crocodilians have a great range of sounds at their disposal. Of course we're all familiar with the sounds hatchlings make (often likened to video game ray gun sounds), but crocodiles are also able to reproduce a wide range of grows, bellows and other sounds one might even compare to roars as adults. Just these past two years we have found evidence of dwarf crocodiles in the Congo making "mooing" sounds while the extinct Hanyusuchus, a gharial that died out during China's bronze age, has both historical and anatomical evidence for producing loud sounds.

Examples of vocalisations in African Dwarf Crocodiles and a male Indian Gharial

And finally, to cap this off, I want to leave you with the paper's artwork of the new species, illustrated by Guilherme Gehr. An interesting thing I noticed, but can only speculate on, is the fact that the two individuals have different colours, which might be a cheeky reference to the alternate hypothesis that the resonance chamber is sexually dimorphic (although this theory is largely dismissed on account of C. catanduvensis having other distinguishing features beyond just the pterygoid chamber.

[extincto]

I love deep sea science

[tohopa-official]

i finish one of the background for my animation ! i really like this comic book/ sketchy vibe. so excited to animate it :D

andddd a quick animation bonus !!