#Liquid nitriding

[gudmould]

What is nitriding?

Nitriding refers to a chemical heat treatment process that allows nitrogen atoms to penetrate into surface of workpiece at a certain temperature and in a certain medium. Products treated with nitriding have excellent wear resistance, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance. 01 Introduction to Nitriding Aluminum, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum elements in…

[materialsscienceandengineering]

A team of Rice University researchers mapped out how flecks of 2D materials move in liquid -- knowledge that could help scientists assemble macroscopic-scale materials with the same useful properties as their 2D counterparts. "Two-dimensional nanomaterials are extremely thin -- only several atoms thick -- sheet-shaped materials," said Utana Umezaki, a Rice graduate student who is a lead author on a study published in ACS Nano. "They behave very differently from materials we're used to in daily life and can have really useful properties: They can withstand a lot of force, resist high temperatures and so on. To take advantage of these unique properties, we have to find ways to turn them into larger-scale materials like films and fibers." In order to maintain their special properties in bulk form, sheets of 2D materials have to be properly aligned -- a process that often occurs in solution phase. Rice researchers focused on graphene, which is made up of carbon atoms, and hexagonal boron nitride, a material with a similar structure to graphene but composed of boron and nitrogen atoms.

Read more.

[enginevalve]

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[ketrinadrawsalot]

Gallium's melting point is 29.8C (85.6F), so a chunk of it would turn to liquid on a warm summer day. Its compounds, gallium arsenide and gallium nitride, are an important part of semiconductors.

[onenicebugperday]

@casperwyomingxer submitted: This friendly green shield bug (Palomena prasina) in my UK garden left this mysterious red liquid on my hand. Is it possible to know what this liquid is in terms of its chemistry (something general like nitride or aldehyde would be good enough, though it would be great to know what causes the colour red as well) and its biological function? Like is the liquid its waste or defensive fluid?

I was pretty excited about smelling a stink bug for the first time and was disappointed that the liquid did not smell lol.

Some people can't smell the stink at all! I know I can't. It's defensive, but I'm afraid I know nothing about the chemical makeup.

[droctaviolovecraft]

Subject Classification: M-08-035

Damage Type: Null ⚪️

Danger Level: HELFER 🔵

Anomaly Type: Mineral

Discovery Classification: Expedition (08)

Department: MOTHRA Storage Facilities

Lead Researcher: Dr. Ironclad

Identification: Titanic Metal

Containment: ANM-035 bars are stored in different warehouses of the MOTHRA Institution. The "containment" must have a temperature regulator where the ambient temperature must remain at 22°C, never exceeding 120°C. If this happens, the emergency alarm should be activated immediately.

Titanic metal bars can be used to build secure cells for complex anomalies, materials or weapons, protective gear, and other related uses advantageous to MOTHRA.

Description: As of the writing of this file, ANM-035 is a set of 800 bars of a type of metal nicknamed "Titanic Metal." While its original color was white, it was observed that the metal bars could change to blue over time, a process similar to copper, which also makes the ore even more resistant.

The ANM-035 bars are extremely durable, being 60 times stronger than common metal, 49 times more resistant than tungsten, and 20 times more resistant than graphene. Upon further analysis, a significant mix of graphene atoms and hexagonal boron nitride was detected in the metal.

Regarding its durability, some tests were conducted:

Over 100 strikes with a machete were made against the bar, resulting in no scratches.

Some shots were fired at the bar, but the test was quickly canceled when it was noticed that the bullets ricocheted back.

ANM-014 attempted to break the bar but, after several strikes, complained that his "hand hurt." (ANM-014 typically manages to break titanium bars in half.)

ANM-035 was dropped from an airplane at an altitude of 12,000 meters, and the bar suffered no damage, though the surrounding environment did sustain significant damage.

ANM-032 was set to try piercing the bar with its beak. The instance failed to do so.

Multiple RPG shots followed by explosions were tested, but the bar remained unaffected.

A tank rolled over the bar several times, but nothing happened to it.

Finally, it was discovered that if ANM-035 is exposed to a temperature above 70°C, the ore tends to melt into an extremely corrosive and radioactive liquid.

ANM-035 can be used to create more powerful tools, utensils, and weapons (only melee weapons). A shield made from ANM-035 was built and is completely bulletproof and resistant to various other blows or attacks. Additionally, armor was constructed, and together with the shield, they are capable of repelling numerous attacks, including pecks from ANM-032 or attacks from humanoid ANMs.

The bars typically measure 55cm in length and 25cm in height, weighing approximately 500kg. All were found in a military bunker dating back to World War II in the USA.

[your-god-empress-lavender]

Calcium sulphur batteries (uwu)

Okay, so, i've become interested in z-pinch studies for aerospace purposes (i'm really excited about the prospects, everything works on paper, but i naturally want to actually witness p+N14 fusion for above 0.01% of available protons before i go trying to get the materials to build a real liquid fueled SSTO fusion rocket, especially since there are thousands of folks way smarter than me who have presumably thought of this before and we don't have it yet, so yeah). Anyways, if i want the extremely large electricity input without making my electricity bill higher than a whole month's rent and getting my roommates mad at me, i'll need to collect solar or wind in a battery bank. Since lithium batteries are just about all immoral and expensive (yes i am writing this on a device powered by lithium batteries, it would be lovely if capitalists would take a hint and switch to things that just objectively perform better and are cheaper, but whatever), i figured this would be a nice excuse to experiment around with some new battery designs. Since all of them will require sulphur, i won't be able to really get into it before mid may due to some concerns about the smell and risks of getting sulphur powder everywhere (it's very yellow and hard to clean out), but i felt i might as well share my preliminary ideas. First off, in order to make the organic sulphur polymer, i'm looking to explore mostly citrate based polymers, perhaps with phenylalanine mixed in in order to both give more bulk as well as providing nitrogens for sulphenamides to form. Since i'll need urea later, i was also considering partially polymerizing urea with citric acid and adding that into the molten sulphur mix, but i'm less confident in the stability of that and a bit concerned about the potential noxious fumes produced. Regardless, that's the short of the sulphur cathode, details will definitely change after i refind that paper which went over a great way of preventing insoluble polysulphide production. I'm also gonna experiment with anode material and even the ions i use. I know i said "calcium sulphur batteries" in the title, but due to how common aluminium is and how much easier magnesium is to work with (and the fact that their specific energies are higher), i'll also be considering those two. Even beyond that, there are so many potential anode materials, including even amorphous carbon and carbon nitrides which i'd love to test since there's just so much to improve on and i'd rather do a lot of experiments with cheap to make materials and potentially land on a great solution than accept something subpar because it took less effort. Anyways, of the materials i plan on using, there's magnesium sulphate, aluminium sulphate, calcium chloride, potentially other calcium salts (is the salt with taurine soluble in water? IDK, can't find an answer so i'll test it), charcoal, vegetable oil, urea, and phenylalanine. Those may seem like an unrelated hodgepodge of compounds, but they've been chosen because they're what i have/will soon have and they're also all extremely cheap. If the urea works out well in the battery, i may have to make this project a meme and attempt to make a z-pinch device with as much urine as possible (use it to make ammonia for the plasma, to make the batteries, and i'm sure there's some way to use urine in a capacitor (maybe just distilling off the water to use as a dielectric? idk, it's been a while since i tried making a capacitor)).

Anyway, i really didn't expect this long trainwreck of a post to end with discussions of urine, but what can you do? This is all probably nonsensical, even by my standards, but basically i want batteries and i think i can make them cheaper per megajoule of stored energy than the ones i could buy, even accounting for the inevitable failed experiments.

[the-unholy-sovereign]

[Magnesium] Meteor; Meteorite: Crystal's. . Phosphate (Sulfur)

[{]¤| Hail Satan |¤[}] Ankh "UnK" [Sybaritic] Agnostic 'THEIST I I THEISTIC' Luciferian I. .

(Silver/liquidity) Mercury: (Gem) Turquoise/Silver = Pressure/heat "Decompression" Nitric-Oxide (Nitride/Liquid); Silver-Nugget. . .

♾NUBIAN CREED: SATANIST: THE DARK GOD OF VOODOO. . . .

[boom3010]

2D Material Semiconductors: A $7.5B Industry by 2034!

2D material semiconductors market is poised for significant expansion, with its valuation expected to grow from $1.8 billion in 2024 to $7.5 billion by 2034, reflecting a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 15.2%. This market encompasses the development, production, and commercialization of two-dimensional semiconductor materials, which are characterized by their atomic-scale thickness and exceptional electronic properties. Key materials in this market include graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other novel substances that are driving advancements in electronics, optoelectronics, and flexible devices. These materials support innovation in next-generation transistors, sensors, and energy-efficient technologies, offering transformative potential across sectors such as telecommunications, computing, and renewable energy.

To Request Sample Report: https://www.globalinsightservices.com/request-sample/?id=GIS10001 &utm_source=SnehaPatil&utm_medium=Article

The 2D material semiconductors market is experiencing robust growth, primarily fueled by advancements in electronics and optoelectronics. Graphene leads the market segment due to its superior electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) represent the second-largest segment, owing to their unique electronic properties and versatility in various applications. The increasing demand for high-performance, energy-efficient devices in the consumer electronics sector serves as a major market driver. North America dominates the market, benefiting from significant investments in research and development and a strong technological infrastructure. Meanwhile, Asia-Pacific follows closely, driven by rapid industrialization, a burgeoning electronics industry, and substantial government support for semiconductor innovation. Countries such as the United States and China are leading the adoption of 2D materials in advanced technologies. The market’s growth is further supported by ongoing collaborations between academia and industry, which aim to explore new applications and enhance material performance.

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Market segmentation for the 2D material semiconductors industry covers various aspects. In terms of type, key categories include graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus, and hexagonal boron nitride. The product segment comprises transistors, photodetectors, sensors, and memory devices. Various technologies such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), mechanical exfoliation, liquid phase exfoliation, and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are employed in production. Applications span across diverse sectors, including consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace and defense, healthcare, energy storage, and optoelectronics. Furthermore, material types are classified into monolayer, bilayer, and few-layer structures, while devices include field-effect transistors (FETs), light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and photovoltaic cells. The market also accounts for processes such as synthesis, integration, fabrication, and characterization, serving end users like semiconductor manufacturers, research institutes, consumer electronics companies, and automotive manufacturers.

In 2023, the 2D material semiconductors market was estimated to have a volume of 350 million units, with projections to reach 600 million units by 2033. The graphene segment currently dominates the market with a 45% share, followed by transition metal dichalcogenides at 30% and phosphorene at 25%. Graphene’s dominance is driven by its superior electrical properties and widespread application across industries, including electronics and energy storage. Major players in the market include companies such as Graphenea, 2D Semiconductors, and AMO GmbH, which hold significant market shares and play a pivotal role in advancing material innovation and application.

The competitive landscape is shaped by strategic alliances and R&D investments aimed at enhancing material properties and expanding application areas. Regulatory frameworks, particularly in regions such as the EU and the US, are increasingly focusing on safety and environmental impacts, influencing market dynamics. Future projections indicate an annual growth rate of 15%, driven by technological advancements and increased adoption in flexible electronics and optoelectronics. Despite challenges such as high production costs and scalability issues, the integration of AI in material design and manufacturing processes is anticipated to mitigate these hurdles and unlock new opportunities for market expansion.

#2DMaterials #SemiconductorInnovation #GrapheneTechnology #FlexibleElectronics #Optoelectronics #TMDs #NextGenTransistors #EnergyEfficientDevices #TechAdvancements #ConsumerElectronics #FutureOfSemiconductors #R&DInvestments #EmergingTechnologies #SmartDevices #MaterialScience

[edgetechindutries]

Boron Nitride Tube - Ultra High Purity Boron Nitride Ceramic Tube

Our boron nitride ceramics can reach a purity of up to 99.7% or more through the process of removing impurities and oxygen so that ultra-high purity boron ceramic tubes can be processed. It will not stick to the product, will not pollute it, and has a long service life. The thermal conductivity at room temperature can reach 50W/mK. The maximum operating temperature in an inert atmosphere is 2100°C. Therefore, high-purity boron nitride tubes are particularly suitable for use in high-temperature environments with temperatures exceeding 1700 degrees Celsius.

High-temperature furnace designs contain heating elements made of carbon, tungsten, or molybdenum. Alumina ceramics are generally used as insulators to isolate the heating elements and the furnace side. With the development of technology, more and more companies need high-temperature electric furnaces with shorter production cycles and faster heating and cooling speeds. These oxide ceramic insulation parts are prone to component failure due to high pressure, which increases the downtime of the furnace.

Compared with traditional alumina materials, hot-pressed ceramic parts made of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have a much longer working life. For thermal processes at extremely high temperatures and under vacuum or inert conditions, boron nitride ceramics are often the only viable solution.

Advantages of Boron Nitride Ceramics

– High-temperature resistance: It can maintain structural integrity and stable performance in a high-temperature environment.

– No bonding: It does not bond the product and does not pollute the product.

– Excellent corrosion resistance, can resist erosion by various corrosive media.

– Thermal conductivity: It has high thermal conductivity and can effectively conduct heat.

– Excellent thermal shock resistance, high electrical breakdown strength (3-4 times that of alumina), and carbon atmosphere corrosion resistance is much stronger than alumina.

– It is not wetted by aluminum water and can protect the surface of materials in direct contact with aluminum liquid, magnesium, zinc alloy, and slag.

In the field of high-temperature furnaces, including vacuum furnaces, hot pressing sintering furnaces, and hot isostatic pressing furnaces, Edgetech can provide a variety of boron nitrides precision machining parts, such as boron nitride tubes, BN washers, BN insulators, BN insulation plates, BN flanges and other high thermal shock resistant boron nitride ceramic insulator parts to meet customers' specific requirements in the high-temperature furnace industry.

[hongjuelectronics]

High-Current Fuse Holder Thermal Management Technology: Ensuring Reliability in Industrial High-Load Environments

Introduction

In industrial equipment and heavy machinery, fuse holders are vital components of electrical protection systems. Under high-current conditions, fuse holders are prone to overheating, which can degrade performance or create safety hazards. To ensure reliable long-term operation in high-load industrial environments, advanced thermal management techniques are essential. This article explores the causes of overheating, effective thermal design strategies, material selection, real-world examples, and future trends.

1. Overheating Challenges in High-Load Industrial Environments

High-current fuse holders face the following overheating challenges:

Joule Heating: Electrical resistance generates heat as current passes through conductors. Higher currents produce more heat.

Contact Resistance: Poor contact at connection points increases resistance, generating additional heat.

Environmental Factors: High ambient temperatures or enclosed spaces hinder heat dissipation.

Design Flaws: Inadequate thermal pathways or improper venting lead to heat buildup.

Overheating can cause material degradation, reduce electrical performance, and increase the risk of failure.

2. Thermal Management Techniques for High-Current Fuse Holders

1. Optimizing Heat Dissipation Pathways

Effective thermal pathways are critical. Strategies include:

Enhanced Conduction: Using multilayer conductors to distribute heat. For instance, industrial fuse holders with integrated copper heat conductors efficiently transfer heat to the exterior.

Ventilation Design: Adding vents or air channels to improve airflow.

Thermal Bridges: Placing thermal bridges to direct heat to cooling components.

2. High-Thermal-Conductivity Materials

Materials significantly impact thermal performance:

Metal Conductors: Use of copper and aluminum alloys, with silver plating for lower resistance.

Thermally Conductive Polymers: Incorporating fillers such as boron nitride to improve thermal conductivity in insulating materials.

Thermal Coatings: Applying heat-dissipating coatings on external surfaces.

3. Innovative Structural Designs

Various structural techniques can enhance cooling:

Embedded Heat Sinks: Using aluminum or copper heat sinks within the fuse holder.

Forced-Air Cooling: Incorporating fans to promote airflow.

Liquid Cooling: Deploying liquid-cooled designs for heavy-duty applications. For example, water-cooled fuse holders have demonstrated a 30% reduction in operating temperature.

4. Thermal Monitoring and Control

Advanced monitoring ensures safety and efficiency:

Temperature Sensors: Installing sensors at critical points for real-time monitoring.

Smart Control Systems: Leveraging IoT to trigger alarms or adjust loads under abnormal conditions.

Thermal Simulations: Using simulations to optimize design during development.

3. Real-World Applications

Example 1: High-Load Transformer Fuse Holder

For a 500A transformer, a specialized fuse holder was developed:

Material Choice: Silver-plated copper for conductors and thermally conductive polymers for housing.

Structural Design: Dual-layer heat sinks and thermal paste to enhance conduction.

Forced-Air Cooling: Integrated fan system to ensure consistent airflow.

Example 2: Heavy-Duty Industrial Robots

Robots operating in high-current environments require robust fuse holders:

Thermal Management: Ceramic substrates for superior heat resistance and liquid cooling for heavy loads.

Monitoring System: Sensors and IoT integration for predictive maintenance.

4. Future Trends

Smart Thermal Management: AI-driven systems for dynamic heat regulation.

Advanced Materials: Use of graphene and other nanomaterials for superior conductivity.

Modular Designs: Interchangeable components for flexible applications.

Green Solutions: Eco-friendly materials and designs to reduce energy consumption.

Conclusion

Thermal management is a cornerstone of high-current fuse holder design in industrial applications. By optimizing thermal pathways, employing advanced materials, and integrating intelligent monitoring systems, fuse holders can operate reliably under extreme conditions. As technology advances, future innovations will further enhance efficiency and sustainability, setting new standards for industrial electrical protection systems.

en.dghongju.com

[slutwheels]

Science from my tf AU

Transformers is a wonderful franchise to have a special interest on, because it has a shitlot of stuff you can deepdive into! Like, an actual shitlot. There is something for everything. But it's sometimes not specific enough in a cool way. Gives space for your own imagination ùwú so I took that opportunity.

Cybertron and its solar system. I collected my data with the help of ChadGPT, who suggested cool formulas and scientific explanations / backgrounds for stuff.

So, it exists with an A-type star on an ellipse around it with enormous distance. There are also a few lava or gas giants closer to the star - much like ours is called Sun btw, theirs is Diurnaeden, or Diurna/l Eden in common language. Did I cook or cringe. Their main lunar body is Nocturaeden slash Nocturna/l Eden. They used to have a religion before Primus, where they had worshipped energies. Cybertronian paganism go brr.

Their days last around 400 days on Terra despite Cybertron being relatively small. It rotates pretty slowly. Usually we say solar cycle for day and stellar cycle for year but I go with stellar cycle for day instead. Though some may call daytime the solar cycle, standard is diurnal phase. Now, their year lasts like 1200 years for us - a century, thus they call it a saecula /-r cycle. That happened because I had my mech be old as shit, but that would make the entire race stupidly slow. They count their age in what is a day for us. Also, recharge takes up a lot of time...

That star is extremely radioactive due to its A-class, right? Well, in this AU, nuclear energy is everything. Cybertron's core contains a core-core that's composed of all radioactive elements there are (don't ask i think it's epic) which the Cybertronians canon as Primus' spark. Primus isn't real in my AU btw.

Energon us the name for their and the planet's life force, Boron Nitride. It gets irradiated in the core, where it travels in liquid form, and as it leaves the high temperature environment, it becomes jelly, until it eventually crystallizes. That's what the miners mine.

Like in TF1, they live under the surface (Epifanéa), but here, it's due to Diurneden's radiation that would do heavy damage in direct exposure. And based on Plato's cave theory, there are four levels with their original names: Eikasia and Pistis in the sublevels of Doxa, where the core resides and the Vector Sigma above; followed by Dionaia and Episteme in the upper section Noesis where energon is mined and finally, Cybertronians reside.

Epifanéa is really pretty though, just like in TF1. The landscapes, the vibrancy of colours - ethereal because of Diurneden's brightness. The rather thin atmosphere consists of hydrogen, methane and agron, creating a pretty sky that looks like an aurora borealis but is still see-through even at daytime.

Those are basics of the planet. Further additions will follow surely

[enginevalve]

https://blwenginevalves.com/liquid-nitriding-boosts-blw-engine-valves/

[etimaterials-blog]

What are the applications for niobium products?

Niobium product is dominated by its use as additive to high strength low alloy steel and stainless steel for oil and gas pipelines, car and truck bodies, architectural requirements, tool steels, ships hulls, railroad tracks. However, there are many other applications for niobium metal and compounds.

Niobium product application & technical benefits Niobium oxide - Manufacture lithium niobate for surface acoustic wave filters - Camera lenses - Coating on glass for computer screens - Ceramic capacitors - High index of refraction - High dielectric constant - Increase light transmittance

Niobium carbide -Cutting tool compositions -High temperature deformation, controls grain growth

Niobium powder -Niobium capacitors for electronic circuits -High dielectric constant, stability of oxide dielectric

Niobium metal plates, sheets, wire, rod, tubing                                                       

- Sputtering targets - Cathode protection systems for large steel structures - Chemical processing equipment -Corrosion resistance, formation of oxide and nitride films. Increase in high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, improved creep resistance, reduced erosion at high temperatures.

Niobium-titanium alloy Niobium-tin alloy Superconducting magnetic coils in magnetic resonance imagery (MRI), magnetoencephalography, magnetic levitation transport systems, particle physics experiments. Electrical resistance of alloy wire drops to virtually zero at or below temperature of liquid helium (-268.8°C).

Niobium-1% zirconium alloy - Sodium vapor lamps - Chemical processing equipment -Corrosion resistance, fixation of oxygen, resistance to embrittlement. -Vacuum-grade ferro-niobium and nickel-niobium -Superalloy additions for turbine blade applications in jet engines and land-based turbines.

Inconel family of alloys, superalloys. Increase in high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, improved creep resistance, reduced erosion at high temperatures.

https://www.etimaterials.org/niobium/

https://www.edge-techind.com/Products/Refractory-Metals/Niobium/Niobium-Alloys/Niobium-Zirconium-Alloy-179-1.html

[merakistar]

Petrobras Approved Flanges in KSA

Meraki Star Metals Oil & Gas Equipment Trading L.L.C offers a broad assortment of Inconel 601 Flanges, which has a couple of unimaginable components, for instance, fine finishing, disintegration protected, easy to fit and anything is possible from that point. Inconel 601 Slip on Raised Flanges (UNS N06601) are used in Splendid chambers, Strand treating chambers, steam super-hotter chamber supports, and that is only the start. A part of the unbelievable properties that draw in clients to Inconel 601 Hung Flanges include: extraordinary liquid disintegration obstacles, remarkable mechanical strength, and that is just a hint of something larger.

Inconel 601 Weld Neck Raised Flanges is molded using all standard techniques. For the most outrageous oxidation deterrent, Inconel 601 Outwardly weakened Flanges should be welded with matching sythesis 601 blend GTAW wire. Inconel 601 Connection Weld Flanges encourages an immovably devoted oxide scale which goes against spalling significantly under conditions of outrageously warm cycling. Inconel 601 Ring Joint Sort Flanges is by and large used in warm taking care of stuff - mechanical assemblies, holders, plate, splendid chambers, fire shields, quiets, counters, woven wire transports, electrical deterrent warming wires and burner spouts.

Further critical uses of Inconel 601 Presentation Blind Flanges are to be found in the tainting control, aeronautics - where it is used in stream engine igniters - and power age adventures. Assurance from carburization of Inconel 601 Long Weld Neck Flanges is perfect, moreover impenetrable to carbon nitriding conditions. Inconel 601 Nipo Flanges is incredibly impenetrable to carburization, and close by has metallurgical sufficiency and extraordinary downer break strength. Meanwhile, these Inconel 601 Lap Joint Flanges are moreover being introduced in different sizes and shapes to our clients.