#Linear Voltage Regulators

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Characteristics and application tips for linear voltage regulators | E-energyIT

Characteristics and application tips for linear voltage regulators

There are two types of voltage regulator used to supply a constant voltage to a circuit: linear voltage regulators and switching voltage regulators. Linear voltage regulators have a pathway element that operates as a linear electronic component. Factors such as heat dissipation, low efficiency, high operating temperatures and large heat sinks limit the use of linear electronics in voltage regulation schemes. In this article we will learn why as we discuss the characteristics and applications of linear voltage regulators.

1. Supply voltage regulation

A wide range of applications, such as industrial utilities, consumer appliances, handheld devices and communication systems - require power supplies. The power supply for these applications is a stable DC voltage, which is obtained by rectifying the AC supply. The rectified AC voltage is pulsating, so filters must be used to smooth out the power supply.

Power solutions in today's electronic designs often need to maintain or regulate a constant output voltage independent of variations in the AC grid or load changes. Voltage regulators are integrated in combination with rectifier filters to provide a constant DC power supply. Typically, the voltage regulation circuit includes a transmission element, a reference voltage, a feedback circuit and a control circuit. The core function of the voltage regulation scheme is to detect changes in the output DC voltage with respect to the reference voltage. The difference between the output DC voltage and the reference voltage creates an error. Based on the error, a control signal is generated to drive the pathway components so that the output DC voltage is always constant.

2. Linear Voltage Regulators

Power management design can be a challenging task for the circuit design engineer. Several factors need to be considered when selecting a suitable power supply design, such as efficiency, size, compactness, transient response, cost and accuracy. Depending on the application, the solution can be either a linear regulator or a switching regulator.

Linear regulators use MOSFETs or BJTs as transmission elements to maintain a constant output voltage. The variable conductivity of the conduction element is used for voltage regulation in linear voltage regulation. The linear regulator acts as a voltage divider circuit, which is only possible due to the operation of the transmission element in the active region (also known as the ohmic or linear region).

There are two main types of linear regulators.

(1).Series linear regulators:

When a regulating element is connected in series with a load, it forms a series linear regulator. In a series voltage regulator, the load voltage is regulated by controlling the voltage drop through the element.

(2).Parallel linear voltage regulator:

A parallel linear voltage regulator is a voltage regulator in which the pathway element is connected in parallel with the load. The current through the path element is controlled to maintain a constant voltage in a parallel linear voltage regulator.

3. characteristics of linear regulators

Linear regulators are available as highly integrated circuits such as IC7805, 7812, 7915, LM317, LM309 and LM2940. linear regulators are available in three basic designs based on the minimum voltage drop voltage constant required to maintain the output on the regulator. The classifications are as follows.

(1) Standard regulators: The pass in standard regulators is the NPN Darlington pair.

(2) Low Dropout Voltage (LDO) regulators: There is one transistor in an LDO regulator.

(3) Quasi-LDO regulators: A combination of PNP and NPN transistors forms the pass element in a quasi-LDO regulator.

Linear regulators can output a stable voltage with almost no noise. These regulators are best suited for applications smaller than 20 W. Linear regulator ICs simplify the design and require minimal external components such as resistors and capacitors. However, several characteristics of these regulators limit their application.

(1) Very low efficiency is offered, around 20-60%.

(2) The linear mode operation of the transmission element leads to excessive power dissipation and heat generation.

(3) Can only be used as step-down regulators.

(4) I.F. transformers are used for linear voltage regulation and they add to the size and weight of the system.

In space-constrained applications, voltage regulators based on linear electronics should be replaced by switching regulators. The use of high frequency transformers reduces the PCB space occupied by switching regulators more than linear regulators. In addition, switching regulators are highly efficient and have both step-up and step-down regulator options.

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