#Adjustable voltage regulator circuit

[robe3ales]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--analog--regulators-reference--linear-regulators/lm317d2t-tr-stmicroelectronics-3412715

Adjustable voltage regulator circuit, Fixed voltage regulator,

LM317 Series 1.2 V 1.5 A Positive Adjustable Voltage Regulator - D2PAK

[mhel2dgee]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--analog--regulators-reference--linear-regulators/ncp5501dt33rkg-onsemi-4025789

Low dropout linear regulator, Battery charger, Linear voltage regulator circuit

NCP5501 Series 500 mA 3.3 V Fixed Output LDO Voltage Regulator - TO-253

[jss2stinn]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--analog--regulators-reference--shunt-regulator/nud4700snt1g-onsemi-8877532

Low voltage shunt regulator, shunt voltage regulator, adjustable Regulator

NUD4700 Series 1 V 1.3 A Surface Mount LED Shunt - POWERMITE-2

[jmy2lsaps]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--analog--regulators-reference--linear-regulators/lm317d2t-tr-stmicroelectronics-3412715

Low dropout linear regulator, linear voltage regulator, AC voltage regulator,

LM317 Series 1.2 V 1.5 A Positive Adjustable Voltage Regulator - D2PAK

[lyssophobiaa]

Quick sketch for Piers’ bionic arm.

Design Features

•Aesthetics: Streamlined, ergonomic design with a minimalist look, often featuring a matte or metallic finish.

•Materials: Lightweight composites like carbon fiber and titanium, providing durability without sacrificing mobility.

•Color Options: Customizable colors or finishes, including options for skin-like textures or futuristic metallics.

Technology

•Actuation: Advanced motors and actuators that enable precise, fluid movement mimicking natural limb motion.

•Sensors: Integrated sensors (e.g., myoelectric sensors) to detect muscle signals for intuitive control and movement.

•Feedback Systems: Haptic feedback mechanisms to provide users with sensory information about grip strength and object texture.

Safety and Durability

•Water and Dust Resistance: High IP ratings to protect against environmental factors.

•Emergency Features: Manual override systems or fail-safes in case of technology malfunction.

Advanced Technological Interface

•Integrated Biosensors: Built-in biosensors that can analyze blood or interstitial fluid samples to measure viral load in real time.

•Data Analytics: Utilizes algorithms to process biosensor data, providing insights on viral dynamics and trends.

•Alerts and Notifications: Real-time alerts sent to the user or healthcare provider when viral load exceeds predetermined thresholds.

•Communication System: Integrated with a communicator on the wrist, the arm serves as a reliable device for maintaining contact with his team. This system includes encrypted channels for secure communication during high-stakes operations.

•Objective Management Display: The arm features a holographic display that provides a detailed version of the communicator’s data, allowing Piers to view mission objectives and tactical data in real-time. This feature minimizes the need for external devices and keeps critical information accessible.

Augmented Reality (AR) Compatibility

•Enhanced Visualization: The arm’s display projects augmented reality overlays, allowing Piers to see additional information, such as enemy positions, weapon stats, or tactical directions, directly in his line of sight.

•Environmental Scanning: The arm can analyze the surroundings for potential threats, detect biological or chemical hazards, and provide alerts for safer navigation through hostile environments.

Electricity Conduction and Control

•Energy Conduit Design: The bionic arm acts as a conductor for the constant electrical energy generated by Piers’ mutation. It includes specialized channels and circuits designed to manage this energy flow, allowing Piers to use his mutation’s electrical pulse without it spiraling out of control.

•Dielectric Structures: The arm’s design incorporates materials that mimic the dielectric properties of his mutated tissue, particularly in the finger joints and bones. These dielectric components help regulate and contain the high voltage his body produces, diffusing excess energy safely throughout the arm.

•Controlled Release Mechanism: To avoid overload, the arm features a controlled release system that allows Piers to release pulses of energy strategically, whether in combat or to alleviate the internal buildup. This system prevents the arm from overheating or sustaining damage from prolonged electrical activity.

Containment and Compression of the Mutation

•Compression Framework: The prosthetic was specially designed by UMBRELLA engineers to act as a containment “net” around his mutation. It includes a flexible, reinforced framework that compresses the mutated tissue, keeping it in check and preventing further growth or erratic shifts in form.

•Adaptive Pressure System: As the mutation strains against the arm, sensors detect any changes in size or energy output, triggering adaptive responses. The arm tightens or loosens as necessary to hold the mutation back, functioning almost like a high-tech brace that adjusts in real-time to maintain Piers’ arm in a stable form.

•Automatic Safety Lock: In the event of a significant spike in mutation activity or electrical output, the arm engages an emergency lock to keep the mutation from expanding. This feature is a safeguard against sudden bursts of energy that could cause the arm to revert to its mutated state.

Dependency and Risks of Removal

•Rapid Mutation Onset: Without the prosthetic in place, Piers’ arm begins to mutate almost immediately, returning to its original, unstable form. The electrical pulse that his body generates becomes unrestrained, emitting a continuous, breath-like rhythm that is both painful and dangerous, with energy leaking through protruding bones and exposed tissue.

•Uncontrollable Pulse: When uncontained, the electrical pulse from his mutation surges in intensity, lacking any natural “closure” or stopping point. This pulse causes rapid fluctuations in his vital signs and risks systemic overload, leading to loss of control over his mutation and putting him at severe physical risk.

Miscellaneous Details

•The arm has a unique serial code engraved on an inner plate, serving as an identifier for UMBRELLA technicians. This code also links to Piers’ personal health records, mutation data, and arm specifications for quick access during maintenance or in emergencies.

•Due to the intense electrical pulses generated by his mutation, the arm is equipped with an internal cooling system. Micro-fans and heat-dissipating channels prevent overheating during extended use, keeping the arm at a safe, comfortable temperature. If the arm overheats, an internal alarm alerts Piers to prevent any potential damage.

•The outer layer is treated with a UV-resistant coating to protect it from environmental damage and exposure. This ensures that prolonged exposure to sunlight or harsh conditions doesn’t wear down the arm’s exterior, making it more durable in diverse climates and situations.

•Designed for various operational environments, the arm is fully waterproof and corrosion-resistant. It functions normally underwater, which is crucial for aquatic missions or when exposed to rain, mud, or corrosive substances.

•The holographic display can be customized to show additional details, such as weather, GPS navigation, or tactical maps. Piers can also set personal preferences, like color schemes or alert tones, for a more intuitive user experience. This flexibility lets him prioritize the information he finds most critical during missions.

•The communicator has an onboard language translator, enabling Piers to communicate with individuals across different languages. The arm’s display shows translated text, and a subtle earpiece can even relay audio translations, making it easier for him to gather intel and negotiate in multilingual environments.

[dyethin14]

Understanding Circuit Board Electronic Components: A Comprehensive Guide

In today's digital world, electronic devices have become an essential part of our daily lives. But what makes these devices tick? At the heart of every electronic device lies a circuit board—a masterpiece of tiny electronic components working together to perform complex tasks. In this article, we’ll dive deep into the fascinating world of circuit board electronic components, exploring each element’s role and how they contribute to the overall functionality of the device.

What is a Circuit Board?

A circuit board, often referred to as a PCB (Printed Circuit Board), is a flat board used to mechanically support and electrically connect various electronic components. These components work in unison to perform a specific task. Think of the circuit board as the skeleton and nervous system of an electronic device—it holds everything together and allows communication between parts.

Types of Circuit Boards

Single-sided PCB: Has one layer of conducting material.

Double-sided PCB: Contains two layers for components and connections.

Multi-layer PCB: Complex boards with multiple layers for advanced applications.

The Role of Electronic Components on a Circuit Board

Every electronic device you interact with is powered by a carefully designed circuit board filled with various components. These components might be tiny, but each one has a critical role in the operation of the device. Here's a breakdown of the most important electronic components you’ll find on a typical circuit board.

1. Resistors

Resistors are fundamental components that control the flow of electrical current. They resist the flow of electrons, hence the name "resistor." Their primary function is to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, and divide voltages in a circuit. Without resistors, circuits would allow too much current to flow, potentially damaging other components.

Types of Resistors

Fixed resistors: Have a set resistance value.

Variable resistors: Allow adjustment of the resistance.

2. Capacitors

Capacitors store and release electrical energy in a circuit. They are often compared to small rechargeable batteries that quickly charge and discharge. Capacitors help smooth out fluctuations in voltage, filter noise, and store energy for future use.

Common Uses of Capacitors

Energy storage

Signal filtering

Voltage stabilization

3. Inductors

Inductors are components that store energy in a magnetic field when electrical current flows through them. They resist changes in current and are typically used in circuits to filter signals, manage power, and store energy.

Applications of Inductors

Power supplies

Radio frequency circuits

Noise suppression in circuits

4. Diodes

A diode is like a one-way valve for electricity, allowing current to flow in only one direction. They are vital in circuits to prevent reverse currents, which can damage components.

Types of Diodes

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs): Produce light when current flows through.

Zener diodes: Regulate voltage within a circuit.

5. Transistors

The transistor is a versatile component used to amplify or switch electronic signals. In essence, transistors are like tiny switches that turn signals on and off rapidly, making them essential in modern electronics.

Types of Transistors

NPN transistors: Allow current flow when a small voltage is applied to the base.

PNP transistors: Conduct when the base is negatively charged.

How Circuit Board Components Work Together

In a circuit, each component has a specific role, and together they form a cohesive system. For example:

Capacitors and resistors may work together to filter signals or smooth out voltage fluctuations.

Transistors and diodes ensure that signals are amplified or directed properly.

Integrated circuits handle the complex tasks, processing data, and controlling the overall system.

Choosing the Right Components for Your Circuit Board

When designing or repairing a circuit board, choosing the correct components is crucial. Some factors to consider include:

Voltage requirements

Power consumption

Signal type and frequency

Physical size and compatibility

Conclusion

Circuit boards are an integral part of any electronic device. The various components on the board each play a specific role in ensuring the device functions as intended. Understanding these components, from resistors to integrated circuits, is essential for anyone working with electronics, whether you're designing a new system or troubleshooting an existing one.

[engineering-guff]

Electronics Components and Uses:

Here is a list of common electronics components and their uses:

Resistor:

Use: Limits or controls the flow of electric current in a circuit.

Capacitor:

Use: Stores and releases electrical energy; used for filtering, timing, and coupling in circuits.

Inductor:

Use: Stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it; used in filters, transformers, and oscillators.

Diode:

Use: Allows current to flow in one direction only; used for rectification, signal demodulation, and protection.

Transistor:

Use: Amplifies and switches electronic signals; fundamental building block of electronic circuits.

Integrated Circuit (IC):

Use: Contains multiple electronic components (transistors, resistors, capacitors) on a single chip; used for various functions like amplification, processing, and control.

Resistor Network:

Use: A combination of resistors in a single package; used in applications where multiple resistors are needed.

Potentiometer:

Use: Variable resistor that can be adjusted to control voltage in a circuit; used for volume controls, dimmer switches, etc.

Varistor:

Use: Protects electronic circuits from excessive voltage by acting as a voltage-dependent resistor.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED):

Use: Emits light when current flows through it; used for indicator lights, displays, and lighting.

Photodiode:

Use: Converts light into an electric current; used in light sensors and communication systems.

Zener Diode:

Use: Acts as a voltage regulator by maintaining a constant voltage across its terminals.

Crystal Oscillator:

Use: Generates a stable and precise frequency; used in clocks, microcontrollers, and communication devices.

Transformer:

Use: Transfers electrical energy between two or more coils through electromagnetic induction; used for voltage regulation and power distribution.

Capacitive Touch Sensor:

Use: Detects touch or proximity by changes in capacitance; used in touchscreens and proximity sensing applications.

Voltage Regulator:

Use: Maintains a constant output voltage regardless of changes in input voltage or load; used for stable power supply.

Relay:

Use: Electromagnetic switch that controls the flow of current in a circuit; used for remote switching and automation.

Fuse:

Use: Protects electronic circuits by breaking the circuit when current exceeds a certain value; prevents damage from overcurrent.

Thermistor:

Use: Resistor whose resistance changes with temperature; used for temperature sensing and compensation.

Microcontroller/Microprocessor:

Use: Processes and controls electronic signals; the brain of many electronic devices and systems.

fig:google-electronics

fig:google-electronics

fig:Crystal-Oscillator

This list covers some of the basic electronic components, and there are many more specialized components used for specific applications within the field of electronics.

[trainsinanime]

Let me introduce my current main WIP. It's not fandom related, it's for my model railroad, and it's not yet finished.

This is a rendering of a circuit board that I'm designing at the moment. It will be a DCC command station. My model railroad is run digitally, which means the tracks carry digital signals that tell each locomotive and switch individually how to run, which lights to turn and so on. The command station is the device that generates that. I have a number of different layouts, one of which has a good command station, one of which has a crappy old one, and the final one isn't even digital yet. So this will be the one that solves all issues for me, hopefully.

The design above isn't finished yet, and even the parts that are are not yet fully representative. The different capacitors are just there as options; some screen print overlaps; and some components (in particular all plugs and the relays that control the programming track) don't have 3D models so they don't show up.

Planned features:

Four layer board

10-25 V DC output, software controllable

Up to 5A output power, limited mainly by the main switching regulator.

Input 15-25V either AC or DC with polarity protection, selectable with some solder bridges (not yet in there). Optionally you can also bypass the main power regulator with another solder bridge (that I haven't added yet); useful in case you use e.g. a laptop power supply with a switchable voltage and don't need any regulation after that.

Railcom support

USB connection; not yet sure what for, but the main chip I'm using has USB support and I have some spare USB connectors here, so in it goes.

Speaking: The chip is an STM32L433RCT6P, chosen because I found it in stock at an electronics distributor. 64 kB RAM, 256 kB EEPROM, with support for an additional up to 256 MB externally (there's a spot for that on the board) and lots of fun extras that I don't technically need. It has an FPU! I don't need an FPU, but I will definitely do some floating point math computation on it just for fun.

Main external connection is WLAN using an ESP32 WROOM U module. I haven't decided on the housing, but I may go for extruded aluminum, so it's the U version that allows and requires an external antenna

It supports XBUS/XpressNet connections for old throttles from Lenz and Roco that I should probably throw away, but I paid good money for them, dang it.

It supports CAN for LCC / OpenLCB. I may not populate this part on all boards that I'm building, because I haven't actually decided whether I am interested. But the chip has CAN functionality built in, so why not.

There's an I2C connection to connect a cheap tiny OLED display for status messages.

Test points for all important signals (in particular the different internal voltage levels; yes, there is 3.3V, A3.3V and -3.3V and I need all of them).

Stuff still to add:

I will add pin headers (or space for pin headers anyway) for all the remaining pins on the STM32, and perhaps some on the ESP32, for future expansions.

Status LED and stop/go button on the front

Wire it all up, maybe move some stuff (mostly the STM32 around), which will cause all sorts of fun new routing issues.

Adjustments to make the jacks line up with the front panel once I've decided on a housing.

Features I'm not considering adding:

s88. I vaguely know what it is but I don't have any devices like that, and if that ever changed I could probably build (or perhaps buy) a converter that connects them via CAN.

Other buses like LocoNet.

Ethernet. I don't need it and it's actually more expensive than WLAN in this day and age.

In terms of software, I'm planning to use DCC-Ex on it. The whole project actually started out as a DCC-Ex shield, but once I realised that this wouldn't fit, I decided to make it standalone. Now, DCC-Ex is designed for Arduino, not STM32, and it doesn't support XpressNet, nor OpenLCB, nor Railcom, and their Wifi protocol is pretty weird and annoying which will be an issue (I'm planning to write my own control app for iPhone for it), so I'll probably change that or just replace it with the z21 one… so really, the software will not look a lot like DCC-Ex once I'm done with it.

Will this all work? I have honestly no idea. I mean, I'm fairly confident, I'd have given up on this long ago otherwise, but I have no guarantees either way until I've spent a lot of money on components and circuit boards and start soldering. Turns out doing it this way is not really cheaper than just buying a half-way decent one. That's what makes it exciting, though!

If it does work, obviously this will be released as open source. But it's still going to be a few days (more realistically weeks) before it's even ready to order the parts, and then a lot of soldering (current BOM stands at 194 actual components), and then a lot of software development before it's ready for that.

[jayakody2000lk]

Adapting HX711 modules for 3.3V Operation

The HX711 is a versatile integrated circuit (IC) designed for precision analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, particularly suited for strain gauge load cell applications. It features a 24-bit A/D converter with a differential input stage capable of handling both single-ended and differential input signals. Additionally, this device offers adjustable gain amplification to accommodate various load cell sensitivities.

A common module based on the HX711 available in the market, including on AliExpress, is shown below. This module utilizes its internal analog supply regulator, which ensures a stable analog supply (AVDD) for the ADC and other internal components. The output voltage of the regulator (AVDD) is calculated using the following formula: VAVDD = VBG × (R1 + R2) / R2.

According to the electrical characteristics listed in the datasheet, the reference bypass voltage (VBG) is 1.25V. For the modules mentioned, R1 is set at 8.2kΩ and R2 at 20kΩ. By substituting these values into the formula, we calculate AVDD to be approximately 4.29V.

The HX711 IC operates within a voltage range of 2.6V to 5.5V. However, many HX711 modules on the market come with an internal voltage regulator that outputs approximately 4.29V. This can pose challenges when using the module with 3.3V microcontrollers. Furthermore, the datasheet specifies that the output voltage of the regulator should be at least 100mV lower than the supply voltage (VSUP), making the current regulator's output voltage incompatible with 3.3V supply voltages.

To address this, we need to ensure that AVDD is within the 2.6V to 3.2V range to make the module compatible with both 3.3V and 5V systems. After conducting some calculations, we determined that replacing R1 with 10kΩ and R2 with either 15kΩ or 12kΩ would be ideal. Using a 15kΩ resistor gives an AVDD of 3.1V, while using a 12kΩ resistor reduces it to 2.75V. In one of our experimental boards, we opted to replace R2 with a 12kΩ resistor.

As a further test, we lowered the AVDD to approximately 1.6V, and at this voltage, the HX711 still produced the correct results in our test setup. Interestingly, we observed that swapping R1 and R2 allows us to achieve an AVDD of 1.76V. To test this, we swapped R1 (8.2kΩ) and R2 (20kΩ) in one of the modules, and after applying a 5V supply, we noted that the AVDD returned at 1.65V, with the HX711 still providing correct outputs.

To evaluate the boards, we created a quick prototype using the STM32F405 MCU. In this prototype, we powered the HX711 module with 3.3V and directly connected its I/O pins to the STM32 GPIO pins.

For interaction with the module, we utilized the HX711 library provided at https://github.com/PCov3r/HX711-STM32-Library. The source code for our test firmware is available here.

After making the above modifications, all modules produce a stable output at 3.3V. We tested these modules with both 3.3V and 5V MCUs, using 5kg, 10kg, and 20kg load cells, and it operated correctly across all these combinations.

[stablizerblog]

Stabilizers: A Shield for Your Electronic Devices

A stabilizer is an essential electronic device that regulates the voltage supply to your appliances, protecting them from voltage fluctuations. These fluctuations can damage your appliances, especially sensitive electronics like air conditioners, refrigerators, and televisions.

Why Do We Need Stabilizers?

Voltage Fluctuations: India's power supply is often erratic, with frequent voltage spikes and dips.

Appliance Protection: Stabilizers safeguard your appliances from voltage surges and drops, preventing damage and extending their lifespan.

Optimal Performance: Consistent voltage ensures optimal performance of your appliances.

Types of Stabilizers

Automatic Voltage Stabilizers (AVS):

Automatically adjust the output voltage to maintain a stable supply.

Suitable for a wide range of appliances.

Servo Stabilizers:

Use a servo motor to regulate the output voltage.

Offer precise voltage regulation and are often used for high-end appliances.

Microprocessor-Based Stabilizers:

Utilize advanced microprocessor technology for accurate voltage regulation.

Provide features like digital display, overload protection, and power failure memory.

Key Factors to Consider When Choosing a Stabilizer

Voltage Input Range: Ensure the stabilizer's input voltage range covers your area's voltage fluctuations.

Output Voltage: The output voltage should match the requirements of your appliances.

Power Rating: Choose a stabilizer with a power rating that can handle the combined power consumption of your appliances.

Response Time: A faster response time ensures quick voltage regulation.

Efficiency: Look for energy-efficient stabilizers to reduce electricity consumption.

Safety Features: Consider stabilizers with safety features like overload protection and short-circuit protection.

By using a stabilizer, you can protect your valuable appliances, ensure their optimal performance, and enjoy a hassle-free experience. Protect your appliances and enhance their performance today with Poorvika at the Best Offers! 🌟

[teardownit]

Review, teardown, and testing of RS-150-24 Mean Well power supply

General description

A short description. The RS-150-24 is a power supply with a constant output voltage of 24 volts and a current of up to 6.3 amperes. According to the specification, the unit has two AC input voltage operating ranges—from 88 to 132 and 176 to 264 volts. Range selection is non-automatic with a mechanical switch. The supply measures close to 7.5 × 4.0 × 1.5 inches (192 × 98 × 38 millimeters) and is made on a printed circuit board fixed to the base of the metal case, designed to operate with passive cooling. The top lid covering the case is perforated. The power supply has an LED indication for the output voltage, allowing one to adjust it within -5 to +10%. This unit does not have either PFC or thermal protection.

Design description. The input and output circuits of the power supply are connected to a common screw block (1). From left to right, there are three terminals for the input line, neutral and ground wires, and two parallel blocks of two terminals for the outputs: ground and +24V. The input voltage from the screw terminals through the fuse (2) is supplied to the RF interference filter (3) and then goes to the diode bridge (5). A varistor (4) is installed at the filter input to suppress hazardous pulses. The rectified voltage from the bridge (5) through the range selector (6) and through two NTC inrush current limiters (7) is supplied to the input electrolytic capacitors (8). Rectified and filtered voltage from capacitors (8) goes to the forward converter, which consists of a NE1101 controller (9, on the back side of the board), a 2SK3878 power N-MOSFET transistor (10), and a transformer (11). The voltage from the output winding of the transformer (11) is rectified by the fast-recovery diode 20F20SAB3 (12) and filtered using an output LC filter (13) (14).

The base resistance of each NTC is about 4.5 Ohms.

Output filter capacitance: 2 pieces of 470 uF, 35 volts, designed for operating temperatures up to 220℉ (105℃) (14).

The output voltage is stabilized by shunt regulator AS431ANTR-E1, transmitting the control signal to the high-voltage side of the circuit through the 817C transistor optocoupler (15). A second optocoupler of the same type forms a bypass channel for overvoltage protection (OVP).

The rectifier bridge (5), transistor (10), and diode (12) are installed with individual heat sinks, which (10, 12) are pushed against the housing with screws. Between the aluminum case and the board (from the solder side) is an extra insulation layer, a thin fiberglass sheet. All bulky components are additionally fixed using a compound.

Build quality is good. The board has empty spaces for installing an additional parallel diode (12) and three output electrolytic capacitors. The board is obviously unified for all the models in the series, and these elements are used in lower-voltage models.

The output voltage LED indicator (16) and the output voltage adjustment resistor (17) are located near the terminal block so that they can be accessed without removing the top cover.

Test conditions

Most tests are performed using Metering Setup #1 (see appendices) at 80℉ (27℃), 70% humidity, and 29.8 inHg pressure. Unless mentioned otherwise, the measurements were performed without preheating the power supply with a short-term load. The following values were used to determine the load level:

Output voltage under a constant load

The high stability of the output voltage should be noted.

Power-on parameters

Powering on at 100% load

Before testing, the power supply is turned off for at least 5 minutes with a 100% load connected. The oscillogram of switching to a 100% load is shown below (channel 1 is the output voltage, and channel 2 is the current consumption from the grid):

On the oscillogram, three phases of the starting process can be distinguished: 1. Two pulses of the input current charging the input capacitors when connected to the grid have an amplitude of about 14.5 A and a duration of about one main voltage period. 2. Waiting for the power supply control circuit to start for about 220 ms. 3. (Output Voltage Rise Time) Output voltage rise takes 5 ms. (Turn On Delay Time) The entire process of entering the operating mode from the moment the device powers on is 228 ms.

(Output Voltage Overshoot) The switching process is aperiodic; there is no overshoot.

Powering on at 0% load

The power supply is turned off at least 5 minutes before the test, with a 100% load connected. Then, the load is disconnected, and the power supply is switched on. The oscillogram of switching to a 0% load is shown below:

The picture shows three distinguishable phases of the power-on process: 1. Charging the input capacitors when connected to the grid has an amplitude of about 14.5 A. 2. Waiting for the power supply control circuit to start for about 228 ms. 3. (Output Voltage Rise Time) Starting the converter, increasing the output voltage, and entering the operating mode takes 5 ms. (Turn On Delay Time) The entire process of entering the operating mode from the moment the device powers on is 233 ms.

(Output Voltage Overshoot) The switching process is aperiodic; there is no overshoot.

Power-off parameters

The power supply was turned off at 100% load, and the input voltage was nominal at the moment of powering off. The oscillogram of the shutdown process is shown below:

The oscillogram shows two phases of the shutdown process: 1. (Shutdown Hold-Up Time) The power supply continues to operate because the input capacitors hold charge until the voltage across them drops to a certain critical level, at which point maintaining the output voltage at the nominal level becomes impossible. The phase takes 38 ms. 2. (Output Voltage Fall Time) Reduction of the output voltage, stopping voltage conversion, and accelerating the voltage drop takes 33 ms.

(Output Voltage Undershoot) The shutdown process is aperiodic; there is no undershoot.

The amplitude of the current at 100% load before shutting down is 5.7 A.

Output voltage ripple

100% load

At 100% load, the low-frequency ripple is approximately 3 mV.

At 100% load, the ripple at the converter frequency is approximately 40 mVp-p, and the noise is 100 mVp-p.

75% load

At 75% load, the low-frequency ripple is approximately 4 mV.

At 75% load, the ripple at the converter frequency is approximately 40 mVp-p, and the noise is 100 mVp-p.

50% load

At a 50% load, the low-frequency ripple is approximately 3 mV.

At 50% load, the ripple at the converter frequency is approximately 25 mVp-p, and the noise is 100 mVp-p.

10% load

At 10% load, the low-frequency ripple is approximately 3 mV.

At a 10% load, the ripple at the converter frequency is approximately 40 mVp-p, and the noise is 100 mVp-p.

0% load

No-load current consumption measured with a multimeter: 68 mA. (Power Consumption) The current consumption in this mode is predominantly reactive, so it isn't easy to reliably measure it with a basic set of instruments. The power supply's input filter contains two capacitors with a combined capacitance of approximately 1 uF.

At 0% load, the low-frequency ripple is indistinguishable from background noise of approximately 2 mVp-p.

At 0% load, the ripple at the converter frequency is masked by the background noise of approximately 50 mVp-p.

Dynamic characteristics

A mode with periodic switching between 50% and 100% load was used to evaluate the dynamic characteristics. The oscillogram of the process is shown below:

It is evident that the supply’s response to abrupt load changes is aperiodic; the magnitude of the response to load changes is about 100 mV p-p.

Overload protection

The claimed protection type is "hiccup mode, which recovers automatically after the fault condition is removed." This was confirmed during testing. When a short circuit occurs, the power supply periodically tries to turn back on and, if the overload is still present, turns off again until the next attempt.

The output current for the overload protection to kick in is 8.8 A.

Input circuit safety assessment

(Input discharge) Safety assessment is based on the discharge time constant of the input circuits when disconnected from the grid; the value is 0.234 s. This means that when operating on a 120 V input voltage, the time required to discharge the input circuits to safe values (<42 V) will be 0.652 s:

Important: The result is valid for this particular power supply unit; it was obtained for testing purposes and should not be taken as a safety guarantee.

The leakage current at the ground pin is 29 µA.

Thermal conditions

When operating with no load connected, no component overheating had been noticed. Thermograms were captured at three power levels: 80, 90, and 100%, fully assembled and with the lid removed. Thermal images show that the most loaded element of the block are four ballast resistors that shunt the source output, which are located near the inductance of the output LC filter (13) and whose heating noticeably stands out against the background of other components. At 80% load, they heat up to 219℉ (104℃, 139℉ above ambient temperature). At 90%, it's 233℉ (112℃, 153℉ above ambient), and at 100%, it reaches 239℉ (115℃, 159℉ above ambient). It is worth noting here that overheating increases faster than output power.

80% load

90% load

100% load

Conclusions

RS-150-24 generally has little noise and ripple, the output voltage is maintained accurately, and the build quality is solid. The power supply's dynamic characteristics are fine; the unit reacts to a pulsing load with no overshoot.

According to the specification, it is designed for “cooling by free air convection” and “high operating temperatures up to 70°C.” However, our test unit at 100% load heated up its load resistors up to 320℉ (160℃), which seems dangerous. For long-term operation, the load should be limited to 70–80% of the nominal one, especially during the hot season when ambient temperatures reach 95℉ (35℃) or more.

When assessing the safety of the operation of such a power supply, it is necessary to consider the possibility that the load exceeds the rated value due to malfunction but remains below the protection trigger level. In this case, the output power for the tested unit will be 135% of the nominal value, leading to even greater overheating, resulting in power supply failure and a fire hazard.

Important: The results are valid for this particular power supply unit; they were obtained for testing purposes and should not be used to evaluate all the units of the same type

[aultenblogs]

Home Appliance Power Stabilizer – Protects Washing Machines, Microwaves & Treadmills from Voltage Surges

The AULTEN Automatic Digital Voltage Stabilizer for Washing Machine, Microwave Oven, and Treadmill protects your essential appliances from voltage fluctuations. It ensures a stable power supply, helping your washing machine, microwave, and treadmill run efficiently, even in areas with unstable grids or frequent power surges.

With a capacity of 5000VA and 4000W, this stabilizer is designed to safeguard your washing machine from over-voltage and under-voltage conditions, preventing potential damage and extending the appliance’s lifespan. The automatic digital control adjusts the voltage in real-time, providing the ideal power needed for your appliances.

For those looking for a reliable stabilizer for washing machine, this product offers optimal protection. It regulates the voltage to avoid spikes, which are common in areas with poor electrical infrastructure, ensuring your washing machine operates smoothly and avoids costly repairs.

In addition to protecting against voltage fluctuations, the stabilizer also features overload protection, reducing the risk of short circuits and fire hazards. By maintaining a constant power supply, it improves the efficiency of your washing machine and other appliances, ultimately saving you money on repairs and replacements.

[vbsemi-mosfet]

VBE2610N MOSFET In the sweeping robot and the vacuum cleaner:Intelligent control and efficient drive

In order to make the sweeping robot really play a role, intelligent control and efficient driving are very important. In the design and application of the sweeping robot (EV) vacuum cleaner, the selection of the right MOSFET is the key. As one of the core components of the sweeping robot vacuum cleaner, the performance of MOSFET directly affects the charging efficiency, system stability and the long life of the equipment. Our MOSFET product, VBE2610N- -VB-semi, is widely used in this scheme because of its low on resistance and high threshold voltage, high efficiency and high reliability. It provides stable and reliable power support for these components, ensures the efficient operation of the robot in a variety of complex environments, and improves the cleaning effect and intelligence level.

Power management system:

As a kind of intelligent home appliance, the sweeping robot contains a complex circuit system inside, among which the power management module is very important. MOSFET Can be used as the core element of the regulator in the power switch module, VBE2610N high performance and low on resistance characteristics make it very suitable for the sweeping robot and vacuum cleaner power management module, through the accurate control of the current and voltage, to achieve the stable output of the circuit. It can provide efficient electricity conversion and stable current output, thus extending the battery use time and improving the overall energy efficiency of the equipment.

Intelligent control:

In the sweeping robot, intelligent control functions such as path planning, automatic obstacle avoidance, intelligent scheduling and so on all need high-precision circuit control. VBE2610N The high reliability and stability make it a key component of these intelligent control functional circuits, which can ensure that the sweeping robot can achieve efficient cleaning and intelligent operation in a variety of complex environments

Efficient drive:

Sweeping robots are usually equipped with motor drive components such as the main brush and side brush, which require precise current and voltage control to achieve efficient cleaning effect. VBE2610N Has high voltage resistance, can work steadily in high voltage environment, ensure the safety and reliability of electric tools, and reduce the power loss and improve the power density, VBE2610N high current carrying capacity and stable voltage control ability make it the ideal choice in the motor drive circuit, to ensure that the motor under a kinds of load conditions can run operation, provide stable power output.

Applications in other areas

In the wireless communication equipment power amplifier module：

VBE2610N Using trench process manufacturing, with low conduction resistance and high current processing capacity, with high efficiency, high reliability and high current processing capacity, making VBE2610N become one of the indispensable electronic components in wireless communication equipment, help to improve the performance and reliability of the whole system.

In the LED lighting drive

VBE2610N As an MOSFET suitable for high-power applications, it shows significant advantages in LED lighting drivers. It can not only provide accurate power control, through adjusting the conduction state to adjust the LED light intensity, meet the demand of diversified lighting, also because of its low conduction resistance and achieve high efficiency conversion, reduce power loss, its TO252 packaging form easy to integrate and encapsulation, save space, improve the compactness of lighting system and stable stability and extend the service life.

Product Parameter

Product model number: VBE2610N

Polarity: P channel

drain-source voltage (VDS):60V 

Grid source voltage (VGS): ± 20V

Threshold voltage (Vth):1.7V

On-on resistance (RDS(on)@VGS=4.5V): 72m Ω

On-on resistance (RDS (on) @ VGS = 10 V): 61mΩ

Maximum drain current:30A

Technology: groove(groove type)

Package: SOT 252

VBE2610N MOSFET—VB-semi has the characteristics of low on resistance and high threshold voltage, high efficiency, high reliability, widely used in sweeping robot and vacuum cleaner, can also be used in voltage regulator, power switch module and other fields. Such as the power amplifier module, LED lighting driver in the wireless communication equipment. Its low threshold voltage and large rated leakage electrode current also make it an ideal choice for home appliance control module, industrial motor controller and other fields. VBE2610N Can improve the performance and competitiveness of its products, to bring users a better use experience and more high-quality, efficient and reliable products.

[stgeorgegourmet]

Top 10 Must-Have ICs for Your Next Electronics Project

Integrated Circuits (ICs) have revolutionized electronics, making complex circuitry compact, affordable, and more reliable. Whether you’re working on a hobby project or designing a professional application, certain ICs are essential for building efficient and functional devices. Here, we’ll go over ten must-have ICs that can elevate your next electronics project.

1. 555 Timer IC

The 555 Timer is a versatile IC known for its wide range of applications, from timing to pulse generation. It’s used in both monostable (one-shot) and astable (continuous) modes, ideal for creating oscillators, timers, and even light flashers. It’s a staple for DIY electronics projects and is compatible with numerous applications.

2. LM317 Voltage Regulator

The LM317 is an adjustable voltage regulator IC that provides a stable output. This IC can regulate voltages from 1.25V to 37V, making it essential for power management in electronic circuits. Ideal for custom voltage needs, it’s useful in battery charging circuits, power supplies, and adjustable voltage systems.

3. ATmega328 Microcontroller

This microcontroller IC powers Arduino boards, making it a favorite among hobbyists and professionals alike. It’s programmable with various I/O pins, analog-to-digital converters, and PWM capabilities, perfect for projects that involve data processing, motor control, or IoT applications.

4. Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) IC: LM741

The LM741 Op-Amp IC is a general-purpose operational amplifier widely used in analog electronics. It amplifies weak signals and is commonly employed in sensors, audio applications, and signal processing. With a wide frequency response and minimal distortion, it’s an essential IC for audio and measurement circuits.

5. 4017 Decade Counter IC

The 4017 Decade Counter is a popular IC in applications where sequential LED lighting or timing control is required. It’s often used in combination with the 555 Timer to create light chasers or display counters. This IC finds applications in counters, timers, and LED displays.

6. ULN2003A Darlington Transistor Array

For projects involving motors, relays, or high-current components, the ULN2003A is invaluable. This Darlington transistor array provides the necessary current amplification to control multiple loads from a single microcontroller or sensor. It’s often used in stepper motor drivers and relay control applications.

7. NE5532 Audio Amplifier

The NE5532 is an audio amplifier IC with excellent noise performance, making it ideal for high-fidelity audio applications. Its low distortion and wide frequency response suit it well for audio mixing, preamplifiers, and general sound processing tasks. Audio engineers and hobbyists alike rely on this IC for quality sound amplification.

8. LM3915 Dot/Bar Display Driver

If you’re creating visual indicators, the LM3915 is a great choice. This IC is used to drive LED bar graphs or dot displays, making it a favorite for visual VU (Volume Unit) meters or battery level indicators. With its easy cascading options, it’s well-suited for applications needing multiple LED levels.

9. MAX232 Serial Communication IC

The MAX232 is crucial for projects involving RS-232 communication. It converts signals from a serial port to signals suitable for TTL-based digital logic circuits. This IC is essential for any project requiring serial communication, like microcontroller-based systems or data transfer applications.

10. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

For IoT projects, the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module IC is a game-changer. This IC provides Wi-Fi capabilities to microcontroller-based projects, allowing remote control and data monitoring. It’s widely used in smart home applications, sensor networks, and any project that requires wireless data transfer.

Conclusion

These essential ICs provide versatility, reliability, and functionality, which makes them indispensable in electronic projects. Whether you’re building a simple timer, creating complex IoT devices, or designing audio applications, these ICs are vital tools. Stocking up on these components will ensure your toolbox is ready for almost any project that comes your way.

If you’re looking to get started with these ICs, you can find a wide selection and Buy Electronic Components Online from Blizzcartz. For more details and the best prices, check out Electronic Components Online in India.

[thevapemall-blog]

Why Vape Chargers Are Important

Vape chargers might seem like a simple accessory, but for vapers, they are absolutely essential. Whether you're using a vape mod with a removable battery or a pod system with a built-in rechargeable one, having a reliable charger ensures that your device is always ready when you need it. Beyond convenience, vape chargers play a critical role in device performance, battery life, and overall safety.

Maximizing Battery Life

One of the primary reasons to invest in a high-quality vape charger is to maximize the life of your battery. Vape batteries, whether removable 18650 cells or built-in lithium-ion batteries, can degrade over time, particularly if they’re charged improperly.

Cheap or low-quality chargers often fail to regulate voltage and current effectively, leading to overcharging or overheating. These issues can shorten the overall lifespan of the battery, forcing you to replace it more often.

A good charger will have built-in protection features like overcharge protection, temperature control, and smart voltage regulation to ensure that your battery charges at an optimal rate. These features not only extend the battery life but also improve the long-term performance of your vape device.

Ensuring Device Performance

A properly charged battery isn’t just about longevity; it’s also essential for your device's performance. Vaping at lower battery levels can lead to weaker hits, inconsistent vapor production, and a less enjoyable overall experience. If you're using a mod that allows you to adjust wattage, a drained battery can even prevent you from reaching your preferred settings.

By keeping your vape charged with the right charger, you ensure that your device delivers a consistent and satisfying vaping experience. In addition, using a charger that provides the correct voltage and amperage prevents unnecessary strain on your device’s circuitry, maintaining its performance and preventing potential malfunctions.

Safety Considerations

Safety is another critical reason why vape chargers are important. Vape batteries, especially those used in mods, are high-drain cells that can become dangerous if mishandled. Low-quality chargers may not provide adequate protection against overcharging, which can cause the battery to overheat or even explode. This can lead to serious injury or damage to your device.

High-quality vape chargers are equipped with multiple safety features, including protection against overcharging, short circuits, and overheating. These features help to ensure that your battery is charged safely, reducing the risk of accidents. In fact, safety should be one of the top considerations when choosing a charger for your vape.

Compatibility and Versatility

Vape chargers are not one-size-fits-all, and using a charger that is compatible with your specific device is crucial. Different vape batteries require different charging specifications. For example, charging an 18650 battery with a charger designed for smaller pod systems can result in improper charging, affecting both performance and safety.

Investing in a charger that is designed for your specific vape setup ensures that you’re charging the battery at the correct voltage and amperage. Many modern vape chargers are versatile and can accommodate various battery types, offering a range of features like fast charging, display screens, and interchangeable power cords for greater flexibility.

Vape chargers are much more than simple power cords—they are an essential part of your vaping setup. A high-quality charger ensures that your battery lasts longer, your device performs at its best, and most importantly, you can charge your device safely. As vaping devices continue to evolve, so do the chargers that keep them powered. By choosing the right charger for your vape, you not only protect your device and your battery but also enhance your overall vaping experience.

In short, don’t underestimate the importance of a good vape charger—it’s the key to keeping your vape ready whenever you need it!

For more information about Vape Tanks and The Vape Shop please visit:- The Vape Mall

[industrynewsupdates]

Role of Smart Technology in the Power Transformer Market

The global power transformer market was valued at USD 22.83 billion in 2022 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1% from 2023 to 2030. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for electricity in both emerging and developed countries, alongside significant investments in infrastructure. As countries expand their electrical grids and enhance their capabilities, this will be a crucial factor in stimulating market growth over the forecast period. Additionally, the growing demand for smart grid technologies has led to a heightened need for smart meters, which is expected to further contribute to the positive trajectory of the power transformer industry in the coming years.

Government initiatives aimed at installing advanced power transformers and modernizing existing power grids to improve energy efficiency and reduce losses are also anticipated to have a favorable impact on demand in the power transformer sector. Furthermore, the industry is expected to benefit from increased research into transmission networks and the rapid adoption of non-traditional and renewable energy sources for electricity generation in remote areas. Smart grids, with their ability to be accessed and monitored remotely, allow for quick adjustments to fluctuations in electricity demand. They also provide effective cooling and power delivery, which can lead to a reduction in carbon emissions.

In the coming years, the development of green transformers, advancements in high-voltage transmission technologies, and stringent government regulations designed to lower greenhouse gas emissions will further bolster the growth of the global power transformer market.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Power Transformer Market

Insulation Insights

The insulation segment of the power transformer market is categorized into several sub-segments, including gas, oil, solid, air, and other insulation types. Among these, oil insulation emerged as the dominant type, accounting for a significant market share of 58.9% in 2022. It is anticipated to experience a positive CAGR of 7.7% from 2023 to 2030. Oil is widely used as an insulation medium across various industries due to its ability to maintain stability at high temperatures. Its exceptional electrical insulation properties, particularly its dielectric strength, effectively mitigate potential damage from high voltage.

Moreover, oil insulation plays a crucial role in protecting other components, such as copper coils, from damage such as burning. Oil is commonly utilized in fluorescent lamp ballasts, high-voltage capacitors, oil-filled transformers, high-voltage switches, and circuit breakers. Typically, transformers use mineral oil (primarily naphthenic), silicone, and bio-based oils for insulation. However, with the increasing focus on environmental sustainability, transformer manufacturers are gradually shifting towards more eco-friendly alternatives, such as ester oil, for transformer development.

For instance, in September 2022, Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Co. Ltd announced the launch of its 110KV natural ester oil transformer. The ester oil utilized in this transformer boasts an impressive 98% natural degradation rate and a higher ignition point, aligning with the industry's move towards sustainable practices. This shift not only meets the rising environmental standards but also enhances the safety and efficiency of power transformers.

The global power transformer market is poised for robust growth, driven by rising electricity demand, government initiatives, and advancements in technology, alongside a significant emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility.

Order a free sample PDF of the Power Transformer Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.