#Latvia core

[unhonestlymirror]

- pain

[unhonestlymirror]

They are very charming, yet annoying. They're quite huge. They can eat anything and anyone. You can make one your familiar at the cost of your own sleep and mental well-being (and your neighbours, ofc) because once this bird becomes your friend, they gonna find your house and wake you up at 5 am every single day. They meow like cats when they're sad or displeased, and they yell like middle-aged female opera singers when they are hungry, offended, or scared. When they're in a good mood, they're usually silent. Humans are servants to them. They're quite foodies - they can slap your face if you give them something not delicious enough. They don't steal the food from your hands, they just yell at you till you give it all to them willingly. If you refuse to be friends with them, they steal your underwear. They also love fighting each other and throwing small rocks in the water when bored. At least once in a while, someone (usually an expensive car owner or a small missing dog owner) suggests shooting them all, but Latvians love birds quite a lot, so they keep living. As I know, this species also has invaded and occupied Belarus recently and now terrorizes locals with their inhumane yelling and extortion of food, lol, but Belaruthians love birds too, so they keep living. These seagulls love their chicks very much:

This bird is a symbol of Latvia to me, I love them a lot. If a hamster was a bird, it would be a herring seagull.

And the only being they're afraid of is this lovely twice smaller seagull (they're even louder and more aggressive):

This triptych of images from the wikipedia page on herring gulls is *chef kiss*

[starry-min]

[dreamlessspring]

A piece of sunshine inside

[hussyknee]

Not so friendly reminder that Tankies are people who deny not only the genocides of Russia but also Vietnam and China (including the Uyghurs), and are apologists for the North Korean regime. They push Russian propaganda of "colour revolutions" every time a Global South country rises up against a totalitarian government because they believe totalitarianism is merely anti-communist agenda; deriding, dismissing and dehumanizing the liberation movements of our countries that come at great human cost. They're not anti-imperialists or anti-colonial; their chief issue with the imperial core is that it's not their ideology seated at the heart of it. They only care about Global South lives when it serves their ideology, and have no genuine concern or curiosity about the ground realities or agency of the communities impacted by imperialism and colonialism.

I also want you to understand that every major power player involved in this conflict is a genocidal fascist. Hamas, Hezbollah and Houthis that are fighting Israel are funded by the theocratic Iranian regime headed by Ebrahim Raisi (begging you to remember the hundreds of Iranian girls and women killed for protesting it). Iran is also an ally of the notorious Bashar Al-Assad's regime in Syria, responsible for the genocide and displacement of millions of his own people while actively funding the Islamic State he wages war against. Both Assad and Raisi are allies of Putin, who is currently trying to colonize and genocide Ukraine and is terrorising Poland, Hungary, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia etc. However, Iran and Putin (half-heartedly) are also allies of the Armenians who are being genocided by Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is supported by the US, but also Erdogan in Turkey, infamous dictator that hates the European Union and is a close pal of Putin. Meanwhile the US's best friends in the Middle East is Israel, which hates Arabs, and Saudi Arabia, who doesn't recognise Israel as a country but is hated by most of the MENA and is currently in a Cold War with Iran.

*yanks y'all by the shirt and shouts in your face* THERE ARE NO GOOD GUYS HERE, DO YOU UNDERSTAND?? ONLY INNOCENT CIVILIANS CAUGHT IN A SPIDER WEB OF GREEDY, DESPOTIC, GENOCIDAL, FASCIST CUNTS. THERE IS NO POINT TRYING TO FIGURE OUT WHICH ONE IS THE BIGGEST THREAT TO GLOBAL DEMOCRACY BECAUSE ALL THE FALL OF ONE DOES IS CREATE A POWER VACCUUM THAT WILL IMMEDIATELY BE FILLED BY THE NEXT BULLY.

These governments can only be toppled from within by their own people once external threats like war with their neighbours are eased, because militaries with nothing to fight are economic black holes that try to eat itself, and it's this economic stress that act as catalysts for coalition building and civilian revolt. Military losses weaken imperialists' coercive power and legitimacy over their own people, so the best thing you can do to help them agitate for change is preventing imperialist expansions from claiming any more victims.

[hyperfocusedcloneshipper]

[wbg 166 spoilers] What did you think when Michael was talking about consolidating with Mike?! I'm dying to know, it wasn't an idea that had really occurred to me but now that it's been brought up I'm fascinated by it. Like, of all the iterations to consolidate, those two specifically!!

Ohhhhhhh boy. I sure did have thoughts during that scene. Mainly that it *couldn't* be Michael because at this point I cannot see him ever suggesting consolidating with Mike.

Like the idea of them consolidating is sort of horrifying at this point because they are such distinct people from one another who seem to have experienced such different timelines before they lived together (and since Mike has returned to his time period).

Like just imagine the propagation risk involved with something like that!

It's interesting to think about because at that point would the resulting iteration even HAVE a time period of origin? Like Mike's is supposed to be 5 years in the future and Michael's is supposed to be 10 years in the future but if they consolidate, what does that really mean for them? What is the "home time period" anymore? What does this mean for connectivity? Surely if there was connectivity between Mike and Michael (which, I personally do not think there is, but I will save my Latvia Mike is actually a grown-up—and probably disconnected—OverMike for another time), consolidating with one another breaks that connectivity.

I will say that I can definitely see someone using forced consolidation of different Mikes Walters to create a unique iteration that has access to memories of the core trio's individual experiences, which admittedly could be extremely powerful because they'd have a way of directly comparing how each of the three (Mikey, Mike, and Michael) experienced the timeline and identify what was different. Like there is some extremely beneficial data-mining you could do with this technique. Though it sounds like such a high human cost, both for the individual iterations forced to consolidate, but also the resulting iteration. Like, MW had a heck of a time trying to resolve his identity and those 32 iterations were all OverMikes who had only been separated for a matter of weeks or months. Five years separation and and two completely different experiences of the timeline sounds like it would impossible to reconcile. Who would that person even be then.

Then again. Maybe they'd be Nobody. :)

Thanks for the ask! 💕

[colorblindstories]

Hello again.

It’s autumn in Latvia.

In the North, Nature willingly surrenders and prepares for colder days, for the upcoming winter. As the cold air touches the summer leaves they lose their vivid colors, producing wrinkles, shrinking and eventually surrendering to the final journey, the fall. The winds are inviting the Forests and all its inhabitants to a majestic dance, a ritual of goodbye, a true reminder for everything that needs to pass.

Even the strongest and tallest pine trees are gently bending and bowing in front of the wind as if paying their respect, and then to their positions, standing still and firm. The cracking sound released from their core becomes a song that is calming and humbling at the same time.

The soft moss provides the lushest groundcover I’ve ever seen, almost as if blooming in celebration of the abundant rainwater that’s falling from the sky. The fallen leaves are received with a soft embrace as they slowly dissolve into the fabric of this thick green carpet.

This is the environment where fungi are thriving; with generous amounts of decaying matter available all around, it’s a feast. The most exquisite show-off of colors and shapes, decorating the Forest with their royalty and shining beauty.

I admire those tall trees, outliving human beings by far and being exposed to the elements, to water and wind and to the changing of seasons.

Don’t know for how long my fragile body would resist in those harsh conditions. Being blessed with shelter and food, sitting on muritis, a heated couch I can express my gratitude for this heat that’s coming to me through fire. Another alchemizing power is transforming dead organic matter into heat that can be stored in the mass provided by clay, the earth.

All four elements are present and working together in order to sustain life.

Can I …?

May I …?

I have been hearing this question quite often lately and it makes me wonder.

What or who is this higher authority who’s approval we need to receive before we can perform an action?

I know this person who is asking the question. I understand this one very well, because this one is me.

I’ve been there, desperately seeking out approval to act and to manifest on behalf of my authentic self in the world.

Why?

Because I was afraid.

Afraid of being rejected, ridiculed, punished or excluded.

Afraid of not being good enough, or just enough.

Because I wasn’t sure I am allowed

Because I wasn’t sure I am welcomed.

Because I was waiting for validation.

Because I was living in the realm of right and wrong.

Because I was lacking courage to live in my truth.

Because I was lacking the strength to own my actions and it’s consequences.

Because I thought of others as being more capable, powerful or resourceful and therefore more suitable to take decisions on my behalf.  It took me a while to realize and become aware that by doing by this, I am taking a position of submission, surrendering my power to others.

“With responsibility comes great power” – Arno Ilgner wisely said.

Letting the rain wash off layers of dust from my rearview mirrors it slowly becomes clear how a story that once was the only reality I knew, is becoming irrelevant. It becomes clear how I was denying myself the freedom of expression and exploration by living in a limiting construct of other’s beliefs and definitions, trying to shape and sculpt my identity in order to fit into unfamiliar narratives.

Another leaf  begins its fall.

I could point fingers and easily find someone to blame maybe my upbringing, education, media or society. Yet I would still be spinning in the same circle of who’s right or wrong, surrendering to a higher authority.

Nobody ends up as a winner in that game.

The world doesn’t need more losers.

So much is already lost.

I feel inspired by Nature’s rhythm to let go of whatever needs to go. To move with the seasons, flowing into transformation. Embracing the cycles.

As GREG KIMURA beautifully puts it in his poem Cargo

“You have gifts.

The world needs your gifts.

You must deliver them.”

I find myself being more and more in awe and admiration with the creative power and the beauty that is in each and every one of us and wants to come alive through our personal truth, through our authentic expressions of life itself.

So I say thank you to all of you who create, who are sharing your gifts, who are inhabiting your own lives.

[beardedmrbean]

The recently held Vilnius GreenTech Forum, one of the largest events in the Baltics in the energy, transport, and green economy sectors, brought together policymakers, business leaders, and industry professionals. Among the participants was Marius Narmontas, Chief Operating Officer and Vice-Chairperson of the Management Board at RB Rail AS. Representing Rail Baltica, Narmontas highlighted the project's commitment to sustainability and its transformative potential in reshaping the region’s transport and energy systems.

A Catalyst for Green Innovation

Rail Baltica’s vision aligns with the objectives of the GreenTech Forum: fostering sustainable, secure, and efficient transport systems while driving the energy transition. Rail Baltica is positioned to lead the shift toward greener transport solutions across the Baltic region.

The project exemplifies this shift by promoting a sustainable mode of transport that reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In line with the EU's goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and cutting transport emissions by 80% by 2040, Rail Baltica offers a renewable-powered alternative for passenger and freight transport. By transitioning from road-based systems to electrified rail, the project will contribute significantly to achieving these ambitious targets.

Sustainable Infrastructure Development

Narmontas emphasized Rail Baltica's multi-faceted approach to sustainability. This includes engaging stakeholders to ensure the project not only meets environmental targets but also enhances regional mobility, supports business growth, and facilitates cultural exchange. Rail Baltica is also dedicated to reducing the region's reliance on fossil fuels, thus increasing energy independence – a mission critical for the Baltics in today’s geopolitical climate.

To solidify its commitment, Rail Baltica has adopted a Declaration of Sustainability Principles. These principles guide policies and practices throughout the project's lifecycle, ensuring that sustainability remains a core focus from planning to operation.

Smart Planning for a Greener Future

Rail Baltica's approach to planning and construction is grounded in smart, environmentally conscious practices. This includes prioritizing the use of local materials transported via rail, reusing excavated soil, and minimizing ecological impact by restricting temporary structures in forested areas. Station designs incorporate energy-efficient heating systems, reinforcing the project's dedication to low-carbon infrastructure.

Procurement processes further underscore sustainability by emphasizing reduced emissions, recycled materials, and durable components. Rail Baltica also mandates the use of machinery with improved engine categories and recycled construction materials, including asphalt and reinforcements.

A Collaborative Effort for a Greener Tomorrow

As a platform for meaningful dialogue among political, business, and public leaders, the GreenTech Forum underscored the importance of collaboration in advancing sustainability. Rail Baltica’s participation exemplified how innovative infrastructure projects can drive both environmental and economic progress.

By laying the groundwork for smart rail technologies and integrating green practices, Rail Baltica not only leads the way in sustainable transportation but also provides a model for the future of infrastructure development in Europe. 

About Rail Baltica 

Rail Baltica is one of Europe's largest high-speed infrastructure projects, aiming to establish a modern and sustainable rail link that connects the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania with the European rail network. It is also a part of the trans-European transport corridor.

Rail Baltica will be a fully electrified, double-track railway with a standard gauge of 1435 mm and will be equipped with ERTMS (European Rail Traffic Management System) and designed to meet European standards. With a design speed of 249 km/h, Rail Baltica will significantly reduce travel times between the Baltic States and major European cities. It will serve as a modern infrastructure for passenger, freight, and military mobility, promoting accessibility and facilitating business, tourism, and cultural exchange. Additionally, the project will enhance the Baltic region's position as a vital transit hub, fostering stronger trade connections and promoting regional cooperation.

About RB Rail AS 

RB Rail AS is a multinational joint venture of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania established to lead and coordinate the implementation of the Rail Baltica Global Project, the first infrastructure development project of this scale in the Baltic region. More about Rail Baltica global project: www.railbaltica.org

Nice

[lectern-fullcauldron]

Hermits as eurovision songs two (2), this time beyond the borders of Norway

i continue to be very behind but alas, eurovision, my beloved, it is her season

Keralis - Poland 2014

look me in the eyes and say keralis does not fit the infamous slutty Polish milkmaid song. mr my mama says I have a lovely face, with shake what your mama gave you, clap your hands to this music. keralis core. he's even got the braids

Iskall - Sweden 1984

This song is about wearing your nice gold boots. And what I love about iskall is he loves to sing silly little songs about things. diggiloo diggiley he's got good boots and this song won Eurovision :))

Bdubs - Iceland 2006

This troll song is iconic. Silvia Night is not real. She's an Icelandic comedian who went to Eurovision to see how many people she would wind up. This character is an icon. I love her. Bdubs could and would go to Eurovision as God's specialist little guy

Tango - Moldova 2011

this song is about playing your funky music, wearing your silly hat, riding your unicycle and having a good time. the music has the dark intensity of the decked out dungeon but the tone is as bright and funny as the dungeon master flying headfirst into a wall and making tango noises

Scar - Estonia 2011

Oh yea, that's right. This song is a Eurovision song. Always celebrate a good time. She's doing magic tricks on stage as she sings. It's so impressive and it's so fun. That city is hers to control. Scar is just so good at what he does, and he's such a showman.

Rendog - Latvia 2022

It's been said before, I'll say it again. This song is definitely about being eco friendly :)) eat your veggies, save the planet (been green is sexy as...)

Mumbo - France 2014

This came last, but I love it. It's a silly little song about having a moustache. He's a silly little guy with a moustache. They both make me happy.

Doc - Germany 2021

Sorry I'm losing my mind imaging doc with this. It's just so funny to me. I love this song (it got no televote points). People hated it so much. Get on the stage, easily angered German creeper, dance for me

Zedaph - Latvia 2014

the chilliest song about doing the most unhinged things. they've found Atlantis and reversed gravity, but now they have to bake a cake. how do you do that, again? for today's zedvancement we'll figure it out (tango irl could surely help)

Joe and Cleo - Romania 2017

Joe's on the yodelling, Cleo's on the rap (begrudging). It's got death note opening pillars. It's got meme vibes. This thing is iconic and I love it. Yodel rap is its own special genre of Eurovision and nobody else can dream of understanding it. Very beautiful. Very powerful. Joe and Cleo

[gamergirlbonestaskforce141riot]

Chapter 6 Part 1: Agmine Consectamur (We hunt in packs)

https://archiveofourown.org/works/47442772

Previous / Masterlist / Next

5am

The briefing room was emptier than usual, with only the core group present, and Laswell on video-call. The Lieutenant and the three Sergeants had dragged their chairs closer to the Captain’s desk, alert in spite of the early hour, some of them with the help of a cup of coffee.

‘‘You are going to fly to the UN base in Adazi, Latvia. From there, you will be taken by helicopter to the North of Belarus, to the banks of the Dvinar river’’

Sergeant Vega’s eyes were locked on the screen, memorizing the journey depicted there on a map while listening to Kate Laswell’s voice. As usual, she was sitting on the left, with Ghost to her right. Those had been their normal positions for the last months, with Soap on the other side of the Lieutenant and Gaz next to MacTavish.

‘‘Once on the ground, you’ll move northeast towards the Russian border’’

‘‘We’re entering Russia?’’ Ghost asked, arms crossed.

‘‘Negative. The place we want you to investigate is right next to the border but in Belarus’ territory. We don’t have satellite images and the drones have found nothing, that’s why we’re sending you in. Our informants have said there’s a camp there, of whom, we’re not sure. The reports vary from a private mercenary group to arm dealers. In any case, we need to know.’’

‘‘What do they need to do, Kate?’’ Captain Price inquired, his hands holding a mug of the coffee he had brought from the mess hall for his team, given the early hour.

‘‘Improvise, mostly. The basis of what I need, is locate the camp, study the numbers, try to gather as much information as possible and come back in one piece’’

‘‘What’s the plan for RTB?’’ Riot asked softly, her eyes still studying the map. Laswell shrugged in the image.

‘‘Ideally, same way as you came. The chopper will get you at the river and bring you back to the UN base in Latvia. You will have to communicate ETA though, from the point where we’ll leave you to the coordinates you’ll have to walk around three to four hours avoiding roads’’

Sergeant Vega nodded, exhaling the breath she had been holding without realizing. She was nervous, but she hoped it wasn’t too evident. She had even managed to keep her knee in check, and she was completely still, holding her cup of coffee and her free hand on her lap. Nervously twirling the hem of her t-shirt, alright, but it was better than other days.

‘‘We are not sure of their nationality, but I reckon given the geography, you’ll find Russian speakers you could interrogate. You do speak Russian, Sergeant, don’t you?’’

As if she didn’t know. Riot almost rolled her eyes, but just clenched her teeth, looking directly now at the face of the woman to whom she had entrusted her life and sanity months ago.

‘‘Da ya govoryu po russki’’ (Yes, I speak Russian)

‘‘Good, that settles it… I need to speak with Sergeant Vega, gentlemen’’

Something in Laswell’s tone set Riot’s anxiety ablaze.

‘‘What about?’’ She blurted without thinking. Ghost didn’t move, but his eyes turned slightly to watch her. Her knee had started jumping up and down again. He silently spread his legs to press his left thigh against her, and the jumping slowed down, but didn’t stop.

‘‘It’s about the investigation on your old unit and Captain Rico, nothing of concern to them, Sergeant’’

The jumping started again. Ghost frowned under his balaclava, and looked at Price, who was observing Riot’s reaction and then shaking his head at Laswell’s image on the screen. Both Gaz and Soap were staring ahead, unsure of what was happening, but Soap’s knee was starting to jump as well, much to Ghost’s chagrin. He looked over to Riot again, and she was looking at him, eyes slightly wider. He didn’t need to hear her to understand, and his thigh pressed harder against her leg.

The disband of the HeadHunters BlackOps unit had been a well kept secret, so of course everybody knew about it. And everybody knew Sergeant Vega had been transferred from there, and that made people talk, and distrust. And when the news about an investigation of the commanding officer of the unit had spread, there were comments and looks and in some cases, plain insubordination. Price had booted at least two people from the unit for refusing to be placed in Sergeant Vega’s drill training squad. No one else had dared to complain, but it was clear they were determined to make her life more difficult of what it already was.

‘‘Sergeant Vega is part of our team, Kate, so it is of our concern’’ Captain Price declared gruffly. ‘‘No one is leaving so start talking’’

‘‘As you wish then… The investigation is getting closed’’

‘‘What?’’ Riot straightened up in her chair, her empty paper cup almost flying. ‘‘What do you mean, closed? Why?’’

Price and Ghost looked at each other briefly before returning their attention to the screen, where Laswell looked less than happy, but collected as ever.

‘‘Captain Rico made a deal’’

‘‘Cabrón hijo de puta (arsehole son of a bitch)’’ Riot swore in her mother language, and for the first time, her voice wasn’t soft, nor calm. Pure venom dripped from her mouth below her mask. ‘‘What did he promise to achieve that? Who did he sell?’’

‘‘That’s classified, Sergeant. Let’s just say, thanks to that all members of HeadHunters are free to keep serving or be discharged from the military without prejudice or fear of being prosecuted, such as Rico requested’’

‘‘He killed my men’’ Vega’s voice was back to her usual tone. Soft. Calm. But there was a pang of sorrow in it. He killed ME.

‘‘I know. He’s gone AWOL right after the deal, as half of the unit, so now they’re regretting it. I have eyes looking for him though. Just wanted to let you know that you don’t have to go in front of the investigation committee anymore’’

Riot looked like she was going to say something, but chose to remain silent. Price sighed and placed his mug on the table.

‘‘Alright, you lot are dismissed. Get ready for the trip, I want you on the tarmac at 8am sharp. Laswell, stay right there, I want to speak with you’’

Gaz stood up first, leaving the room muttering something about finishing some paperwork before leaving. Soap and Ghost left after Riot, with the lieutenant shooting a glance back at Price, who nodded at him, before closing the door.

‘‘Kate… there’s something else, I bet’’

‘‘There is. Riot was right, Captain Rico sold someone, but when we knew it was info we already knew, he had fled’’

‘‘Alright? So?’’ Price crossed his arms, sighing deeply and leaning back in his chair. ‘‘I have the feeling I’m not gonna like it’’

‘‘I suspected it before, and Rico’s words are not proof enough but… he declared to have been working for Shepherd’’

[boycannibal]

btw the trip im taking is like lithuania latvia and estonia so like. hashtag disco elysium core

[unhonestlymirror]

[awesome-casuallyfamouscollector]

Poland, Lithuania and Latvia have developed a joint Belarus blockade system - if any of these countries decide to do so, all 3 countries will implement an immediate border blockade. August, 6, 2023. Source: Intermarium 24

P.S. In essence, such a decision is the core of the formation of a collective regional security system, in which Poland will be at the centre. Ukraine's difficulties in obtaining modern armaments show that the Baltic and Eastern European countries themselves need to build their own collective security alliance and their own military industry, which would be independent of the West's political games and backroom deals with the Kremlin.

The effectiveness of NATO and the security of Eastern Europe are particularly threatened by Trump and his entire gang of supporters...

[starry-min]

🇱🇹🇱🇻🇪🇪 core

[balticapocalypse]

IF YOU KILL A SNAKE - THE SUN WILL CRY

Baltic culture is frequently described as extremely conservative and dedicated to tradition. This is not mere romantic and historical data. For the conservative aspects of the Baltic languages one need look no further than A. Meillet who wrote that: "Le lituanien est remarquable par quelque traits qui donnent une impression d'antiquite indo-europeenne; on y trouve encore au XVIe siecle et jusqu'aujourd'hui des formes qui recouvrent exactement des formes vediques ou homeriques..." (Meillet 1964:73). Secondly, the Baltic peoples (who at one time comprised several related tribes that are now extinct, eg. the Old Prussians) were the last Europeans to adopt Christianity. The new religion was introduced into Latvia and Prussia at the beginning of the thirteenth century by the Knights of the Teutonic Order. The Lithuanians resisted the longest and officially only joined the Christian Church in 1387 through Poland. The new faith, however, was introduced in a foreign language (Polish) and was not understood by the Baltic villagers who remained pagan.

The merger of these two religions commenced in the sixteenth century and continued for three hundred years, the Christian missionaries never entirely destroying the old religion. The final product was a syncretistic religion with only a veneer of Christianity over a surviving core of pagan belief. In this way, the Baits clearly distinguish themselves from their Slavic and Germanic neighbors who accepted Christianity at a much earlier date (the Slavs ca. tenth century, the Germans in the ninth century). As a result, these latter peoples are farther removed from their pagan past and although various folk-beliefs and customs may still exist as "remnants" of their ancient religion, their initial meaning and intent has since become quite obscured. Scholars may sometimes reconstruct plausible explanations for pagan survivals in Germanic and Slavic folk-belief, but the "folk" as such are usually quite unaware and unconcerned about them. In contrast, Baltic peasants in the early twentieth century could often explicate their own folk customs and beliefs in the same manner as their pagan ancestors did several hundred years ago.

A particularly fine example of such long-term persistence of belief from the pagan era to the present is the Balts' attitude towards the snake, a major figure of tale-type 425 M with which this study is concerned.

THE SNAKE

Chronicles, travelogues, ecclesiastical correspondence and other historical records written by foreigners often made mention of snake worship among the Old Prussians, Samogitians, Lithuanians, and Latvians. The snakes were frequently referred to as žalčiai (cognate with Žalias 'green') which has been identified as the non-poisonous Tropodonotus natrix. Sometimes the chronicles also referred to them as gyvatės, a word which is clearly associated with Lith. gyvata 'vitality' and gyvas 'living'. The following historical records should more than suffice to demonstrate that snakes were worshipped widely among the Balts.6

In the eleventh century, Adam of Bremen wrote that the Lithuanians worshipped dragons and flying serpents to whom they even offered human sacrifices (Balys 1948:66).

Aeneas Silvius recorded in 1390 an account given him by the missionary Jerome of Prague who worked among the Lithuanians in the final decade of the fourteenth century. Jerome related that

The first Lithuanians whom I visited were snake worshippers. Every male head of the family kept a snake in the corner of the house to which they would offer food and when it was lying on the hay, they would pray by it.

Jerome issued a decree that all such snakes should be killed and burnt in the public market place. Among the snakes there was one which was much larger that all the others and despite repeated efforts, they were unable to put an end to its life (Balys 1948:66; Korsakas, et al 1963:33).

Dlugosz at the end of the fifteenth century wrote that among the eastern Lithuanians there were special deities in the forms of snakes and it was believed that these snakes were penates Dii (God's messengers). He also recorded that the western Lithuanians worshipped both the gyvatės and žalčiai (Gimbutas 1958:35).

Erasmus Stella in his Antiquitates Borussicae (1518) wrote about the first Old Prussian king, Vidvutas Alanas. Erasmus related that the king was greatly concerned with religion and invited priests from the Sūduviai (another Baltic tribe), who, greatly influenced by their stupid beliefs, taught the Prussians how to worship snakes: for they are loved by the gods and are their messengers. They (the Prussians) fed them in their homes and made offerings to them as household deities (Balys 1948: II 67).

Simon Grunau in 1521 wrote that in honor of the god Patrimpas, a snake was kept in a large vessel covered with a sheaf of hay and that girls would feed it milk (Welsford 1958:421).

works: Balys 1948:66-74; Elisonas 1931:81-90; Gimbutas 1958: 32-35; Korsakas et al 1963:22-24; and Welsford 1958:420-422.

Maletius observed ca. 1550 that...

The Lithuanians and Samogitians kept snakes under their beds or in the corner of their houses where the table usually stood. They worship the snakes as if they were divine beings. At certain times they would invite the snakes to come to the table. The snakes would crawl up on the linen-covered table, taste some food, and then crawl back to their holes. When the snakes crawled away, the people with great joy would first eat from the dish which the snakes had first tasted, believing that the next year would be fortunate. On the other hand, if the snakes did not come to the table when invited or if they did not taste the food, this meant that great misfortune would befall them in the coming year (Balys 1948:67).

In 1557 Zigismund Herberstein wrote about his journey through northwestern Lithuania (Moscovica 1557, Vienna):

Even today one can find many pagan beliefs held by these people, some of whom worship fire, others — trees, and others the sun and the moon. Still others keep their gods at home and these are serpents about three feet long... They have a special time when they feed their gods. In the middle of the house they place some milk and then kneel down on benches. Then the serpents crawl out and hiss at the people engaged geese and the people pray to them with great respect. If some mishap befalls them, they blame themselves for not properly feeding their gods (Balys 1948: II 67).

Strykovsky in his 1582 chronicle on the Old Prussians related:

They have erected to the god Patrimpas a statue and they honor him by taking care of a live snake to whom they feed milk so that it would remain content (Korsakas et. al 1963:23).

A Jesuit missionary's report of 1583 reported:

.. .when we felled their sacred oaks and killed their holy snakes with which the parents and the children had lived together since the cradle, then the pagans would cry that we are defaming their deities, that their gods of the trees, caves, fields, and orchards are destroyed (Balys 1948: 11,68).

In 1604 another Jesuit missionary remarked:

The people have reached such a stage of madness that they believe that deity exists in reptiles. Therefore, they carefully safeguard them, lest someone injure the serpents kept inside their homes. Superstitiously they believe that harm would come to them should anyone show disrespect to these serpents. It sometimes happens that snakes are encountered sucking milk from cows. Some of us occasionally have tried to pull one off, but invariably the farmer would plead in vain to dissuade us... When pleading failed, the man would seize the reptile with his hands and run away to hide it (Gimbutas 1958:33).

In his De Dies Samagitarum of 1615, Johan Lasicci wrote:

Also, just like some household deities, they feed black-colored reptiles which they call gioutos. When these snakes crawl out from the corners of the house and slither up to the food, everyone observes them with fear and respect. If some mishap befalls anyone who worship such reptiles, they explain that they did not treat them properly (Lasickis 1969:25).

Andrius Cellarius in his Descripto Regni Polonicae (1659) observed:

although the Samogitians were christianized in 1386, to this very day they are not free from their paganism, for even now they keep tamed snakes in their houses and show great respect for them, calling them Givoites (Balys 1948: II 70).

T. Arnkiel wrote that ca. 1675 while traveling in Latvia he saw an enormous number of snakes.

die night allein auf dem Felde und im Walde, sondern auch in den Häusern, ja gar in den Betten sich eingefunden, so ich mannigmahl mit Schrecken angesehen. Diese Schlangen thun selten Schaden, wie denn auch niemand unter den Bauern ihren Schaden zufügen wird. Scheint, dass bey denselben die alte Abgötterey noch nicht gäntzlich verloschen (Biezais 1955: 33).

The Balts' positive attitude towards the snake has been recorded also in the late nineteenth century in the Deliciae Prussicae (1871) of Matthaus Pratorius who observed: "Die Begegnung einer Schlange ist den Zamatien und preussischen Littauern noch jetziger Zeit ein gutes Omen (Elisonas 1931:8.3).

Aside from the widespread attestation of snake-worship among the Baits and its persistence into Christian times, these historical records also suggest an intriguing relationship between Baltic mythology and our folk tale. Both Simon Grunau (1521) and Strykovsky (1582) mention the worship of the snake in close reference to the god Patrimpas. This deity is commonly identified as the "God of Waters" and his name is cognate with Old Prussian trumpa 'river'. The close association between the snake and the "God of Waters" has prompted E. Welsford to suggest a slight possibility that the water deity Patrimpas was at one time worshipped in the form of a snake (Welsford 1958:421). A serpent divinity associated with the water finds numerous parallels among Indo-European peoples, eg. the Indie Vrtra who withholds the waters and his benevolent counterpart, the Ahibudhnya 'the serpent of the deep'; the Midgard serpent of Norse mythology; Poseidon's serpents who are sent out of the sea to slay Lacoon, etc. A detailed comparison of the IE water-snake figure would far exceed the limits of this paper, nevertheless, it is curious to note that except for the quite minor Ahibudhnya, most IE mythologies present the water-serpent as malevolent creature — an attitude quite at variance with that of the ancient Balts.

From the historical records it is difficult to determine to what extent the ancient Balts might actually have possessed an organized snake-cult. Erasmus Stella's account of 1518 concerning the Sudovian Priest's introduction of snake-worship into Prussia might suggest such an established cult. In any event, that the snake was worshipped widely on a domestic level cannot be denied. In general it was deemed fortunate to come across a žaltys, and encountering a snake prophesied either marriage or birth. The žaltys was always said to bring happiness and prosperity, ensuring the fertility of the soil and the increase of the family. Up until the twentieth century, in many parts of Lithuania, farm women would leave milk in shallow pans in their yards for the žalčiai. This, they explained, helped to ensure the well-being of the family.

In 1924 H. Bertuleit wrote that the Samogitian peasants "even at the present time, staunchly maintain that the žaltys/gyvatė is a health and strength giving being" (Balys 1948: II 73). To this day in Lithuania, the gabled roofs are occasionally topped with serpent-shaped carvings in order to protect the household from evil powers.

The best proof of the still persistent respect, if no longer veneration, of the snake (or žaltys in specific) is provided by various folk sayings and beliefs which were recorded during this century. Some of them clearly reflect the association of the snake with good luck, while others depict the evil consequences which will befall one if he does not respect the snake. The following are some examples:7

Good luck

1. If a snake crosses over your path you will have good luck.

2. If a snake runs across your path, there will be good fortune.

3. Žaltys is a good guardian of the home, he protects the home from thunder, sickness and murder.

4. If a žaltys appears in the living room, someone in that house will soon get married.

Bad consequences

5. In some houses there live domestic snakes; one must never kill this house-snake, for if you do, misfortunes and bad luck will fall on you and will last for seven years.

6. If you burn a snake in a fire and look at it when it is burning, you will become blind.

7. If you find a snake and throw it on an ant hill, it will stick out its little legs which will cause you to go blind.

8. If s snake bites someone and the person then kills the snake, he will never get well.

9. If a snake bites a man and another person kills it, the man will never recover.

10. If you kill the snake that bit you, you will never recover.

11. If a žaltys comes when one is eating, one must give it food, otherwise one will choke.

12. When children are eating and a žaltys crawls up to them, he must be fed; otherwise the children will choke.

13. If you kill a žaltys, your own animals will never obey you.

14. If someone kills a snake, it will not die until the sun has set.

15. If you kill a snake, the sun cries.

16. If you kill a snake and leave it unburied, the sun grows sick.

17. When a snake or a žaltys is killed, the sun cries while the Devil laughs.

18. If you kill a snake and leave it in the forest, then the sun grows dim for two or three days.

19. If you kill a snake and leave it unburied, then the sun will cry when it sees such a horrible thing.

20. If you kill a snake, you must bury it, otherwise the sun will cry when it sees the dead snake.

The snake's name.

21. If one finds a snake in the forest and wants to show it to others, he must say: "Come, here I found a paukštyte (little bird)!", otherwise, if you call it a gyvate, the snake will understand its name and run away.

22. If you see a snake, call it a little bird; then it will not attack humans.

23. While eating, never talk about a snake or you will meet it when going through the forest.

24. Snakes never bite those who do not mention their name in vain, especially while eating and on the days of the Blessed Mary (Wednesdays and Sundays).

25. On seeing a snake you should say: "Pretty little swallow." It likes this name and does not get angry nor bite.

26. If someone guesses the names of a snake's children, the snake and its children will die.

27. If you do not want a snake to bite you when you are walking though the forest, then don't mention its name.

28. A snake does not run away from -those who know its name.

29. Whoever knows the name of the king of the snakes will never be bitten by them.

30. One must never directly address a snake as gyvatė (snake); instead, one should use ilgoji (the long one) or margoji (the dappled one).

Snakes and cows.

31. Every cow has her own žaltys and when the žaltys becomes lost, she gives less milk. When buying a cow, a žaltys should also be bought together.

32. If you kill a žaltys, things will go bad because other žalčiai will suck all the milk from the cows.

Life-index and affinity to man

33. Some people keep a žaltys in the corner of their house and say: if I didn't have that žaltys, I would die.

34. If a person takes a žaltys out of the house — that person will also have to leave home.

35. If a žaltys leaves the house, someone in that household will die.

Enticement.

36. When you see a snake crawl into a tree trunk, cross two branches and carry them around the tree stump. Then place the crossed branches on the hole through which the snake crawled in. When the sun rises, you will find the snake lying on these branches.

37. When you see a snake and it crawls into a tree-stump, take a stick and draw a circle around the stump. Then, break the stick and place it in the shape of a cross and the snake will crawl out and lie down on the cross.

Miscellaneous.

38. If a snake bites you, pick it up in your hands and rub its head against the wound. Then you will get well.

39. When one is bitten by a snake, say: "Iron one! Cold-tailed one! Forgive (name of person bitten)," while blowing in the direction of the sick person.

40. If you throw a dead snake into water, it will come back to life.

41. A snake attacks a man only when it sees his shadow.

42. They say that when a snake is killed, it comes back to life on the ninth day.

43. If a snake bites an ash tree, the tree bursts into leaf.8

44. If someone understands the language of the snakes, whey will obey him and he can command them to go from one place to another.

45. If there are too many snakes and you want them to leave, light a holy fire at the edge of your field and in the center; all the snakes will then crawl in groups through the fire and go away, but you must not touch them.

Some folk-beliefs show an obvious Christian influence and are possibly the products of frustrated Jesuit anti-snake propagandists:

45. When you meet a snake you must certainly have to kill it for if you fail to do so, then you will have committed a great sin.

46. If you kill a snake, you will win many indulgences.

47. If you kill seven snakes, all your sins will be forgiven.

48. If you kill seven snakes, you will win the Kingdom of Heaven

Such examples as these, however, are quite rare in comparison to the folk-beliefs which are sympathetic to the snake.

Considering the evidence amassed from both historical records and folk-belief that the Balts possessed a positive and reverent attitude towards the snake, it is little wonder that the snake husband's death is viewed as tragedy. If, as the proverbs suggest, a snake's death can affect the sun, then what consequences might the death of the very King of the Snakes have among mortals? This tragic outcome, as Swahn has indicated, gives the tale a character which is foreign to the true folk-tale (Swahn 1955:341). This tale could not terminate on the usual euphoric note typical of the Märchen (although the tale does contain numerous Märchen motifs) because the main event of the story relates to a "reality" which the people who tell the story still hold to be true. The tale is thus well-nourished in a setting where such folk-beliefs about the snake persist. On the other hand, the tale itself may have played a part in affecting the longevity of the beliefs. Whichever case may be true, it is obvious that both are closely related.

A specific element of folk-belief that survived as an ideological support to the tale is that of the snake's name-taboo. The tragic killing of the snake king is implemented only because the name formula is revealed. Thus, the general snake-taboo proverbs (No. 21-30; receive a specific denouement in the snake-father ordering that his name and summoning formula not be revealed to others. There appear to be two important aspects that surround this name-taboo. First of all, it reflects the primitive concept of one being able to manipulate another when his name is known. A second aspect is that the name-taboo may rest on the reverence and fear of a more powerful supernatural being that requires mortals never to mention the deity's real name. For example, Perkūnas, the all-powerful Thunder God of the Balts, has many substitutes for his real name which are usually onomatopoeic with the sound of thunder, eg. Dudulis, Dundulis, Tarškulis, Trenktinis. In our tale the general reason for the name-taboo may be partially related to this second explanation especially since there are a number of variants for the name of the snake-king, eg. Žilvine, which have no etymological support but bear a suspicious resemblance to the word žaltys 'snake'. This might then indicate a deliberate attempt to destroy the name žaltys in such a way as to avoid breaking the name-taboo but still retain some of the underlying semantic force. On the other hand, it must be admitted that many of the summoning formulas include a direct reference to the husband as žaltys. In these cases, since the brothers know his name, they can extend their power over him. It is likely that both these aspects should be considered when explaining the name-taboo of the story. The clear distinction between the obviously Christian folk-sayings (No. 45-48) and the underlying pro-snake proverbs carries considerable significance when one views the substitution of the Devil for the snake in many of the Latvian variants. This substitution occurred in all probability with the increasing influence of Christianity and its usual association of the serpent with the Devil as in the Garden of Eden story. It is interesting to reflect that in some cases the entire story proceeds with the same tragic development despite this substitution (Lat. 2, 7, 9, 15). Even in the Lithuanian variant (Lith. 4) where an old woman tells the heroine that her snake-husband is actually the Devil, this does little to alter the tragic tone of the tale's ending. Thus, it would seem that the Devil is a relatively late introduction, sometimes amounting to little more than a Christian gloss of the snake's real identity. On this basis, one might well conelude that the tale must have been composed in pagan times and is thereby, at the very least, four or five centuries old if not far older.

The effect of the diabolization of the snake among the Latvian variants seems to have led to a disintegration of the tale's actual structure. In some of the Latvian redactions (Lat. 4, 8, 15) where the Devil is the abductor, the story simply ends with the killing of the supernatural husband and the heroine's rescue. In variants of the tale which progress with such a rescue-motif development, it is important to observe that many of the other elements are consequently dropped. There is no name-taboo or magic formula, sometimes no children, and, of course, no magical transformation. Thus the tale is stripped of all these other embellishments and appears rather bare. It simply relates an abduction of the heroine and her rescue, usually accomplished by some members of her family or a priest and thunder storm (Latv. 15). In any event, the abductor is one whom she quite definitely cannot marry and therefore, there can be no Märchen marriage-feast. When the tale has been altered, the rescue motif can then be correlated to the other Märchen tale-types where the heroine is abducted (rather than married) and is eventually rescued by an eligible marriage partner. One might even speculate that this will be the eventual fate of those particular Latvian variants which no longer specify that the snake, a sacred and positive being, is the supernatural husband. We then have an intimate relationship between folk-belief and folk-tale which ultimately may be mirrored in the very structure of the story.

The place of the snake in Baltic folk-belief and its relation to our tale now having been well established, the obvious next question is whether similar beliefs exist in the neighboring non-Baltic countries and, if not, might we propose this as a possible explanation why the story as a Baltic oicotype has not spread to these other cultures. A complete analysis of the role of the snake in Germanic and Slavic folk-belief would far exceed the time allotted for the composition of this study, nevertheless, some of the evidence arrived at by way of a cursory review should be brought forth.

Of sole interest in our investigation of snake beliefs among the Germans and Slavs is the extent to which these cultures parallel the Balts with respect to the lat-ter's quite sympathetic attitude toward the snake. Bolte and Polivka, Hoffmann - Krayer and J. Grimm all mention that among the Germans there are some beliefs which view the snake in a positive light. A few specific entries in Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens are similar to some folk-beliefs already cited among the Balts (Hoffmann - Krayer 1935-36: VII 1139-1141). Bolte and Polivka in listing parallels to Grimm's Märchen von der Unke cite several instances of snakes bringing great fortune to those who treat them well and disaster to those who disrespect or abuse them (Bolte and Polivka 1915: II 459-465) .9 Both Hoffmann-Krayer and Grimm, after listing various "remnants" of what they maintain might be evidence for an ancient snake-cult in Germany, state that under the influence of Christianity the snake is usually diabolized and its image as a malignant and deceitful creature predominates. Only in some very "old" stories are there traces of the original heathen positive attitude towards the snake (Grimm 1966: II 684); Hoffmann - Krayer 1935-36: VII Sp. 1139).

Welsford, in writings about the snake-cult among the ancient Slavs, states that it was probably quite similar to the one which persisted among the Baits, but that the latter seems to have retained it much longer. In the Slavic countries the snake was usually regarded as a creature in which dead souls were embodied and through time came to be viewed mostly as a dangerous animal. It is this aspect of the snake which appears most often in Slavic stories. The snake seems to be similar or even identical with other evil antagonists such as Baba Yaga (Welsford 1958: 422). There are also many stories involving a hero or heroine who has been transformed into a snake by evil enchantment.10 These stories primarily relate how this "curse" is ultimately overcome.

These remarks indicate that the respect for the snake and its association with good fortune was also known to both Germans and Slavs. The heathen past, however, is farther removed from these peoples than form the Latvians and Lithuanians. If similar snake-cults existed in Germany and in Slavic lands, they were not practiced on the same scale within recorded history as they were by the Baits. The cited fourteenth to eighteenth century reports on the Baits were written by Slavs and Germans and already then the surprise and disgust with which they viewed Baltic snake-veneration gives us a good indication of the place of the snake within their own cultures.

Cursory perusal of present-day Germanic and Slavic beliefs about the snake seems to verify the fact that, indeed, the snake is usually considered deceitful and malevolent. The majority of folk-beliefs, expressions, and proverbs reflect this general negative attitude. There are only a few examples of a positive regard for the snake, usually associating it with powers of healing. One may speculate that the folk medicine beliefs which prescribe the use of a snake as an effective cure may be partially explained by the notion that evil conquers evil (ie. an extension of similia similibus curantor). This, however, is mere speculation for it is also likely that the snake's obvious vitality may be responsible for its specification in various folk cures. This latter case seems to be well supported in the Baltic beliefs (cf. folk-belief 38, 39) since the name for snake, gyvatė, and its association with gyvata 'life' helps one to consciously sense the logical correlation.

Stories which mention the affinity between snakes and children are probably known throughout the world because they describe an unexpected occurrence. W. Hand has suggested that the credibility of such stories rests on the notion that the child's innocence and helplessness can not be breached even by a snake (Hand 1968). Note that this kind of logic presupposes that the snake is evil.

Hence, although a more thorough investigation is definitely required, one may still suggest that the Baits have sustained through their history a more sympathetic regard for the snake than either the Germans or Slavs. Assuming that this hypothesis may be true, let us now see how it might be related to the discussion of our tale.

When one assumes no comparable folkloric basis among the Germans and Slavs with regard to the snake, then the Baltic tale would make very little "cultural sense" to these people and even if it penetrated into their cultural spheres, it would probably by altered by the same process which seems to be occurring with the Latvian tales. Secondly, even if we posit the existence of a similar positive attitude toward the snake in these cultures at a pre-Christian time, these beliefs would now seem to have almost entirely died out. In any case, even though there may be some survivals, there has been no comparative retention of respect and reverence for the snake among the Germans and Slavs as one finds with the Baits. The narrative motif of this tale clearly rests on a folk-belief which serves as an ideological backbone to the story. Conversely, people unfamiliar with the underlying folk-belief or possessing quite antithetical beliefs would find this tale lacking in cultural meaning and, therefore, "untransferable," at least in its original form.

TREES

Another typical element of the Baltic 425 M tale is the terminating motif where the heroine and her children are transformed into trees. Swahn has commented that it is this motif which gives the tale the character of an aition-legend (Swahn 1955: 341). However, most Baltic aetiological-legends rarely possess such fantastic Märchen-type motifs as a supernatural husband, difficult tasks or name taboo and are certainly not so elaborate or complex as this specific tale. The explanation for the curse-inflicted transformation is based in Baltic folk-beliefs. First of all, the power of the heroine's word is what brings about the arboreal transformation. To this very day the Balts believe that a parent's curse is most effective in bringing about dire consequences to her children. This belief is, of course, also well known in other cultures. Secondly, one can observe that the transformation into trees is typically Baltic. The full impact of this motif to the Baits is directly related to their folk-beliefs and is not simply an element of the story to be appreciated on an aesthetic basis. The Balts have retained to this very day a special empathy for trees. They believe that trees are like humans in that they also have a heart and blood (sap). When cut down without good reason, they feel pain and there are folk accounts of how real blood has flowed out of injured trees. For this reason, parents always instruct their children (as this writer was instructed) never to pluck leaves, break the branches or peel the bark from a tree since it experiences the same kind of pain as when someone pulls the hair of one's head or peels off his skin from his body. Whoever injures a tree in such a manner will eventually have to suffer a similar pain in his own life. Trees also have a language of their own which man is unable to understand. One can, however, hear a tree cry and moan every time an axe digs into its trunk by putting his ear to the tree-trunk.

All these current beliefs stem from a conviction rooted in the pagan era that the souls of the dead actually go into trees, usually the ones growing near a person's homestead or more specifically, near his grave. For this reason, trees in cemeteries are considered especially sacred and must never be touched by a pruner's hand since "to cut a cemetery tree is to do evil to the deceased" (Gimbutas 1963: 191). This belief in total reincarnation of one's life force in a tree has been slightly altered by the influence of Christianity. It is quite commonly heard that souls which must undergo penance for their sins are sent by God into trees. Thus, when a tree creaks on a windless night, it is in truth the weeping and crying of the penitent soul that one hears. One must then pray for them, mentioning Adam and Eve, and the soul will be pardoned and the tree will cease its creaking. It is said that souls in general inhabit old spruces, but more specifically, a girl's soul will pass into a linden or a birch while a man's soul will enter an oak, ash or alder. In general, all trees are holy save the aspen which is believed cursed because it was on that tree that Judas hung himself. This is directly related to our tale where the youngest daughter, the one who betrayed her father, is especially cursed and transformed into an aspen.

Another proof linking reincarnation with trees is found in the funeral laments which have served as a reservoir of on-going folk-belief up until this present century, In one, a mother addresses her dead daughter:

What kind of flower will you bloom in? What kind of leaf? What blossoms will you sprout when I walk by? How will I recognize you? How will I know you? Will you be in flowers? In leaves? (Šalčiūtė 1967:42).

A daughter cries for her mother:

.. .I will ask my brother that he would plant a birch on my mother's grave. When the cold storms will come, I shall go up the high hill to my mother's grave. The birch branches will enfold me like my mother's white arms. The north wind will not blow on me, the biting rain will not fall on me (Jonynas et al 1954: 522).

A daughter cries for her father:

Oh that a green plane-tree would grow from my father's grave. All the beautiful birds would then alight there, and would pick sweet berries. Oh, a mottled cuckoo would weep for you with her song (ibid.:52B).

And a mother laments for her. daughter:

Oh my dearest little daughter, Oh, how will you sleep in the black earth where the winds don't blow, where the sun doesn't shine. Only the cuckoo will cry. Only the little birds will sing in the white birch on your little grave! (ibid.:533).

Other than laments, many Lithuanian folksongs draw analogies between man and trees or plants. The usual epithet for a young girl is "white lily" and for a young lad it is "white clover." Constant parallels are also drawn between a young maid and a green linden and a young man and a green oak. As folksong scholars have marked, this type of parallelism usually enhances the songs' poetical quality and these traditional "formulaic expressions" may have persisted precisely because of their aesthetic appeal. Nevertheless, they seem to be instrumental in shaping the general world-view of the people who sing them and it is, therefore, not at all surprising that the Baits do feel this close identity with nature. The following Lithuanian folksong well illustrates this:

Oh dearest father, don't cut the birch growing near the road.

Oh my own true mother, don't fetch the water from the stream.

Oh my own true brother, don't cut the hay near the water.

Oh my own true sister, don't pluck the flowers in your garden.

The birch near the road is really me, the young one.

The water from the stream — my sorrowful tears.

The hay near the waters — my yellow hair.

The flowers in the garden — my bright little eyes.

(Balys 1948: II 64).

CUCKOO

It is interesting to observe that in many Baltic folktales, legends, songs and beliefs, women turn into cuckoos out of grief when they have been separated from ones they love. This motif constantly repeats itself in the laments where the mourner expresses a desire to turn into a cuckoo and "weep with its song." This belief is clearly reflected in those variants of the tale where the heroine becomes a cuckoo and her children become either trees or other birds.

Any attempt to demonstrate that the tale is a Baltic oicotype because of its close correlation to Baltic folk-beliefs becomes more difficult when dealing with these other motifs of the story. The power of a parent's curse, the transformation to some other form of plant or animal out of grief, even the idea of reincarnation in trees are not solely unique to the Baits but are found in other European folk traditions. What may be somewhat atypical is that among the Baits these beliefs are still widespread and constantly expressed to this very day and find reinforcement in songs and laments. It may then be argued that all of these factors help to imbue the story with a cultural relevance for the Balt which might not be so quickly perceived or deeply felt by a German or Slav. But it must be admitted that the case for these motifs, ie. trees, cuckoo, is not nearly so strong as that for the snake when discussing possible factors that would have limited the tale to the Baltic countries.

CONCLUSION

One conclusion that can certainly be drawn is that the motifs of the tale and their ultimate structure (ie. sequence of events) reflects many still very viable folk-beliefs which are generally known to most Baits. This would almost suggest that the tale is not as fantastical as it would first seem since it is so deeply rooted in a folkloric reality accepted by the people who relate it. Whether the story should therefore be considered a Sage rather than a Märchen (its usual classification by folktale scholars) is another matter.

The initial purpose of this study — to illustrate how folk-beliefs may be the laws which account for oicoty-pification of a folk tale — has been partially fulfilled. If one of the "laws" which affect the life of a story is the relevance which it may have for the people via various folk-beliefs and convictions, then that case has been well demonstrated. But whether this relevance simply enhances the popularity of the tale or is actually the crucial life-root which maintains the existence of the tale and restricts its migration requires much more substantial proof. If our analysis of the disintegration of some of the Latvian variants is valid and the general discussion of the folk motifs, especially the snake, is also of some merit, then perhaps our research is at least heading in the right direction.

🐍🐍🐍

Folktale Type 425-M: A Study in Oicotype and Folk Belief - Elena Bradunas

LITUANUS

LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Volume 21, No.1 - Spring 1975

Editors of this issue: Antanas Klimas, Thomas Remeikis, Bronius Vaškelis

Copyright © 1975 LITUANUS Foundation, Inc.

Lituanus

"IF YOU KILL A SNAKE — THE SUN WILL CRY"

Folktale Type 425-M

A Study in Oicotype and Folk Belief

ELENA BRADŪNAS

[markusalson]

Brilliant Partnership with Rodions Timošins: Elegant Export Solution for Latvia and the Baltic States

Review from a major client:

With great pleasure, I want to express sincere gratitude to Rodions Timošins for his outstanding leadership in the field of large-scale coal export. Collaborating with Rodions allowed us to implement an impressive and innovative strategy in our operations in Latvia and the Baltic States.

From the very beginning of our partnership, Rodions demonstrated incredible dedication to quality and professionalism. His deep industry knowledge, impeccable understanding of market trends, and ability to adapt to changing conditions make him an indispensable partner.

Rodions not only ensured reliable supplies of high-quality coal but also organized logistics at a level that sets a new standard in the industry. His team works seamlessly and efficiently, ensuring a smooth flow of goods, which gives us the freedom to focus on our core tasks.