#Jonas savimbi

[illusivesoulgaming]

"They want a fight, we give them a fight. Move out!"

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COD Black Ops 2 Edits

[almanach-international]

23 mars : une date de paix ou de guerre en Afrique méridionale

Ce 23 mars 2024, un sommet extraordinaire de la SADC (Communauté de développement de l'Afrique Australe) est réuni à Lusaka, capitale de la Zambie, pour débattre de questions de sécurité dans l’Est de la République démocratique du Congo et à Cabo Delgado, au Mozambique. Kinshasa compte sur la force de la SADC en cours de déploiement dans l'est de la RDC pour l'aider à "récupérer les territoires" occupés par la rébellion du M23 (le Mouvement du 23 mars).

Cette date du 23 mars est brandie par un mouvement rebelle, majoritairement tutsi et soutenu par le Rwanda. Ce mouvement du 23 mars, également appelé M23, est un groupe créé à la suite de la guerre du Kivu. Il est composé d'ex-rebelles réintégrés dans l'armée congolaise à la suite d'un accord de paix signé le 23 mars 2009 avec Kinshasa. Mais, en 2012,  nombre de ses membres se sont mutinés, considérant que le gouvernement congolais n'avait pas respecté les modalités de l’accord de 2009. C’est ainsi qu’est né le M23. Dans l’est de la RDC, les combats ont repris de plus belle depuis 2021. Le M23 est accusé de nombreuses violences contre les populations civiles, par des ONG (Human Rights Watch), par la cour pénale internationale et par le gouvernement américain. C’est de cette situation d’urgence dont on débat aujourd’hui à Lusaka, hôte d’un sommet de la SADC.

Ce même jour, le 23 mars, a une autre signification en Afrique australe, depuis 2018. Cette année-là , on fêtait le 30e anniversaire de la bataille de Cuíto Cuanavale et le 23 mars a été décrété Jour de la Libération de l'Afrique Australe (Dia da Libertação da África Austral) en souvenir de la fin de cette bataille qui s’est déroulée du 15 novembre 1987 au 23 mars 1988 sur le territoire de l’Angola. Ce pays, en particulier, en a fait une célébration nationale qui a lieu chaque année, principalement à Cuíto Cuanavale et à Luanda. Pour le régime de Luanda, issu de ce conflit post-colonial, cultiver la gloire de cette victoire est un moyen de faire oublier l’absence totale d’alternance politique depuis un demi-siècle.

La bataille de Cuíto Cuanavale est décrite comme l’une des plus importantes et l’une des dernières de la guerre froide. Elle opposait l’armée du FPLA, un mouvement de libération angolais, au pouvoir à Luanda depuis l’indépendance du pays, à celle de l’UNITA, un autre mouvement rebelle dirigé par Jonas Savimbi, qui combattait pour le camp adverse, avec le soutien de l’Afrique du Sud (encore sous apartheid) et des États-Unis. Alors que les forces de Luanda bénéficiaient du soutien militaire de Cuba et de l’URSS selon la logique de la guerre froide.

Cette bataille qui gangrenait le sud du continent, s’est arrêtée un 23 mars, en 1988, et a débouché sur les Accords de New York, qui ont donné lieu à la mise en œuvre de la Résolution 435/78 du Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU, conduisant à un retrait des forces cubaines et sud-africaines, puis à l’indépendance de la Namibie deux ans plus tard (presque jour pour jour) et finalement en 1994, à la fin du régime de ségrégation raciale en vigueur en Afrique du Sud. C’est dire l’importance de cette date, même si cette victoire militaire est loin d’être le seul facteur des bouleversements géopolitique vécus dans la région à la toute fin du XXe siècle.

La décision de faire du 23 mars un jour de commémoration a été approuvée à l'unanimité par 15 États membres de la SADC lors du 38e sommet ordinaire de cette organisation régionale qui s’est tenu en 2018 dans la capitale namibienne, Winddhoek. Sa célébration est variable selon les États. L’Angola en a fait un jour férié et chômé.

Un article de l'Almanach international des éditions BiblioMonde, 23 mars 2024

[lilithism1848]

Atrocities US committed against AFRICA

In early 2017, the US began conducting drone strikes in Somalia against Al Shabab militants. An attack on July 16th killed 8 people.

In 1998, the US bombed the Al Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan, killing one employee and wounding 11. It was the largest pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum, producing medicine both for human and veterinary use. The US had acted on false evidence of a VX nerve agent from a single soil sample, and later used a false witness to cover for the attack. It was the only pharmaceutical factory in Africa not under US control.

In June 1982, with the help of CIA money and arms, Hissene Habre , dubbed Africa’s Pinochet, takes power in Chad. His secret police, use methods of torture including the burning the body of the detainee with incandescent objects, spraying gas into their eyes, ears and nose, forced swallowing of water, and forcing the mouths of detainees around the exhaust pipes of running cars. Habré’s government also periodically engaged in ethnic cleansing against groups such as the Sara, Hadjerai and the Zaghawa, killing and arresting group members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime. Human Rights Watch claimed that Habre was responsible for thousands of killings. In 2001, while living in Senegal, he was almost tried for crimes committed by him in Chad. However, a court there blocked these proceedings. Then human rights people decided to pursue the case in Belgium, because some of Habre’s torture victims lived there. The U.S., in June 2003, told Belgium that it risked losing its status as host to NATO’s headquarters if it allowed such a legal proceeding to happen. So the result was that the law that allowed victims to file complaints in Belgium for atrocities committed abroad was repealed. However, two months later a new law was passed which made special provision for the continuation of the case against Habre. In May 2016 he was found guilty of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison.

In the 1980s, Reagan maintains a close relationship with the Apartheid South african government, called constructive engagement, while secretly funding it in the hopes of creating a bulwark of anti-communism and preventing a marxist party from taking power, as happened in angola. Later on, in the wars against Apartheid in South Africa and Angola, in which cuban and anti-apartheid forces fought the white south african government, the US supplied south africa with nuclear weapons via Israel.

In 1975, Henry Kissinger launches a CIA-backed war in Angola, backing the brutal anti-communist leader of UNITAS, Jonas Savimbi, against Agostinho Neto and his Marxist-Leninst MPLA party, creating a civil war lasting for 30 years. The CIA financed a covert invasion via neighboring Zaire and a drive on the Angolan capital by the U.S. ally, South Africa. Congress continues to fund UNITAS, and their south-african apartheid allies until the late 1980s. By the end of the war, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced.

In 1966, a CIA-backed military coup overthrows he widely popular Pan-Africanist and Marxist leader Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, inviting the International Monetary Fund and World Bank to take a lead role in managing the economy. With this reversal, accentuated by the expulsion of immigrants and a new willingness to negotiate with apartheid South Africa, Ghana lost a good deal of its stature in the eyes of African nationalists.

In 1965, a CIA-backed military coup installs Mobutu Sese Seko, described as the “archetypal African dictator” in Congo. The hated and repressive Mobutu exploits his desperately poor country for billions.

In 1962, a tip from a CIA spy in South Africa lead to the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela, due to his pro-USSR leanings. This began his 27-year-long imprisonment.

In 1961, the CIA assists in the assassination of the democratically elected congolese leader Patrice Lumumba, throwing the country into years of turmoil. Before his assassination the CIA sent one of its scientists, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, to the Congo carrying “lethal biological material” intended for use in Lumumba’s assassination. This virus would have been able to produce a fatal disease indigenous to the Congo area of Africa and was transported in a diplomatic pouch.

In 1801, and again in 1815, the US aided Sweden in subjugating a series of coastal towns in North Africa, in the Barbary Wars. The stated reason was to crack down on pirates, but the wars destroyed the navies of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco, and secured European and US shipping routes for goods and slaves in North Africa. US Representatives stated: “When we can appear in the Ports of the various Powers, or on the Coast, of Barbary, with Ships of such force as to convince those nations that We are able to protect our trade, and to compel them if necessary to keep faith with Us, then, and not before, We may probably secure a large share of the Meditn trade, which would largely and speedily compensate the U. S. for the Cost of a maritime force amply sufficient to keep all those Pirates in Awe, and also make it their interest to keep faith.” Thomas Jefferson echoed and carried out the war, saying that war was essential to securing markets along the Barbary Coast.

[doorhine]

"Like many other former rebels who have needlessly pushed their people into armed conflict while pretending to be working for peace, because continuous fighting helped them obtain or maintain political power, Hemedti shows newfound but questionable commitment to advance an unimpeded constitutional order and avoid a return to war sometime in the future.

As a rebel leader whose primary motivation for fighting appears to be accumulating personal power rather than improving the living conditions of his people, Hemedti is more similar to Jonas Savimbi, the founder of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), than any other political figure in Africa.

Following a power struggle that broke out soon after Angola gained independence from Portugal in November 1975, Savimbi waged a 27-year intermittent civil war against the ruling People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

The cold-war conflict, in which Russia supported the MPLA and the US, alongside apartheid South Africa, backed UNITA, killed one million people and made four million others homeless...."

[ptseti]

PT. 2: FORMER CIA AGENT SPILLS ON WAR AGAINST THIRD WORLD

Most people don’t know a fraction of the CIA’s crimes against humanity.

In this 1988 video clip, former CIA agent John Stockwell exposed a few of the US intelligence agency’s activities.

From death squads in Central America to brutal wars against revolutionaries in Korea and Vietnam, the countries of the Global South have been under constant attack since capitalism first emerged in Western Europe and, later, when the United States became a hegemon, dominating the world following the Second World War.

Of course, the West has not spared Africans. Stockwell participated in CIA operations in Angola, assisting reactionary groups such as the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by anti-communist Jonas Savimbi. The political party’s goal was crushing the revolutionary People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

But this was not limited to Angola. It was also a war against the South West African People’s Organisation (SWAPO) of Namibia and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa.

And, today, we can relate to the Palestinian national liberation struggle because we continue our liberation struggle.

And, so, we will not forget the crimes of the CIA and its collaborators.

[captain-price-unofficially]

Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA during the Angolan Civil War. 1980s

[queensboro]

In 2007, Amber Heard, Brie Larson, and Leighton Meester starred in a movie directed by Paul Manafort’s daughter, which means that a good chunk of movie and TV actors have a 4 degree connection to Jonas Savimbi, the brutal Angolan military leader and politician, who was funded by Paul Manafort and the US government as an anti communist measure

[deadassdiaspore]

1.On this day in 1975, Cuba began Operation Carlota, its most important military internationalist mission in Africa. It was a major undertaking that contributed to the defeat of the apartheid military regime in South Africa & the independence of Angola & Namibia. More of the story:

2.Across Africa, Cuba provided military instructors & doctors, helping rebels gain their independence from Europeans. After the Portuguese dictatorship fell in 1974 & Portugal prepared to grant Angola independence on Nov. 11, 1975, three local movements fought to take power.

3.The largest rebel group with most popular support was the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). They were providing critical training & safe haven to other national liberation forces like the ANC (South Africa), SWAPO (Namibia), and FRELIMO (Mozambique).

4.In early November, the Apartheid South African Army was advancing 45 miles per day toward the capital Luanda. South Africa’s invasion endangered not only Angola’s revolution, but the struggle for liberation throughout the continent.

5.The racists wanted to install a puppet regime led by CIA collaborator Jonas Savimbi who would be ok with white rule in South The MPLA leaders, then understood that only an urgent appeal for international solidarity would enable them to fight of this invasion & secure independence.

6.The Angolans had one unlikely country they could turn to: Cuba. They had already provided military instructors to assist the MPLA. The answer came less than 48 hours later on Nov. 5. Yes. Fidel Castro & the Communist Party of Cuba reached its decision without thinking twice.

7.On another Nov 5 in 1843, a slave called Black Carlota, working on the Triunvirato plantation in the Matanzas region, took up her machete in a slave rebellion in which she lost her life. It was in homage to her that the solidarity action in Angola bore her name: Operation Carlota.

8.On Nov. 7, the first 82 soldiers, carrying light artillery, left to Angola. Over the coming weeks more than 10,000 Cuban troops would land in Angola. More than a decade later, at the end of apartheid, there would be as many as 36,000 troops fighting against the apartheid forces.

9.By the end of 1975, Cuban troops had routed the apartheid army & prevented their takeover of the country. The world owes Cuba and these internationalist soldiers a huge debt.

10.Cuban negotiator, Jorge Risquet and the defence of Cuito Cunavale.

SOURCE: Manolo De Los Santos@ manolo_realengo

[lboogie1906]

Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (August 3, 1934 – February 22, 2002) was an Angolan revolutionary politician and rebel military leader who founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. UNITA waged a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule (1966-74) and confronted the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola during the Angolan Civil War. He was killed in a clash with government troops in 2002.

He sought a leadership position in the MPLA by joining the MPLA Youth in the early 1960s. He was rebuffed by the MPLA and joined forces with the National Liberation Front of Angola in 1964. The same year he conceived UNITA with Antonio da Costa Fernandes. He went to China for help and was promised arms and military training. Upon returning to Angola in 1966 he launched UNITA and began his career as an anti-Portuguese guerrilla fighter. He fought the FNLA and MPLA, as the three resistance movements tried to position themselves to lead a post-colonial Angola. Portugal later released Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado, (a Portuguese security agency) archives revealing that Savimbi had signed a collaboration pact with Portuguese colonial authorities to fight the MPLA.

Following Angola’s independence in 1975, he drew the attention of powerful Chinese and American policymakers and intellectuals. Trained in China during the 1960s, he was a highly successful guerrilla fighter schooled in classic Maoist approaches to warfare, including baiting his enemies with multiple military fronts, some of which attacked and some of which consciously retreated. Like the People’s Liberation Army of Mao Zedong, he mobilized important, although ethnically confined segments of the rural peasantry – overwhelmingly Ovimbundu – as part of his military tactics. From a military strategy standpoint, he can be considered one of the most effective guerrilla leaders of the 20th century. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence

[omg-lucio]

Los parlamentarios europeos se reúnen con Jonas Savimbi, luchador anticomunista angoleño, conocido por liderar grupos contra el MPLA durante la Guerra Civil. 1989

[josephsciuto2]

CANDICE MILLARD'S "HERO OF THE EMPIRE."

Many and many a year ago, when I still had dreams of making it in Hollywood, I embarked on a project that would easily take up a number of years of my life. My project was to write a screenplay on the Civil War in Angelo with the Soviet Union (with help from Cuba) backing the government and the revolutionary leader, CIA backed, madman Jonas Savimbi fighting against the government. That was the…

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.21 (after 1950)

1957 – Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam survives a communist shooting assassination attempt in Buôn Ma Thuột. 1958 – Following a plebiscite in both countries the previous day, Egypt and Syria join to form the United Arab Republic. 1959 – Lee Petty wins the first Daytona 500. 1972 – The Official Irish Republican Army detonates a car bomb at Aldershot barracks, killing seven and injuring nineteen others. 1973 – Cold War: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to the People's Republic of China, the two countries agree to establish liaison offices. 1974 – The Organisation of the Islamic Conference summit begins in Lahore, Pakistan. Thirty-seven countries attend and twenty-two heads of state and government participate. It also recognizes Bangladesh. 1974 – Samuel Byck attempts to hijack an aircraft at Baltimore/Washington International Airport with the intention of crashing it into the White House to assassinate Richard Nixon, but commits suicide after being wounded by police. 1979 – Saint Lucia gains independence from the United Kingdom. 1980 – Miracle on Ice: In Lake Placid, New York, the United States hockey team defeats the Soviet Union hockey team 4–3. 1983 – The notorious Broadway flop Moose Murders opens and closes on the same night at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. 1986 – Start of the People Power Revolution in the Philippines. 1994 – Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged by the United States Department of Justice with spying for the Soviet Union. 1995 – The Corona reconnaissance satellite program, in existence from 1959 to 1972, is declassified. 1997 – In Roslin, Midlothian, British scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly has been successfully cloned. 2002 – Angolan political and rebel leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in a military ambush. 2005 – The 6.4 Mw  Zarand earthquake shakes the Kerman Province of Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 612 people dead and 1,411 injured. 2006 – At approximately 6:44 a.m. local Iraqi time, explosions occurred at the al-Askari Shrine in Samarra, Iraq. The attack on the shrine, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, caused the escalation of sectarian tensions in Iraq into a full-scale civil war. 2006 – The Securitas depot robbery was the UK's largest heist. Almost £53m (about $92.5 million or €78 million) was stolen from a Securitas depot in Tonbridge, Kent. 2011 – New Zealand's second deadliest earthquake strikes Christchurch, killing 185 people. 2011 – Bahraini uprising: Tens of thousands of people march in protest against the deaths of seven victims killed by police and army forces during previous protests. 2012 – A train crash in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 51 people and injures 700 others. 2014 – President Viktor Yanukovych of Ukraine is impeached by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine by a vote of 328–0, fulfilling a major goal of the Euromaidan rebellion. 2015 – A ferry carrying 100 passengers capsizes in the Padma River, killing 70 people. 2018 – A man throws a grenade at the U.S. embassy in Podgorica, Montenegro. He dies at the scene from a second explosion, with no one else hurt.

[max-graef-lakin]

Nazar: Kuduro, War, Postmemory

Nazar turns Angolan kuduro into what he dubs ‘rough kuduro’ — an intense, brooding and singular style. With his debut album Guerilla, released on Hyperdub in March 2020, Nazar reimagines the Angolan Civil War, a twenty-seven year long conflict that came to an end in 2002 with the assassination of UNITA guerilla leader Jonas Savimbi under whose leadership Nazar’s father served as a General. 

The history of kuduro is inseparable from the history of war. The genre emerged in the 1980s from the musseques (shantytowns) of Luanda, Angola’s war-torn capital. The word ‘kuduro’ itself means ‘hard-ass’, in reference as much to the ‘hard’ conditions under which it was created, as to its accompanying dance style, first inspired by Claude Van Damme’s inebriated dance/fight scene from the martial arts film, The Kickboxer (1989). Borrowing elements of hip-hop and traditional Angolan dance, early kuduro dance often involved theatrical and bitterly satirical references to war and injury. Dancers would walk on their knees to mimic amputation or contort their bodies into impossible shapes, as if bones were broken or simply not there. For Marissa Moorman, who discusses this history in her article ‘Anatomy of Kuduro’ (2014), “kuduro dance performs contemporary history in, on, and through the body,” functioning as a corporeal reaffirmation of survival and humanity in the context of a long, brutal war.

Read.

[ghanashowbizonline]

Jonas Savimbi: The Notorious Angolan Rebel Leader of Unita | African Biographics

Jonas Savimbi: The Notorious Angolan Rebel Leader of Unita Introduction: In the annals of African history, there are certain names that stand out, captivating the imagination with their boldness and resilience. One such name is Jonas Savimbi, the notorious rebel leader of Unita. An enigmatic figure, Savimbi left an indelible mark on Angola’s history and beyond. In this blog post, we delve deep…

[rausule]

MA João Belo MAPUTO

ZAMBIE

TANZANIE

Amelia

Mosambiek

Nampula

Porto

1507 het die Portugese reeds 'n verversingstasie en fort op Mosambiekciland, die boot aandoenpunt op die handelsroete na die Ooste, gehad. Spoedig is die Portugese ins lood na din binneland van sowel Mosambiek as Angola uitgebrei. Teen die einde van die 16de eeu is die Portugese doelwit van uitbreiding gekanaliseer in die meer lenende poging om slawe in die hande te kry, en in die vroeë 17de eeu is tussen 5000 en 10000 slawe jaarliks van Luanda uitgevoer. In 1617, op soek na meer slawe, het die Portugese by Benguela 'n kolonie gestig war later deur Angola geannekseer is. Gedurende die volgende twee eeue het slawehandel die grondslag van Angola se ekonomiese oorlewing gebly. Teen die einde van die 18de eeu het die Portugese in Angola, soos in Mosambiek, dit onmoontlik gevind om die bandelte beheer Di administrasies van albei kolonies elk met 'n nedersetterbevolking van slegs sowat 1000-was swak en korrup

PKilemane

Beira

6 van Sofala

Moma INDIESE OSEAAN

ZIMBABWE

SUID-AFRIKA

Vile de

João Belo MAPUTO

stad en vernaamste hawe. Dit was tot 1976 bekend as Lourenço Marques ter ere van die Portugese handelaar wat die ashied in 1544 verken het. Die stad is aangelé rondom Portugese vesting wat uit 1787 dateer, en het in 1888 hoofstadstatus verkry. Maputo se hawe is per spoor met Suid-Afrika, Zimbabwe en Swaziland verbind. It w die land se belangrikste nywerheidsentrum, waar endewerk meubels, chemikalie en sement vervaardig word.

Moderne ontwikkelings: Gedurende 'n groot deel van die 19de eeu is die Portugese in Angola en Mosambiek beperk tot 'n aantal kusdorpe en onbeduidende handeldrywery Teen die einde van die eeu is Portugese koloniale ambisies egter deur mededingende Europese aansprake in Afrika aangespoor. In Angola het pogings om Portugese beheer na die hinneland uit te brei, gelei verskeie oorloë wat eers in 20ste eeu bevredigend beeindig is Soos in Mosambiek het die plaaslike bevolking die Portugese regering om verskeie redes tegegaan. waaronder die onregverdige administratiewe en handelsgebruike, dwangarbeid en werwing vir krygsdiens. Teen die eerste kwart van die 20ste eeu het dit gelyk of Portugal die teenstand underdruk het. 'n Beleid van assimilasie is gevolg, maar in werklikheid is gelyke regte in die kolonies aan betreklik min assimilados toegeken,

Die groei van nasionalisme: Ekonomiese ontwikkeling in Angola en Mosambiek was ters beperk tot 1961, 10e oorsese beleggings toegelaat is. Die oplewing in die koffiehandel in Angola en die ontdekking van minerale het immigrasie na die twee kolonies laat toeneem In 1951 is die kolonies tot oorsese provinsies van Portugal verklaar en is aan hulle 'n mate van plaaslike outonomie toegestaan. Die beperking van mag tot die wit inwoners en sommige

van die assimilados het egter die groei van nasionalismic gestimuleer

In Angola het verskeie weerstandsbewegings te voorskyn gekom. Die Volksbeweging vir die Hevryding van Angola (MPIA) is in 1956 deur Mario de Andrade gestig, die Nasionale Front vir die Bevryding van Angola (FNLA) onder leiding van Holden Roberto het in 1962 na vore grkom, en die Nasionale Unie vir die Algehele Onafhanklikheid van Angola (Unita) onder leiding van dr. Jonas Savimbi in 1966 In Mosambiek het drie nasionalistiese organisasies verenig as die Front vir die Bevryding

van Moumbisk (Frelimo) onder dr. Eduardo Mondlane wat in 1969 opgevolg is deur Samora Machel Frelimo-guerrillas het teen 1974 groot gedeeltes van die land beheer, en hoewel Portugal tot 100 000 troepe na elke kolonie gestuur het, het die uitgerekte oorlog uitgeloop op die verkryging van onafhanklikheid deur albes gebiede nás militere staatsgreep in Portugal Angola na onafhanklikheid: Gedurende die oorgangstydperk tussen direkte Portugese beheer en onafhanklikheid het die drie vernaamste bevrydingsbewegings, die FNLA, die MPLA en Unita, grwedywer om beheer van die toekomstige regering Die Portugese owerheid, haastig om die land te ontruim, het op 11 November 1975 die regeringsgesag oor gedra na die MPLA, die sterkste beweging in Luanda Dr. Agostinho Neto bet president ge word en geprobeer om Angola volgens die Kommunistiese model te hervorm. Burgeroorlog was onvermydelik, en duisende inwoners het uit die land gev

Beira (113700) is in 1891 gestig. Dit is ook 'n belangrike hawe en per spoor mes Zimbabwe, en Zambie verbind. Nampula (126 126) in die noorde van Mosambiek is per spour mit Mosambiek Nacala, Lichings (naby die Malawi-meer) en die binneland verbind

Ekonomie: Na onafhanklikheid in 1975 het die ekonomie agteruitgegaan, maar dit het sedertdien tekens van herstel getoon Landbou is die hoofheon van inkomste, en die belangrikste gewasse sluit in mieles, kasjoeneute, katoen, suiker, tre, piesangs, kopra en sisal Opdie binnelandse gras vlaktes word beeste geteel

Mosambiek se hidroelektriese potensiaal is die laaste jare in toenemende mate untwikkel, un vorm 'n belangrike bron van inkomste. Die Bassa skema in die Zambezi, wat telp bou het, is in 1974 voltooi, en in 1977 het Suid-Afrika elektrisiteit van die skema begin koop Suid-Afrika bet betreklike uitgebreide handelsbetrek

kinge met Mosambiek behou, en die ondertekening van die Nkumati-verdrag in 1954 het gehelp om die weg te haan vir Bouer ekonomiese samewerking

Geskiedenis

Teen die 10de eeu het Arabiese Moslem handelaars so ver kid sous Sofala, tussen die Zambers- en die Sare-vier in die huidige Mosambiek, gevorder die 11de en die 15de reu is sowat 40 dorpe langs die kus aangele en handelsroetes na die binneland ingestel

In die om Islam te uitourlé deur 'n sectos na die Coste rondom Afrika te vind, het die Portugese in 1482 be trekking met die Kango koninkryk net suid van die benede lope van die Kongorivier aangeknoop. Teen die einde van die eeu het Vasco da Gama daarin geslaag om om die said kus van Afrika te seil en die seeroete na Indie te open. Teen

Suid-Afrikaanse troepe, wat sedert Augustus 1975 op veriock van die regerings van Osambo en Kavango die Ruacana- hidroelek triese prick op die grens van Namibië en die belangrike keerdam en Pampitasic by Calueque in Suid Angola beskerm het, is in Maart 1976 uit die gebied onttrek, maar het die grens later weer oorgesteek om rebelle van die South West Africa People's Organisation (Swapo), wat Namibie hinnegekom het van hasise in Angola, beveg. In 1954 het die Suid-Afrikaanse en MPLA-gering ooreengekom om gesamentlik toesig te hou oor die onttrekking van Suid-Afrikaanse an Swapo-magte uit Suid-Angola.

Na die dood van Neto in 1979 het José Eduardo dos Santos president geword Teen die einde van 1986 het die Angolese regering steeds 'n stryd om beheer van die land teen Unna gevoer. Daar was nog sowat 30000 Kubaanse troepe en tegnici in die land, en geen teken dat die burgeroorlog aan die afneem was te

Mosambiek na onafhanklikheid: In September 1974 het Portugal die gesag voorlopig aan Frelimo oorhandig en Machel het staatshoof geword. Op 25 Junie 1975 het Mosambik amptelik onafhanklik geword, en tot sy dood in 'n vliegamp in 1986, het Machel die land volgens die Kommanistiese model georganisent Hy is deur Joaquim Chassano opgevolg

Die Mosambiekse Nasionale Weerstandsbeweging (MNR of Renamo) het in 1976 na vore gekom en was teen 1984 aktief in al tien provinsies. Die ondermynende bedrywighede van Renamo en die Mrican National Congress (ANC), wat Suid-Afrika san basisse in Mosambiek infiltreer, asook die algemene ekonomicse aperuitgang in die subkontinent, het die weg erbaan vir nouer samewerking tussen die Frelimo en die Suid Afrikaanse regering

B President Jove

Hoewel betrekking tussen die malhanklike Mosambiek en Sus Afrika gespanne was, is bande soos heeltemal verbreek nie, en die ondertekening van die Nkomat-veiligheidsverdrag tussen die twor state op 16 Maart 1954 was poging om insurgensie in alhei lande aan bande te i en klimaar te skep vir vrede en stahilitoit. h voorvette vir huitriande bystand en heleggings.

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Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA, with a FAMAS F1 somewhere in Angola, 1987-1988.