#Indian general elections timeline

[michaelsmith-us]

the Labyrinth of Lok Sabha Election 2024 Schedule: A Journey Through Democracy

Introduction In the vibrant tapestry of Indian democracy, every election season unfurls a spectacle of political fervor, anticipation, and, at times, uncertainty. As we stand on the threshold of Lok Sabha Election 2024 Schedule, the nation braces itself for another chapter in its democratic saga, marked by the unveiling of a meticulously crafted schedule that promises to shape the course of our…

[rabbitcruiser]

Texas Independence Day

Texas Independence Day on March 2 commemorates the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence on the same date in 1836. Inhabitants of Texas proclaimed independence from Mexico and established the Republic of Texas with the signing of this declaration by over 59 delegates.

Children’s events, re-enactments, live band music, and cook-offs are all part of the festivities. Storytelling sessions about how Texas gained independence from Mexico and became a republic are among the other activities.

History of Texas Independence Day

A congress of Texians and Tejanos convened at Washington-on-the-Brazos during the Texas Revolution and declared Texas’ independence from Mexico, and they became known as Texans. The delegates elected David Burnet as interim president and confirmed Sam Houston as commander-in-chief of all Texas armies.

In addition, the Texans adopted a constitution that guaranteed the unrestricted practice of slavery, which had previously been banned by Mexican law. In the meantime, in San Antonio, the Alamo was still under siege by Mexican General Antonio de Santa Anna, and the fort’s defenders awaited the last Mexican attack.

Santa Anna ordered his troops to invade the Alamo on March 6. The first and second Mexican charges were defeated by Travis’ artillery, but the Texans were overpowered in less than an hour, and the Alamo was seized. All of the Texan and American defenders were murdered in fierce hand-to-hand combat when Santa Anna instructed that no prisoners should be taken. The Alamo’s only survivors were a small group of civilians, chiefly women and children. During the siege and storming of the Alamo, hundreds of Santa Anna’s soldiers died.

Six weeks later, at San Jacinto, a huge Texan army led by Houston surprised Santa Anna’s forces. The Texans overpowered the Mexicans and took Santa Anna. The dictator was forced to acknowledge Texas’ independence and withdraw his troops south of the Rio Grande. Nine years after the Texas Declaration of Independence was written, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States by the collective agreement of the United States Congress.

On December 29, 1845, the United States Congress officially recognized Texas as a member of the Union. Sam Houston Day and Texas Flag Day are also celebrated on March 2, albeit they are not legal holidays.

Texas Independence Day timeline

1835

The Texas Revolution Begins

The revolution begins on October 2 as a rebellion instigated by colonists from the U.S., supported by Tejanos, to oppose Mexico’s centralist government.

1836

The San Jacinto Battle

The Republic of Texas wins its independence on April 21 with victory at the San Jacinto River.

1845

Texas Joins the Union

On December 29, the United States Congress recognizes Texas as a constituent state.

1846

The Mexican-American War Begins

Mexico goes to war with the United States over the Republic of Texas’ annexation.

Texas Independence Day FAQs

How do Texans greet one another?

“Howdy,” the official Texas greeting, is much more than a witty remark voiced by Woody, the “Toy Story” cowboy. True Texans use the word as a popular greeting.

Can Texas leave the U.S. legally?

Texas v. White, a landmark Supreme Court ruling, says that states cannot leave the union by state legislation.

What is the slogan of Texas?

In February 1930, the Texas state motto of friendship was established. The slogan was probably chosen because Texas, or Tejas, was the Spanish translation of the native Indian tribe’s “thecas or teyshas”, which means “friends or allies.”

How to Celebrate Texas Independence Day

Attend a festival: Attend one of the festivals held on Texas Independence Day to celebrate. There are tons of activities for children and adults to have a fun time.

Participate in a reenactment: Join a reenactment of the famous events during the Texas Revolution. Play dress-up and reenact the battle of the Alamo with friends.

Learn more about Texas: Texas has a lot to offer. From excellent barbecues to live music, the Lone Star State has tons of attractions and rich history.

5 Facts About Texas That Will Blow Your Mind

Dr Pepper was made in Texas: Dr Pepper was first publicly introduced in 1904 and is now distributed all over the world; it was invented in 1885 by Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas.

First frozen margarita: Mariano Martinez, a Dallas restaurateur, invented the first frozen margarita machine.

Six flags: Texas’ Six Flags theme park is named after the six countries that have presided over Texas; Mexico, Spain, the U.S., France, the Confederate States of America, and the Republic of Texas.

Powers that be: Texas has an independent power grid, it is separated from the rest of the United States.

Nightcrawlers: Bracken Cave in Texas houses North America’s largest bat colony.

Why We Love Texas Independence Day

It’s a source of inspiration: The story of the Texas Revolution is the perfect example of snatching victory against the odds. The Texans made the impossible a reality when they defeated their Mexican rivals who far outnumbered them.

It’s a crucial page in the history books: The road to independence is a story that will be passed down for generations in Texas. The legendary battles and tales of bravery will be remembered for years to come.

Appreciating the war heroes: Texas Independence Day is an opportunity to honor the sacrifice of those who fought for Texas’ independence. Their names are not forgotten and their deeds remain fresh in the memories of their successors.

Source

[doorhine]

"India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi has inaugurated a grand temple to the Hindu God Ram in Ayodhya in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, culminating a four-decade campaign to build the temple by Hindu far-right groups.

The temple, popularly known as Ram Mandir, is being constructed on the land where a 16th-century mosque stood until 1992, when Hindu far-right mobs demolished it, triggering a nationwide Hindu-Muslim riots that killed more than 2,000 people, most of them Muslims.

Hindus claim the Babri Masjid was built on the site of a temple during the first Mughal ruler Babar, on land that was the birthplace of their chief deity Ram. Muslims offered prayers until 1949 when idols were placed inside the mosque allegedly by Hindu priests.

An Indian Supreme Court ruling in 2019 gave ownership of the land to a Hindu trust. The inauguration of the temple is being seen as a symbol of religious triumphalism, turning India’s secular democracy into a Hindu-first nation, further polarising politics that will likely benefit the governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) months ahead of general elections."

[atomicballoonmoon]

The concept of 'One Nation One Election' in the Indian political landscape has generated both fervent support and fervent opposition. Proponents argue that 'One Nation One Election' offers numerous advantages, including substantial cost savings by reducing election expenses and optimizing resource allocation. It promises to minimize disruptions to governance, fostering stable decision-making and accountability. Additionally, 'One Nation One Election' has the potential to enhance voter participation and engagement in the democratic process, with higher voter turnout and better-informed choices. However, the implementation of this reform faces significant challenges, including constitutional and legal hurdles that require substantial amendments and logistical complexities. Political opposition is a notable concern, with fears of regional identity loss and power imbalances. Balancing local and national issues and aligning diverse political timelines also pose formidable obstacles. The feasibility of 'One Nation One Election' hinges on political will, consensus-building, and careful evaluation of its impact, making it a subject of intense legislative analysis and debate in India, especially when considering the One Nation One Election pros and cons.

[jeannereames]

I've read (and unfortunately my brain won't let me source this) that Alexander the Great was quite fond of Diogenes of Sinope -- the stories coming to mind are the "get out of my sun", "I cannot distiguish the bones of your father from those of a slave", and "if I were not Alexander I would wish to be Diogenes". What's the plausibility of these stories? (Sorry if there's some glaringly obvious issue, like the timelines don't add up or all these stories come from a notoriously facetious author, I like to read more than I like to fact check haha).

I know it's not completely possible, but I like to try to psychoanalyse figures like Alexander and Diogenes, and these stories are what I base a lot of my understanding of Alexander on! So, even if they aren't true, would they still be "in character", so to speak, for him?

It’s a story from Plutarch’s Life of Alexander. I just copied it for you, so you can read it for yourself. Did it happen? Maybe. Diogenes did live at the same time, and was in Athens when Alexander visited after Chaironeia. Alexander had a “thing” for philosophers. Not only did he correspond with Aristotle, but also Xenokrates, Plato’s successor at the Academy. He also met with Egyptian “philosophers” (priests) while down there, and with Indian “philosophers” (yogis) while there. I’d be really skeptical of what he supposedly said. All these stories clearly have almost parabalic force. I think it’s less a matter of being “in character” so much as, “we want this to be true of him so we’re going to tell you it is.” *grin* Supposedly, however, Alexander called himself a “philosopher in armor.” I suspect the Greek philosophers might have questioned that. LOL.

Incidentally, this event is SUPER popular with Renaissance and later artists. Google their names and hit “images.” :-D

[14.1] Soon after, the Greeks, being assembled at the Isthmus, declared their resolution of joining with Alexander in the war against the Persians, and proclaimed him their general.      

[14.2-3] While he stayed here, many public ministers and philosophers came from all parts to visit him and congratulated him on his election, but contrary to his expectation, Diogenes of Sinope, who then was living at Corinth, thought so little of him, that instead of coming to compliment him, he never so much as stirred out of the suburb called the Cranium, where Alexander found him lying along in the sun.

[14.4] When he saw so much company near him, he raised himself a little, and vouchsafed to look upon Alexander; and when he kindly asked him whether he wanted anything, "Yes," said he, "I would have you stand from between me and the sun."

[14.5] Alexander was so struck at this answer, and surprised at the greatness of the man, who had taken so little notice of him, that as he went away he told his followers, who were laughing at the moroseness of the philosopher, that if he were not Alexander, he would choose to be Diogenes.

[bridgingdimensions]

An Assembled History of the United States 

The following contains a timeline of the history of the United States within my dimension. Information sourced from Gravity Falls Library, very roughly summarized.

1400s and prior - Various tribes and cultures lived on this land, but unfortunately written histories of these times are difficult to find. The earliest information found within the library was spare mentions of local history of the Klamath Tribes. 

1492 - Christopher Columbus sailed with three ships, one of which crashed in the shores of America and sank with the only 1 documented injury to himself and no fatalities.

1493 - Columbus sailed again to the American colonies with several ships and a large crew, again the ship Columbus was on sank with him on it and this time reportedly took several hours for him to reach the shore.

1494 - The Treaty of Tordesillas attempted to ratify and establish ownership of the lands for Spain and Portugal. It was not successful. 

1496 - John Cabot sails to explore the western hemisphere under authority of King Henry VII of England. signs an agreement for the western hemisphere to be explored under England and makes a second voyage the following year.

1498 - Columbus goes on his third voyage, a select crew willing to stay on the specific ship Columbus was on at the time. During lunch, the crew accidentally stranded him on one of the islands, remembering to turn back after five days. 

Cabot embarked on another voyage and mysteriously never returned.

1502 - Columbus on his fourth voyage sails to Central America where his boat gradually disintegrated and he kicked his crew off, he was last sighted on a wooden raft that was overtaken by a wave.

1507 - A world map is made by Martin Waldseemuller, but is never seen, reportedly lost due to ‘his dog eating it.’

1508 - First European colony settlement on United States territory was founded at Caparra, Puerto Rico by Ponce de Leon.

1511 - Catholic Church, Pope Julius II, establishes three dioceses with one in Puerto Rico and two in Hispaniola.

1512 - Ferdinand II of Aragon announces Burgos’ Laws to end exploitation of indigenous people in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico some time after the decimation of smallpox epidemics brought to the people of Hispaniola by Europeans.

1513 - Ponce De Leon looks for the Fountain of Youth. He then lies about finding it, quickly diverting attention by claiming land for Spain.

1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano enters New York harbor during a French expedition, considered the first European exploration of the Atlantic seaboard in centuries.

1526 - Disagreement over Treaty of Tordesillas defused by marriage, more to follow.

1527 - The Narvaez expedition colonizes Spanish Florida under Panfilo De Narvaez.

1529 - The Treaty of Zaragosa makes a try at clarifying the Treaty of Tordesillas.

1539 - Hernando de Soto travels to Florida where they explore further inland.

Melchior Diaz searches for Lost Cities of Gold. He is unsuccessful and the job is shortly after given to Fernando Vasquez de Coronado, who is also unsuccessful and gets into the Tiguex War as well as burns down a city while continuing further on.

1542 - De Soto reaches his final destination, death.

1550 - The beginning of the forty year Chichimeca War between the Chichimecas Confederation and New Spain.

1551 - The Valladolid debate, discussing treatment and status of Indians in the New World.

1559 - Don Tristan de Lunda y Arellano established Spanish colony, Santa Maria de Ochuse.

Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England.

1562 - Charlesfort is established by Jean Ribault, but is later abandoned.

1564 - Rene de Laudonniere establishes French colony for the Hugeanots at Fort Caroline and befriends the Timucua.

1565 - Pedro Menendez de Aviles founds St. Augustine, the first permanent settlement of the US. Twelve days later his spanish soldiers attack the French colony at Fort Caroline and destroy the fort.

1570 - Abraham Ortelius publishes the first modern world atlas. Descendent of Waldseemuller claims the work was copied off of his ancestor’s lost map and attempts a rebranding scheme of the atlas under his name with minor changes which fails.

1579 - Francis Drake claims lands in California for Great Britain, names it New Albion. Completes circumnavigation of the globe.

1585 - Sir Walter Raleigh organizes expedition to settle Roanoke Island colony. The colony fails.

1587 - Raleigh attempts to colonize Roanoke Island again with governor John White. John White leaves and returns to an empty colony with the words ‘CROATOAN’ and ‘CRO’ left behind, carved. Raleigh doesn’t attempt the colony a third time.

1607 - Jamestown, the first English settlement in the United States is established by over 100 settlers.

1608 - Samuel de Champlain establishes first permanent colony of New France in Quebec City.

1614 - New France colony of Port Royal is destroyed by Samuel Argall and then abandoned.

1618 - Smallpox epidemic wipes out vast majority of Native Americans in Massachusetts Bay.

1619 - The House of Burgesses is elected in Jamestown.

Virginia Company of London establishes new colony at Berkeley Hundred, Virginia.

1620 - The Puritans establish settlement in Plymouth and form the Aprilflower Compact to establish government and laws.

1629 - King Charles I grants royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

1630-1670 - Many colonies are founded and settled along with wars between colonists and native tribes. (The number of colonies and wars around this time period are their own lengthy history.)

1670 - Hudson’s Bay Company founded to combat New France in the Canadian fur trade.

1676 - Bacon’s Rebellion that resulted in the burning of Jamestown.

1677 - Treaty of Middle Plantation signed.

North Carolina colonists engage in Culpeper’s Rebellion.

1682 - France claims the lower Mississippi River valley.

1688 - King William’s War begins, lasts for 9 years.

1690 - First paper money issued in North America by the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The first newspaper issue in the United States was published in Boston, and was then suppressed.

1692-1693 - The Salem witch hunts resulting in the death of nineteen and over a hundred arrests.

1695 - Captain William Kidd is sent on a mission to combat piracy, and goes on to become pirate of the high seas. (If you can’t beat them, join them, I suppose.)

1699 - Jamestown is abandoned.

1701 - New France signs the Great Peace of Montreal with 39 First Nations.

1702 - Royal Colony of New Jersey established by Queen Anne.

1704 - First newspaper that wasn’t immediately taken down publishes its first edition in Boston, started by John Campbell.

1711 - The Tuscarora War begins.

1716 - First theater in the colonies opens in Williamsburg, Virginia.

1763 - French and Indian War ends with peace treaty, the English getting Canada and the American midwest.

1764 - The Sugar Act, a duty is placed on various commodities in the British colonies. Less than a year later the Stamp Act is passed as well.

1765 - The Stamp Act is passed and later nine of the colonies had a Stamp Act Congress and adopted a Declaration of Rights against taxation without representation. 

1766 - The Stamp Act is repealed.

1767 - However, then the Townshend Acts are put in place.

1770 - The Boston Massacre, British troops fired into a Boston mob. 

The Townshend Acts were repealed on everything except tea. This would notably not turn out well.

1773 - The Boston Tea Party, caused by England allowing a single company to control the tea trade and the actual event being 342 chests of tea being pushed overboard into the harbor. 

1774 - British Parliament closes the port of Boston. 

The Intolerable Acts are established, the First Continental Congress is held to protest this.

1775 - British government declares Massachusetts in rebellion.

American Revolution is started after 8 minutemen are killed while resisting British were coming to destroy their arms (the guns).

George Washington is appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.

1776 - Thomse Paine publishes ‘Common Sense & Sensibility.’

The Declaration of Independence is penned and approved.

Washington wins in the first Battle of Trenton.

1777 - The Continental Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.

France signs treaties of alliance and commerce, getting involved in the revolutionary war.

Washington loses at Brandywine and others, marches with Continental Army into Valley Forge.

1778 - South Carolina is the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.

France signs the treaty of Amity and Commerce with the United States.

1779 - Benedict Arnold, American general, turns traitor and aids the British in acquiring control of the Hudson River. This was soon after Washington first accompanied Arnold on a drive where Washington made the comment to him while Arnold was driving the horse carriage ‘Okay, you’re safe to go,’ as the pedestrians Arnold had been waiting on had finished crossing the street. 

1780 - The British siege Charlseton, South Carolina.

Loyalist troops of Britain lose the Battle of Kings Mountain.

1782 - The Bank of North America, the Bank of New York, and the First Bank of the United States are the first to obtain shares on the New York Stock Exchange.

British troops start to leave the United States.

British Parliament recognizes U.S. independence and signs the Treaty of Paris.

1783 - Congress ratifies the early peace treaty, ending the Revolutionary War.

Massachusetts Supreme Court outlaws slavery.

The Continental Army is disbanded.

1785 - The Continental Navy is disbanded.

1787 - Shay’s Rebellion happens in Massachusetts, but fails. Daniel Shays upon being captured claims evil twin, Schmaniel Shays, was the true mastermind.

The Constitutional Convention adopts the Constitution.

1789 - Washington is elected as the first President of the United States. Frederick A. Muhlenberg becomes the first Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Supreme Court is created.

1790 - First patent of the United States is given to Samuel Hopkins for potash.

1791 - The Bill of Rights takes effect, all twelve amendments pass.

1792 - The United States Post Office Department is established.

Washington is reelected president of the United States with John Adams as his Vice President.

1793 - Washington signs the Proclamation of Neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars.

1794 - Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.

The Whiskey Rebellion is suppressed by militia.

Jay’s Treaty is signed.

1795 - The Treaty of Madrid is signed.

1796 - Tennessee joins the Union.

The United States State Department issues the first passport.

Washington gives his final address.

1797 - John Adams becomes President.

The Treaty of Tripoli is signed.

1798 - Congress voids all treaties with France.

The Alien and Sedition Acts go into law. 

1800 - The United States Library of Congress is founded.

Slavery ended in the Northwest Territory from the Ordinance of 1787.

1801 - Thomas Jefferson becomes President.

1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is made. 

1804 - The Sacagawea Expedition.

Thomas Jefferson is reelected.

1807 - Aaron Burr is arrested for treason in an attempt to annex parts of the United States into an independent republic. He represents himself as his own lawyer and is acquitted after the confusion in court of speaking about himself in the third person.

1808 - The Illinois Territory is created.

1809 - James Madison becomes president.

1811 - The battle of Tippecanoe is won by William Henry Harrison.

1812 - President Madison asks Congress to declare war on the UK.

Madison is reelected. 

1813 - The Battle of York. 

1814 - The White House is burned by the British during the War of 1812.

The Battle of Lake Champlain is won by the United States.

Peace treaty is signed, ending the War of 1812.

1817 - James Monroe becomes President.

The Rush-Bagot treaty is signed.

1819 - The Panic of 1819 leads to foreclosures, bank failures, and unemployment.

The Shortmadge Amendment is passed.

1820 - the Missouri Compromise bill passes Congress.

Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson eats a tomato in public to prove it is not poisonous, and then nearly dies due to his undiagnosed tomato allergy.

Tomatoes outlawed in New Jersey for twenty seven years.

Monroe is reelected.

1823 - President Monroe declares the Monroe Doctrine.

1825 - John Quincy Adams becomes President.

Erie Canal is opened to usage.

1826 - Samuel Morey patents the “Gas or Vapor Engine.”

1827 - Slavery is legally abolished in New York.

1829 - Andrew Jackson becomes President.

William Austin Burt patents the typographer.

1830 - Congress approves the Indian Removal Act.

1831 - The first bank robbery in the United States.

1832 - The Black Hawk War.

The Trail of Tears begins.

1833 - The Force Bill is signed into law.

Jackson is reelected.

1836 - The Battle of the Alamo.

The Specie Act is issued.

1837 - Martin Van Buren becomes President.

The Panic of 1837 begins.

1840 - Antarctica is claimed for the United States.

1841 - William Henry Harrison becomes President, shortly after dies and is succeeded by John Tyler.

1843 - The Kingdom of Hawaii is recognized by European nations as an independent nation.

1844 - Samuel B. Morse sends the first telegraph message. His first words were, “Does this work?”

The United States signs the Treaty of Wanghia.

1845 - James K. Polk becomes President.

1846 - The Mexican-American War begins with a conflict north of the Rio Grande River.

California declares independence from Mexico. 

1848 - Gold is discovered in California by James W. Marshall who immediately claims he had misspoken and he had instead found coal.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-American War.

1850 - The Compromise of 1850 is introduced to Congress.

Millard Filmore becomes President after Zachary Taylor’s death.

1854 - The Kansas-Nebraska act becomes law.

1857 - James Buchanan becomes President.

The Dred Scott decision.

The first elevator is installed in New York City and gets stuck two days later.

1861 - The Confederated States of America is established.

Abraham Lincoln becomes President.

Fort Sumter is attacked by Confederate forces and starts the U.S. Civil War.

The first Battle of Bull Run.

1862 - The Battle of Shiloh.

The Homestead Act is approved.

Preliminary Emancipation Proclaim is issued.

The Battle of Fredericksburg begins.

1863 - The Battle of Gettysburg is won by the Union.

1865 - General Robert E. Lee signs the Confederate forces’ surrender at Appomattox Court House.

President Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s theatre.

Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery takes effect.

1866 - The Civil Rights Act of 1866 passes Congress.

The Metric Act of 1866 passes Congress.

1867 - the Treaty of Cession of Russian America to the United States is signed, Alaska becomes part of the United States.

1868 - The Battle of Washita River ends.

1869 - Ulysses S. Grant becomes President.

The First Transcontinental Railroad is finished.

1870 - The Fifteenth Amendment is ratified.

The Confederacy is officially dissolved.

1871 - The Great Fire of Chicago.

1872 - Roche Jaune National Park is the world’s first national park established.

Susan B. Anthony illegally casts ballot to publicize women’s right to vote.

1875 - The Civil Rights Act is passed by Congress.

Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone.

1877 - The Nez Perce War begins.

1880 - Construction of the Panama Canal begins.

1881 - James Garfield becomes President. He later dies and is succeeded by Chester Arthur.

1883 - The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is passed by Congress.

The Brooklyn Bridge opens.

1885 - Grover Cleveland becomes President.

The Statue of Liberty arrived in New York.

1886 - The Haymarket riot in Chicago.

The Interstate Commerce Act is passed by Congress.

1890 - The Battle of Wounded Knee.

1891 - Lucien and Paul Nunn transmit alternating current for the first time.

1892 - Cleveland returns to presidency.

1893 - New York Stock Exchange collapses resulting in the panic of 1893.

1895 - Plessy v. Ferguson decision by Supreme Court establishes approval of racial segregation.

1897 - The first United States underground public transportation opens in Boston.

1899 - The Open Door Policy with China is declared.

1900 - The Gold Standard Act is ratified.

Carrie Nation continues Temperance Movement to abolish liquor and riding horses, prompted by a dream of a horse rebellion.

1901 - The Platt amendment is passed by Congress.

William H. McKinley becomes President.

President McKinley is shot at the Pan-American Exposition and Theodore Roosevelt succeeds upon his death.

1903 - Wilvur and Orville Wright succeed in their first flight via airplane. 

1905 - President Roosevelt is elected for second term of Presidency.

1906 - The Pure food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act passes.

1911 - The first transcontinental airline flight begins in New York.

Henry Ford patents the Automotive Transmission.

1913 - The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Amendments are ratified.

Woodrow Wilson becomes President.

1915 - The United States Coast Guard is established.

1916 - Wilson is reelected.

The United States Congress declares War on Germany, joining World War I.

1918 - President Wilson attends the Paris Peace Conference.

1919 - World War I ends with the Treaty of Versailles signed.

1920 - The Nineteenth Amendment is added to the constitution.

1923 - President Harding dies and is succeeded by Calvin Coolidge.

1925 - Charles Francis Jenkins presents radiovision.

The Scopes Trial.

1928 - Herbert Hoover elected President.

The Great Depression begins.

1930 - The London naval Reduction Treaty is signed.

The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act is signed.

1933 - Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes President.

The New Deal program is passed by Congress.

The Twenty-First Amendment is passed.

1935 - The Social Security Act and the Historic Sites Act are signed into law.

1937 - The Hindenburg erupts in flames.

The Golden Gate Bridge opens.

1938 - The Naval Expansion Act passes.

The National Minimum Wage is signed.

The War of the Worlds, the radio drama, causes immense worry to say the least.

1939 - United States declares neutrality in World War II.

1941 - The Lend-Lease Act is approved.

United States occupies Iceland.

The Atlantic Charter is issued.

Pearl Harbor is attacked resulting in the United States entering World War II.

1942 - The Battle of the Midway.

Arthur Compton and Enrico Fermi oversee the first nuclear chain reaction in the Manhattan Project.

1944 - The Normandy Invasion.

1945 - President Roosevelt dies, Harry S. Truman succeeds upon his death.

Germany surrenders.

President Truman authorizes the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

World War II ends.

1948 - President Truman signs Executive Order 9981.

1949 - NATO is formed.

United States withdraws troops from Korea.

1950 - The Korean War begins, shortly after President Truman orders Air Force and Navy to the country.

1951 - The AZUS Treaty is signed by the United States, Australia, and Zealand.

1953 - Dwight Eisenhower becomes President.

1954 - Brown v the Board of Education.

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is formed.

1955 - Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat and prompts boycott that would lead to declaring bus segregation laws unconstitutional.

1957 - United States attempts to launch satellite, Vanguard, into space. Vanguard exploded on the launchpad.

1958 - The first U.S. space satellite, Explorer I, is launched. Due to an instrument on board that detected cosmic rays, they theorize what would come to be known as the Van Allen Belts which was confirmed by Explorer II.

1959 - Alaska and Hawaii become part of the United States.

1960 - The First weather satellite, Tiros I, is launched by the United States. It was one of NASA’s first attempts to use satellites to study Earth and aid international communications. 

Transit 1A was launched and failed to reach orbit. Transit 1B succeeded though and carried an infrared scanner and was the first navigation satellite.

1961 - John F. Kennedy becomes President.

The Bay of Pigs invasion of cuba.

Commander Alan Shepard Jr completes the first United States manned sub-orbital space flight inside a Mercury capsule.

Project Gemini begins.

1962 - Lt. Colonel John Glenn, the first United States astronaut in orbit aboard the Friendship 7 Mercury Capsule. He circled the earth three times and didn’t puke once.

The Cuban Missile Crisis begins.

1963 - The Civil Rights march on the United States’ capitol led by Dr. Martin Luther King.

Kennedy is assassinated, Lyndon B. Johnson succeeds upon his death.

1964 - Roachmania hits the United States from the band the Roaches, the name alluding to drug usage.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed.

Flight of Gemini I.

1965 - Voting Rights Act of 1965 is signed.

The Watts race riots. 

1967 - The Outer Space Treaty is signed.

Apollo I ends in tragedy.

1968 - Martin Luther King is assassinated by James Earl Ray.

1969 - Project Apollo completes mission with Neil Armstrong on the moon. 

1972 - Watergate crisis begins.

1973 - Roe v. Wade.

1974 - President Nixon resigns, avoiding impeachment, replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

1976 - Viking I lands on Mars, shortly after followed by Viking II. We get color photos of Mars for the first time.

1980 - Mt. St. Helens volcano erupts.

1981 - The first interdimensional communications completed by Stanford Pines via technology using Fiddleford H. McGucket’s invention of the personal computer.

[polar-stars]

Some Notes on what the grown-ups are up to...(Part 1 | SnKimiko Related)

So hey, I am not quite tired yet but too tired to draw so welp, I guess we’re doing this instead. 

Honestly, recently I’ve realized that I haven’t really explored the careers the canon characters pursue within in my Next Gen Fanfic. Which is mainly because I honestly haven’t thought that much about it but rather only ever held some rough ideas. There’s reasoning to that but that mainly has to do with myself but I don’t have to get into that in detail now. It’s a lot about the fact that I’m still a pretty young person with not the best understanding of how the world works yet...but I’m working on it!

So meep, I thought I could write down some actual notes for some info regarding what the canon characters are up to when “Shokugeki no Kimiko” takes place. I’m still a little unsure about them (so don’t be surprised if I eventually change things up later), so I’d gladly appreciate feedback honestly! 

Anyway, that lengthy intro aside...let’s get into it, I guess ; 7 ;

-

Megumi 

Megumi Aldini-Tadokoro, formerly just Tadokoro, lives in her hometown in Tohoku and took over the position as it’s head-chef after her mother retired. The news that a Totsuki graduate, and not just any graduate but a former Elite 10 member, took over the Ryokan certainly drove a lot of people to the place. 

Megumi’s wisdom regarding hospitality and her outstanding talents in the culinary field ultimately improved the tourism of the region immensely. The Ryokan is praised for the traditional Japanese atmosphere, exquisite food and, of course, the welcoming atmosphere and the warmth with which the guests are welcomed with. 

Given that her priorities are certainly the customers and building a relationship with them even if it is for only one day, Megumi always resigned off from opening another restaurant. She can’t be at all at the same time after all and in her mind it would make everything less personal. However it’s at a time where Megumi already earned a name for herself and instead of mocking her decision as “too limited” or “not enough vision”, she’s respected by the culinary world. 

Despite the fact though that the Ryokan is her prime focus, she does help out her husband Isami with new recipe ideas or other advice for the Trattoria-Aldini-Branch whenever he asks her. She does help out in the restaurants themselves as well, once or twice a year. Which is always made out to be a great deal. 

She often gets invited to various hotels throughout a year and occassionally, she’ll take the offer and arranges a special banquet for one night for the hotel’s guests to enjoy. It’s certainly always an event to behold and something that every hotel, she’s served so far, wears with pride. 

She’s mother to three children, two sons and one daughter. The oldest son, Hiroshi Aldini-Tadokoro, is a current higschool first year in Totsuki and a member of the 115th Generation. Her two twin-children Nino and Maja Aldini-Tadokoro still visit a primary school in the local area. They will be part of the future 119th Generation of Totsuki. 

Takumi

Takumi Aldini lives in Tuscany and is the head-chef of the original “Trattoria Aldini” where he grew up in. But it’s not just that...

With the help of his business-knowledgeable wife Ikumi and of course his loyal brother Isami, Takumi build a successful brand out of the Trattoria which expands all over the world, having restaurants in almost every noteworthy city. It’s, additionally, kept affordable. It’s not something that the normal middle-class man can eat in each and everyday but it certainly is something he can go to once in a while. 

Takumi is managing the restaurants within the West, so mainly Europe and America. (Isami is taking care of the restaurants in the East) 

At the same time, the original Trattoria keeps him busy as well given that as the first and original Trattoria it has a bit of a cult-status and is on every tourist’s To-Do list that comes into the area. Whenever Isami and his family come over to Tscany, things become even more lively as many foodies would kill for the opportunity to see the infamous Aldine-Family and especially the Mezzaluna-Siblings in action. 

Takumi has one daughter with Ikumi: Mika Aldini, a student of Totsuki’s 115th Generation. 

Alice

After her cousin Erina vanished alongside Soma, the Totsuki-Empire was eventually laid into the hands of the so-often-overlooked Alice Nakiri, making her the new headmistress of Totsuki once Senzaemon retired. 

There were a few doubtful voices regarding Alice’s Election as new head of this enormous branch, as so many had always pictured Erina in that position. But over time, these voice where shut down as Alice managed to fulfill her job pretty well. Some of her strategies or ideas might sound eccentric or unconditional at first, but there’s always logic and a certain wisdom to them. Also, Alice always had a great understanding of what she wants and how to get it which does make her a solid, cunning and to-beware negotiator.

She also does a lot for the intellectual part of Totsuki by expanding it’s library, funding research projects in fields other than strictly cooking, diversify the range of languages taught on Totsuki...etc. 

As her profession as Totsuki’s headmistress consumes her quite a bit, Alice was only able to open two restaurants: one in Tokyo, called “Snestorm” and one in Copenhagen, called “Yukidoke”. Both are reservation-only places where she serves her experimental and unique culinary ideas. Snestorm is more focused on Western ideas, so to speak, while Yukidoke is more Eastern-orientated. 

She has two twin-daughters with her husband Ryo: Lola Nakiri and Mona Nakiri, both members of the 115th Generation of Totsuki. She and her family definitely remain the apex of Japan’s culinary landscape. They host a yearly Summer-Ball which is one of the grandest, biggest and most anticipated events for any person worth their salt within the culinary industry.

Akira

With the reputation of having survived Totsuki and ending up amongst the 10 best students backing him up, Akira opens four highly-successful restaurants over the years between his graduation from Totsuki and the current timeline of “Shokugeki no Kimiko”. Currently, he’s outlining plans for a restaurant in the US.

His first is called “Sona” and is located in Tokyo and also known as Akira’s “main restaurant” so to speak. Over the years it has grown into a small palace and its one of pricey but also praised restaurants within the city. Quite a few rich ladies would die to have their wedding taking place there, as one certainly feels like some sort-off Mid-East royal stepping into the place. 

The second is called “Signum” and is located in Singapore. What’s special about this restaurant is that the menu changes drastically every year. The concept is basically that each year, Signum serves a different kind of cuisine. One year it’s Thai, the other it’s Indian, then it’s Turkish, then Malaysian and so on. Akira announces this year’s menu on each New Years Party hosted by the Hayamas in Sona.

The third is called “Solaris” and is located in Kairo. Akira got inspired to open it, because of his son’s enthusiasm regarding travels to Egypt. It serves mainly all different sorts of curry but also various specialities of Mid-Eastern cuisines. 

The fourth is called “Lilac Garden” and it’s the first one to not start with an “S” and this one is more dedicated to his daughter. It’s located in Herakleion on Kreta. It’s honestly a bit more of a café and has a truly beautiful pavilion that offers an enchanting look on the sea. What’s noteworthy is that the entire place is decorated with all sorts of flowers. 

Aside from being busy with restaurants, Akira does actually time to time support Alice’s more academic advances in Totsuki by teaching seminars. It’s a rare occurrence but whenever he does, a broad number of students come rushing. 

He also found himself a little hobby in a little side-business as perfumer. Originally, he only wanted to construct a perfume for his wife Hisako as a little surprise for an anniversary and ended up thinking: “Why not make some money out of this?” While the perfume for Hisako of course is a Hisako-Only-Creation that will never make it into the public hands, he did bring 3 other perfumes to the market that sell pretty well. 

Akira has two children with Hisako, a son and a daughter. The son, Akio Hayama, is part of the 114th Generation and a member of Totsuki’s current Elite 10. The daughter, Kaori Hayama, is part of the 115th Generation as well as it’s valedictorian. 

[iamazadkhan]

SP Akhilesh Yadav Biography in English Unknown Facts Wife Education Age Father Name

Photo Source: Business Standard.com It is a very frequent search- Akhilesh Yadav Biography in English. This is really a significant search as this is an extraordinary life to tell people. Akhilesh Yadav is a member of the Samajwadi Party. He is the state's 20th Chief Minister. He graduated from Etawah's St. Mary's School. Following that, he went to Dholpur Military School in Dholpur, Rajasthan. Akhilesh Yadav earned Bachelor's Degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering in Mysore and then traveled to the University of Sydney to pursue a Master's Degree in Environmental Engineering. On the 24th of November, 1999, he married Dimple Yadav. Akhilesh Yadav led the Samajwadi Party's (SP) election campaign in 2012, winning a landslide victory over BSP supremo Mayawati. He was sworn in as Uttar Pradesh's youngest Chief Minister in March 2012, when he was 38 years old. On March 11, 2017, he resigned as CM after his party was beaten by the BJP. This post deals in Akhilesh Yadav Biography in English, to know more read the full blog post.

SP Akhilesh Yadav: Facts to Ponder

This discussion will surely seem interesting as we will share some Akhilesh Yadav Unknown Facts in it. Uttar Pradesh's SP Akhilesh Yadav was the state's youngest Chief Minister. Akhilesh Yadav has won three Loksabha Elections. During the 2017 UP State Election, Akhilesh traveled over 10,000 kilometers and held 800 rallies in the state. His active involvement in the development of rural life and work for the welfare of farmers and the underprivileged is a living example of the new Uttar Pradesh. Akhilesh Yadav has made several good steps towards the welfare of the new generation, as he is known as one of the young faces in Indian politics.

Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Political Timeline

https://www.instagram.com/p/CWDmxQNo46S/ 2017: The SP-Congress Alliance was led by Akhilesh Yadav, who was defeated by the BJP. 2012: On March 10, 2012, Akhilesh Yadav was appointed as the leader of the Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh. 2012: On March 15, 2012, Akhilesh Yadav was elected as the youngest Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. 2012: Akhilesh Yadav resigned as a member of the 15th Loksabha to become a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council. 2009: For the third time, Akhilesh Yadav was elected to the 14th Loksabha.

Samajwadi Party’s (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Social Handle Details

What is the Facebook of Samajwadi Party’s (SP) Akhilesh Yadav? https://www.facebook.com/yadavakhilesh/ Is Samajwadi Party’s Akhilesh Yadav is on Twitter? Yes, his Twitter account is: https://twitter.com/yadavakhilesh SP Akhilesh Yadav Instagram Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/socialist_akhileshyadav/ Samajwadi Party’s (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Youtube Channel https://www.youtube.com/c/SamajwadiAkhilesh/featured

Akhilesh Yadav Personal Information

Date of Birth of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: 1 July 1973 Age of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav (as of 2020): 47 Years Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Birth Place Birth Place of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: Saifai village, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh SP Akhilesh Yadav Zodiac Sign https://www.facebook.com/yadavakhilesh/photos/pcb.4701819263174213/4701818916507581 Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Zodiac Sign: Cancer Home Town of Samajwadi Party's Supremo Akhilesh Yadav Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Home Town: Etawah, Uttar Pradesh Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav School Name School of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: Dholpur Military School, Dholpur, Rajasthan SP Akhilesh Yadav College Name College Name of SP Akhilesh Yadav: University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India  University of Sydney, Australia Akhilesh Yadav Educational Qualification Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Educational Qualification(s): Master’s Degree in Civil Environmental Engineering Master’s Degree in Environmental Engineering Father Name of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav SP Akhilesh Yadav's Father's Name is: Mulayam Singh Yadav (Former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh) Mother Name of Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav Mother Names are: Malti Devi (by birth), Sadhana Gupta (Step Mother) Akhilesh Yadav's Brother Names Brother of Akhilesh Yadav: Prateek Yadav (Half-Brother) Faith or Religion of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Religion: Hindu https://www.instagram.com/p/CVkMTGmI22g/ Akhilesh Yadav Caste Information Caste of SP Akhilesh Yadav: Other Backward Class Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Address Address of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: 5 Vikramaditya Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Hobbies of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Supremo Akhilesh Yadav Hobbies of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav:  Playing Cricket, Football, Listening Music, Reading, Watching Films Spouse or Wife of Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav Spouse or Wife of Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav: Dimple Yadav, Politician What are the names of the children of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Arjun Yadav is the name of the child of the Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Aditi Yadav and Tina Yadav are the Daughters of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav

Is there some lesser known facts regarding SP Akhilklesh Yadav?

Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav- Habit of Smoking: Not known Habit of Alcohol Consumption of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: Not known Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav attended one of India's premier schools- Dholpur Military School During SP Akhilesh Yadav's, time in Sydney, he developed a strong interest in music and regularly listened to songs by Guns N' Roses, Bryan Adams, and Metallica. After winning a by-election from Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh, Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav entered Lokshava at the age of 27. https://www.instagram.com/p/CMiw7wBh9TZ/ Read: All about Kanhaiya Kumar | Bihar to Tihar | CPI to Congress Read Also: 15 Motivational PM Narendra Modi Inspirational Quotes on Life Success | NaMo Mantra | Speeches | PMO Sayings | Debate | Modi Latest News https://youtu.be/gcL48DCONsc

Controversies about Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav

There are several Akhilesh Yadav News that have made him a figure of controversies in Indian polity. Let’s have a look at them. After IAS officer Durga Shakti Nagpal was suspended in 2013, he was surrounded by scandals. An FIR was filed against him in 2014 for downloading and watching a pirated copy of the Bollywood blockbuster 'PK.' When confronted about the Kairana incident in 2016, he was chastised for making nasty comments in the media. https://www.instagram.com/p/CL4DA2sBm8N/

FAQs for Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav

Read the full article

[csthrive21]

INDIA VISION 2035

“If you Play Small, you Stay Small”

India, a country so old and rich with History that even super computers of the modern world cannot document its significance. The land has its reputation for the culture and diversity seen in various divisions of the country. A population of over a billion and a half does the needful in accommodating the above said diversity and boy haven’t they been vocal? Well, truly living in the lines of “Vocal for Local”

Quite often the common notion of the word “BIG” has been associated with being “powerful”, but is that quite the case with India? It surely is a very big country in landmass but the concept of power is more often not synonymous with India’s international presence. The country’s political system has been built on the core of Democracy and has been termed as the largest Democracy in the world with the highest vote bank. The power invested in the people of the country is massive in terms of electing their representatives which is largely due to its massive population. It can be said that a huge population can sometimes be a blessing if they were all skilled enough to make the best of the country’s resources but a majority of India’s vast population is illiterate and have no access to basic standards of living. Poverty looms large in the rural areas and there is a massive income disparity between different classes of people. The country has an infamous record for ranking low in multiple human development indexes and has not shown any considerable improvement in the quality of living for different sections of people in all these years.

Fast forward to the present timeline, India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and has a multitude of large-scale development schemes to put the country on the map as a global leader and a super power.

The Indian Government is currently working on a number of futuristic visions for development and one of the most Important development goals was the “Vision 2020” pioneered by Former President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam according to which no citizen will fall under the poverty line but unfortunately that goal was not reached and there are revised versions introduced which are slowly been put into effect by the government. One of the main visions is that India aims to become a 5 Trillion Dollar Economy in the year 2025 and this an important element for India becoming a super power in the span of the next 15 years.

For India to become a super power by 2035, there are four areas of focus to reach the goal and they are-

1. Economy

2. Defence

3. Space Research & Development

4. International Relations

Situational Analysis

ECONOMY

India’s GDP was estimated at Rs. 33.14 trillion (US$ 452.74 billion) for the second quarter of FY2020-21, against Rs. 35.84 trillion (US$ 489.62 billion) in the second quarter of FY2019-20.

India is the fourth-largest unicorn base in the world with over 21 unicorns collectively valued at US$ 73.2 billion. By 2025, India is expected to have 100 unicorns by 2025 and will create 1.1 million direct jobs.

India needs to increase its rate of employment growth and create 90 million non-farm jobs between 2023 and 2030's, for productivity and economic growth. Net employment rate needs to grow by 1.5% per year from 2023 to 2030 to achieve 8-8.5% GDP growth between 2023 and 2030.

Main Economic Objective (next 15 years) – India is currently recovering from the Corona Virus pandemic and the economy was hit really hard. Despite the situation, India’s GDP is expected to reach US$ 5 trillion by FY25 and achieve upper-middle income status on the back of digitization, globalization, favourable demographics, and reforms.

India is also focusing on renewable sources to generate energy. It is planning to achieve 40% of its energy from non-fossil sources by 2030, which is currently 30%, and have plans to increase its renewable energy capacity from to 175 gigawatts (GW) by 2022. Investment into Renewable sources is just one potential areas for development but there is a dire need for investments into other important industries over the course of 15 years

DEFENCE

The Indian Defence Forces are one of the best in the world with an established Army, Airforce and Navy departments. Indian Defence personnel are highly disciplined and trained to work in high skill combat missions as they have done so in the past. India has been involved in a number of conflicts after independence and the important ones were against the arch rival and neighbour, PAKISTAN, Jammu and Kashmir being the longstanding warzone for these nations. The various wings of the Indian Armed forces are:

1. Indian Army

2. Indian Navy

3. Indian Air Force

4. Indian Coast Guard

5. Central Police forces to name a few

Defence Technology in India however, is not highly developed and is in the first few stages of achieving big break throughs. The Majority of India’s defence technology is Imported from other countries, be it weapons or missiles or equipment for the personnel. Russia is the most important defence partner for India and makes up for India’s inability to provide inhouse/domestic defence technology. Some defence technology development organisations are:

1. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) - Responsible for General development on Weapons, Communication, Equipment &Gear and other defence related technologies

2. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)- Develops and Manufactures Combat aircrafts and Helicopters

3. Ordnance Factory Board –The Board in charge of the ordnance factories manufacturing arms/weapons in India

4. Private Defence Manufacturing Companies +Defence start-ups. etc

These companies have been essential in defence upgradation but have not been utilised to the best of their abilities due to lack of investments and innovation. This retards India’s ability to produce Defence technology domestically and increases its dependence on foreign imports.

Main Objective (next 15 years) – To effectively improve and adapt indigenously developed Defence Technology into the armed forces and to execute defence schemes introduced by the government

SPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

The Indian Space Research Organisation is the apex Space development body in India and has conducted several missions like Chandrayaan 1(2008) & Chandrayaan 2 (2019), Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan, 2013-14, ongoing) and ASTROSAT (Astronomy Satellite) to name a few.

India’s recent Anti Satellite Missile Defence system, called Mission Shakti, testing was a huge success and it officially marked ISRO’s entry into the list of Space Super powers with NASA, Roscosmos and Chinese National Space Administration who have the same technology. This was a joint operation between DRDO and ISRO

Indian space agencies have matched with other super powers only in a few areas and need more structural and research-based missions to mark itself as a super power in the Space division. ISRO is looking to send Indians to space by 2022 and are working on a large-scale mission called Gaganyaan. To further fulfil the goal of becoming a super power, ISRO is working on the following projects:

1. Chandrayaan-3

2. Lunar Polar Exploration Mission

3. Mangalyaan 2

4. Gaganyaan, To name a few.

More importantly, Indian Government made an announcement providing an opportunity for Private Companies to invest and develop technology for ISRO and related Space Programs

Main Objective (next 15 years)- ISRO must successfully Plan, Develop, Organise, Expand and Execute many more space programs and space related policies (Public and Private) to help the economy in the next 15 years

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

India post-independence has developed crucial diplomatic relations and partnerships with countries from all major continents and have been significantly influential in the cultures of their partners. Indian presence internationally is minimal as compared to the P5 nations in terms of Trade, Security, Technology, Skilled Human Capital and Geopolitical Situations. Surely there is a water body named after the country but no high regional power to assertively mark their presence as a regional power. If India should emerge as a global power with international policies and importance, the country must first gain regional cooperation and must build on a very strong role in the subcontinent.

India has a long-standing geopolitical crisis with Pakistan and China, this is treated as a threat to India’s national Security and has retarded relations with these countries. Pakistan is the main concern as the relations are very strained.

Additionally, in terms of India’s global presence, India is not a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and neither is it a part of the G7 /G8.

Main Objective (next 15 years)- India must become a regional power with regional cooperation and must find ways to resolve its regional Geopolitical problems. India must also find a way to become a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Furthermore, India should find ways to improve its international trade partnerships

TASK AT HAND

PLEASE NOTE -This entire write up is a macro research finding by a Special Development Commission (SDC) under the NITI AAYOG and will serve as the base for the Indian Government’s Road path to become a super power

According to the Special Development Commission, the proposal is to create a Vision for India to become a superpower in the year 2035. The Government might or might not Accept your proposal for your Vision 2035 Proposal.

YOU are the Chief Strategist of the Special Development Commission (SDC) under the NITI AAYOG and you will be presenting this Vision 2035 Proposal to the Prime Minister of India, Shri. Narendra Modi

You are required to cover the following topics:

1. ECONOMY

a. Indigenous Industries to be targeted to reach the goal of a 5 trillion-dollar economy (Mention the scope of Development in the chosen Industries)

b. Pick any 3 regions in India to be set as Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s) and provide reasons for selecting the same. List out the incentives that will be given by the government to the companies

c. Strategies to attract higher FDI in Manufacturing and Services sector

d. Strategies to Improve the Rural Economy in India and increase their contribution to the GDP

2. DEFENCE

a. Strategies to increase the contribution of DRDO and Ordnance factories to produce more weapons and defence technology Locally

b. New factories and Defence R&D facilities to be established (Region selected +Nature of the establishment)

c. Form Military Collaborations with countries of your choice and present a strategy to set up Military bases in those countries (Minimum 1 country, maximum 2)

3. SPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

a. Introduce Collaborations with Private Space Development Companies in India for ISRO and related space programs

b. Provide new plans to establish a large-scale SPACE Education, Training and Development Centre. (under ISRO, you can add any private or public partnerships as necessary)

4. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

a. Form a Trilateral Agreement between INDIA, CHINA and PAKISTAN with the following areas to be covered:

1. Geopolitical Negotiation strategies over Jammu& Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh

2. Potential Trade agreements (Should be within Foreign Policy)

b. Strategies to become a member of the UNSC.

Deliverables

1. A Report with the above-mentioned topics

2. Extra Deliverables as deemed necessary

Deadline - 2pm

For any queries, contact

Harish S Kumar: 9916083725

Naman Maheshwari: 8861194608

[dpr-lahore-division]

PUNJAB TO CELEBRATE BALOCH CULTURE DAY ON 2nd MARCH

With the compliments of, The Directorate General Public Relations,

Government of the Punjab, Lahore Ph 99201390

No.308/QU/Zahid

HANDOUT (A)

LAHORE, February 26:

On the direction of Chief Minister Punjab Sardar Usman Buzdar, Baloch Culture Day will be celebrated on March 02 to promote inter-provincial harmony. Different celebrations and cultural events will be held in different districts and artistes from Balochistan will also perform in such events.

In this regard, the CM said Balochistan is, area-wise, the largest federating unit with a beautiful blend of centuries-old culture and traditions. The people of Balochistan are our brethren and the people of both provinces are interlinked in the traditions of love and harmony, he added. This is a good gesture of the Punjab government as Pakistanis are conjoined in the strong bonds of affection and brotherhood, concluded the CM.

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No.309/QU/Zahid

HANDOUT (A)

CM FELICITATES NEWLY ELECTED PTI & PML (Q) SENATORS

LAHORE, February 26:

Chief Minister Punjab Sardar Usman Buzdar has extended felicitations to newly elected Senators of PTI and PML (Q) and expressed good wishes for Saifullah Nyazee, Ijaz Ahmed Chaudhary, Aon Abbas Buppi, Dr Zarqa Taimur and Kamal Ali Aga.

In a message issued on Friday, the CM stated that the unopposed election of Senators of government alliance shows successful strategy adding that every effort of horse-trading was frustrated. The conspiracy of repeating corrupt practices has been foiled and the unopposed election is a success of the agenda of change in the new Pakistan, he said. The democratic norms have been strengthened and the concept of political transparency has been promoted. It is hoped that the newly elected Senators will actively perform their democratic role in the upper house of the parliament, concluded the CM.

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No.310/QU/Zahid

HANDOUT (A)

CM MESSAGE ON SURPRISE DAY

LAHORE, February 26:

Chief Minister Punjab Sardar Usman Buzdar has said February 27, 2019, is a glowing period in the defence history of the country when the PAF falcons mortified the false pride of the wicked enemy by targeting its two planes.

In his message, the CM expressed the satisfaction that the PAF gave a befitting reply to the Hindu supremacist Modi regime by shooting two Indian planes for violating the LoC. Unlike coward Indian intrusion in the dead of night, the PAF gave a befitting reply in the light of the day and frightened the enemy. The 220 million Pakistanis pay rich tributes to the PAF and the nation is proud of the professional capabilities of the armed forces, concluded the CM.

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No.311/QU/Zahid

HANDOUT (A)

PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARY FOR INFORMATION CALLS ON CM

LAHORE, February 26:

Parliamentary Secretary for Information Muhammad Nadeem Qureshi called on Chief Minister Punjab Sardar Usman Buzdar at his office on Friday to apprise about the constituency related problems.

The CM disclosed that a comprehensive strategy has been chalked out to resolve the problems of every city and added that he continuously visits different districts to know about the problems of the people at the grassroots. Meanwhile, a number of projects have been launched in Multan, being the most important city of south Punjab, he added.

The CM said the cabinet has approved a new 200-bed hospital in Multan while the facility of the south Punjab secretariat is very helpful to solve the problems of the people. He reiterated that the journey of public service will be continued under the leadership of PM Imran Khan. On the other side, the CM regretted that the opposition is trying to weaken the economy but its nefarious designs will not be succeeded because the people need progress and prosperity in the country. Now, the politics of development and public service will prevail, concluded the CM.

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No.312/QU/Zahid

HANDOUT (A)

CM ADDRESSES FOUNDATION STONE LAYING CEREMONY OF LAHORE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT

LAHORE, February 26:

The PTI government has achieved another milestone in Lahore on Friday as the promotion of trade and economic activities is pivotal in developing societies.

While addressing the foundation stone laying ceremony of Lahore Central Business District at Walton Airport on Friday, Chief Minister Punjab Sardar Usman Buzdar said the economic activities alleviate poverty by providing job opportunities. The launch of Lahore Central Business District is a giant step in this regard, he added. The PTI has also introduced the avant-garde Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project and, today, the foundation stone of another mega project has been laid to promote economic activities.

Giving details of the project, the CM said that Lahore Central Business District will be completed in three phases over an area of 300 acres. The first phase will be developed over an area of 128 acres and commercial activity of around 1300 billion rupees will be generated, he said. A commercial district will be established in the first phase, a digital district will be introduced in the second phase while a residential district will be built in the third phase. The CM maintained high-rise buildings will depict Lahore’s rich cultural heritage while the project's entry and exit points will be designed on the pattern of historic gates of the provincial metropolis. This environment-friendly initiative will contain various facilities, he continued.

The CM emphasized that this initiative will generate massive job opportunities while ensuring human resource development. Regrettably, different initiatives were started without proper planning and identification of priorities in the past and this demented approach tremendously burdened the government. Now, the CM announced that more than two million people will be provided with the best residential facilities through Ravi Riverfront Urban Development Project.

The PTI has a focused vision to bring neglected areas at par with other localities and, instead of cutting trees, the incumbent government is giving attention to planting trees which inhale more carbon and exhale more oxygen under urban forest project. PM Imran Khan launched this project the previous week in the provincial metropolis, he added.

While highlighting the development work done by the PTI government, the CM pointed out that Lal Shahbaz Qalandar Underpass has been completed while underpass and flyover will be constructed at Shahkam Chowk and Karim Block Market Chowk. Meanwhile, underpasses are being constructed near Ghulab Devi Hospital at Ferozpur Road and Band Road Chowk leading towards Samanabad, he added. Meanwhile, an overhead bridge will be constructed from Lahore Railway Station to Sheranwala Gate to smooth the traffic flow. Above and beyond, the one thousand bed general hospital project will be completed with nine billion rupees at Ferozpur Road over an area of 124 Kanal. Work is in progress with a cost of four billion rupees to complete the mother & child care hospital at Ganga Ram Hospital, he said. The CM added that the children hospital has been given the status of University of Child Health Sciences; the radiology block has also been completed in Services Hospital and another state-of-the-art bus terminal will be developed at Thokar Niaz Beg. Electric buses will ply in Lahore in the first phase to save the citizens from environmental pollution, he added. Meanwhile, an underground water storage tank has been constructed for rainwater storage and ten such facilities will also be developed besides gradual overhauling of outdated sewerage lines in different cities. This has been started with the laying of a large disposal drain from Haji Camp to Ravi, he added.

The CM further stated that an agreement has been signed between LDA and Punjab Bank to construct four thousand flats and construction of more than 35 thousand apartments over eight thousand Kanal land has been planned. Flats will be given to low-income families on soft terms. The mega projects will be moved forward according to their timelines and Lahore will be put on the path of real development and prosperity, concluded the CM.

[cardamomoespeciado]

Biden's parents and children continue to support the "profitable theory in China"

10/24 (Sat)

JBpress

On the same day that the author published "The Wall of Stupidity that Commentes on the United States", the article "The Chinese Device Theory Behind the Biden Son Scandal" was delivered on JBpress. The content is not almost the same as the coverage in the United States, but it even covers things that can only be understood at a considerable cost. That's amazing.

There are a large number of Japanese who write articles about US politics, but most of them are anti-Trump, and there are also many so-called "horizontal papers", but strangely, there are many articles about Biden's parent-child scandal. I hardly saw it. This may be due to what the US media is ignoring.

However, most of the darkness was struck by a Japanese female Chinese watcher (Kaori Fukushima). I don't know her at all, but I'm sorry to the author, Fukushima, hoping that this global perspective will be further strengthened, but how correct this analysis is and the facts in the United States are superimposed. I want to write about what happens.

■ Reasons why Chinese Americans are believed to be the source of the hunter incident

Most of the information sources for her story are Chinese Americans (called overseas Chinese here), especially Youtuber's "Rodokusha". In the United States, information is transmitted in Chinese under the name Lude Media. Looking at this Youtuber information, you can see that "after making a hypothesis, we carefully check the facts and point out the importance of the problem." From there, he (Youtuber's "Rodokusha") has learned a lot about US politics.

The beginning of this story begins with Mr. Hunter Biden (the second son of Biden candidate) who brought a broken computer to a repair shop but did not come to pick it up. Here, let's look back on a timeline that is not included in her story.

■ "Rodokusha" and overseas Chinese network in the United States

Combining the leaked Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) information and the story from former New York City Mayor Giuliani (now President Trump's private attorney) who received a copy from the repairman, this computer Was brought to the repair shop in April 2019, so it's been a year and a half ago.

The repair company who was suspicious of Mr. Hunter who did not come to pick up even after the repair was completed, that is, did not pay the repair fee, could not be contacted even if he called. When the troubled repairman looked at the contents of the hard disk, he found an email showing advanced international transactions and suspicious pictures such as girl pornography.

Here, the repair company was careful about copying to the four hard drives. Or did you think it would be profitable? In any case, the repairman contacted the FBI in December 2019. At that time, the repairman said that he was given words that could be taken as advice or orders, saying that he might be in danger to himself in other words.

After that, the FBI didn't contact me and nothing ostensibly happened (it didn't appear in the media), so I felt dangerous and handed one of the four to Robert Costello (Giuliani's legal counsel). It was July 2020. And October 14th was covered on the front page by the New York Post (NYP), which has the oldest and most circulation in New York State. It's the same New York, so maybe it's Giuliani's leak.

However, according to Mr. Fukushima, Ritokusha sent it on September 24th, so it is about 20 days earlier than NYP. This is very important in this case, and I imagine that there was a lot of word-of-mouth spread in the last 20 days behind the fact that NYP, a local New York newspaper, posted the case in Delaware, albeit the son of the Vice President. it can.

In other words, one of the four was given to Routokusha, or the one given to someone else in the overseas Chinese was given to Routokusha. Almost certainly, it turns out that there was a person between the repairman and the overseas Chinese.

As far as the author knows, it is the overseas Chinese who work in computer management at many companies in the United States, and most of the PC repair companies are managed by overseas Chinese or are working by overseas Chinese. I've heard that many PCs are made in China or parts made in China, and there is a route to get them at a bargain price. The Delaware repair shop would have had a similar environment.

Another fact is that among the immigrants to the United States, overseas Chinese and Indians have a fairly solid mutual support system such as the Mutual Aid Society, and for example, people who came to the United States as illegal immigrants are also protected by this system and legal. Isn't it the point of being an immigrant? This is not a rumor, but something I knew as a fact.

Overseas Chinese make heavy use of WeChat, and Youtube did not limit articles, so even if Facebook and Twitter set forwarding restrictions that challenge journalism, the story would have spread.

■ Is the purpose of overseas Chinese Trump support or Biden check?

From July to August 2020, Secretary of State Pompeo of the Trump administration announced his policy toward China four times with Attorney General Barr, Secretary of Defense Esper, and FBI Director Urey. At this time, he clearly suggested that the other party was the Chinese Communist Party, not China. Originally, former UN Ambassador Haley raised funds as "the enemy is the Chinese Communist Party," but this is now common sense throughout the United States.

On the other hand, looking at the Democratic Party, both candidates Biden and Harris are advocating improved relations with China. In addition, ministerial candidate Fink Blackrock CEO is a promoter of investment in China, and the governor of New York, Kuomo, also calls China a friend who provided a ventilator free of charge with the new corona. There are many pro-Chinese groups, mainly super-liberal (= progressive). Mayor De Blasio has adopted a camera made in China that the New York Police Department can wear. He feels no risk of hacking by China and claims that the US threat is Russia, not China.

The fact is that the opinions of the Democratic Party's middle-aged scholars, such as Speaker of the House Peroshi, who do not allow human rights issues in Uighurs and Hong Kong, are accepted only from the perspective of human rights issues in super-liberals.

From this composition, Mr. Fukushima's view seems correct again.

The overseas Chinese in the United States may have different political parties to support, but whichever they support, it is thought that the United States is aiming not to be at the mercy of China. I don't know anything about the political conflict in China, but considering that Jiang Zemin was still in power when Mr. Hunter began to play an active role in the United States and China, it is almost impossible for Biden's parents and children to dig in here. That's true.

From another point of view, her view is correct because the Trump administration has decided to protect the interests of US companies through the US-China trade and the horizontal and vertical division of labor between the US and China. Given that the US-China trade benefits companies, the only enemy to the administration is the Chinese Communist Party's sense of hostility towards the United States. To help with this is the anti-Xi Jinping regime of overseas Chinese.

On the other hand, while 80% of the people are anti-china with the new Corona against the Biden camp, if you hit the wedge of the hunter case for the future, even if the United States becomes the Democratic Party administration, the overseas Chinese in the United States The position will be safe. In addition to Biden, many Democratic politicians receive huge donations from people who appear to be Chinese. The behind, it can be seen that there are overseas Chinese of parent Xi Jinping regime. In other words, he threatened the Biden administration and the Democratic Party's parliament not to let them flip their hands after the election.

The difficulty here is, he or Xi Jinping regime is expecting either. The author feels that it may be surprising that he is supporting the Republican Party, which can solve the problem of money, rather than the Democratic Party, which is particular about human rights issues.

■ What did the additional witnesses confess?

By the way, there is additional information in the story of Japanese Chinese watchers.

First of all, on October 17, Mr. Peter Schweizer, who was a fellow of Mr. Hunter's external business, submitted an email to the FBI. It seems that many Chinese are included here as email recipients.

After that, another fellow Tony Boblinski confessed his relationship with China China Energy. At that time, he revealed that Biden was a person called "Big Guy" who appeared in emails such as Mr. Hunter.

Moreover, Biden also testified that he had a 10% stake in the company he created with Mr. Hunter and Chairman of CEFC China Energy Leaf, and it was also found that he was answering a call from China in the telephone record. ing.

In addition, President Trump invited Mr. Boblinski to the 3rd Presidential Television Debate on October 22nd. This is the same composition as in the last (2016) debate, inviting Monica Lewinsky (who her husband, President Bill Clinton, cheated at the White House).

By the way, Patrick Ho, who was an officer of this CEFC China Energy, was arrested in the United States in November 2017 for violating the Overseas Corruption Trading Law. What's interesting is that the New York Times (NYT) was the one who took up the issue at that time, but the newspaper is now silent.

■ Two truths you should know as a Japanese

Anti-Xi Jinping strength of government awareness of the overseas Chinese is, there is intense immeasurably in Japan. I would like to conclude this paper with two events that suggest it. Anyway, the analysis of the US situation of Japanese Chinese watchers was sharp.

One was when Prime Minister Abe visited Columbia University when he visited the United States in September 2014. At this time, Prime Minister Abe was welcomed by a crowd of Asian students while he was going to the lecture hall from the car attached to the main gate of the school. The cheers flew turbulently, saying "Abe", but most of them were Chinese students. Both the author and the Japanese students I know have witnessed it. It was a tribute to Prime Minister Abe, who was anti-Chinese on the pro-US route.

The other is the story that Mr. Fukushima wrote the first report of Mr. Hunter's case on September 24th. The day before the NYP's front page, the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) stated that Attorney General Barr "finished without prosecuting anyone on the Russian Gate issue."

If you use your imagination, it can be said that the will of people with overseas Chinese information that "it will be different" to the judgment of the Ministry of Justice led to the publication of NYP.

The WSJ mentioned the hunter issue in the opinion section on October 19, and the morning newspapers of major US media on October 22 reported that the US Supreme Court's nomination and approval was the same as the Trump case. I write that it is supported by.

It's probably because the recent Democratic Party's attitude is too strange.

On the other hand, Candidate Biden blew a dog whistle in response to the NYP report on October 14th. He instructed the US Open's supporters to rush to vote before the deadline. This has led to the impression that "the number of early votes has suddenly increased" in Japan since yesterday.

In the United States, there are many patterns in which facts come out after the problem has settled down. This time as well, the announcement of the investigation may proceed after the presidential election is over. At the very least, the FBI has been very cautious this time, as it has received very severe criticism from the Democratic Party for preventing Clinton's victory in 2016.

Well, I'm looking forward to the future development.

[iamazadkhan]

SP Akhilesh Yadav Biography in English Unknown Facts Wife Education Age Father Name

Photo Source: Business Standard.com It is a very frequent search- Akhilesh Yadav Biography in English. This is really a significant search as this is an extraordinary life to tell people. Akhilesh Yadav is a member of the Samajwadi Party. He is the state's 20th Chief Minister. He graduated from Etawah's St. Mary's School. Following that, he went to Dholpur Military School in Dholpur, Rajasthan. Akhilesh Yadav earned Bachelor's Degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering in Mysore and then traveled to the University of Sydney to pursue a Master's Degree in Environmental Engineering. On the 24th of November, 1999, he married Dimple Yadav. Akhilesh Yadav led the Samajwadi Party's (SP) election campaign in 2012, winning a landslide victory over BSP supremo Mayawati. He was sworn in as Uttar Pradesh's youngest Chief Minister in March 2012, when he was 38 years old. On March 11, 2017, he resigned as CM after his party was beaten by the BJP. This post deals in Akhilesh Yadav Biography in English, to know more read the full blog post.

SP Akhilesh Yadav: Facts to Ponder

This discussion will surely seem interesting as we will share some Akhilesh Yadav Unknown Facts in it. Uttar Pradesh's SP Akhilesh Yadav was the state's youngest Chief Minister. Akhilesh Yadav has won three Loksabha Elections. During the 2017 UP State Election, Akhilesh traveled over 10,000 kilometers and held 800 rallies in the state. His active involvement in the development of rural life and work for the welfare of farmers and the underprivileged is a living example of the new Uttar Pradesh. Akhilesh Yadav has made several good steps towards the welfare of the new generation, as he is known as one of the young faces in Indian politics.

Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Political Timeline

https://www.instagram.com/p/CWDmxQNo46S/ 2017: The SP-Congress Alliance was led by Akhilesh Yadav, who was defeated by the BJP. 2012: On March 10, 2012, Akhilesh Yadav was appointed as the leader of the Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh. 2012: On March 15, 2012, Akhilesh Yadav was elected as the youngest Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. 2012: Akhilesh Yadav resigned as a member of the 15th Loksabha to become a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council. 2009: For the third time, Akhilesh Yadav was elected to the 14th Loksabha.

Samajwadi Party’s (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Social Handle Details

What is the Facebook of Samajwadi Party’s (SP) Akhilesh Yadav? https://www.facebook.com/yadavakhilesh/ Is Samajwadi Party’s Akhilesh Yadav is on Twitter? Yes, his Twitter account is: https://twitter.com/yadavakhilesh SP Akhilesh Yadav Instagram Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/socialist_akhileshyadav/ Samajwadi Party’s (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Youtube Channel https://www.youtube.com/c/SamajwadiAkhilesh/featured

Akhilesh Yadav Personal Information

Date of Birth of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: 1 July 1973 Age of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav (as of 2020): 47 Years Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Birth Place Birth Place of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: Saifai village, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh SP Akhilesh Yadav Zodiac Sign https://www.facebook.com/yadavakhilesh/photos/pcb.4701819263174213/4701818916507581 Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Zodiac Sign: Cancer Home Town of Samajwadi Party's Supremo Akhilesh Yadav Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Home Town: Etawah, Uttar Pradesh Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav School Name School of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: Dholpur Military School, Dholpur, Rajasthan SP Akhilesh Yadav College Name College Name of SP Akhilesh Yadav: University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India  University of Sydney, Australia Akhilesh Yadav Educational Qualification Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Educational Qualification(s): Master’s Degree in Civil Environmental Engineering Master’s Degree in Environmental Engineering Father Name of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav SP Akhilesh Yadav's Father's Name is: Mulayam Singh Yadav (Former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh) Mother Name of Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav Mother Names are: Malti Devi (by birth), Sadhana Gupta (Step Mother) Akhilesh Yadav's Brother Names Brother of Akhilesh Yadav: Prateek Yadav (Half-Brother) Faith or Religion of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Religion: Hindu https://www.instagram.com/p/CVkMTGmI22g/ Akhilesh Yadav Caste Information Caste of SP Akhilesh Yadav: Other Backward Class Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Address Address of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: 5 Vikramaditya Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh Hobbies of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Supremo Akhilesh Yadav Hobbies of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav:  Playing Cricket, Football, Listening Music, Reading, Watching Films Spouse or Wife of Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav Spouse or Wife of Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav: Dimple Yadav, Politician What are the names of the children of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Arjun Yadav is the name of the child of the Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav Aditi Yadav and Tina Yadav are the Daughters of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav

Is there some lesser known facts regarding SP Akhilklesh Yadav?

Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav- Habit of Smoking: Not known Habit of Alcohol Consumption of Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav: Not known Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav attended one of India's premier schools- Dholpur Military School During SP Akhilesh Yadav's, time in Sydney, he developed a strong interest in music and regularly listened to songs by Guns N' Roses, Bryan Adams, and Metallica. After winning a by-election from Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh, Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav entered Lokshava at the age of 27. https://www.instagram.com/p/CMiw7wBh9TZ/ Read: All about Kanhaiya Kumar | Bihar to Tihar | CPI to Congress Read Also: 15 Motivational PM Narendra Modi Inspirational Quotes on Life Success | NaMo Mantra | Speeches | PMO Sayings | Debate | Modi Latest News https://youtu.be/gcL48DCONsc

Controversies about Samajwadi Party's Akhilesh Yadav

There are several Akhilesh Yadav News that have made him a figure of controversies in Indian polity. Let’s have a look at them. After IAS officer Durga Shakti Nagpal was suspended in 2013, he was surrounded by scandals. An FIR was filed against him in 2014 for downloading and watching a pirated copy of the Bollywood blockbuster 'PK.' When confronted about the Kairana incident in 2016, he was chastised for making nasty comments in the media. https://www.instagram.com/p/CL4DA2sBm8N/

FAQs for Samajwadi Party's (SP) Akhilesh Yadav

Read the full article

[radioactivefrndz]

Timeline of Indian Propaganda against Pakistan

Data indicates a pattern of Indian propaganda against Pakistan on digital media that grew exponentially after 2018 General Elections in #Pakistan. The propaganda hovers around largely 4 key themes.

[loyallogic]

Sajjan Kumar gets convicted – Justice delivered or denied

This case summary is written by Shreya Tandon, from Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies (VIPS), IP University. In this article the author covers the landmark judgment of the case named State through CBI Vs Sajjan Kumar vs Ors.

Introduction 

The 1984 Anti- Sikh Riots are making a splash in headlines for decades. It again popped up in the news as the High Court reversed the Trial Court’s decision and convicted former members of the Parliament, Sajjan Kumar to be imprisoned for life. The court finally unmasked the cover-ups and stated that the instances during 1984 were equivalent to the acts against humanity. This judgment was delivered in the eleventh hour which unfortunately reflects the poor ability of the judicial authorities to deliver justice on time and gives lessons to learn.

Background screening

Sajjan Kumar is one of the most controversial leaders of his time belonging to the Indian National Congress. His journey has been massive from an active politician to a tendentious one. He was a close friend of Sanjay Gandhi who helped him enter politics. They were like two minds acting as one. The starting point of his journey began from 1977 when he contested Delhi municipal elections from Madipur and was appointed as a councilor in the consequent year itself. He was also the face of the Pradesh Congress Committee(PCC) and was allotted the post of General Secretary. His political career scaled heights when he became part of the consultative committee and Ministry of Works and housing in the 7th Lok Sabha Elections, 1980. 

Afterward, he was re-elected as Lok Sabha member in the 10th and 14th Lok Sabha elections for the third time recurrently and he again won in 2004 by gaining the maximum number of votes. In the year 2018, he was made to leave the parliament as he was convicted and sent to imprisonment for life in the 1984 riots case. He is known as the mastermind and brainbox of the riots and is charged with involvement in the killing of five members of the Sikh family, namely- Raghuvender Singh, Kehar Singh, Narendra Pal Singh, Kehar Singh, and Kuldeep Singh via mob. He’s called as a symbol and face of mass killings at that time as he incited mobs to attack the Sikh community after the assassination of then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.

Connection with the 1984 riots 

The unforgettable instance of 1984 riots can still bring goosebumps to each one of us. Listed below is the timeline of the present case which includes the history of riots and its repercussions.

Where did it all start

In 1984, Indira Gandhi, which was then the Prime Minister of India, proposed a military operation which was popularly known as Operation Blue Star. This operation took place inside the golden temple and aimed at eradicating Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (Perceived as the leading influencer who proposed the idea of Khalistan) and other Sikh militants along with their weapons and regain control over Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar.

Incipiently, the origin of the operation emerges from the Khalistan Movement whose sole purpose was to create an independent state for the Sikh community. In other words, they demanded a fragmented India, that is, North-Western Part which segregates Sikhs from other citizens of the country.

This is one of the most gigantic and colossal missions which was taken by the Indian army and it lasted for ten days, starting from 1st June 1984 to that of 10th June 1984.

The army used tanks, armored vehicles, weapons, and helicopters to have full control over the Golden Temple which also led to the destruction of Akal Takhat and ‘Guru Ram Das Langar’. 

The situation became horrible each passing day. Media faced a blackout. Curfew was imposed in Amritsar. People were deprived of the resources and were confined to their homes. Electricity and water supply was shut down. The internet services were completely blocked and no outsider was allowed to enter the state. The military assault bulldozed tension amongst the Sikh community and created a situation of apprehension all over the globe. In June 1984, 83 army deaths and 49 civilian deaths were reported.

The worst was yet to come. The outrage of the Sikh community and the rage resulted in the most notable event of this operation that is, the assassination of Indira Gandhi. This was done by her two Sikh bodyguards who shot her dead by firing thirty-three bullets inside her. This took place on 31st October 1984, four months after the operation.

This had a huge impact and became one of the major setbacks for the nation. This was not the end, the situation worsens. The anti-Sikh riots began on 1st November 1984. 

Amongst the other Union territories, New Delhi was one of the tops in the list that claimed to have more than 3,000 deaths of Sikhs and the official number is still in the question. Sikhs were being beaten to death, their houses were burnt by the mobs, women and girls were raped, children killed, dead bodies were neither recognizable nor were traceable. At least 50,000 people were displaced and thrown out of their houses. 10,000 business places were destroyed. Northern parts of India also reported attacks on forty-three Sikhs.

54 Cases, 426 Murders and none convicted. Despite all this, there were hardly any FIRs being noted.

How did Sajjan Kumar gain limelight and come into the picture

In 2000, the Nanavati Commission was set up to scrutinize the whole critical situation of riots.

In the year 2005, the matter went to the Central Bureau of Investigation(CBI) and after five years that is in 2010 charge- sheet was filed.

Summons were issued against Sajjan Kumar, Balwan Khokkar, Mahender Yadav, Captain Bagmal, Girdhari Lal, Krishan Khokkar, the late Maha Singh and Santosh Rani, who was named as the accused. While the case moved forward, the three fearless prime witnesses came into the scene, namely: 

Jagdish Kaur (PW-1)

Jagsher Singh (PW-6)

Nirpreet Kaur (PW-10)

The Special Investigation Team (SIT) gave a list of a total of 18 witnesses including Naresh Sherawat and Yahspal Singh in its charge sheet.

In 2013, the session court passed a judgment and acquitted Sajjan Kumar.

In 2015, The Ministry of Home Affairs set up SIT and was given the duty to reinvestigate 187 cases. On 6th December 2017, these cases were closed without any investigation. Then the Supreme Court took the matter in its own hands and decided to work on the same to find out as to why those cases have been closed without giving any reason.

The Trial Court’s Judgment was challenged in 2018, the Delhi High Court ordered the death penalty to convict Yashpal and awarded life term imprisonment to Shikhawat.

Further on 18th December 2018, the Delhi High Court reversed its decision and held Sajjan Kumar guilty by granting him Life Imprisonment for the remainder of his natural life.

The matter is pending in Supreme Court and recently in 2020, Sajjan Kumar was denied the opportunity of getting bail.   

Identification of parties and the corum

Parties: State through CBI Vs.Sajjan Kumar and others

Corum: Justice S. Muralidhar

             Justice Vinod Goel

Issues of vital importance

There are several charges which are booked against Sajjan Kumar but the most important one that he stands accused of is that he has murdered 5 people of the Sikh community living in the Raj Nagar area in Palam Colony, Delhi on 1st and 2nd of November,1984.

The other matter being related to the burning of Gurudwara situated in Raj Nagar phase 2.

The following are some other charges which were framed against him

Punishment of criminal conspiracy (Section 120B)

Rioting (Section 146)

Punishment for rioting (Section 147)

Rioting, armed with a deadly weapon (Section 148)

Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony (Section 153A )

Injury or defiling place of worship, with intent to insult the religion of any class (Section 295)

Murder (Section 300)

Punishment for murder (Section 302)

Dacoity (Section 391)

Punishment for dacoity (Section 395)

Robbery, or dacoity, with an attempt to cause death or grievous hurt (Section 397)

Mischief (Section 425)

Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy a house, etc (Section 436)

House-trespass in order to commit an offense punishable with death (Section 449)

Statements conducted to public mischief (Section 505)

Trial Court and High Court’s judgment 

Way back in 2013 the trial court held Sajjan Kumar to be not guilty and set him free on the following grounds:

One of the Prime Witnesses of the crime was Jagdish Kaur (PW-1). She gave her statement against Sajjan Kumar’s acts. It was held to be inconsistent as they were hearsay and he deserved ‘The benefit of Doubt.’ The court said that this statement should have prima facie emerged but didn’t at the time when she testified during her investigation which took place before the Nanavati Commission. The court observed, 

“The prima facie statement was made by Jagdish Kaur in the year 1985. Till then, there was no mention of Kumars’ name. But later In the year 2007, when she was told to dictate the whole incidence under Section 161 CrPC, Sajjan Kumar’s name popped up from nowhere.”

Following the above, the statement of PW-1 came up almost 27 years after the incident. The court observed that Kaur did not specifically mention Kumar’s role in her statement given to the Justice Ranganath Misra Commission in 1985. However, in 2002, almost two decades later, Kaur stated in a court affidavit that Kumar’s role was “not to be brushed aside”.

Nirpreet Kaur(PW-10) statements were proved to be not reliable as she first mentioned Kumar in the year 2007.

The role of police authority was also criticized due to which there was hardly any evidence available in the court to help the court turn its decision. According to the official number total number of deaths was 341 and only 21 FIRs were registered in the police station out of which only 15 included the charge of murder. Lack of proper investigation and carelessness was observed on part of the authority. Neither the dead bodies were found nor the investigation took place properly. The cases which should have been recorded separately were clubbed together in only one FIR in Delhi Cantonment.

Despite all odds, this is how the Jat leader got away from the conspiracy by the loopholes present in the court of law.

The Trial Court’s Judgement was challenged in High court by the Central Bureau of Investigation and since 2013 it has appeared before the bench more than 100 times. The case was first heard on 27th May 2013 by Justice Pratibha Rani.

The case finally made it through the leeway after 2016 when it was under former CJI Gita Mittal. But after her transfer to Jammu and Kashmir, the case was transferred to Justice Muralidhar and Justice Goel who finally delivered the judgment within two months.

The Trial Court’s judgment was set aside and life term imprisonment was granted to Kumar. Along with this, the death penalty was awarded to one of the victims, Yashpal, and life term to Shikhawat.

The court by considering all the shreds of evidence, proofs and gravity of the case observed that,

“The Court would like to note that cases of the present kind are indeed extraordinary and require a different approach to be adopted by the  Courts…

…The mass killings of Sikhs between 1st and 4th November 1984 in Delhi and the rest of the country, engineered by political actors with the assistance of the law enforcement agencies, answer the description of “crimes against humanity.”

Political Patronage emerged as a disgraceful reason that kept him away from what he deserved until 34 years. In its judgment, the high court pointed out that a “majority of the perpetrators of these horrific mass crimes, enjoyed political patronage and were aided by an indifferent law enforcement agency. The criminals escaped prosecution and punishment for over two decades”.

It also acknowledged, “bringing such criminals to justice poses a serious challenge to our legal system”.

“It is important to assure those countless victims waiting patiently that despite the challenges, the truth will prevail and justice will be done,” the court said.

And finally, the four who never gave up and fought the battle for so long made it and succeeded in putting Kumar behind the bars and made him pay for his deeds.

SC on bail plea hearing

The above-stated judgment of the High Court has been challenged in the Supreme Court as well and the matter is still pending before the court of law. Recently an interim bail petition was filed in the Supreme Court by Sajjan Kumar citing medical grounds, the apex court hearing the matter through video conferencing rejected the same and has directed that the court will hear the petition for regular bail in the month of July. This was stated by the bench Justice Indu Malhotra and Hrishikesh Roy.

Analysis of the whole case

On 31st October 1984, the then Prime Minister, Smt. Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards which led to a communal crisis in the country and which further resulted in bloodshed. From 1st to 4th November of that year, all over Delhi, 2,733 Sikhs were brutally murdered and their houses were destroyed. Thousands of Sikhs were killed in other parts of the country as well.

A majority of culprits involved in these dreadful mass killings were protected by various political connections and law enforcement agencies. These criminals avoided prosecution and punishment for over 21 years after which the investigation was taken over by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

The main issue of concern was, There are a number of charges which are booked against him but the most important one that he stands accused of is that he has committed the murder of 5 people of Sikh Community living in Raj Nagar area in Palam Colony on 1st and 2nd of November. Another issue was concerning the burning of Gurudwara situated in Raj Nagar phase 2.

Sajjan Kumar, the Congress MP who was allegedly the Kingpin of these horrific killings was charged with having committed the offense of criminal conspiracy punishable under Section 120B read with Sections 146,147, 148, 153A, 295,300, 302, 395,397, 425, 436, 427, 436, 449,  and 505 of the Indian Penal Code on account of agreeing, on or about 31st October 1984, with his accomplices including police personnel.

On 30th April 2013, the trial court acquitted Sajjan Kumar of all charges citing that the statement of the witness cannot be relied upon as the witness did not state at an earlier stage and the statement was added later. Also, the court found the evidence against Sajjan Kumar to be hearsay, and hence he was acquitted of all charges.

CBI challenged the above-stated judgment of the trial court in the Delhi High Court.

On 17th December 2018, the Delhi High Court set aside the acquittal of A-1 (Sajjan Kumar) by the trial Court. He was convicted of the offense of criminal conspiracy punishable under Section 120B read with Sections 302, 436, 295, and 153A (1) (a) and (b) IPC; for the offense punishable under Section 109 IPC of abetting the commission of the aforementioned offenses; and for the offense of delivering provocative speeches instigating violence against Sikhs punishable under Section 153A (1) (a) and (b) IPC. And he was sentenced to life imprisonment (for the remainder of his life).

The above-stated judgment of the High Court has been challenged in the Supreme Court as well and the matter is still pending before the court of law.

Recently on 11th March 2020, an interim bail petition was filed in the Supreme Court by Sajjan Kumar citing medical grounds, the apex court hearing the matter through video conferencing rejected the same and has directed that the court will hear the petition for regular bail in the month of July.

Conclusion

This verdict delivered by the Supreme court has finally quenched the thirst for justice of thousands of families across the country. Woefully, it is a fact that such type of violence cannot take place without any political backing, and leaders who are perpetrators are most likely to get away with it by using political means. This is sadly the reason that when such landmark judgments are pronounced against them, they serve more as a nudge of the unexecuted task of justice. The Apex court while delivering this judgment stated, “It is important to assure those countless victims waiting patiently that despite the challenges, the truth will prevail and justice will be done” 

Tears filled in eyes and the pain of losing the family members have finally been substituted by the High Court, calling it a dark chapter in the history of India that upholds  70 convictions about the 1984 Sikh- Riots. We also see that political leaders welcome Sajjan Kumar’s conviction. 

Such genocide crimes not only disturb the peace of the country but also put a tag on the harmony as well as the constitution. The sufferings of the victims of riots are unmeasurable but there have been a number of reasons for the delay. Firstly, there is a need to understand the importance and purpose of the rule of law. It takes not only time but also apt evidence, proofs, and investigation to reach a fair judgment as it’ll affect the lives of many people. There is a need for a systematic time framework system. In this case, especially, lack of investigation and failure to perform duty by police officers have played a major role in delaying such judgment which should have been delivered years ago. It needs to be understood that each one of us will be benefited from the strengthened applications of the procedure of law.

The struggle for victims is still not over and there is still a long way to go as now the matter is more likely to be in the Apex Court which will again take plenty of time to deliver the final judgment. Justice not only needs to be done but should also seem to be done. For now, we all must serve both sides of the argument and make peace to have a positive impact on the future.

References 

https://time.com/3545867/india-1984-sikh-genocide-anniversary/

https://www.barandbench.com/columns/sajjan-kumar-case-the-long-quest-for-justice-and-lessons-to-learn

https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/anti-sikh-riots-what-happened-in-1984-and-after-1.60501721

https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sajjan-kumar-convicted-1984-riots-arun-jaitley-delhi-high-court-1411069-2018-12-17

https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-police-judiciary-ensured-1984-anti-sikh-rioters-are-not-punished-sit-report/346172#:~:text=F.I.R%20No.,-503%2F91&text=In%20an%20affidavit%20filed%20before,rioters%20from%20entering%20their%20locality.

https://www.deccanherald.com/national/delhi-court-awards-death-703991.html

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/4190613/

https://theprint.in/politics/sajjan-kumar-the-powerful-jat-leader-who-remained-untouched-by-1984-riots-for-25-years/165030/

https://www.deccanherald.com/national/1984-anti-sikh-riots-delhi-hc-705366.html

https://www.deccanherald.com/national/aap-bjp-punjab-cong-leader-708573.html

https://www.deccanherald.com/national/1984-anti-sikh-riots-delhi-hc-708569.html

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03rd & 04th June 2020 - Current Affairs & Daily News Analysis

On the western coast of India, Cyclone Nisarga is headed towards the coastline of north Maharashtra and south Gujarat About: In strength and intensity, Cyclone Nisarga would be much weaker than Cyclone Amphan that struck on May 20 and passed through West Bengal on its way to Bangladesh. Cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal side of the north Indian Ocean are more frequent and stonger than those on the Arabian Sea side. The relatively cold waters of the Arabian Sea discourage the kind of very strong cyclones that are formed on the Bay of Bengal side; Odisha and Andhra Pradesh face the brunt of these cyclones every year. Source : Indian Express (Geography) US President Donald Trump has postponed the G7 Summit till September. He has expressed his desire to expand the Group to G10 or G11, including India and three other nations Russia, Australia and South Korea to the grouping of the world's top economies About: The G-7 or ‘Group of Seven’ are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The G-7 nations meet at annual summits that are presided over by leaders of member countries on a rotational basis. The summit is an informal gathering that lasts two days, in which leaders of member countries discuss a wide range of global issues. The G-7 does not have a formal constitution or a fixed headquarters. The decisions taken by leaders during annual summits are non-binding. Timeline: It is an intergovernmental organisation that was formed in 1975 by the top economies of the time as an informal forum to discuss pressing world issues. Canada joined the group in 1976, and the European Union began attending in 1977. The G-7 was known as the ‘G-8’ for several years after the original seven were joined by Russia in 1997. The Group returned to being called G-7 after Russia was expelled as a member in 2014 following the latter’s annexation of the Crimea region of Ukraine.  Important Info : G-7 vs G-20? The G-20 is a larger group of countries, which also includes G7 members.The G-20 was formed in 1999, in response to a felt need to bring more countries on board to address global economic concerns.Apart from the G-7 countries, the G-20 comprises Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, and Turkey.Together, the G-20 countries make up around 80% of the world’s economy. As opposed to the G-7, which discusses a broad range of issues, deliberations at the G-20 are confined to those concerning the global economy and financial markets. Source : Indian Express (International Relations) The Third World Bicycle Day is being observed on 3 June 2020 About: In April 2018, the United Nations General Assembly declared June 3 as International World Bicycle Day. It recognizes "the uniqueness, longevity and versatility of the Bicycle, which has been in use for two centuries, and that it is a simple, affordable, reliable, clean and environmentally fit sustainable means of transport." World Bicycle Day is now being associated with promoting a healthy lifestyle for those with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.  Source : United Nations (International Relations) Seeking to assign blame for the protests that have convulsed cities across the country, U.S. President Donald Trump said that the U.S. would designate Antifa a terrorist organisation About: History: Antifa has been around for several decades, with some dating it as far back as Nazi Germany. Etymology: Antifa is borrowed from German Antifa, short for antifaschistisch ‘anti-fascist’, in Antifaschistische Aktion (multiparty front initiated by the German Communist Party in 1932 to counter Nazism) and in other collocations. Global presence: While the movement has had a presence in several European countries and has now come into focus in the United States following the election of President Trump in 2016, with violence marking some of its protests and demonstrations. Membership: Antifa does not have a formal organisational structure. It draws its members from other movements such as Black Lives Matter and the Occupy movement. Functioning: Antifa members typically dress in black and often wear a mask at their demonstrations, and follow far-left ideologies such as anti-capitalism. They take up causes such as LGBTQ and indigenous rights. What makes them stand out is the violence. Source : Indian Express (International Relations) World Health Organisation (WHO) Funding - With President Donald Trump announcing that the US will be "terminating" its relationship with the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) is set to become the biggest funder of the organisation About: A private foundation becoming the biggest funder, and hence the biggest influence, on a United Nations agency would be a first. In fact, though the WHO is meant to be a body accountable to its members countries, among the top 10 donors to the organisation only four are member countries and one is the European Commission. The rest are all non-state actors or philanthropies. When the WHO was constituted, its constitution stipulated that it should primarily be financed through regular contributions from member countries, called "assessed contributions", relative to the country’s wealth and population. Source : Times of India (International Relations) Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers said that mandatory public procurement of chemicals and petrochemicals to boost manufacturing and production of goods and services will promote Make in India About: Department of Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, DPIIT has recently revised the public procurement order to encourage Make in India initiative with an aim to enhance income and employment generation in the country. subsequently, Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals prescribed minimum 60 per cent for 2020-21, 70 per cent for 2021-23 and 80 per cent local content for 2023-25 respectively of local chemicals and petrochemical contents in public procurement.  Source : All India Radio (Economy) An Expert Committees on Rationalisation of Film Media Units and Review of Autonomous Bodies submitted its report to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The Committee was chaired by Bimal Julka About: The committee has found overlapping activities being undertaken by multiple institutes. It has suggested an umbrella configuration with 4 broad verticals under which institutes should work. They are - Production, Festival, Heritage and Knowledge. It has recommended that these verticals be headed by professionals. It has also recommended creation of Film Promotion Fund for independent filmmakers for making commercial films. Source : All India Radio (Polity & Governance) The country’s two power exchanges — Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) and Power Exchange India (PXIL) — commenced real-time electricity market (RTM) on their platforms About: The RTM enables consumers, including distribution companies (discoms) and captive users, to buy power on exchanges just an hour before delivery.RTM will help consumers purchase electricity just an hour in advance. With RTM, both sellers and buyers now get an opportunity to continuously manage their portfolio optimally through a transparent and efficient marketplace. In December 2019, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) approved the framework for RTM trading by power exchanges. Till now, the exchanges had day-ahead, week-ahead, and season-ahead markets, as well as renewable energy certificates trading. There are two energy exchanges in India -- IEX and PXIL -- where electricity is traded.  Source : Business Standard (Economy) Scientists at multiple CSIR laboratories have identified a type of coronavirus that may be the second most prevalent in India, and may comprise 3.5% of the genomes globally About: The most dominant coronavirus clade in India is the A2a, and of 213 genomes analysed by the group, 62% of them were A2a. The newly identified type, that the scientists have christened A3i, comprised 41% of those analysed. With this, there are 11 SARS-CoV-2 types identified globally, with at least six of them identified in India. Important Info : The coronavirus type, or clade, is a cluster of SARS-CoV-2 viruses that share evolutionary similarities.Such classifications are useful in establishing whether certain strains are particularly virulent, spread more easily, how they are likely to evolve over time and whether some could be less vulnerable to certain kinds of vaccines.  Source : The Hindu (Health) Reports of a heavy Chinese presence at Depsang, an area at a crucial dip (called the Bulge) on the Line of Actual Control (LAC), have increased tensions between Indian and Chinese troops About: The Depsang Plains are located at the Line of Actual Control (in the Western Sector) that separates the Indian and Chinese controlled regions. India controls the western portion of the plains as part of Ladakh, whereas the eastern portion is part of the Aksai Chin region, which is controlled by China and claimed by India. In April 2013, the Chinese PLA troops set up a temporary camp in the Depsang Bulge, but later withdrew as a result of a diplomatic agreement with India. Source : The Hindu (International Relations) An agreement has been finalised between China and Pakistan to implement the Kohala hydroelectric power project under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) About: China under the multi-billion-dollar CPEC will set up the Kohala hydropower project, a 1,124-megawatt power project in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. A tripartite agreement has been finalised among China's Three Gorges Corporation, the authorities in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) and the Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) to implement this project under the CPEC framework. The project will be built on the Jhelum River and aims at annually providing more than five billion units of clean and low-cost electricity for consumers in Pakistan. India had protested Pakistan’s plans to build a dam in Gilgit-Baltistan, saying such projects in territories under Pakistan’s illegal occupation was not proper.  Important Info : China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)? The 3,000-km-long CEPC is aimed at connecting China and Pakistan with rail, road, pipelines and optical cable fiber networks.It connects China's Xinjiang province with Pakistan Gwadar port, providing access to China to the Arabian Sea. The CPEC passes through PoK, over which India has conveyed its protests to China.  Source : Economic Times (International Relations) Moody’s Investors Service (“Moody’s”) downgraded the Government of India’s foreign-currency and local-currency long-term issuer ratings to “Baa3” from “Baa2”. It stated that the outlook remained “negative” About: The latest downgrade reduces India to the lowest investment grade of ratings. The negative outlook reflects dominant, mutually-reinforcing, downside risks from deeper stresses in the economy and financial system that could lead to a more severe and prolonged erosion in fiscal strength than Moody’s currently projects”. In other words, a “negative” implies India could be rated down further. Reason for this downgrade There are four main reasons why Moody’s has taken the decision. Weak implementation of economic reforms since 2017 Relatively low economic growth over a sustained period A significant deterioration in the fiscal position of governments (central and state) And the rising stress in India’s financial sector  Important Info : Implications of this downgrade A rating downgrade means that bonds issued by the Indian governments are now “riskier” than before, because weaker economic growth and worsening fiscal health undermine a government’s ability to pay back.Lower risk is better because it allows governments and companies of that country to raise debts at a lower rate of interest.When India’s sovereign rating is downgraded, it becomes costlier for the Indian government as well as all Indian companies to raise funds because now the world sees such debt as a riskier proposition.  Source : Indian Express (Economy) The World Bank released its Global Economic Prospects (GEP) June 2020 report Key highlights of the report: The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have “severe” short and long-term effects on economic growth. Current estimates show that 60 million people could be pushed into extreme poverty in 2020. These estimates are likely to rise further. EMDEs (Emerging Market and Developing Economies) are especially vulnerable. These countries are expected to have a 3-8% output loss in the short term. Important Info : The Global Economic Prospects (GEP) is the World Bank’s semi-annual flagship publication on the state of the world economy. Source : The Hindu (Economy) The International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression is being observed on 4 June About: The International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression is annually observed by United Nations on 4 June. It was established in 1982 in the background of victims of the 1982 Lebanon War. The purpose of the day is to acknowledge the pain suffered by children throughout the world who are the victims of physical, mental and emotional abuse. This day affirms the UN's commitment to protect the rights of children. Its work is guided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the most rapidly and widely ratified international human rights treaty in history. Source : United Nations (International Relations) The Union Cabinet has given its approval for signing the MoU between the Government of India and Bhutan on Cooperation in the areas of Environment About: The MoU will cover the following areas of environment: (1) Air; (2) Waste; (3) Chemical Management; (4) Climate Change; and () Any other areas jointly decided upon. This MoU shall enter into force on the date of signature and shall continue to remain in force for a period of ten years. It will facilitate exchange of best practices and technical knowhow through both public and private sectors and shall contribute to sustainable development. It provides the possibility for joint projects in areas of mutual interest. However, no significant employment generation is envisaged.  Important Info : Background: A MoU was signed between the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ministry of Environment, India and the National Environment Commission (NEC) of Bhutan in 2013.This MoU expired in 2016. Noting the benefits of the earlier MoU, both sides have decided to continue cooperation and collaboration in the field of Environment.  Source : PIB (Enivornment ) The Union Cabinet has given its approval for setting up of an “Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS) and Project Development Cells (PDCs) in Ministries/Departments of Government of Indiafor attracting investments in India” Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS) Objective of EGoS: To provide investment support to global investors by bringing synergies and ensure timely clearances from different departments and Ministries. Composition of EGoS:Cabinet Secretary (Chairperson); Secretary, Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (Member Convenor) CEO, Niti Aayog (Member); Secretary, Department of Commerce (Member), Secretary, Department of Revenue (Member), Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (Member); Secretary of Department concerned (to be co-opted). Project Development Cell (PDC) A ‘Project Development Cell’ (PDC) is also approved for the development of investible projects in coordination between the Central Government and State Governments and thereby grow the pipeline of investible projects in India and in turn increase FDI inflows. Under the guidance of the Secretary, an officer not below the rank of Joint Secretary of each relevant central line Ministry, who will be in-charge of the PDC will be tasked to conceptualize, implement, and disseminate details with respect to investable projects. Source : The Hindu (Economy) Union Cabinet has given its approval to re-establish Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H) as Subordinate Office under Ministry of AYUSH About: This is being done by merging into it the Pharmacopoeia Laboratory for Indian Medicine (PLIM) and Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia Laboratory (HPL) – the two central laboratories established at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh since 1975. Presently, Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy (PCIM&H) is an autonomous body under the aegis of Ministry of AYUSH established since 2010. The merger is aimed at optimising the use of resources of the three organizations for enhancing the standardisation outcomes of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy drugs towards their effective regulation and quality control. It is also intended to accord legal status to the merged structure of PCIM&H and its laboratory by virtue of making amendments in the Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, 1945.  Source : PIB (Health) Daily Current affairs and News Analysis Best IAS Coaching institutes in Bangalore Vignan IAS Academy Contact Vignan IAS Academy Enroll For IAS Foundation Course from Best IAS / IPS Training Academy in Bangalore Read the full article

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Pervez Musharraf Biography and Profile

New Post has been published on https://www.politicoscope.com/pervez-musharraf-biography-and-profile/

Pervez Musharraf Biography and Profile

Pervez Musharraf was born in Delhi in August 11, 1943. His family emigrated to Pakistan during the partition of the Indian sub-continent. His rise through the ranks came despite the fact that he does not belong to the predominantly Punjabi officer class of the Pakistani army – but to an Urdu-speaking family in Karachi. He began his military career in 1964.

Early on, he reportedly commanded artillery and infantry brigades before going on to lead various commando units. He reportedly underwent two spells of military training in the UK and was appointed director-general of military operations by the now-exiled former prime minister, Benazir Bhutto, before taking full charge of the armed forces.

Who is Pervez Musharraf?

General Musharraf rose to the top job in 1998 when Pakistan’s powerful army chief, General Jehangir Karamat, resigned two days after calling for the army to be given a key role in the country’s decision-making process.

It was the first time an army chief of staff has ever stepped down and many observers took it as a sign that Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s political power had become strong enough to secure the long-term future of civilian administrations.

Some independent commentators suggested that General Musharraf’s promotion came precisely because he did not belong to the Punjabi officer class. They say the Prime Minister believed that Musharraf’s ethnic background would leave the general unable to build a powerbase.

Kashmir Crisis During the Kashmir crisis in 1998, General Musharraf was regularly seen briefing the media and making appearances on state television. But while he said that Pakistan-backed militants were preventing Indian gains, he and other senior generals were reportedly increasingly angry at the prime minister’s attempts to find a diplomatic way out of the crisis.

Mr Sharif’s moves led to speculation that the military did not have the full political backing of the government and he eventually ordered a full withdrawal. General Musharraf was the first senior figure to acknowledge that Pakistani troops had entered the Indian-administered sector during the fighting.

Previously, Pakistan had said that the forces had all been Islamic militants determined to take territory from the other side of the Line of Control. Following the order to withdraw, Gen Musharraf told the BBC that the crisis had been a “great success” for Pakistan.

In contrast, India’s ruling BJP party sought to make electoral capital out of what it saw as a great military victory.

While being credited as one of the principal strategists behind the Kashmir crisis, General Musharraf also made clear he did not oppose efforts to ease tension with India. But any hopes that his takeover in a coup might herald a stabilisation in ties with India – or even a new start – appeared displaced in the first 20 months of his rule.

Tension on the sub-continent initially increased markedly – with both sides adopting hostile positions. The hijack of an Indian Airlines plane to Afghanistan in 1999 – which India blamed on Pakistani-backed groups – and a rising tide of violence in Kashmir plunged relations to a new low.

In July 2001, General Musharraf held his first summit meeting with Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee at Agra – but failed to make much headway in the Kashmir dispute. Before going to India, he had named himself president in a bid to consolidate his grip on power.

General Musharraf has also firmly resisted outside pressure to move quickly to restore civilian rule. After the coup he suspended the national assembly. He has said there can be no question of elections until October 2002 – the deadline set by Pakistan’s Supreme Court.

Pervez Musharraf Quick Facts

Personal:

Birth date: August 11, 1943

Birth place: New Delhi, India

Birth name: Pervez Musharraf

Father: Syed Musharraf Uddin, career diplomat

Mother: Begum Zarin Musharraf

Marriage: Sehba Musharraf (December 1968-present)

Children: Ayla (daughter); Bilal (son)

Education: Pakistan Military Academy, 1961; Military Academy of Kakul, 1964

Religion: Muslim

Timeline:

1947 – Musharraf’s family moves to Pakistan when British India is divided into India and Pakistan. The family settles in Karachi.

1949-1956 – Spends his early childhood in Turkey due to his father’s assignment in Ankara.

1964 – Is commissioned second lieutenant in an artillery regiment in the Pakistani Army.

1965 – Is awarded Imtiazi Sanad (medal) for gallantry during the 1965 India-Pakistan war.

1971 – Is a company commander in a commando battalion during the India-Pakistan war.

1991 – Is promoted to major general.

October 7, 1998 – Is appointed chief of army staff with the rank of general.

April 9, 1999 – Is appointed chairman of the joint chiefs of staff.

October 12, 1999 – Leads a coup against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and becomes head of government. Sharif had fired Musharraf after the army’s failed invasion in Kargil, in Indian-held Kashmir.

June 20, 2001 – Appoints himself president of Pakistan while remaining the head of the army.

April 30, 2002 – A referendum is held on whether Musharraf will hold office for another five years; it passes by a wide margin.

August 2002 – Implements 29 amendments to the constitution, granting himself the power to dissolve parliament and remove the prime minister.

December 14 and 25, 2003 – Two assassination attempts on Musharraf’s life fail.

January 1, 2004 – A vote of confidence in parliament allows Musharraf to remain in power until 2007. He gains the two-thirds of votes in parliament that he needs by promising to step down as head of the army at the end of 2004.

September 25, 2006 – Musharraf releases his autobiography, “In the Line of Fire.”

October 6, 2007 – An unofficial vote count indicates Musharraf has won by a landslide in a presidential election. A number of parliamentarians boycotted the vote in both houses.

November 3, 2007 – President Musharraf declares a state of emergency in Pakistan. He suspends the country’s constitution, postpones January 2008 elections, and imposes restrictions on the media. Government authorities arrest 1,500 people who protest the state of emergency.

November 28, 2007 – Steps down as leader of Pakistan’s army, the day before he is scheduled to be sworn in as president.

November 29, 2007 – Takes the presidential oath of office for the third time.

December 15, 2007 – The state of emergency is lifted.

February 18, 2008 – In parliamentary elections, Musharraf’s party, the Pakistan Muslim League-Q, finishes third in voting, behind the PPP, party of the late Benazir Bhutto, and the Pakistan Muslim League-N, party of former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

August 18, 2008 – Announces his resignation as president of Pakistan.

July 22, 2008 – Pakistan Supreme Court issues notice that Musharraf is to defend himself on charges of violating the constitution by unlawfully declaring emergency rule on November 3, 2007.

July 31, 2009 – The Pakistan Supreme Court rules that Musharraf did violate the constitution on – November 3, 2007. The court gives him seven days to appear and defend himself.

August 6, 2009 – Refuses to answer the charges against him and flees Pakistan for Great Britain.

August 11, 2009 – Pakistani officials announce that Musharraf faces arrest if he returns to Pakistan.

March 16, 2010 – Opposes US President Barack Obama’s plan for US troops to pull out of Afghanistan by July 2011. He believes the troops should stay until the Taliban is defeated.

May 21, 2010 – Musharraf announces on CNN that he plans to re-enter Pakistan politics.

October 1, 2010 – Launches a new political party, the “All Pakistan Muslim League.”

February 12, 2011 – A warrant for Musharraf’s arrest is issued by a Pakistani court, in connection with the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.

May 24, 2011 – In an interview on CNN’s Piers Morgan Tonight, Musharraf condemns the raid that killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. He says, “No country has a right to intrude into any other country… Actually, technically, if you see it legally, it’s an act of war.”

January 8, 2012 – Musharraf pledges to return to his country later in the month, despite word from authorities that he will be arrested in connection with the assassination of Benazir Bhutto when he does so.

January 27, 2012 – A senior leader in Musharraf’s party says that Musharraf has postponed his return from exile until the political situation in Pakistan and the court cases against him are resolved.

July 25, 2012 – Vows in an interview on CNN’s Piers Morgan Tonight to return to Pakistan even though his life may be at risk. “I believe that there always is a time that comes when there’s a cause bigger than self. And this is the situation in Pakistan.”

March 16, 2013 – Musharraf announces his plans to return to Pakistan to lead his party in the upcoming elections.

March 23, 2013 – The Pakistani Taliban says that it will assassinate Musharraf if he returns to the country.

March 24, 2013 – Musharraf returns to Pakistan after four years in exile. He is granted bail in advance of his arrival in Pakistan, so he is not arrested upon return.

April 18, 2013 – A Pakistani court rejects Musharraf’s request for a bail extension and orders his arrest in a case he is facing over the detention of judges in 2007. Pakistani media reports that Musharraf has been placed under house arrest.

August 20, 2013 – A Pakistani court indicts Musharraf, charging him with murder in the death of the country’s first female prime minister, Benazir Bhutto.

March 31, 2014 – A Special Court in Pakistan charges Musharraf with high treason — a crime that carries the death penalty or life imprisonment.

April 3, 2014 – A bomb detonates a few minutes after Musharraf’s convoy passes through an intersection in Islamabad as he is being transported home from a military hospital. Pakistani police say it is an assassination attempt against Musharraf. No one is injured.

January 18, 2016 – Musharraf and two other former officials are acquitted by an anti-terrorism court in the killing of Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, a Baloch nationalist leader.

February 11, 2016 – After experiencing breathlessness, Musharraf is rushed to Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital to undergo testing. He receives treatment in an intensive care unit for complications related to a heart condition, according to his spokeswoman.

March 16, 2016 – Pakistan’s Supreme Court lifts a travel ban on Musharraf allowing him to leave the country while he awaits trial for treason. Two days later Musharraf leaves Pakistan in order to seek medical treatment in Dubai.

August 31, 2017 – A court in Pakistan names Musharraf a fugitive from justice in the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Musharraf has been living in self-imposed exile in Dubai since 2016.Pervez Musharraf was born in Delhi in August 11, 1943. 1947 – Musharraf’s family moves to Pakistan when British India is divided into India and Pakistan. The family settles in Karachi. 1949-1956 – Spends his early childhood in Turkey due to his father’s assignment in Ankara. Pervez Musharraf Biography and Profile.1947 – Musharraf’s family moves to Pakistan when British India is divided into India and Pakistan. The family settles in Karachi.

1949-1956 – Spends his early childhood in Turkey due to his father’s assignment in Ankara.

1964 – Is commissioned second lieutenant in an artillery regiment in the Pakistani Army.

1965 – Is awarded Imtiazi Sanad (medal) for gallantry during the 1965 India-Pakistan war.

1971 – Is a company commander in a commando battalion during the India-Pakistan war.

1991 – Is promoted to major general.

October 7, 1998 – Is appointed chief of army staff with the rank of general.

April 9, 1999 – Is appointed chairman of the joint chiefs of staff.

October 12, 1999 – Leads a coup against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and becomes head of government. Sharif had fired Musharraf after the army’s failed invasion in Kargil, in Indian-held Kashmir.

June 20, 2001 – Appoints himself president of Pakistan while remaining the head of the army.

April 30, 2002 – A referendum is held on whether Musharraf will hold office for another five years; it passes by a wide margin.

August 2002 – Implements 29 amendments to the constitution, granting himself the power to dissolve parliament and remove the prime minister.

December 14 and 25, 2003 – Two assassination attempts on Musharraf’s life fail.

January 1, 2004 – A vote of confidence in parliament allows Musharraf to remain in power until 2007. He gains the two-thirds of votes in parliament that he needs by promising to step down as head of the army at the end of 2004.

September 25, 2006 – Musharraf releases his autobiography, “In the Line of Fire.”

October 6, 2007 – An unofficial vote count indicates Musharraf has won by a landslide in a presidential election. A number of parliamentarians boycotted the vote in both houses.

November 3, 2007 – President Musharraf declares a state of emergency in Pakistan. He suspends the country’s constitution, postpones January 2008 elections, and imposes restrictions on the media. Government authorities arrest 1,500 people who protest the state of emergency.

November 28, 2007 – Steps down as leader of Pakistan’s army, the day before he is scheduled to be sworn in as president.

November 29, 2007 – Takes the presidential oath of office for the third time.

December 15, 2007 – The state of emergency is lifted.

February 18, 2008 – In parliamentary elections, Musharraf’s party, the Pakistan Muslim League-Q, finishes third in voting, behind the PPP, party of the late Benazir Bhutto, and the Pakistan Muslim League-N, party of former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

August 18, 2008 – Announces his resignation as president of Pakistan.

July 22, 2008 – Pakistan Supreme Court issues notice that Musharraf is to defend himself on charges of violating the constitution by unlawfully declaring emergency rule on November 3, 2007.

July 31, 2009 – The Pakistan Supreme Court rules that Musharraf did violate the constitution on – November 3, 2007. The court gives him seven days to appear and defend himself.

August 6, 2009 – Refuses to answer the charges against him and flees Pakistan for Great Britain.

August 11, 2009 – Pakistani officials announce that Musharraf faces arrest if he returns to Pakistan.

March 16, 2010 – Opposes US President Barack Obama’s plan for US troops to pull out of Afghanistan by July 2011. He believes the troops should stay until the Taliban is defeated.

May 21, 2010 – Musharraf announces on CNN that he plans to re-enter Pakistan politics.

October 1, 2010 – Launches a new political party, the “All Pakistan Muslim League.”

February 12, 2011 – A warrant for Musharraf’s arrest is issued by a Pakistani court, in connection with the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto.

May 24, 2011 – In an interview on CNN’s Piers Morgan Tonight, Musharraf condemns the raid that killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. He says, “No country has a right to intrude into any other country… Actually, technically, if you see it legally, it’s an act of war.”

January 8, 2012 – Musharraf pledges to return to his country later in the month, despite word from authorities that he will be arrested in connection with the assassination of Benazir Bhutto when he does so.

January 27, 2012 – A senior leader in Musharraf’s party says that Musharraf has postponed his return from exile until the political situation in Pakistan and the court cases against him are resolved.

July 25, 2012 – Vows in an interview on CNN’s Piers Morgan Tonight to return to Pakistan even though his life may be at risk. “I believe that there always is a time that comes when there’s a cause bigger than self. And this is the situation in Pakistan.”

March 16, 2013 – Musharraf announces his plans to return to Pakistan to lead his party in the upcoming elections.

March 23, 2013 – The Pakistani Taliban says that it will assassinate Musharraf if he returns to the country.

March 24, 2013 – Musharraf returns to Pakistan after four years in exile. He is granted bail in advance of his arrival in Pakistan, so he is not arrested upon return.

April 18, 2013 – A Pakistani court rejects Musharraf’s request for a bail extension and orders his arrest in a case he is facing over the detention of judges in 2007. Pakistani media reports that Musharraf has been placed under house arrest.

August 20, 2013 – A Pakistani court indicts Musharraf, charging him with murder in the death of the country’s first female prime minister, Benazir Bhutto.

March 31, 2014 – A Special Court in Pakistan charges Musharraf with high treason — a crime that carries the death penalty or life imprisonment.

April 3, 2014 – A bomb detonates a few minutes after Musharraf’s convoy passes through an intersection in Islamabad as he is being transported home from a military hospital. Pakistani police say it is an assassination attempt against Musharraf. No one is injured.

January 18, 2016 – Musharraf and two other former officials are acquitted by an anti-terrorism court in the killing of Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, a Baloch nationalist leader.

February 11, 2016 – After experiencing breathlessness, Musharraf is rushed to Pakistan Navy Ship Shifa Hospital to undergo testing. He receives treatment in an intensive care unit for complications related to a heart condition, according to his spokeswoman.

March 16, 2016 – Pakistan’s Supreme Court lifts a travel ban on Musharraf allowing him to leave the country while he awaits trial for treason. Two days later Musharraf leaves Pakistan in order to seek medical treatment in Dubai.

August 31, 2017 – A court in Pakistan names Musharraf a fugitive from justice in the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Musharraf has been living in self-imposed exile in Dubai since 2016.

Pervez Musharraf Biography and Profile