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hellsbellschime · 3 years ago

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Why Will Dany Burn King’s Landing?

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Although most fans of A Song of Ice and Fire and Game of Thrones understandably aren't keen on revisiting the sloppy final season of the TV series, season 8 of the show is actually home to some of the most interesting indications of where the book series may or may not be going.

Season 8 was largely so confusing because the series was attempting to get across the finish line as fast as possible, but many of the messier aspects of the show were also clearly driven by the fact that Game of Thrones had already significantly deviated from the story that George RR Martin was trying to tell. So, when the time came for the TV series to end, the show had to push its characters into their decided endgames despite the fact that many alterations to their prior arcs now made those endings somewhat nonsensical.

George has already directly stated that the broad strokes of the ending will be the same in the books, but I think it stands to reason that the most controversial aspect of the series end, Daenerys' decision to burn King's Landing, will likely be significantly different within the books.

There are a lot of theories about how Dany's dark, or at least slightly darker, turn is going to go in the novels. Many fans unsuprisingly have come up with speculations that alleviate most of Dany's responsibility for the destruction of the city, but I think the notion that someone else will burn King's Landing or that Daenerys will burn the capitol by accident are extremely unlikely.

I can't envision a world where George RR Martin lets any of his main characters off the hook for the most destructive choice in the entire series, and frankly it has always been completely in character for Daenerys to justify any amount of devastation and destruction if it's in service of reclaiming the Iron Throne. And honestly, despite the fact that Game of Thrones retconned most of Dany's darkest book decisions and characteristics, even within the TV series itself, burning King's Landing was largely a logical extension of Dany's habit of killing anybody who gives even the slightest indication that they might not follow her.

However, it also seems undeniable that the burning of King's Landing is almost certainly going to come about due to different circumstances. And, it seems extremely likely that the omission of one significant character in the books, Young Griff, will be one of the key differences in the destruction of King's Landing and the entire Targaryen dynasty.

While I don't think Young Griff's non-Targaryen heritage is nearly as undeniable as many other fans do, one thing that seems very probable is that regardless of whether or not Aegon is really Aegon Targaryen, Daenerys will not believe that he is the long lost son of Rhaegar Targaryen.

Cersei becoming Dany's greatest rival never really made sense considering how few legitimate supporters she had. But on the other hand, someone like Young Griff, who has spent his entire life training to become the best king possible, seems like the kind of person who will likely win at least a significant amount of support among the lords of Westeros and the common people, who at this point would honestly prefer anyone other than Cersei anyway.

But, if Dany arrives in Westeros and there is a Targaryen who she doesn't believe is a Targaryen already sitting on the Iron Throne with the backing of a multitude of kingdoms as well as the common people, clearly she's going to be pissed. And obviously she's going to have a huge axe to grind with the boy who she believes has usurped her throne.

Dany has always been prone to violence to begin with, but now that she seems to have decided to go full fire and blood, it's not that difficult to figure out how she is likely going to handle Aegon the Sixth. But, I think that the penultimate episode of Game of Thrones may have already explained exactly how that is going to happen.

Like most fans, as soon as any information about the final season of Game of Thrones was released, I thought about what it could possibly be referring to or what it would mean. And one aspect of season 8 that seemed to not quite fit into anything within the rest of the series was the title of the episode "The Bells".

What initially interested me about that name was that not only was it the title for arguably the most important episode in the entire show, but that it referred to something that has a lot of thematic relevance within the books but that has been barely mentioned within the TV series. Bells are mentioned constantly in A Song of Ice and Fire, but they've only gotten a few nods within Game of Thrones. And I was even more surprised that, when the show actually aired, the ringing of the bells didn't seem to be hugely relevant to the episode itself either.

Yes, the bells do seem to trigger Dany's decision to burn the entire city down, but they aren't important before or after that, and when there are so many possible titles that are more connected to the series and the story, it still seems strange that "The Bells" was called "The Bells".

However, while bells are a bit of a perennial theme within A Song of Ice and Fire, I think one particular bell-themed subplot might be the exact history that is going to repeat itself when King's Landing burns to the ground, and I think that Daenerys might defeat Aegon in the second Battle of the Bells.

Jon Connington is another fantastic character who was completely omitted from the TV series, but it's interesting that the most fervent supporter of House Targaryen who was on the front lines fighting for Rhaegar in Robert's Rebellion seems to believe that the war wasn't actually lost in the Trident, but in Stoney Sept when Jon failed to root out Robert Baratheon.

JonCon's perspective on Rhaegar and on the entire war is undeniably warped, and in retrospect House Targaryen's dynasty was always destined to fail. Rhaegar may not have had the violent impulses of Aerys, but a dude who lets the entire realm devolve into chaos because he really needs to impregnate a teenager who is dubiously consenting at best was not going to bring peace and prosperity back to the realm. And in a broader sense, the Targaryen values of isolationism, superiority, subjugation, and consolidation of power seem to indicate that no matter what happened, as long as the Targaryens stuck to their beliefs then they were never going to hold on to the Seven Kingdoms.

But still, it seems incredibly important that Jon Connington believed that the Targaryens lost the Iron Throne in the Battle of the Bells, and it's even more important that he's almost certainly wrong. A Song of Ice and Fire has been pretty consistent in its portrayal of brutality. It has proven to be an effective tool in the short term, but it seems to have disastrous results in the long run. And, given that George RR Martin is an ardent pacifist, it's obvious that JonCon's belief that if he had only been crueler and more violent in Stoney Sept then the war would have been won for House Targaryen is a belief that is bound to be undermined.

The fact that Prince Aegon's greatest Westerosi supporter is so strong in this belief though seems to be an obvious setup for a clash in the future. It seems unlikely that the boy who Varys wanted to be the perfect king would be as brutal as someone like Tywin Lannister, and honestly, most people are not that violent nor do they believe that the only goal is winning no matter the cost.

But, it also seems to be a setup for a clash between Young Griff and Daenerys. After all, while most people wouldn't do absolutely anything to get what they believed was their birthright, Dany absolutely would. She internally justifies every action that she takes in service of getting the Iron Throne, and there doesn't seem to be a limit to the violence that she would excuse if it meant taking what she believes is rightfully hers.

The descriptions of the Battle of the Bells in Jon Connington's POV chapters are all very interesting, and it's telling that even in these few glimpses into his mind, this battle is so vitally important. But, Jon's memories are at their most interesting in the chapter "The Griffin Reborn," when he discusses his failings with Myles Toyne.

Jon tells himself that even Tywin Lannister couldn't have done anything more than what he did, but Toyne disagrees. Blackheart says “Lord Tywin would not have bothered with a search. He would have burned that town and every living creature in it. Men and boys, babes at the breast, noble knights and holy septons, pigs and whores, rats and rebels, he would have burned them all. When the fires guttered out and only ash and cinders remained, he would have sent his men in to find the bones of Robert Baratheon."

And while Myles is undoubtedly right that this is exactly what Tywin Lannister would have done, the particular description of the violence sounds undeniably Targaryen in nature. It literally sounds like fire and blood. And frankly, it sounds pretty close to what Daenerys did in Game of Thrones and is likely to do in King's Landing in A Song of Ice and Fire.

Conceptually, it's actually quite simple. Jon Connington will fight the Battle of the Bells once again, except this time he's going to be on the side of the new Robert Baratheon. If Young Griff is a remotely capable ruler who wins the hearts of the people, then it's entirely believable that the citizens of King's Landing would give him quarter when the dragon queen comes looking for him. And given Daenerys' typical patience level, it seems incredibly likely that Dany would just burn the traitors and find the bones of the usurper in the ashes.

Jon Connington has returned to Westeros operating under the belief that he is going to have to be tougher and more brutal to ensure that Young Griff ascends to the Iron Throne like Rhaegar never did, and to ensure that he's never overthrown like the Mad King was. So then, it would be a pretty perfect twist of fate if everything that Jon believes now winds up being proven wrong and he finds himself and the boy who he has vowed to defend to his last breath relying on the kindness of strangers to hide them from the Targaryen ruler and her armies who are searching for them.

And ironically, Jon will not do what he has set out to do, succeed for the son where he failed for the father, precisely because the enemy that he's facing now will be ready and willing to use the brutality that JonCon originally shied away from in Stoney Sept. If Young Griff and the elder Griffon were actually dealing with a rival who was similar to the younger Jon Connington, someone who wasn't willing to wreak havoc and destruction in order to find their enemy at all costs, then they might have a chance at at least surviving.

But, because Dany is the type of person who serves up fire and blood to anyone she thinks even might be her enemy, any of King Aegon's protectors will be treated with the brutality that Jon currently believes is necessary to win, and Young Griff will be killed anyway. And of course, while Daenerys will almost certainly win the battle against Aegon the Sixth, her decision to be as violent and swift as possible in order to root out her enemies will also lead to her ultimate downfall and a truly irrevocable end to the Targaryen dynasty.

Thematically, the repetition of past mistakes, the false belief that great violence in service of a supposedly greater good is worthwhile, and the false belief that brutality is strength, all fits in well with A Song of Ice and Fire and George RR Martin's political point of view. But obviously, given that Aegon Targaryen, Jon Connington, and their entire branch of the story was omitted in Game of Thrones, none of this could have ever happened in the TV series. And perhaps the title of the penultimate episode was a subtle nod to the climax that the writers know will be coming in the books.

#got #asoiaf #anti daenerys targaryen #aegon targaryen #young griff #jon connington #asoiaf meta #got meta #my videos

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theprojectschool · 4 years ago

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The Circularity of Time

The Infinitesimal and The Monumental Duration Spin & Weave: An Exploration of the Themes of Nationalism, Social Fabric & the Circularity of Time ‘

- interview with architect and interior designer Aarushi Kalra.

AM - Could you give a bit of context about the Gandhi project of using the hand spinning of cotton as an instrument to raise awareness of the independence from England?

AK ‘ In 1909, in an anti-colonial move towards Indian self- sufficiency, against the British, Gandhi decided to revive a craft many saw as already dead: the hand- spinning of cotton into thread, using the Charkha - the Spinning Wheel of India. He saw spinning as an economic and political activity that could bring together the diverse population of the country and was a defining symbol in the struggle against the British rule. It was a symbolic call towards a self- sufficient India, highlighting the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ - a part of the Indian independence movement that contributed to the development of Indian nationalism. This movement aimed to make Indians rediscover their sovereignty and strengthen their pride in Indian heritage, while also disengaging with the imposed British norms and boycotting all British goods. Gandhi claimed that spinning thread in the traditional manner could create the basis for economic independence and the possibility of survival for India’s impoverished rural multitudes. His choice to stand in solidarity with the poor of the country, while East India company was systematically exploiting them became a powerful symbol that then became the face of the movement and urged his more privileged followers to copy his example, and discard, or even burn, their European-style clothing, proudly returning to their ancient, precolonial culture. This simple act of spinning pierced through the varied Indian community, uniting all classes, caste, gender and creed into one cause and fabric. However, today it seems to be reduced to a static symbol; as a part of history and as a part of the India national flag. It lost its efficacy once its dynamic performance ceased to anchor a political movement. We retain now only the echo of its circular rhythm.

AM - How did you come up with this idea of exploring the idea of the spinning wheel as a tool for reflection, almost crafting through time?

Having grown up in India, Gandhi’s presence is all around us. Not necessarily as the figure we have studied throughout history, but as an integral subconscious symbol in day to day life – on the currency notes, names of the streets, etc. Moving out of India, for the first time, to pursue my post-graduation in London made me acutely aware of of my heritage. Moreover, at the time the news was flooded with updates on Brexit, the election of Donald Trump as the president, the building of the wall between US and Mexico and more news of the same nature from Russia, India etc. When we were presented with the brief that asked us to expose a political space of production that spanned the ‘infinitesimal to the monumental’, the symbol of the spinning wheel almost instantly came to my mind, as it was a simple machine and a simple activity that united the entire nation. I wondered how today the term nationalism has been broken and twisted to divide rather than unite. And as an extension of this thought, can it be argued that the spinning wheel that once spun the fabric of unity now spins the fabric of division? What once symbolized inclusivity now takes pride in furthering exclusivity? And that for me was the starting of “Spin & Weave”- a project that explores the theme of Nationalism, Social Fabric & the Circularity of Time. I was interested in investigating how a symbol, so intrinsically part of my own culture, can be revived to interact with present-day political, global occurrences. How a symbol of unity, can now represent boundaries? Based on my new insight into nationalism, this project was a way to explore whether this symbol out of its original context remains the same static image while showcasing the change of ideologies, or does it take on a new form and new meanings? The end piece was envisioned as a scaled model of an experiential installation which showed the two sides of the wheel. One, where a multitude of threads converge at its centre, representative of the people that would once come together to unite, while the other showed the same threads diverging into multiple directions disrupting the spectator's path and field of vision. To be able to traverse this space you might have to go over the strings or under them, cut them, tie them up, loosen them; but you have to make an effort to navigate this stretch. At the centre of all, is this spinning wheel, entangled in the boundaries it continues to weave. A wheel that cannot spin any longer but continues to monumentalise the act of spinning.

AM - Did you consider/imagined the meditative properties of spinning when you created your project?

“Take to spinning. The music of the wheel will be as balm to your soul. I believe that the yarn we spin is capable of mending the broken warp and weft of our life…” – Mahatma Gandhi

The process of spinning yarn is inherently meditative. It’s not something I originally considered at the beginning; however, it was hard to ignore it as I sat for days threading yarn, creating scaled models of the final output. There is a rhythmic cadence to it. It is monotonous, repetitive, but just as when you’re meditating it allows you lose yourself into it. It is a wonderful process to instil patience, stability and peace in an individual. Which in my belief had been of utmost importance at a time when the people of India needed to be level headed and find the strength to stand against the colonial rule. One of my biggest takeaways from this project was the lesson of patience and discernment. I learnt the importance of each individual’s effort in fuelling a collective power; which during the colonial time, created this beautiful, peaceful and unified fabric of my country.

AM - Do you think that there is a connection between crafting/identity and narration?

AK - In terms of physical and tangible materials, for sure. Every region, city and village boast of its own handmade traditions and skills, the ancestral knowledge embedded deeply in our cultures. The geographical location, environmental factors, and the available local materials initiated certain ancient practices that slowly got imbibed within the fabric of the place, which inherently defines its identity and a specific cultural viewpoint. Local materials are used to tell local stories in a particular cultural context. The way of using them only further adds to that. Anything that becomes tangible has an identity, and everything that has an identity has a narrative. Crafts are a way of giving shape to new forms, building a whole new database of identities and narratives in design. It enables the piece to embody the history, culture, socio economic political expression and the various personal stories and aspirations of the designers/ craftsmen. Art and design by nature are a form of storytelling. In no two cities or zones can the same art or craft be practiced in the same way. It is always adapted, and with this adaptation the story changes immensely across boundaries. This is the beauty of context in art, design and narratives. Any small change brought to any one aspect has a ripple effect on all the others, leading to a completely new personality of the base identity. An example of this is how from Japan's kimonos to Scottish tartan, and from Uzbekistani Suzani to Gandhi's push for Indian khadi, the culture of the world is woven, quite literally, into local fabrics. Though the machinery and techniques have been similar, yet throughout human history one look at a man’s clothing could tell you more than his words: his social standing, wealth, class, military rank and more. Historically cloth was unique to its region and country, sometimes literally tying in elements of the land and the people that live there. Even today in a globalized society where one can swipe through countries in no time, all groups of people have secrets hidden in patterns, dyes and fabrics that are waiting to be explored. - How do you think that we could share ancestral forms of knowledge without commodifying them? This is a very difficult conversation to have in the world today. There is a very fine balance between conserving and commodifying. We have lost so many art-forms simply because we haven’t been comfortable in the idea of commodifying them. There are various ways to share knowledge but as soon as they become quantifiable, it becomes a commodity. It almost seems to me as though we might need to change the way we understand commodities and become more mindful of the exchange of these. As a designer I believe in sharing ideas and culture, and I see no harm in others doing the same even if it comes at a certain cost. One can’t ignore the fact that one needs an income to enable these storytellers to run their own lives while comfortably dedicating their lives to the craft. This constant debate between conserving and commodifying, impacts the simplicity and the purity of exchanging stories and emotions through craft.

AM - How do you deal with the idea of orality associated with tradition? For instance, in African countries, many times traditions are never recorded, so, we lose them, but on the other hand that is how they evolve naturally... so, if we record them, we somehow kill them in the sense that they no longer transform/evolve...

AK - India has a very rich oral tradition. Take Indian Classical Music for example, where the original tradition of imparting knowledge over thousands of years was through recital with a minimal use of the written word. Recorded and written material developed, but only as a key to absolute basics. Beyond that, Indian classical music is still almost entirely improvised, improvisations based on these certain written ground rules. The same is true for most of our forms of Art, Dance and Scriptures. The oral tradition is in a sense trapped within the confines of a culture’s collective value system. It is first and foremost a group activity, and reinforces bonds within the culture, but it also depends on that group’s willingness to further keep the art of practicing and sharing alive. Writing, on the other hand, is an individual pursuit. Writing transmits ideas from other cultures that reside outside the local sphere and allows the individuals to interpret those ideas for themselves. Written or documented references not only cater to a wider audience, but also to a more distant generation; enabling them to enjoy, learn and reinterpret past stories, leading to a natural evolution that keeps these traditions relevant. The only drawback being the loss of understanding, guidance and the radicalizing of the written knowledge. I feel, this documentation must allow the artist to freely interpret and improvise this knowledge. The need of the hour today is also to learn the subtle language of symbolism and essence, not only to keep the traditions and rich stories alive as they were, but also to strengthen our understanding of each other’s thought processes and maintain a better harmony.

AM - Do you think that it would be possible to create a project that would connect young artists with old craft studios to create sustainable projects in India? What is missing in terms of business channels that could render these local projects visible worldwide?

AK - Every craft form is based on shared information that is continuously evolving. Formulating more and more collaborations where old traditions and skillsets are funnelled into the younger artists, along with a freedom to reinterpret them through their own experience and insight, might help bring these traditions to new light. Take for example how a khadi wheel works - the wheel is a form of analogue technology and weaving is a cultural idea. The practice pushes the technology and cultural idea embedded in it forward. Now, for a ‘young’ artist, some of these technologies or cultural practices may present a space of possibilities that may connect to their own practice; or a possibility where they can combine it in with the latest technologies - retaining its roots but giving the product a more global and widely accepted appeal. This may perhaps be a way to find a common ground and explore further. To a certain extent this has already started to happen. However what concerns me is that in the collaborative effort between the designer and the artisan, the designer gets all the credit and possibly the profit while the artisan has gained nothing more than what they always had. The need of the hour is to evolve the stature of the craft and the craftsman enough to give the artisans an incentive to believe in what they do, and for the younger generation to be willing to learn and continue this process. Now as far as contemporising the traditional crafts go, I believe it requires work in two divergent directions. One is that art forms and crafts become a natural part of life again, as they once were. An extremely simple example is how in parts of the country and world over plastic plates are being replaced by banana leaves. This was a common traditional way of eating in southern parts of India, and now again there are people working on spreading it across the country, not as a tradition or luxury, but as an absolute basic awareness. On the flipside, craft must also be innovated and made a part of high-end design. One that celebrates the craftmanship for its glory, and adds an aspirational ramp value to these ancient crafts. An example of that is furniture designers today are reviving and reinventing the dying craft of making utensils and artefacts by hammering brass—traditionally practised by a community of Assamese artisans, to create high end, contemporary and innovative products that are highly global in their appeal while the manufacturing techniques belong to the Indian handicrafts’ tradition of the country. Government, innovators, investors, crafts organisations and designers need to come together and work closely with the craftspeople; listen to their voices, build on their strengths, think out of the box and possibly create a regulatory body that connects various craftsmen to designers all over the world, almost like an open source. However, it needs to have its own regulations in place to ensure that artisans and craftsmen are not exploited, and can also gain from the exposure and the innovation, giving them a reason to believe in the craft they have spent their lives mastering, again.

AM - Ana Mendes

AK - Aarushi Kalra

Aarushi Kalra is an architect and an interior designer, recently graduated from the MA Interior Design at Royal College of Art. Currently she is in the process of setting up her own design wing based in New Delhi, India, by the name of I'mX - that aims to work fluidly between multiple disciplines. One that challenges and immerses viewers into provocative, layered and experimental environments.

#architecture #postcolonialism #ghandi #design

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killthebxy · 6 years ago

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Meta on show!Jon leaving the Watch versus how you see it happening for your Jon, and what he feels about the Watch after?

//@zcldrizes

i’m going to need a deep breath before this one… because this is probably the scene i loathe the most in the entire show, which is saying a lot. so let me start with my watch is ended and why i can never ever envision Jon saying anything like this in the way he did.

for context, what just happened at this point? the mutiny happened (and in the show, as opposed to the books, it was a thoroughly premeditated event), Jon was brought back to life, and now the first thing he has to deal with —as still the acting lord commander— is the fate of the traitors. which is linear enough, as the penalty for treason is death. with all this, the show is not wrong in assuming Jon feels utterly betrayed and abandoned by the men who are supposed to be his family and brothers, and it’s only human to want to hide under his bed at this point and never come out again. where did the show go so wrong, then? precisely, in the manner which Jon expresses the storm of negative emotions he’s feeling. let me quote what he says to Edd right after the execution, when he hands over the black cloak and Edd asks what to do with it:

wear it. burn it. whatever you want. you have Castle Black. my watch is ended.

if D&D had the goal of completely butchering everything Jon Snow is in 15 words, wow, props to them. they absolutely nailed it. let me go through this step by step.

wear it. burn it. Jon suggesting that the very symbol of the Night’s Watch be burned. this boy (man, in the show, but i can’t look at him and not see that 16-17 year old boy at the end of ADWD) who spent the past couple years of his life trying to restore the Watch as well as he could, who ranged with Qhorin Halfhand, who infiltrated Mance’s camp for the sake of collecting information and return in order to save the Watch. the boy/man who gave up on Ygritte for the sake of the Night’s Watch is suddenly suggesting that his black cloak should be burned. i don’t think i have to add anything else, but — also, remember how Jon held (and holds) Jeor Mormont in such high regard? yeah, that’s Jon basically saying to burn the symbol of the lord commander. a man he saw as a father figure. a man who was betrayed himself at Craster’s Keep and, had he survived it, would have returned to Castle Black and continued caring for his men and leading them and never give up on everything like this.

you have Castle Black. again, i’m going to bring up book canon because at least book canon knows what it’s doing. and in book canon, Jon does not almost volunteer to take the Wall during Mance’s attack, as he does in the show (and note that one episode in s04 was one of my favorites of all time and was wonderfully well made from a technical and special effects point of view, but alas at expense of matters that reach far deeper) — it’s basically dumped on him by Donal Noye, as he realizes he must go down to the gate and hold it against Mag the Mighty. let me quote: “Jon, you have the Wall till i return.” for a moment Jon thought he had misheard. it had sounded as if Noye were leaving him in command. “my lord?” “lord? i’m a blacksmith. i said, the Wall is yours.” there are older men, Jon wanted to say, better men. i am still as green as summer grass. i’m wounded, and i stand accused of desertion. his mouth had gone bone dry. “aye,” he managed. — does this sound to you like a boy who wanted to be entrusted with any of this? and friendly reminder that at this point he was likely 15 years old, 16 at most? which is, exactly, why he would never use the words “you have Castle Black” in such a banal manner. because he knows what this means — he knows what it’s like, to command a total of 19 castles AND not to mention with winter at their door — AND it’s even more serious in the show, considering Jon went to Hardhome and saw the Night King and witnessed firsthand what that creature is capable of and the power that stands with the armies of the dead. there is absolutely no way Jon would just shove this at Edd to deal with while he walks away so candidly. again, we’re talking of someone who did not abandon his duty not even when that cost him the love of his life, and i’m gonna fight Mr. Daniel B. Weiss and Mr. David Benioff into infinity about this.

my watch is ended. and here i am, face to face with my nemesis. admittedly, also because everyone knows how fond i am of lord commander Jon, but i feel like, after everything i mentioned in the past two topics, there’s not much left to add. i’m even willing to accept that, in the spur of the moment, Jon might have decided he’s done with everything and doesn’t want to fight for the realm anymore and that he would indeed leave the Watch — and use these words, which are reserved for a black brother after his death. which, in his case, literally happened. i can accept this, whether or not i like it. but, again — it’s all in the way it was conducted. the way Jon says what he says before, and then just… spits these words out. like the Night’s Watch means nothing to him. like he arrived there two weeks ago and nothing major ever happened. THIS is what i cannot forgive the show for, and THIS is my huge problem with this whole thing. because i can accept Jon abandoning the Night’s Watch aka his duty based on an emotional decision when he’s feeling completely lost and alone and betrayed — but i cannot and will never accept him treating the Night’s Watch, the same Night’s Watch that gave him a purpose in life and harbored men such as Benjen Stark and Jeor Mormont and maester Aemon and Donal Noye and Samwell Tarly and Qhorin Halfhand (among others), like it never meant anything to him.

so… tl;dr — while i am admittedly miffed that the show made Jon abandon my favorite role for him and the one i personally believe suits him best, what really bugs me beyond words is how he was portrayed as someone who doesn’t give a crap about honor and duty at the end of the day, and D&D are gonna do this over my dead body turned to a wight.

now, as for the second half of your ask — and jesus, i’ve already rambled so much but i am not done yet! as for the way i see this moment happening, and basically how i have headcanoned and re-written this train wreck, i think it’s best if i use excerpts of one of my threads with @longmayshereign-cersei — because i’ve written it happening and i’m quite happy with the way it turned out. and i think it’s easier to understand if it’s done from Jon’s POV, so here we go:

Othell Yarwyck and Bowen Marsh had been loyal and served the Wall for long years, whereas Alliser Thorne himself had been master-at-arms since the days Jon was still wetting his swaddling clothes — as so often he’d been reminded of, while still a recruit. and Olly… Jon did not wish to think of Olly, lest his resolve fade like the light in his eyes that cold, dreadful night. at the end of the day, all four of them had committed treason — and there was only one penalty for it. he owed it to the rest of the garrison, and to Tormund’s men just as much, to punish crimes as they ought to be. no matter how the mercy left in his heart, which somehow had evaded the blow of the knives, pleaded for him to act otherwise.

Longclaw cut through that rope as easily as if it was made of butter, and the bastard turned around to watch the others’ final moments — he owed them that much, as well. come to think of it… this had been the simple part. the true abyss of doubt and questioning began now, and within the next minute he had the crucial decision to make: where to go from here? what would have his father done? uncle Benjen? Jeor Mormont? maester Aemon? none was left around to guide him… and none would ever have experienced returning from beyond the grave, more than likely. Jon was alone in that, much as he was alone in everything else. Valyrian steel returned to the sheath, he approached Edd and made a brief pause to strip the black cloak that had accompanied him through the seven hells and back in the past few years.

‘ the men of the Night’s Watch serve for life… though our vows say nothing of what shall come beyond that. but i cannot stay where my own brothers see me as unfit for command. ‘ simple words, and quick. as quick as the blades that had buried into him one after the other, as though wanting to make him into a cushion for daggers. now there would have to be a new choosing, and perhaps Edd would manage to lead till such a moment came… likely, Cotter Pyke or Ser Denys Mallister would finally have their turn. it didn’t matter to Jon, nothing truly mattered at this point. ignoring the looks and mumbles of bewilderment now spreading throughout the yard like wildfire, he slowly climbed down the wooden steps to head for the armory.

all in all, what i did was to treat the Night’s Watch with the respect it deserves. the Watch is not 3 men + 1 boy who made wrong decisions, it’s so much more than this — it’s an 8-century-old brotherhood sworn to be the shield that guards the realms of men, and which continues to be regarded as a place of honor by the Starks even nowadays. again, even when Jon decided to leave, he wouldn’t piss on everything that happened before — and, the way i see it, he left because he honestly saw himself as unfit for the role of lord commander. it wasn’t out of pride or out of a flight of fancy, and it wasn’t even because (as well, but not only) he felt betrayed. it was because, in his current very fragile state of mind, he believed it to be the best way out for everyone, including the Night’s Watch itself. and i headcanon that he would have stayed a few days longer in order to help Edd organize everything and to send ravens to Eastwatch and to the Shadow Tower to inform them and even to start planning the choosing — but meanwhile Sansa arrived and so did Ramsay’s letter, and the gears of fate led him in a different direction. not because he’s the glorified savior like in the show, but because he’s a humble tool used to bring salvation like in the books.

finally, the way Jon would think of the Watch after this… i think i’ve answered this already in the past paragraph — despite his experience, he is intelligent enough to understand that he cannot blame an entire brotherhood for the mistakes of a couple persons. you know, like in episode 1 of s07 he so clearly states: i will not punish a son for his father’s sins. honestly D&D, you had one (1) job. Jon still regards the Watch as a place of vital importance in the defense of the realm, he stills regards the black brothers as deserving of respect and praise because he KNOWS how they live and what they do. and to conclude this: i also headcanon (and i do have a plot with @wolfqueennamedstark where this happens) that, should Jon survived the Battle for the Dawn, he would decide to go back to the Wall, if the brothers would accept him, to help rebuilt it (with or without the Wall itself, because last thing we know undead Viserion was having the time of his life) and to restore it to its former glory and honor — and to ensure that never again the realms of men would allow for the Long Night to repeat itself. either as lord commander or, in threads/plots where Jon marries the queen and becomes king consort (and the Small Council has to drag him by a leg to sit the throne and hold court, because he loathes that dreaded thing), he visits the 19 castles often and sends plenty of real knights there and always makes sure they lack for nothing. because the Night’s Watch is far too important in Jon’s identity for me to allow it to be cast away like a trashbag for the sake of cliché writing and commercial heroes.

^^^ and bonus points, because Kit agrees with me.

#long post #zcldrizes #「ᵖᵃʳᶜʰᵐᵉᶰᵗˢ」ᵈᵃʳᵏ ʷᶤᶰᵍˢ; ᵈᵃʳᵏ ʷᵒʳᵈˢ #「ᵐᵉᵗᵃ ᵗᵃᵍ」ᵗʰᵉ ᶜʳᵒʷ ᶤˢ ᵗʰᵉ ʳᵃᵛᵉᶰ'ˢ ᵖᵒᵒʳ ᶜᵒᵘˢᶤᶰ

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meditationnearme · 4 years ago

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Nucalm Review: Does The New De-stressing Technology ... - things to help reduce stress

NuCalm promotes itself as neuroscience-backed tension meditation techniques and sleep innovation. In practice, however, it simply helped me nap. I recently woke up from a delightful 20-minute nap. In fact, it was more of https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/nucalm4/1/10-minute-meditation-for-sleep.html a 10-minute half-nap half-trance, preceded by thoughts of what I required to achieve today that gradually dissolved into the kinds of non-sequitur visions that happen in that earliest stage of sleep.

Somehow, this was renewing. For the recently, I've been evaluating out the NuCalm system. According to its website, NuCalm is "the world's only patented neuroscience innovation clinically proven to deal with stress and improve sleep quality without drugs." It incorporates a neuroacoustic software app made use of for 20- to 120-minute increments, an eye mask and the aforementioned processing discs, and in practice involves listening to ambient, cinematic noises (similar to this) with your eyes closed and a sticker adhered to your inner arm.

Each of the components are created to activate the body's parasympathetic nerve system, which assists with healing and relaxation. The disc is designed to release gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter that hinders cortisol and adrenaline. With this and the app, NuCalm stops your body's tension action and for that reason the mental and physical toll stress can handle the body.

military, 49 sports teams and in over a million surgical procedures. Some dental workplaces even utilize it for clients who are scared of the dental practitioner. NuCalm's 'bio-signal processing disc' Although the item is touted as a way of potentially healing the body from injury, https://s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com addiction and physical troubles, it appears predominately beneficial for relaxation and anxiety.

By this step, my usage of NuCalm was a success: After my 20-minute session this afternoon, I indeed felt much more refreshed and awake. While some of my sessions kept me mindful the whole time, I a minimum of felt a bit more relaxed than before. At the start, I 'd believed I was expected to treat the session like a meditation, preventing letting my ideas roam.

Why I was so fixated upon events of this age throughout my session is a mystery to me, but regardless, I believe I still went to sleep for about five minutes. Unusually enough, a Frequently Asked Question section of the app specifies that memory recollection is a typical quality of "theta brainwave variety," and that remembering memories in this phase permits you to dissociate negative sensations from them.

Overall, NuCalm did permit me to take perfect little afternoon naps in a structured way. I am decent at napping as it is, however I do think something about NuCalm, whether it be the discs or the noises or the timer, made those naps more efficient than normal. One glaring problem with NuCalm, however, is its price.

Maybe as I keep using it, I'll find that this is a completely reasonable cost for the advantage of much better relaxation, health and sleep. At this minute, however, I 'd pay possibly $10 a month. The app also requires some major updating, as it presently only uses 3 various session types (recharge, reboot and rescue) at differing lengths and with a rather clunky design.

Instead, it feels rudimentary, with lower parts of the app like the post-session debriefing FAQ entirely nonfunctional. I've taken some fabulous naps this last week, and I'll keep using NuCalm for this purpose. It's a nearly effortless way of fitting 20 minutes of pure relaxation into my day. Whether those bio-signalling dics do anything, I'm still suspicious in addition to a cleaner app, I 'd require to get a bit more rely on the science to pay $60 a month.

Magdalene Taylor is a junior personnel author at MEL, where she began working 2 weeks after graduating college. Her work is a blend of cultural analysis and service, covering everything from reconsiderations of low-brow hits like Joe Dirt and Nickelback to contemporary disability concerns, OnlyFans and the types of small concerns about life like why infant carrots are so wet.

According to the company, thirty minutes of NuCalm amounts to 2 to 3 hours of restorative sleep. The NuCalm website boasts that the de-stressing treatment takes just 2 minutes to administer and less than 5 minutes to accomplish its effects, making it the really meaning of a fast fix.

With its sleek site and claims of high-tech, borderline-magic results, I half anticipated my NuCalm experience to happen in the literal future or, at really least, a center that reeked of sci-fi vibes. I think I was envisioning a workplace that appeared like the ship from Passengers and a large set-up reminiscent of the https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/nucalm4/1/10-minute-morning-meditation.html memory-implanting tech from Overall Remember or perhaps even a coffin-like pod right out of The Fifth Aspect.

My NuCalm treatment was not administered on the set of a motion picture, however it also wasn't administered in a dental professional's workplace. On the early morning of my visit, I drove throughout Los Angeles to Santa Monica to the offices of an authentic physician to the stars, whose Hollywood clients consists of starlets, authors and inspirational experts, and who read more boasts know-how in energy medicine, integrative medicine and bioidentical hormonal agent replacement therapy.

Instead, my NuCalm experience started in a (actively) poorly lit waiting room that looked more like the living room of an eccentric, well-traveled college teacher than a medical facility. The doctor was fashionably late not with another client, simply in getting to the workplace. While the tardiness might usually have actually irritated me, here, it appeared like part of the experience, practically like a preview of the outcomes of the high-tech treatment that awaited me.

During a short consultation, the medical professional described the NuCalm procedure and summed up the science behind it (more on that later). The gist of the system, I discovered, was this: I would chew a tablet of gamma-Aminobutyric acid, or -aminobutyric acid (or GABA, for short), an inhibitory neurotransmitter implied to decrease activity in my anxious system.

I would listen, through headphones, to binaural beat music music with 2 different rhythmic pulses that activates Alpha and Theta brain waves, which are connected with the very first phase of deep sleep and meditation. Also, I would be blindfolded. And, in Doc Hollywood's office, I would do all of this while pushing a waterbed although the waterbed, I found out, is not a standard or required component of the treatment.

I was resulted in a little examination room (or, potentially, a big closet), where I was offered a large GABA tablet and told to chew but not swallow it while the medical professional marked time the binaural beats and attached the Biosignal Processing Disc to my wrist. Lastly, after what seemed like a much longer period of time than it possibly might have been, I was told to swallow the GABA vitamin sludge, which had the artificially sweet, fruity flavor and distinctively milky taste and texture of Flinstones vitamins that are a few months past their expiration date.

The NuCalm treatment itself was completely pleasant. The music was relaxing but interesting (I've given that subscribed to a binaural beats playlist on Spotify bless the web). The milky, orange-adjacent taste of the GABA tablet didn't remain in an especially interfering way. And the waterbed was heated, that made for a cozy location to lie down and rest.

What am I doing incorrect? Why do not I feel calm? If science can't make me chill TF out, am I simply a lost cause? Maybe if I do a body scan, I'll have the ability to feel the impacts. That's a good concept. I'm going to do a body scan. This will resemble mindfulness on steroids orange-flavored, healthy steroids.

I am broken. I was wrong. It was not almost over. Perhaps it's the example you can't feel in the moment, however I'll observe a substantial difference when it's over. I have so much work to do. Stop thinking of work and being worried out. That beats the whole purpose.

I asked how often he suggested that people come in for NuCalm treatments and he said that it differs, but that some people "need it daily." I couldn't assist but believe, based on my experience and the absence of tangible outcomes, that that appeared excessive. He handed me some research even more describing the science behind NuCalm before rushing off to his next visit, and I left sensation dissatisfied and a little nervous about my failure to feel less nervous through the treatment.

For the record, it's not. I discovered the experience to be a little New Age-y in practice, however the system truly is based in science. Drawing from neuroscience research study into the patterns the brain goes through during natural periods of relaxation, every part of NuCalm is developed to imitate that procedure and trigger a stressed out brain to switch equipments to a more relaxed state.

NuCalm works particularly on the body's repressive system, the GABAergic system. This gadget is bio-mimetic because it resets the naturally happening unfavorable feedback loop of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which when correctly working is expected to turn off and stop launching cortisol from the adrenal glands after the end of a stressful event.

Individuals in this state are physically not able to have a nervous reaction. Within minutes of application, users will start to feel relief from the 'fight-or-flight' sympathetic anxious system action and their stress hormone (cortisol) levels will start to decrease as the HPA axis is prevented." Here's a quick breakdown of the science behind each stage of the NuCalm process.

It's in fact the main repressive neurotransmitter system in brain circuits. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid is a relaxation neurotransmitter that the body produces naturally when we're getting all set to sleep, so the tactic of utilizing GABA supplements to indicate the brain that it's time to cool down makes sense. What's not completely clear, however, is how reliable oral GABA supplements are in activating those advantages.

While some research studies have actually revealed that GABA can cross the blood-brain barrier, others have shown the opposite, recommending a possible placebo impact behind perceived advantages of the supplements. Scientists agree that more research is needed to determine how beneficial GABA supplements truly are. According to NuCalm's website, the disc "simplifies the process of activating the parasympathetic nervous system, by taking advantage of the body's Pericardium Meridian with particular electromagnetic (EM) frequencies." The disc (which, again, was a round sticker, about the size of a quarter, that was applied to the within my wrist) was, undoubtedly, my biggest source of skepticism while doing so, and NuCalm's main description of the science behind it highlights the most New Age-y vibes of the business.

It is assumed that if you can restore the frequencies that travel through the Meridians you can renew optimum physiology. Each NuCalm disc holds the EM frequency patterns of GABA and its precursors to deliver a pure biological signal to your body. When put on the within of your left wrist, at your Pericardium-6 acupuncture point, the disc sends a signal to the pericardium of your heart to activate local parasympathetic nerve fibers, which then transmit the signal to your brain informing it to increase vagal nerve output and start the process of slowing down the body.

In 2017, Gwyneth Paltrow's GOOP promoted a $120 brand name of bio-frequency sticker labels, causing a short-term viral moment for the tech. Regrettably for proponents of the gadgets, the reaction wasn't great, with Mark Shelhamer, former chief scientist at NASA's human research study division, especially decrying the GOOP-endorsed item as "snake oil." Although the NuCalm site describes that "each disc holds the electro-magnetic frequency patterns of GABA and its precursors to provide a pure biosignal to your body," it's unclear precisely how placing the sticker label on your wrist sets off that shipment.

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houstonmovingcompany · 5 years ago

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10 No-Fuss Ways to Figuring Out Your best keyboard for learning piano

How are they carrying out this?

They may be accessing MOOCs, or Substantial Open up On the net Courses. Although platforms are offered from elite colleges like MIT and Stanford for nearly ten years, open-supply lessons carry on to grow in number and popularity. Now, even some local community colleges like Wake Complex College or university,Positioned outdoors Raleigh, NC, presents MOOCs to a worldwide viewers. This expanding availability means There is certainly now an unbelievable variety of courses available to anybody with the Connection to the internet, despite place.

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Topics MOOCs address can differ from modern day robotics and astronomy to Roman architecture as well as American Novel Considering the fact that 1945. MIT, for example, has courses centered all around Arithmetic, Engineering, Vitality and Science, as well as a shocking variety of classes specializing in the Humanities and High-quality Arts. The College of Michigan features classes ranging from "Storytelling for Social Change" to Python, details analytics, and machine Understanding. You can even take Management classes from HEC Paris by way of MOOC, rated with the Economist as getting the 2nd most powerful business faculty alumni community on the earth.

Some MOOCs are intended to be taken for expertise attained, but numerous packages also give a certification of completion via web sites like Coursera.org. Certificates of completion--which happen to be diverse from training course credits--normally Charge all-around $50. Financial aid is obtainable for those who qualify.

Good reasons to take into consideration a MOOC

There are lots of explanation why a MOOC class may very well be good for you past time management, Despite the fact that most MOOCs permit learners to work at their own tempo, which suggests they effortlessly healthy into most schedules, Regardless of how fast paced. Other positive aspects involve:

An opportunity to Check out A serious right before paying for faculty courses. Everyone seeking to make your mind up on the occupation route, for The 1st time or because of a midlife modify of direction, is aware the annoyance of wanting to know "Imagine if I am Mistaken about my decision? Just how much cash am I heading to invest right before I recognize this is not for me?" MOOCs are a terrific way to 'dip your toes' in, so to talk, ahead of the headache of coping with common college courses and common college or university prices. It is possible to Check out as several programs while you have time for right up until something certainly sparks your fascination.

Just take classes not offered locally. You can find literally Many MOOC courses out there on the web. Even though you are now living in Boston (the place Harvard, MIT, Tufts, Boston College or university and Boston College are all Found) or some other related university-dense place, you may in all probability come across a category or two through MOOC offerings not available to you locally.

Study (or relearn) a language for free. Not simply can you're taking a foreign language system at no cost by means of MOOCs, but owing to lessons taught at international universities, It's also possible to teach your ear by Hearing native speakers. Take a program taught from the language you want to find out and observe alongside utilizing English subtitles. The second system is a terrific way to effectively double your Discovering, but only functions if you have already got at least an intermediate grasp from the language.

If Discovering A different language is just not significant on your own to-do list, probably it ought to be: In 2017, New American Overall economy reported employer demand for bilingual workers much more than doubled considering that 2010. This demand continues to improve. Very best languages to review? Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic.

Develop up your resume with necessary techniques. Possibly there's a superior career at operate you understand you are able to do, but your boss isn't going to think you happen to be certified for it as you absence selected abilities. MOOCs are a terrific way to turn out to be proficient in spots like HTML coding, SEO analytics, or whatsoever talent you must come to be the right individual to the position.

Follow the one-way links in this post For more info on lots of MOOC courses. MOOCs can also be out there as a result of several different academic platforms, such as Coursera, Udemy, and edX. But MOOCs may be accessed straight by way of Each individual College, and are available through the use of the next Google search restricting syntax entered into your google research bar:

website:edu MOOC topic

For instance, if I enter site:edu MOOC robotics, I get about seven,000 final results, together with this Introduction to Robotics Specialization from Penn Engineering. By making use of this syntax, you are able to normally bypass the clearinghouses and come across precisely what You are looking for on College internet sites, even courses the clearinghouses may well not offer.

Joyful MOOCing!

Using the progression of innovation, it's got gotten essential to persistently study, unlearn, and relearn to extinguish the thirst of grave problem. In contrast to customary time, the exercise of bookkeepers isn't constrained to keeping up thick registers. With robotization, the thought of handbook bookkeeping has grown to be an outsider expression and now, an infinite piece of bookkeeping operate might be addressed bookkeeping programming, by way of example, QuickBooks programming.

In this particular blog, we will discuss a part of the numerous specialised capability and abilities to turn into a specialist Accountant now and continually:

Simple Considering

Source: magnapubs.com

At The purpose whenever we mention the bookkeeping contacting, we must always think of elementary talents, as an example, possessing the critical info on the bookkeeping contacting. In any scenario, presently the situation has actually been improved and men and women are alluding applicants having the ability to burrow additional to have a gander in any respect viewpoints in the numbers and the knowledge just as recognizing patterns and examples to know the Tale within. Be that as it might, this skill can't be grown medium-term. This is a form of fragile aptitudes that one can study about a timespan, by means of proficiently searching for details With all the work. Rather than executing things which ring a bell, endeavor to think of inventive and out of the container arrangements. Examine, assess, and Feel when you knowledge a problem to concoct essentially the most achievable and progressive arrangements.

Get Specialized Abilities

Resource: Area.me

As indicated by Entrepreneur.com, cloud bookkeeping are going to be launched in above ninety% corporations. Mechanization has gotten inalienably elementary to support inside the business. With innovation, for example, the cloud, it is now quite simple to appreciate the unpredictable facts and also to get to them from anyplace in the world with barely any snaps. The cloud happens to be The newest sample to the bookkeeping business enterprise.

With cloud facilitating it has grown to be Significantly easier with the companies to operate cooperatively with no trading off the security component. Also, working with the cloud give nonstop accessibility of the knowledge from any remote corner of the planet. Accordingly, the interest for a bookkeeper getting specialized qualities would be the excellent choice about the team.

Information on Governing administration Guidelines

Source: Financial Specific

Because of differed new and reconsidered tips, the job of bookkeepers has Furthermore modified. In the year 2020, realizing the stray items of such progressions can get principal for bookkeepers. As indicated by specialists inside the bookkeeping enterprise, new government guidelines and compliances will likely be regularly actualized to progress straightforwardness in small business. In this way It will likely be A great deal more simple for that bookkeepers to possess the information on new and current federal government regulations and recommendations. Thus, it is suggested to makeover your recent mastery time permitting, and to enhance a significant most well-liked position around Many others.

Relational Competencies

Resource: Jarvee

You ought to have the choice to liaise with diverse divisions, traders and The shoppers. For this, bookkeepers are envisioned to obtain sound relational abilities, for instance, client the executives, arrangement aptitudes, compassion, and so on.

Presently, the exercise with the bookkeepers aren't limited to the calculating, it includes customary gatherings with gurus, shoppers, and associates to go well with their Tastes. On this fashion, getting every one of those talents will include things like from the get the job done efficiency and accomplishment of a bookkeeper. Such as, it is prescribed not to employ inside abbreviations or specialized language even though responding to inquiries of The shoppers. Having good relational aptitudes will construct reliable connections and to hold customers and to attract in new shoppers. This is often an important aptitude to have.

Information Analytics

Resource: outstanding info aggregate

Smarts are classified as the individuals who can fathom the data, even so far more astute are the ones who might make it getting used. To research the knowledge and to consider a plausible arrangement, it is vital to the bookkeepers to learn the intricate specifics of the knowledge. Getting Each one of such aptitudes could make you mindful in the present desire with the purchasers and shoppers. Greedy the innovation and embellishment of our arrangement of talents as per the necessity of enough time will almost certainly assistance.

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shirlleycoyle · 5 years ago

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The First iPhone Was a Landline

A version of this post originally appeared on Tedium, a twice-weekly newsletter that hunts for the end of the long tail.

Phone lines, while not initially designed to transfer binary data, turned out to be a good enough way to do so—at least until the 2000s, that is.

From sending faxes to browsing the internet, people relied on effectively the same copper wires they used with Ma Bell-leased telephones.

While most of the personal tech evolved towards greater connectivity, landline phones mostly got better only at the ergonomics of calling and dialing.

But a few dared to be smarter—decades before smartphones found their way into our pocket.

Let’s talk about the evolution of the landline smartphone.

“Man-to-man, man-to-machine, machine-to-machine. In a short time, we’ve come a long way.”

– A line from “Challenges of Change,” a 1961 promotional movie from AT&T. Filmed on a height of Space Age anticipation, it shows “Data-Phones”—essentially, modems which could transmit data from punched cards, tapes, or even handwritten notes.

The earliest visions of smartphones didn’t anticipate that we wouldn’t communicate with our our voices

The AT&T video, filled with otherworldly visual effects, is delightful to anyone with an interest in history. At the same time, it shows why landline phones did not become the interactive mediums that smartphones later did.

While the narrator talked about changes in communication, scenarios from the movie showed data exchanges at best, as all meaningful interactions were done by voice and between humans. For example, before loading a punched card, a Data-Phone operator had to chat with the person on the other end of the line. Even in the age of rocket deliveries, shopping over a credit card-enabled videophone would be done by talking to a manager, as if one would in a retail store.

Admittedly, Bell engineers envisioned the future where people would only need to use the keypad to communicate with the source over a phone. A year later, Touch-Tone phones were presented to the U.S. public. While the speed of dialing was what AT&T promoted to customers, the DTMF (Dual-tone multi-frequency, informally known as “touch-tone”) signals generated by buttons allowed for menu navigation still used today.

Image: Gillfoto/Wikimedia Commons

How the United Kingdom failed to start an online revolution

By 1970, additional buttons on each side of a zero competed the 12-button keypad. Twelve buttons were what the UK Post Office had to rely on while developing Prestel, a nationwide service which let people use interactive services on a home video terminal.

Looking back, if there is one thing the UK engineers in the 1970s were fascinated with, it’s putting text on TV screens. In the United States, there wasn’t any notable progress in this field between a TV Typewriter electronic kit and the advent of home computers. The British, on the other hand, went straight towards transferring news, financial data, and TV guides—long before the booming popularity of the Internet, developing two coexisting ways to broadcast text.

One of these technologies, teletext, still lingers to this day across Europe. The text data, complete with color and pseudographics, is being broadcast alongside a TV signal—literally stuffed in between video frames. By design of the aerial transmission, teletext provides no interactivity, leaving the user to flip between different “pages” and occasionally revealing hidden text (the latter was mostly used to hide quiz answers).

Using a phone line instead allowed for higher transfer rate, more personalization (and billing for premium pages) and the ability to run remote software. Over several years since the mass introduction in 1979, Prestel accumulated several online banking, shopping, and booking offerings—even before the home computer boom which pushed operators to add software downloads and games.

Prestel used phone lines and required a phone-like keypad for navigation—surely, it was a fitting technology to build phones of the future around. That didn’t happen on a scale required to ensure Prestel’s success. Instead, the Post Office bet on marrying the network with TV—by offering not even set-top boxes, but Prestel-enabled TVs, priced at £650 at the very least. By contrast, France Télécom leased terminals for their similar Télétel network for free, making Minitel popular enough that it survived until 2012.

Executel. Image: Internet Archive

There was just a single Prestel phone—but boy, what a device it was. A wide unit with a small CRT screen and a QWERTY keyboard, STC Executel was an “intelligent display telephone” which combined voice and text communications with almost every productivity feature of its era.

The 1984 ad touted contacts book, calendar, ability to take notes and a “£500,000 in a national advertising campaign directed at top executives.” Being essentially an Intel 8085-based computer, it stored its software on a dictaphone cassette and could connect to a “secretarial unit” which allowed updating the data from another desk.

Just 10,000 Executel devices were sold, according to the designer David Leers. Only five thousand of them were sold, with the rest repurposed.

What might have saved Executel from being completely forgotten is its sleek, modern look.

Several Executels found their way in industrial design museums, although the plastics used for the keyboard turned out to be prone to yellowing. Just last week, one appeared on the YouTube channel Techmoan.

Image: Compass Design

The most advanced landline phone of 1998 was literally called “iPhone”

A British oddity, Executel was simply unknown stateside. Still, the idea of a “computer phone” was a part of the social consciousness, and the manufacturers have toyed with it—if only by exploring. One of the most well-known prototypes was made by Apple by 1984. The “MacPhone” concept had a touchscreen for sending notes and signing checks, but, like other projects by Hartmut Esslinger, was only meant for finding new design elements.

But in the 1990s, the rising popularity of the Internet, a desire for a “post-PC” device and plain old technical progress paved the way for household devices which were meant to connect to the phone line. These so-called “Internet appliances” were promising easy Web and email access in a device which supposed to be as easy-to-use as TVs, music centers … or phones.

But while most IAs were simply low-end computers with a handset on top of it (I’m looking at you, Intel Dot.Station), there was just one which could actually replace a landline phone. And yes, it was actually called the iPhone.

Released in 1997, the original iPhone was made by InfoGear, a startup made from one of the National Semiconductor labs. Despite its big, full-VGA touchscreen and a slide-out keyboard, it looked like a contemporary phone. But on top of making calls, it could work with email and “full” versions of web sites—a feat achieved by off-loading some of the computational power to InfoGear servers.

It isn’t even the name or the web capabilities which made one think of the Apple iPhone, but the way all features were integrated. Just like on modern mobile phones, it was possible to dial a number from a web page by tapping it. The InfoGear’s phone did not only have a voicemail, but could transcribe the incoming messages to text.

While the phone made the international headlines, it was eventually forgotten alongside with the rest of the IA market—especially when InfoGear was bought by Cisco. The story took another turn when Apple released its iPhone—Cisco sued them for trademark infringement. Eventually, the two companies came to an out-of-court settlement.

(It wasn’t the last time Apple and Cisco discussed trademark issues. The iOS name, in fact, belongs to Cisco and is licensed to Apple—and might be the reason the latter doesn’t want people to use the phrase “iOS devices.”)

Alan Sugar hosts The Apprentice in the United Kingdom. Image: Getty Images

A British lord asked all users of his “superphone” to harass a journalist

To people focused solely on computing history, Alan Sugar is a businessman whose Amstrad micros and ZX Spectrum models contributed heavily to the UK home computer industry.

But to everyone else, he is a bigoted, homophobic billionaire in power who keeps his domestic relevance by hosting a TV show originally presented in the U.S. by Donald Trump.

And by the year 2000, his company had lost all that goodwill by releasing products that few people wanted. The PenPad PDA was slow, bulky and had a deteriorating rubber shell; the PcW16 desktop computer had a black-and-white screen and a processor from 1976 despite being released in 1995; the GX4000 game console was just a reason to sell cassette computer games on cartridges for a higher price. Eventually, Amstrad spun off its computing division and focused all its resources on Betacom, a communication company it had acquired. The result was Amstrad E-m@iler, the last attempt to push an Internet-connected landline phone to the mass market.

The Amstrad E-m@iler. Image: philgyford/Flickr.

As a piece of hardware, it wasn’t much different from the InfoGear iPhone. What set it apart was the business model: instead of offering a monthly fee, Amstrad made the E-m@iler operate exclusively through a premium-rate phone number—and put another fee on top. “Sure, if I was organized and could send a day’s worth of emails and SMS messages in one sitting then the prospect of paying 12p for a single session online (plus the cost of the phone call) would be a small price to pay. But I’m not. And I can’t,” noted Tim Richardson of The Register in their 20002 review of a revised E-m@ailer Plus.

Later models of E-m@iler, like the 2004 E3 Superphone, added new features and new ways to get as much profit per user as possible. The ability to play ZX Spectrum games was added, although it was only possible to rent them—again, with paying per call and per service at the same time. The new color screen was used to display ads, with the phone periodically dialing home to download new banners (thankfully, on a toll-free number).

In 2011, the year Amstrad E-m@iler services were shut down, Sugar admitted that “it was slightly too late,” but noted that the subsidized lineup eventually recouped all the costs with services.

He definitely was not as accepting in 2001, though, when he noticed E-m@iler in the list of “techno-flops” in The Independent. The mild criticism (“not proving the success that Sir Alan Sugar had hoped” was all that was ever written about the phone) pushed Sugar to send a message to all 95,000 service subscribers, asking them to send an email to Charles Arthur, the newspaper’s tech editor.

“It occurred to me that I should send an email to Mr. Charles Arthur telling him what a load of twaddle he is talking. If you feel the same as me and really love your e-mailer, why don’t you let him know your feelings by sending him an email,” he wrote in a letter with Mr. Arthur’s address attached.

While the journalist had to cope with more than 1,300 letters—none of which were written by Sugar himself—some of them, eventually published online, exposed hardware faults, annoying bugs, and a helpline being directed to a premium-rate number.

“With this device we can charge advertisers, say, 10p for each customer to receive an ad they will see all day, and charge the advertisers £10 whenever a customer calls them by pressing the ‘services button.’ Or it may be that we give them the ad—free but they pay £25 whenever somebody calls—it’s a no-brainer.”

– Alan Sugar, positioning the E-m@iler as an “electronic billboard” to the readers of Marketing Week. Even considering that Internet phones were not as widespread as PCs, the ballpark cost per click sounds insane. However, as we’ve seen in the past, no one really knew by then how much web advertising should cost.

When asked to reflect on the 1997 iPhone, Robert Ackerman, a venture capitalist who pushed for the independence of InfoGear, said: “We were early into the marketplace. Ten years later, a very different story.” By contrast, Alan Sugar said he was ten years too late—and God knows which decade would be right for the Executel.

The world seemed to be fine with landline phones staying in their lane. But I can’t help but wonder how they would have evolved if the phone industry wasn’t controlled by the Bell System, the Post Office, or other nationwide monopolies. The original telecommunication industry, in my opinion, would have envisioned the connected world differently, based on the phone network paradigms rather than mainframe-terminal ones. Instead, manufacturers had to find faults in a PC-dominated world to make the case for their devices.

Smart landline phones still exist. Some VoIP (voice over internet protocol) and SIP (session initiation protocol) systems for business—arguably the only purchasers of landlines in 2019—are not only using the Web as an infrastructure, but can open web sites and use Android apps. But I think, when it comes to elegance, they pale in comparison to a device I noticed in Moscow Apple Museum.

After licensing the Newton technology from Apple, Siemens made the NotePhone, their own spin on the original MessagePad PDA. When used by itself, it’s functionally indistinguishable from the Apple device. What makes it special is the base with a handset which added phone and fax capabilities. Even back then, mobile computer expansions were nothing new, but this one seems like an integral part of the device while managing to be self-sufficient.

Maybe, instead of being either “smart” or “dumb,” landlines should have been more elegant in their connection to the world of computers.

Yuri Litvinenko is a trade journalist from Russia. When not covering the dairy industry, he spends time being fascinated by legacy technology, both “retro” and gadgets approaching retro status.

The First iPhone Was a Landline syndicated from https://triviaqaweb.wordpress.com/feed/

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tusharsinghshekhawat-blog1 · 6 years ago

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Tushar Singh Shekhawat: Top 5 Reasons You Desired a Specialist Event and also Wedding Celebration Coordinator

There's lot's of reasons you would want a professional coordinator and not a hobbyist, or a weekend break warrior wedding event coordinator. We're just going to cover the primary one's. I strongly believe that even more info is far better than not nearly enough, however at the same time, there is something as excessive details as well as overwhelmed with the amount of it. Here’s the largest reason you want a complete fledged wedding celebration expert.

Professionalism and trust and experience.

The special occasion coordinator that lives, takes a breath, rests as well as consumes all points special occasions from the sweet and simply mentioned to the intricate has their thumb in the pulse of sector. They are mosting likely to know the best of the best, the most effective top quality, steals as well as deals for you and when the very best time to acquire things for your occasion is. Not just will refer you to the most effective of the best wedding experts, however in fact understands the specialists who fit ideal with your individuality, design as well as most importantly in your budget plan. Along with all of this, they have the experience you require in order to successfully aid you in preparing your wedding event and then collaborating on the day of all while making sure its yours and your funds style that beams with on the day of the wedding event or unique occasion.

This coordinator is price you more, however when you consider it in terms of schooling or experience it not only makes good sense however is an offered. Such as you would not select a physician or dental practitioner due to the fact that he's the least expensive and also has only run out institution for a couple months, right. Why would you do that to your wedding? It's the greatest day of your life alongside having your kids. She's not going to refer you to utilize various other professionals that may or may disappoint up, where you have a 50/50 chance that the work will show up the way you pictured it nor suppliers who do not have a tested track record.

Tushar Singh Shekhawat

On the other side, the weekend warrior wedding coordinator is just mosting likely to recognize their little group. The various other wedding event vendors they understand might or might not be the most effective of the most effective and also lot of times aren't tried as well as real. Furthermore, they just have their hand in the market upon occasion so their experience degree is reduced. They might not be planned for any kind of disorder that may happen on your wedding. Generally they don't believe to check your orders or validate vendors beforehand so vendors might be turning up at the incorrect location, late or not in all. Points might slide with the cracks because your organizer doesn't believe to examine and validate that they have actually been finished. Things that you assumed that they managed you might learn at the last minute, not just weren't dealt with yet she doesn't even do them.

Contract so there's not a surprise.

The specialist wedding celebration planner is mosting likely to have a contract that spells out her responsibilities in detail. Additionally, that agreement will certainly spell out thoroughly what, if anything relying on your bundle selections are your duty to handle. The contract isn't there to frighten you, yet secure both on your own and also the wedding event professional.

I can't count the number of times I've heard from a new wedding vendor that they don't have a contract for their brides to evaluate as well as sign yet don't plan to have one, because isn't everyone trusting or by doing this, I can change my duties in the middle of the wedding as well as not be held liable. What? Run, seriously, run.

Bargains as well as Steals

We discussed this in number 1, but below it is in more information. The wedding celebration expert, has world large links, gets the first word on sales, acquisitions in bulk so products set you back much less then obtaining it on your own, has accessibility to various quality of goods, if a wedding event or event company is going out of business, sometimes they get a direct and also can buy products at a swipe for their clients. In addition, since the wedding event professional has been such a valued client over time that same service in some cases provides even much better bargains. The wedding event professional will have "assistants" who can spend the moment to research study as well as ensure that the outright ideal price is being accomplished for their customers. If you desire top quality or poor quality products they recognize where to find them for you.

Inexperienced wedding event coordinators and suppliers aren't mosting likely to have the very same pull simply because of large quantity, as well as having their name as well as firm out enough time for individuals to understand that they are. Therefore, the customer pays extra.

Quality of Solution and also Time Spent

With the wedding celebration specialist with years of experience you have even more ideas as well as tricks that the expert can put in method for you. Understand area demands for you, your visitors, the bar, buffet virtual realities. seats, how many washrooms should be the minimum for your guest matter, when invites and such ought to be mailed. She's not stingy with the pointers she passes onto you. Has the expertise and also foresight to see where there might be concerns and also rapidly strokes in to make those adjustments so it's not observed. The specialist understands around the length of time as well as the number of people are required to mount your chuppa or decor design, the setup of the room and also has partnerships with the area and also the professionals to put it all together. She'll go above and also beyond to make certain that her customers are cared for. Because of the amount of experience chances are she's operated at your location.

Tushar Shekhawat

Her obligations will certainly be described as well as she'll make sure that you truly comprehend what every one of those tasks are, ultimately minimizing your stress, eliminating the stress, conserving you money and most significantly saving you time. She'll have lots of images and also an excellent organizer will certainly have images from several various cost ranges so you can see all of the opportunities as well as not simply the very best of the best and also super high-end pictures of occasions and also wedding celebrations however some that might not be as fab. The professional, understands she's currently had her wedding celebration as well as do not impose her concepts on you. She's there to make your vision a reality not to recreate her special day. She's there to assist you, direct you in choosing so when you reflect on your wedding album it's not dated to an age, to pay attention to you and be a seeming board. Absolutely not take control of. A knowledgeable coordinator has all of these links at her finger ideas and also for that reason saves you and also your pocket book tons of time as well as additional expenditure of looking for it. She knows the costly traps that brand-new brides and planners obtain stuck in as well as she'll guide you far from them.

The weekend warrior, not having the experience seldom can do the very same. She might exceed and beyond to the best of her capacities, nevertheless as a result of absence of experience that may not suffice to obtain every one of the above handled. She'll have very few pic's for you to see and examine, some ideas, yet most likely will not just roll off her tongue, won't have any suggestion if the suggestions she's throwing out would perhaps have the ability to suit your budget. In some cases, I've listened to where the brand new planner, or weekend warrior organizer - takes over the bride-to-bes wedding celebration or is dominating like having a 2nd or third mom. OMG, who desires that?

Control and who chooses

First you desire a well-rounded coordinator, one who knows as well as understands design, decor and also floral, somebody that will carefully guide you and also ultimately not insert their very own viewpoints or makes you really feel pressured. You should constantly have the last word and also decision making. I personally have a couple of clients that leave a majority of choices approximately me, once they have actually told me the spending plan, theme as well as goal, nonetheless these individuals have been customers of mine for literally years and also know that I fully comprehend their vision and also count on I'll do it precisely as they've envisioned and throw a couple additional wow factor things into the event while maintaining them in budget plan. This isn't the standard for a wedding celebration. Typically you strive to do your wedding event just when which truly loads on the pressure to guarantee it's right. Having an organizer with a team to back them is security for you ... just how, there's a check point, a double check and also a final check to make certain that your vision is completed to your specs on the day of your wedding event.

The brand new planner, although fees much less, is still attempting to determine exactly what her task is and also how it's supposed to be done. She's going to be all over the board and you're not mosting likely to feel like you're being taken care of. She'll make some decisions for you and you'll find out about them on the day of your wedding celebration. Not the method you desire it to be. Think it or not, these very early in their training stages organizers, occasionally diminish the face of the earth. I have actually not only seen it, yet it's happened to a few of my brides that I was honored with dealing with later on when the planner evacuated shop and also entrusted to no contact details.

#Tushar Shekhawat #Tushar Singh Shekhawat

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gibsongirlselections · 4 years ago

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Dear Joe Biden, Please Accept Your Loss When It’s Time

Joe, I’m writing to ask a favor. Don’t be a bum, a palooka. If you lose the election, lose it graciously. Don’t drag a damaged America through a long fight designed to cripple the next Trump term, the way Democrats did in 2016. Those same voices are gonna want you to never concede, to “sue ’til it’s Blue” but you gotta do the right thing. Don’t be the guy to wreck America.

While two months can change a lot, it doesn’t look like November 3 is gonna be your night, kid. So far you got nothing to offer but you’re Not Trump, and because I know you play some poker, that’s stretching a pair of twos too far. Pennsylvania new voter registrations added 150,000 more Republicans than Democrats. Trump is beating you on Latino outreach, Joe, and owns the Cuban vote (as well the formidable Jewish vote) in crucial Florida. A pollster on our podcast believes the “shy Trump voter” effect is even stronger today than in 2016.

I’ve seen it myself. I know the way many Trader Joe Americans noodle around when they want to see if it’s OK to talk about Trump. They’ve done well in the economy. They’ve noticed the wars have tapered down. Once they open up, they say they’re afraid you’ll lose control to the progressives nipping at the party’s heels. When Elizabeth Warren childishly sneaks in a pro-BLM message during your convention, they don’t see the justice they titularly support, they see chaos. And the looting they roll their eyes over happening in New York is now in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Swing states, Joe, on literal fire under Democratic gubernatorial leadership.

I know you are counting on the left behind, out of work Americans without 401ks as your people, but Joe, they aren’t. Those folks are Trump’s base. They don’t blame him, they think he fights for them. You and I can have a lo-carb beer alongside a little Maalox, or maybe just some nice Jell-O, after you retire and try to make sense of that, but you can’t say it ain’t so, Joe.

So whattaya got? Russiagate was a lie built on falsified FISA documents, sleazy CIA-aligned operatives, and paid-for propaganda. Impeachment failed. None of that screams “trust me.” Large numbers of voters don’t blame Trump for COVID, and statistics show the worst economic damage to individual wallets has been done by Democratic governors willing to act against their own citizens to politically damage Trump. A Democratic governor keeps kids from school and you want the parents to blame Trump? Your party Goebbels’ are down to whimpering about violations of the Hatch Act most non-Beltway American know nothing of and care less about, and the Post Office.

The Post Office, Joe? That’s your big talking point two months out? You sound like Jan Brady trying to snitch on her brothers. Seriously, enough with the post office. The USPS handles 472.1 million mailpieces a day. There are only 153 million registered voters in the U.S., and typically only about 60 percent of them even bother to vote. You still get your paper Lands End catalog; handling the ballots is nothing.

You aren’t the only candidate using the Not Trump strategy. Your real opponent is Stay Home; that’s where a lot of the Never Trumpers may end up. Last election 42 percent of eligible voters stayed home and likely cost Hillary the election; registered voters who didn’t vote were more Democratic-leaning than the registered voters who turned out. In 2020 most of your younger “Democrats” aren’t. They hate Trump more than they hate you, but they’re not part of your party. They’d really like a third party, for change, but until then they’ve made it pretty clear they won’t vote for crappy candidates like you (or Hillary) just because Rachel Maddow scolds them. They told you all, twice, they wanted Bernie and the party stiffed them.

More? You didn’t get any post-convention bounce, not even with both Obamas. Nice try with Kamala, by the way, but the only people who vote based on the VP choice are thinking you won’t make it past 100 days. And talk about a plan backfiring, research suggests the more Democrats message democracy is dead and Trump is going to win by cheating no matter what, the lower Democratic turnout will be. That’s on top of recent polls suggesting voter enthusiasm (which drives turnout) for you lags Trump in key battleground states. And you have to privately admit, Trump’s mantra about you—that Joe sent your jobs to China and your sons to war—cuts pretty deep across those all-important Midwestern states.

And that brings me to the favor I’m asking for. If you really lose, concede. Thank everyone, promise Kamala will be back fighting in 2024, and affirm the system worked. Don’t gin up a Konstitutional Krisis. If you really really have unambiguous proof of fraud, lay it all out in one splash, no weeks of leaks and hearings, and make sure it is clear enough all but the most committed ideologues have to admit you are right. You will save America. Because if the message is “burn it down” people just might.

Everybody sees what those around you are planning. Even you warned Trump will steal the election. Rep. James Clyburn said he believes the president “plans to install himself in some kind of emergency way to continue to hold onto office.” Hillary dictated you should not concede under any circumstances because “eventually I do believe he will win.” Her strategy for you is a lengthy legal battle after the election, a sue ’til your blue which envisions November 3 as only an opening act, followed by counts and recounts of mail-in ballots, followed by court challenges, all in hope of shifting public opinion toward not accepting the election.

Hillary made a good run at that four years ago, convincing a fair number of people her popular vote win meant the Electoral College didn’t count. But in the end she failed, Trump took office, and America slipped deeper into division.

The poster child for being a Good Loser, Al Gore, is teeing it up for you as well. Gore believes the military will eventually have to remove Trump from office. That was the headline. But pay attention to Gore’s whole statement, the part when he said “there’s no intermediate step between a Supreme Court decision and violent revolution. You can always explore the option of dragging something out, tearing the country apart, mobilizing partisans against one another in the streets, but it is not a wise course for our country.” Gore of course is talking about Trump doing that, but I’m talking about you, Joe.

America can’t handle it so please don’t bring it on us. Don’t listen to the voices saying you have to save democracy by refusing to accept the election results. We are so divided that you refusing to go along with the vote, fanning the flames by claiming the popular vote is controlling, insisting racism lost you the election or otherwise playing to the hate could set off something that will be hard to control. It could ruin whatever confidence Americans have left in our system, flawed as it may be. You won’t inspire people, you will inflame them. Your opponent will fight a nasty campaign. Fight hard back. But when it is over, don’t fake losing, own losing. The critical tool for the ending of democracy is people’s conditioned readiness to believe it does not work anymore.

Joe, we’re both old enough to love the movie On the Waterfront, starring Marlon Brando at his most perfect. You remember the key scene, in the car with his mobster brother. Brando, a prize fighter who could have gone all the way, took a fall to make the mob money betting against him. Brando realizes giving in, doing what the dark forces wanted him to do even when he knew it was so wrong, ruined him. He made some money, sure. But he knew he was a bum, a palooka, when he maybe could’ve had class, could have been somebody.

Leave Hillary and Stacey Abrams in the history books as bitter losers. Fight your fight, Joe, and then do the right thing for yourself, your legacy, for America.

Peter Van Buren, a 24-year State Department veteran, is the author of We Meant Well: How I Helped Lose the Battle for the Hearts and Minds of the Iraqi People, Hooper’s War: A Novel of WWII Japan, and Ghosts of Tom Joad: A Story of the 99 Percent.

The post Dear Joe Biden, Please Accept Your Loss When It’s Time appeared first on The American Conservative.

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paintmysilence · 6 years ago

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Getting all fancy with the Fanpages and stuff!

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neptunecreek · 6 years ago

Text

EFF Presents Mur Lafferty's Science Fiction Story About Our Fair Use Petition to the Copyright Office

Section 1201 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA 1201) makes it illegal to get around any sort of lock that controls access to copyrighted material. Getting exemptions to that prohibitions is a long, complicated process that often results in long, complicated exemptions that are difficult to use. As part of our ongoing to effort to fight this law, we're presenting a series of science fiction stories to illustrate the bad effects DMCA 1201 could have.

It's been 20 years since Congress adopted Section 1201 of the DMCA, one of the ugliest mistakes in the crowded field of bad ideas about computer regulation. Thanks to Section 1201 if a computer has a lock to control access to a copyrighted work, then getting around that lock, for any reason is illegal. In practice, this has meant that a manufacturer can make the legitimate, customary things you do with your own property, in your own home or workplace, illegal just by designing the products to include those digital locks.

A small bit of good news: Congress designed a largely ornamental escape valve into this system: every three years, the Librarian of Congress can grant exemptions to the law for certain activities. These exemptions make those uses temporarily legal, but (here's the hilarious part), it's still not legal to make a tool to enable that use. It's as though Congress expected you to gnaw open your devices and manually change the software with the sensitive tips of your nimble fingers or something. That said, in many cases it's easy to download the tools you need anyway. We're suing the U.S. government to invalidate DMCA 1201, which would eliminate the whole farce. It's 2018, and that means it's exemptions time again! EFF and many of our allies have filed for a raft of exemptions to DMCA 1201 this year, and in this series, we're teaming up with some amazing science fiction writers to explain what's at stake in these requests.

This week, we're discussing our video exemption.

Moving pictures emerged in the late 19th century, but it would take more than a century for video production and distribution to become accessible to nearly everyone, even children. Today, billions of people are able to create, share, and remix more video than the world has ever seen, and as new creators have gotten their hands on the means of production, new forms of creativity and discourse have emerged, delighting and exciting millions, prompting even more creativity and innovation.

But even as the tools to create video have gotten easier, the rules for using them have gotten much more complicated. Though copyright law contains broad, essential exceptions that allow filmmakers, critics, educators and other users to take excerpts from movies to use in their own works, the use of DRM to lock up video and Section 1201's ban on breaking DRM adds real legal risk to this important activity.

In previous proceedings, the Copyright Office has granted exemptions allowing certain groups of people to bypass DRM in order to create and educate, but these grants have excluded all kinds of legitimate fair uses. Now that we have years worth of evidence that bypassing DRM in order to make fair uses didn't harm the film industry, it's time to extend those rights to everyone, and that's why we've asked the Copyright Office to grant a new exemption allowing anyone to get around DRM in order to exercise their fair use rights.

2017 Hugo and Nebula Award nominee Mur Lafferty was kind enough to write us a short science fiction story called "The Unicorn Scene" about the importance of making fair use available to everyone:

The Unicorn Scene, by Mur Lafferty

Erica put her hand on Mary’s shoulder as her friend scrolled through Netflix. “Look, the idea is brilliant, it hasn’t been done before, it shows leadership, creativity... what?”

Mary had just literally head-desk’d. She whapped her head a few more times for emphasis.

“That’s not getting anyone anywhere,” Erica said. “What did you find?”

“I can’t break the DRM of any of these movies. We can’t get the clips we need,” Mary said, staring at the error message on her screen.

Mary was a cinephile. No one had an eye for film like she did. When other kids were reading Hunger Games and Divergent, she was reading critical essays by Pauline Kael and Roger Ebert. She’d expound at length on the metaphorical meaning behind the colors in The Godfather movies before her parents even let her watch the films themselves. There was no doubt she was the biggest film nerd her hometown of Asheville had ever seen, but no one had a guaranteed acceptance to the NY Film Institute.

She had organized the Buncombe County Student Film Festival when she’d been a sophomore. That first year, ten people from her school and the parents of the film students had come. Now she was a senior, they needed an auditorium for 800 people after the interest the festival had created.

Not to mention a representative of the NY Film Institute would be coming, and interviewing Mary the following day.

The problem was, the festival wasn’t going to happen. At least, not how she had envisioned it.

This year’s challenge was to take five famous movies and recut them to make a new short film. She’d researched the law – using movies in this way was legal under fair use. It should have been easy to do.

Only she couldn’t access any video of the film for editing purposes.

“Let me see,” Erica said, looking up information on her phone. “Hey, not all hope is lost. It looks like you can license clips from movies. It may cost you, but what film project is free?”

“How much?” Mary asked, her voice flat as if she already knew her answer.

Erica was silent for a moment. “How- how many clips do you want to use?”

Mary looked down at her notebook where she had sketched out the film using clips from The Princess Bride, The Godfather, The Room, The Cabin in the Woods, and Rosemary’s Baby. She counted for a moment. “Three hundred.”

“Do you have three hundred grand lying around?” Erica asked after a moment.

“It’s a thousand bucks per clip? I couldn’t even pay for one clip from each movie!” Mary said. “How is this possible? It’s fair use, we aren’t breaking any laws.”

“We could bypass the DRM. It’s not hard. I know a girl in my programming class,” Erica said.

“Then we would be breaking laws,” Mary pointed out. “I’d go into my interview saying, ‘Hi, Mr. Interviewer. I’m sorry I can’t go to your film school, but I’ll be working for the next fifty years to pay off my fines for breaking DRM in order to use a movie clip in a perfectly legal fair use situation.’”

“We might not get caught,” Erica said.

Mary’s head hit the table again. “And then again we might...who’s your friend?”

“No, you’re right, you will mess up your career if you start it like this,” Erica said. “maybe we can crowdfund one clip.

“Then it’s not a project! It’s a film clip! Who wants to see *just* the unicorn scene from Cabin in the Woods?”

Erica sighed. “You do realize everybody is going to be hitting this wall, right? Someone is going to bypass the DRM. We’re not going to have a festival with no movies.”

“So we’re urging every kid in this festival to break the law?” Mary asked, her voice muffled from talking directly into the table.

“The festival is in two weeks,” Erica pointed out. “They probably already have.”

Erica leaned on the desk. “So what now?”

Two weeks later, Mary sat at the coffee shop with Professor Richard Jenkins opposite her.

“Your work was surprising last night,” he said carefully.

Mary winced. She had ended up gathering actors and acting out each scene as if they were in the movies, with homemade props and cobbled together scenery. She hadn’t won any of the awards at the festival. “I didn’t want to break the DRM of the videos, and I didn’t have three hundred grand to buy the licenses to the clips,” she said.

“It was a creative fix, but clearly done at the last minute.” He paused, as if waiting for her to defend herself.

After a moment, she said, “I know it was. I had to weigh possibly getting sued for using a video in a perfectly legal way, or doing something else. I made my choice.” She shrugged. “Starting my college career doing internet courses from prison didn’t sound good... do they even let you take internet courses from debtors’ prison?”

“That I don’t know,” he said. “But I think you would be a good candidate to study copyright and DRM with regards to film, now that you know what it’s like to go up against it.”

She lifted her head. “Really?”

“Don’t get me wrong, your movie was terrible. But I like your style,” he said. “And I think you’d be a good voice for change.”

“Lord knows we need it,” Mary said.

from Deeplinks https://ift.tt/2LknzQQ

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