#Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

[forensicfield]

[quotesfrommyreading]

Until the early nineteenth century few tools existed to detect a toxic substance in a corpse. Sometimes investigators deduced poison from the violent sickness that preceded death, or built a case by feeding animals a victim's last meal, but more often than not poisoners walked free. As a result murder by poison flourished. It became so common in eliminating perceived difficulties, such as a wealthy parent who stayed alive too long, that the French nicknamed the metallic element arsenic poudre de succession, the inheritance powder.

The chemical revolution of the 1880s changed the relative ease of such killings. Scientists learned to isolate and identify the basic elements and the chemical compounds that define life on Earth, gradually building a catalog, The Periodic Table of the Elements. In 1804, the elements palladium, cerium, iridium, osmium, and rhodium were discovered; potassium and sodium were isolated in 1807; barium, calcium, magnesium, and strontium in 1808; chlorine in 1810. Once researchers understood individual elements they went on to study them in combination, examining how elements bonded to create exotic compounds and familiar substances, such as the sodium-chlorine combination that creates basic table salt (NaCl).

The pioneering scientists who worked in elemental chemistry weren't thinking about poison in particular. But others were. In 1814, in the middle of this blaze of discovery, the Spanish chemist Mathieu Orfila published a treatise on poisons and their detection, the first book of its kind. Orfila suspected that metallic poisons like arsenic might be the easiest to detect in the body's tissues and pushed his research in that direction. By the late 1830s the first test for isolating arsenic had been developed. Within a decade more reliable tests had been devised and were being used successfully in criminal prosecutions.

But the very science that made it possible to identify the old poisons, like arsenic, also made available a lethal array of new ones. Morphine was isolated in 1804, the same year that palladium was discovered. In 1819 strychnine was extracted from the seeds of the Asian vomit button tree (Strychnos nux vomica). The lethal compound coniine was isolated from hemlock the same year. Chemists neatly extracted nicotine from tobacco leaves in 1828. Aconitine – described by one toxicologist as “in its pure state, perhaps the most potent poison known” – was found in the beautifully flowering monkshood plant in 1832.

And although researchers had learned to isolate these alkaloids – organic (carbon-based) compounds with some nitrogen mixed in – they had no idea how to find such poisons in human tissue. Orfila himself, conducting one failed attempt after another, worried that it was an impossible task. One exasperated French prosecutor, during a mid-nineteenth-century trial involving a morphine murder, exclaimed: “Henceforth let us tell would-be poisoners; do not use metallic poisons for they leave traces. Use plant poisons...Fear nothing; your crime will go unpunished. There is no corpus delecti [physical evidence] for it cannot be found.”

So began a deadly cat and mouse game – scientists and poisoners as intellectual adversaries. A gun may be fired in a flash of anger, a rock carelessly hurled, a shovel swung in sudden fury, but a homicidal poisoning requires a calculating intelligence. Unsurprisingly, then, when metallic poisons, such as arsenic, became detectable in bodies, informed killers turned away from them. A survey of poison prosecutions in Britain found that, by the mid-nineteenth century, arsenic killings were decreasing. The trickier plant alkaloids were by then more popular among murderers.

In response, scientists increased their efforts to capture alkaloids in human tissue. Finally, in 1860, a reclusive and single-minded French chemist, Jean Servais Stas, figured out how to isolate nicotine, an alkaloid of the tobacco plant, from a corpse. Other plant poisons soon became more accessible and chemists were able to offer new assistance to criminal investigations. The field of toxicology was becoming something to be reckoned with, especially in Europe.

The knowledge, and the scientific determination, spread across the Atlantic to the United States. The 1896 book Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, cowritten by a New York research chemist and a law professor, documented the still-fierce competition between scientists and killers. In one remarkable case in New York, a physician had killed his wife with morphine and then put belladonna drops in her eyes to counter the telltale contractions of her pupils. He was conviced only after Columbia University chemist Rudolph Witthaus, one of the authors of the 1896 text, demonstrated the process to the jury by killing a cat in the courtroom using the same gruesome technique. There was as much showmanship as science, Witthaus admitted; toxicology remained a primitive field of research filled with “questions still unanswerable”.

  —  The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York (Deborah Blum)

[khushi156]

Buy Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology by Anil Aggrawal | Arya Publishing Company

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[diginerve]

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[januaryembrs]

COFFEE SHOP COP | Javier Peña x Younger!Reader

Request: @brekkers-desigirl says - hey i love your work~ i saw that you're taking requests for characters, congratulations by the way<33 and i was wondering if i could have some javier pena fluff? where steve notices that javi is going out a lot and suspects that hes visiting the brothels but in reality hes meeting the reader, who is maybe a university student and cant be seen with javi, so they meet in secret? just like pure fluff please

thank you so much<33 and congrats on almost 1k again!!!

description: Steve is suspicious of Javi when there’s talks of a mole in the embassy. But when he follow him to coffee shop, he’s in for a surprise.

word count: 1.1k

trigger warnings: age gap? Reader is getting a doctorate. Talk of dissection.

main masterlist

Call it part of the job but Steve Murphy was an observant man. Perhaps he was overly suspicious with the amount of leads going dry as soon as they got close, Carillo had put it in his head that there were talks of a Narco Mole in headquarters, had his head spinning for days after he’d heard the news. But surely not Javi? It couldn’t be Javi.

Javi, who had saved his life more times than he could count, who would give his all for his job and asked nothing in return, who had broken bread with his wife, had watched his baby as if she were his own. It couldn’t be Javi.

But how could he explain his odd behaviour?

Peña had been clocking out on the dot for the past three weeks. Not that he held it against the man, except the two workaholics were known for working long hours past what was on their time cards in the interest of cracking the Narco rats sooner. He was usually given a little excuse of he had to call his father or he wanted to grab coffee on his way home before the shop shut. Even his betta fish needed feeding at a very specific time, that one had Steve frowning at least.

This man was a DEA agent and the best lie he could come up with was about betta fish? If that was the case, Colombia was fucked. But on the day he seemed to have a hankering for coffee the fourth night in a row, Steve had decided enough was enough. Slipping his card into the machine to clock himself out of work not even a whole five minutes after Javi left, he trailed after the man down to the parking lot, being sure to hold back a good few paces. Javi would know if he was being followed.

It wasn’t until he’d followed his truck downtown to a coffee shop that the ridiculous nature of what he was doing hit Steve like, well, Javi’s truck. Of course Javi wouldn’t be the mole, Javi would never. Besides, if the best he could come up with was fish then any real secrets surely would have poured out of him by now. Yet here he was, stalking his own best friend as he waltzed out the side of his truck like a boy on christmas.

He felt like an idiot.

Still unable to admit defeat, he pulled up onto the curb a few spaces down, heading out his car and after the man, ready to catch him in the act. Act of what exactly, though? Purchasing a cappuccino? What a crime.

The suspicion was knocked clear out of him however when he saw Javi walk up to a young woman, glasses perched on her nose. He was floored when he watched Javi cup her jaw gently, their lips meeting in a quick but loving kiss before he took a seat opposite her.

His first thought was she was one of his girls from the brothels, except he was quick to notice the textbooks and papers surrounding her, the way her fingernails were stained with ink. She was young, younger than Javi by a decade at least, but it wasn’t until he read the front of the book he felt at least some reprieve from the shock that must have been written on his face, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Higher Edition. Doctorate, she was getting her doctorate in medicine.

Smirking to himself that he’d caught Javi in his best kept secret yet, he returned back to his car to see his wife and daughter early for once.

“Long day, baby?” Javi asked, sipping on the edge of his coffee that had started to go lukewarm, despite him bolting his way over here to see you longer. You tucked your hair behind your ear, dog earring the page in your book you were working on, taking the small, china cup in your own hands.

“Had labs to do all morning, and my professor’s been getting on my ass about references.” You sighed, reaching out to squeeze his free hand with your warm fingertips, “I missed you. How was work?”

Javi’s eyes glistened with softness as he watched you, the paper cuts in between your fingers, hair messed from where you’d brushed it away from your face so often. He seemed to snap out of it when he saw you were waiting for a response, shrugging his shoulders a twitch.

“Still just chasing leads- nothing for you to worry about,” He said, bringing your hand up for a peck on your knuckles. Your face heated, his umber eyes following your smile as it settled between your cheeks, “I missed you too. You got classes tomorrow?”

Nodding, you took another sip of your drink, finishing the cup of black liquid, the only thing getting you through this semester. That and Javi ofcourse.

“Got a double lecture in the morning, and then more practicals mid day I gotta prep for,” You said, packing up your books into your bag.

“Nice Lab assistant or mean one?” He asked, taking your bag strap from you almost immediately. He never let you carry your books where he could help with it, the thought of you dragging them around with you in the day was bad enough as it was but seeing you lug around the five, fist width textbooks made his eyes twitch in upset.

“Thanks, honey,” You said, heading out of the coffee shop towards his truck, the passenger seat reserved for you as far as he was concerned, “Mean one. Though, I don’t think I’ll be much more pleasant considering were gonna be harvesting Liver, Spleen and Urine to test for signs of Arsenic,”

Javi grimaced, opening the door for you, helping you step inside with a little pat on your thigh. Gently putting your bag in your lap, he snuck in a quick kiss to your cheek before he shut the door behind you and headed towards the drivers side.

“What’s that face for?” You giggled, your own hand coming out to rest on his jeaned leg as he pulled out of the parking lot.

“It’s a lot of dirty work, your degree,” He said, though his eyes kept flicking back to you from the road, “Not that I don’t think your capable, I just hate to think of you around so much…”

“Blood?” You helped out, and he nodded back, “Javi, I’m fine. The blood is only like half of what I do anyway, it’s the maths that gets messiest,”

Javi shook his, a wry smile on his face as he grabbed your hand in his own, giving your fingertips another kiss.

“You’d give some of the boys at the station a run for their money, sweetheart,”

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[zee-nan]

Forensic Science - History and Evolution

Forensic Science, in other words criminalistics or criminology, involves the implementation of scientific techniques and protocols that assists in decision making in the field of criminal and civil law. This broad field of study involves different scientific practices such as the analysis of DNA, fingerprints, blood stain patterns, firearms, ballistics, toxicology, etc. Throughout the investigation, scientists gather, examine, and analyze the different evidences that has been provided to them. Some scientists prefer to travel to the crime scene for a better perspective and to collect the evidences by themselves, while others take up the role in the laboratory for a better analysis and research on the evidences provided to them by some other individual. Apart from being experts in the laboratories, forensic scientists also act as expert witnesses in the court of law working for either the prosecution or the defense.

The main essence of forensics lies in the investigation of crime and crime scene. Although, have we ever thought about the history of forensic science? Its origin? When were the techniques first came into use? OR, who were the first personnel to excel in this field of study? We have…. right? Presenting a brief history of forensic science.

The history of forensic science needs exploration as this topic itself was not discussed as much in the earlier times as it is now. The word forensics has originated from the Latin word “forensis” which means forum. Forensics is usually used in collaboration with a field of authority that is associated with the legal system. In a nutshell, forensic science is the application of scientific methods and techniques to matters under investigation by a court of law.

In ancient period, the style of death was naturally assumed by the condition and the site of death of the victim or the dead body. Let us say, a man had been found in a water body. It was usually assumed to have been drowned, while a man lying in a bloodied condition along the road side was assumed to have fallen and perhaps be dragged by a horse. Suspicion toward the motive of murder and the statement of the layman against a possible murder outweighed all other facts and when all else failed, heinous torture was done to get possession of a proper confession.

However, the exact origin of forensic science is still undetermined.  Majority of the experts have concluded presumptively, the origin was in China in the 6th century, or maybe earlier. The belief of this conclusive statement is based on one of the earliest known mentions of the concept, found in a book titled “Ming Yuen Shih Lu”.  

During the 7th century, fingerprints were put to use as a method of identification. According to the studies, a vendor was able to recognize a specific customer who was indebted to him by apprehending his fingerprints on a bill.  A judge in that case, was convinced of the prints as inarguable authentication, and set an example of forensic science in action. In the year1659, the word “forensic” found its way in the Merriam- Webster Dictionary.   

After publishing Traite de Poisons int the year 1813, Professor Mathew Orfila, a specialist in medicinal chemistry, was renowned as the Father of Toxicology. He is the first, who’s known to use a microscope for the assessment of blood and semen stains. Moreover, two Italian surgeons, named Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zcchia, laid the foundation for modern pathology. They were successful in doing so by studying the changes in the body’s structure because of sickness. The applicability of forensic science increased with the emergence of the 17th century along with other scientific developments.

In 1880, fingerprint analysis was used to link incidents to suspects, that marked a step forward in the evolution of forensic science. Henry Faulds and William James Herschel proposed a ground breaking theory on the uniqueness of fingerprints, which made fingerprint analysis possible. This study attracted huge support from worldwide experts, and it was ultimately recognized as the crucial evidence during court proceedings. During the crime scene investigations, Francis Galton and Edward Henry, put into practice, the technique proposed by Herschel. Sir Francis Galton first invented the technique to classify fingerprints.

The inspection of evidence from firearms such as guns, which is used in crime scene investigation is known as forensic ballistics. When a bullet is fired from a gun, microscopic markings of gunpowder are left on the bullet as well as the case of the cartridge. The markings of the gunpowder left on the bullet, act as aggravated fingerprints. Henry Goddard of Scotland Yard in 1835 was the first person who used the ballistic analysis to link a bullet ta murder weapon.  

The field of study that deals with how chemicals, substances and situation can harm living organisms specifically humans and animals is regarded as Toxicology. It revolves around studying the symptoms, detection and treatment of a human/animal body which is exposed to rigorous poisoning. In 1838, a Scottish chemist named James Marsh successfully applied the techniques of toxicology. Later on, this method was proven effective during the investigation of a murder case.

The development of newer forensic procedures for evaluating evidence exploded in the early 20th century. As a result, law enforcement authorities realized the need for specialized forensic investigator teams to gather and analyze evidences. Edmond Locard, “Sherlock Holmes of France” was a renowned forensic scientist of the 19th century. Locard is considered as the innovator in this field of research and had made significant influence in the development of criminalistics (along with the partnership of Joseph Bell and Archibald Reiss). Locard’s Exchange Theory, a basic principle he developed, is crucial for today’s law enforcement. In his theory, Locard stated that “when a person comes in contact with an object or another person, a cross-transfer of physical material can occur”. The world’s first forensic laboratory in Lyon, France established in 1910, had Edmond Locard as its director. His writings include no reference of “exchange principle”. However, he did say, “It’s impossible for a criminal to act without leaving signs of his or her presence, especially given the severity of the crime”. The term “PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE” first appears in 1940 in the book named Police and Crime Detection, and it was developed from His observations. Furthermore, there have also been many innovations during this period in some specific areas. For example, Karl Landsteiner was awarded the Noble Prize for his work on blood groups in 1930, as he was the first to divide human blood groups into four different categories. The study of blood further helped investigators in proceeding with their analysis of the crime scene. Scientists at the Aerospace Corporation in California in the 1970s, developed a scanning electron microscope method for the easy detection of gunshot residues. Other tests to check saliva, sperm, urine and sweat were developed in the mid-1990s.

The growth of forensic science has been aided by increased computational capacities. Photographs which are of high resolution and are essential for the proceedings of a murder case can now be saved and processed more easily due to increased computational and storage capacities. Criminology mostly works with the idea that resolves around the moto - “every case is different”. This idea generates a primitive conflict between researches focused on generalizable theories and professional crime reconstruction practices. On that account, it is essential to get hold of a long-term perspective while considering the probable opportunities and recommendable future directions in the field of forensics.  

While, it can be seen that the application of physical, natural, and social disciplines to legal issues is referred to as forensic science and the history of this field is very old. The first application of this field goes back to the history of ancient Rome, Greece and Egypt. The previously applied basics of criminology have not changed over the years and while it can answer how of a crime being committed, it can never solve the why. Analyzing a crime scene includes the intervention of human factors as well as scientific methods and procedures to get to the root of the incident that has occurred. While the evidence has the voice of their own, human intervention translates those evidence in the court of law ensuring justice is always served.

[darkmaga-returns]

Our teeth are our only permanent body part, so it makes sense that they must be cared for if you are going to live a long, healthy life. Unlike the rest of our body, once formed, they are not continually rebuilt through routine metabolism. Teeth are, under healthy conditions, essentially indestructible, as demonstrated by fossil records and forensic medicine. Yet, as we go about our daily lives, microorganisms constantly assault our teeth. This battle results in dental infections, a universal affliction of humankind — the discomfort caused by these infections and their enormous cost. Dental infections rank third in medical expenses in the United States, right behind heart disease and cancer. Furthermore, dental disease is closely linked to the development of a variety of heart diseases.

Beginning in the 1940s, a consensus emerged (particularly in the United States) that the risks and consequences of dental disease could be prevented mainly by ensuring that children consume adequate levels of a chemical called “fluoride” in their diet so that it would then be incorporated into their developing teeth. Based on this belief, most US municipal water systems began injecting fluoride into drinking water. In 2014, three-quarters of the US population on the public water supply received fluoridated water, representing two-thirds of the total US population. Despite this intervention, dental disease remains near the top of US health cost drivers. It is time to revisit the mid-20th century consensus on fluoride supplementation. The metadata indicates that the mandated intervention is not curing the problem.

Recent scientific study data, including a comprehensive evaluation by the US HHS National Toxicology Program, indicate that “higher levels of fluoride exposure, such as drinking water containing more than 1.5 milligrams of fluoride per liter, are associated with lower IQ in children.” This finding underscores a couple of central principles of pharmacology and toxicology - first, all substances (including generally beneficial supplements) are toxic at some dose. Secondly, there is no substitute for long-term studies in the species of interest (humans) because cumulative effects may not be revealed in short-term analyses. Sound familiar? Basic principles.

[lafayettenossie]

Josephine "Joey Laveau" Archer.

Coroner's Assistant. Voodoo Mambo.

Josephine Archer, Coroner's assistant.

Josephine was born into a family of believers and practitioners of voodoo on Bayou St. John, north of New Orleans. There was a certain gift among the women of the family for speaking with the deceased and with the Loa, especially with the Ghede Loa (the family of Loa related to fertility and death)

Although Josephine grew up in that environment and wasn't unaware of rituals and voodoo, as she grew up her thinking became more and more rational, until she finally decided to study the health branch, specializing in forensic medicine and toxicology at the University in New York.

But the ability to see spiritual beings around her never ceased, Josephine could see and interact with the recently dead and the Loa would show up and sometimes 'ride' her (a term that defines the voluntary possession of a voodoo mambo by one of these spiritual beings for a certain time). During her medical training period at the hospital it would be very common for her to try to help restless spirits to advance towards transcendence. Her classmates would soon call her 'Joey Laveau' upon learning of her family ties to the ancient voodoo queen...

"Joey Laveau", Voodoo Mambo.

In a world where she developed her professional side, her family tried to get her back into the fold by all possible means, and when they failed they punished her by being turned into a Samedi, a decomposed undead creature, which fed on the blood of the living...

Joey Laveau, Samedi vampire.

However, in another world Joey became interested in resuming her family heritage and combined her university studies with voodoo rites. One night, upon returning to the apartment where she lived, she met an enigmatic gentleman who told her that there was a place where people with gifts similar to hers could develop them and learn... This aroused the woman's curiosity and she agreed to go to Strixhaven with him.

[djeterg19]

I'm back and reading chapter 9 of the Sign book. Much more focus on the investigation this chapter.

We start with Tharn making breakfast. Same as the show but he's alone eating a fried egg, hotdog, and toast. He is not a very good cook so he sticks with simple foods. He gets a text from P'Mhor which is the doctor(I'm far too proud that I realized Prem was using this for Ten in Cooking Crush today) asking to meet for lunch but Tharn tells him he'll probably be busy with the case. Chalotorn insists on taking him out to celebrate if he does have time later. This makes Tharn smile because he likes free food.

The DSI dress code is a black or dark suit with white shirt and...yeah I wish we got that in the show. Billy and Babe would look so good in suits. Or that may just me having a thing for men in suits. Tharn thinks he's 5 minutes early but everyone is already there when he gets to the meeting room and the captain tells him he's late.

There are a bunch of different forensic officers in the room being introduced. The head of forensic medicine went to high school with the captain. They have several different teams but they are missing toxicology as they won't be joining for several days. After all the intros, Tharn noticed a forensic scientist standing by himself so Tharn introduced himself. The man says his name is Vito and they are called back to their separate teams.

As Tharn heads back, he suddenly feels an icy cold sensation at the base of his neck causing his hair to stand on end and makes him feel like he's being touched. Phaya notices and tries to get him to move back to the conference room but Tharn can hear something. A whisper or buzzing that he shouldn't be able to hear but does. Something no one should be able to hear but somehow Tharn is able to.

Tharn is finally snapped out of his daze by the captain who is very unhappy with him. He goes to sit but she makes him come over to her instead. She smacks him with a folder and says he embarrassed her and that he's acting like he's not ready to work. He apologizes and she tells him to go back to his seat. Phaya asks if he's ok and he nods.

They divvy up the work of who is going to interview all of the victims of the murdered men. They have a tablet thing with all of the relevant info for each victim. They call them Kinds because they are like modified Kindles. Everyone leaves and Tharn thinks Yai follows to check that he's ok but no he lectures him about being late and tells Phaya to take care of him.

Tharn hears the voice again but this time he can make out what's being said: help him. Please help him. And Phaya is thinking of his dream the night before.

They get to their victims house and she is less than cooperative. She doesn't want to answer their questions as it brings up too many bad memories of the past. She has a daughter from the assault. They ask to speak with the daughter but she starts yelling at them and slams the door in their faces. So they go visit the daughter at school instead. She also doesn't want to talk but something about her makes Tharn suspicious that she's hiding something. Phaya agrees but they don't have enough to do more now.

They get back to the office and report everything to Singh and Thongthai. Yai brought in one of the victims he talked to because they were acting suspicious. As they are all discussing things, the captain brings in a woman draped in a red dress. It's a woman from one of the photos in Phaya's wallet. Phaya is not thrilled to see her and asks for Tharn's help.

They go into the visitor room and the woman bumps Tharn out of the way to get to Phaya. She wants to have lunch with Phaya but Phaya puts his arm around Tharn's shoulder and winks at him. The woman starts whining and begging. Phaya insists he can't go to lunch with her and that she promised she would stop bothering him after they broke up. Some grossness about how they had sex when he was drugged and of course he couldn't resist a woman that served herself up when under the influence.

Phaya and Tharn go out to lunch and Tharn calls Phaya daddy again. Anyways Tharn can't undo his seatbelt so Phaya has to help him. Phaya realizes how much Tharn looks like Vanvisa close up. He puts his hands on Tharn's cheeks and then under his chin saying. Tharn asks what the hell he's doing and Phaya says that he looks so much like her. Tharn asks like who but they are of course interrupted by Chalotorn. He asks if they are ok because they stayed in the car for so long. They say no they were just talking. Chalotorn takes Tharn's hand and Phaya watches as they walk into the restaurant. Phaya wonders why the doctor doesn't like him.

[forensicfield]

Multiple Choice Questions on Forensic Medicine

1. The visual disturbances seen in methyl alcohol poisoning include all of the following, except? A) Concentric diminution of visual fields for color and form B) Pinpoint pupils C) Photophobia and blurred vision D) Sudden failure of vision

Continue reading Multiple Choice Questions on Forensic Medicine

[madame-fear]

BABY WHAT DO U STUDY?!?? 😩

*Sigh* Ok so I study Forensics, Genetics, Criminology, and Medicine, rights?

But inside of all of that, to properly know all these topics, the Universities I want to get in/my teachers recommend studying:

Nutrition

Nutrigenomics

Epigenetics

Chemistry

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Algebra

Calculus

Statistics

Forensic Toxicology

Forensic Biology

Forensic Psychiatry

Antrophology

Human Behaviour

3 Programming Languages (for Genetics)

AND IM NOT EVEN DONE WITH THE LIST SEND MHELPN AND LUC K

[the-teacup-poisoner]

Park Lane’s medical director, Dr Malcolm MacCulloch, also spoke with Graham at length and provided an insightful analysis that examined his entire history with perhaps a better understanding than ever before. Dr MacCulloch found:

In discussing his childhood he told me that he was a boy of intellectual pursuits with very few close friends, a very studious child who learned that knowledge is power. His first motivation became the pursuit of knowledge and his parents became alarmed and sought to divert him to boyish pursuits and the relationship then deteriorated. By ten, his interests had settled on medical sciences, chemistry, pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, general medicine, toxicology, pathology, forensic medicine. He thus came to have an intense emotional investment in the subject [and] wanted to qualify in medicine but had bitter opposition from his father. His father blamed the death of his mother on Graham, or at least Graham felt so, and also on the incompetence of the medical profession. The father banned all medicine-type books from the house and accused Graham of having a twisted mind, therefore Graham carried on covertly and came to hate his father and decided to punish him, first by killing the stepmother by poisoning her slowly. As we went along, I learnt that the different kinds of colour of dress are important in Graham’s life: black is aggressive, brown is aggressive, blue is tranquil, green is flamboyant. He came to tell me how he came to look at death as an ideal state. Death is neat and orderly, sterile. He said of his victims that he thought of them being better off when they were dead. He himself felt that he had more in common with death than with life and he saw himself as an agent of mortality, an agent of death.

— A Passion For Poison, by Carol Ann Lee.

[diginerve]

Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Course

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[jessicazoe]

The Intersection of Medicine and Forensic Toxicology

Introduction Medicine and forensic toxicology are two closely related fields that intersect in the investigation of crimes, accidents, and other incidents involving toxic substances. Forensic toxicology plays a crucial role in determining the presence and effects of drugs, chemicals, and poisons in biological samples. This article explores the connection between medicine and forensic toxicology,…