#Electric Arc Ceramic Coating

[wwgengineeringpteltd]

Thermal Spray Coating: A Comprehensive Guide to Surface Protection and Performance Enhancement

Thermal spray coating is a vital surface engineering technique used to enhance the durability, corrosion resistance, and heat tolerance of components across various industries. This process involves depositing molten or semi-molten materials onto a surface to create a protective layer, significantly improving the component's performance and lifespan. WWG Engineering stands out in the field of thermal spray coating, offering a broad range of solutions tailored to specific customer needs.

WWG Engineering’s Expertise in Surface Engineering Solutions

WWG Engineering’s core competency lies in its extensive array of surface modification technologies, with thermal spray coating being a central element of their success formula. The company's expertise in this field is evident in its ability to address diverse operating conditions and customer expectations. Whether clients need to restore machinery and components to their original dimensions, provide temporary fixes, or enhance surface properties for improved functionality, WWG Engineering provides solutions that meet these requirements. Their ability to select the appropriate materials with the exact right chemistry ensures that each coating delivers optimal performance, functionality, and service life, making them a leader in surface engineering solutions.

Wire Metallizing (Flame Wire Spray)

Wire Metallizing, or Flame Wire Spray, is a time-tested thermal spray technique where a metallic wire is melted using an oxygen-fuel flame and then sprayed onto a surface. This method is ideal for corrosion protection and surface restoration. It is widely used in sectors like construction and manufacturing to coat steel structures such as bridges and pipelines. The process is both cost-effective and scalable, offering durable protection against environmental elements and wear, thereby extending the life of critical infrastructure and machinery.

Electric Arc Spray

Electric Arc Spray involves melting two electrically conductive wires through an electric arc to create a molten spray that is deposited onto the surface. This method is particularly beneficial for large-scale applications that require robust, long-lasting coatings. It is commonly used in industries such as oil and gas, marine, and automotive to provide corrosion resistance and wear protection for machinery and structural components. With a high deposition rate and excellent adhesion, Electric Arc Spray is effective for applying thick coatings quickly and efficiently, ensuring enhanced durability for components exposed to harsh environments.

Flame Powder Spray

Flame Powder Spray utilizes powdered materials, including metals and ceramics, which are melted in an oxygen-fuel flame and sprayed onto the substrate. This versatile method is suitable for applications requiring thermal barrier coatings, such as in turbines and engine components. Its ability to handle a variety of materials makes it a valuable technique for industries needing wear-resistant coatings. By improving the resistance of components to friction, corrosion, and high temperatures, Flame Powder Spray contributes to enhanced performance and extended service life in demanding conditions.

Rokide Ceramics Spray

Rokide Ceramics Spray employs ceramic rods as the coating materials, which are melted using a high-temperature flame and then sprayed onto the surface. This technique is well-suited for applications requiring abrasive protection and high-temperature resistance. Commonly used in industries like mining and manufacturing, Rokide coatings provide excellent protection against wear and thermal stress. The resulting ceramic layer is durable and long-lasting, making it ideal for components subjected to harsh operational environments and requiring high-performance protection.

Plasma Spray

Plasma Spray is a high-energy technique where a plasma arc melts the coating material, which is then sprayed onto the surface. This method is highly versatile and can be applied to a wide range of materials, including metals, ceramics, and composites. Plasma Spray is used in industries like aerospace and biomedical engineering to apply high-quality coatings that enhance the thermal, electrical, and wear properties of components. Its capability to produce strong, durable coatings with excellent bond strength makes it suitable for high-performance applications such as turbine blades and medical implants.

HVOF (High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel) Coating

HVOF (High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel) Coating involves spraying molten coating material onto a substrate at supersonic speeds, resulting in a dense and well-bonded coating. This technique is favoured in industries that require superior wear and corrosion resistance, such as aerospace and automotive. HVOF coatings are used to protect components like shafts, valves, and pump impellers from extreme wear and corrosive environments. The resulting coatings offer long-term durability and enhanced performance, making HVOF an ideal choice for demanding applications.

Cold Spray

Cold Spray operates at lower temperatures compared to other thermal spray methods, allowing solid powder particles to be deposited onto a surface without melting. This technique is particularly beneficial for coating temperature-sensitive materials, such as polymers and soft metals. Cold Spray is used for restoring worn surfaces and protecting delicate components without causing thermal damage. Its ability to achieve high bond strength and minimal oxidation makes it suitable for aerospace, electronics, and defence applications, where precise and gentle coating solutions are required.

Conclusion

Thermal spray coating is a sophisticated process essential for enhancing the performance and durability of components across various industries. WWG Engineering excels in delivering customized thermal spray coating solutions, leveraging their expertise to meet specific customer needs. By understanding the critical operating conditions and selecting the right materials with the correct chemistry, WWG Engineering ensures that each coating application achieves optimal results. Their commitment to excellence and innovation in surface modification technologies makes them a leader in the field, offering solutions that improve functionality, performance, and service life for a wide range of industrial applications.

[esselbathfittings]

Why does your bathroom essentials deserve PVD coating?

Physical Vapour Deposition meaning was primarily derived in 1857 when Faraday experimented over a metal wire under vacuum. In PVD coating methods, traditional solidification methods governed by physicochemical rules are not put to application. Therefore, materials coated as thin films retain the elastic properties of the base material. Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) coatings are applied to various alloys to provide a range of colours and textures, making them resistant to scratching, tarnishing, and corrosion.These coatings also improve the surface properties of bath fittings, making them easier to clean and maintain.PVD coatings can enhance the perceived value of the metal system by providing a sleek and defined polish.

What is PVD coating ?

PVD coating is a versatile process that can be applied to various materials, including metals, plastics, and ceramics, to enhance their durability, resilient nature, and immensely aesthetic appeal. While other traditional coating like powder coating methods are dipped in liquid, PVD coating uses special coating equipment that helps the rising vacuum deposition process which further is sprayed over on the objects which traditionally is done by going under high powered electric arc or electric beam to multiple metals and coated over. This is used in multiple industries such as metal, furniture, bathroom fittings etc to produce good engagement of performance and additional durability. PVD coating protects any substance from excoriation, toxins and torrid heat. Therefore, PVD coating is a term used to describe the process of vaporising solid matter into thin films as laminations in a vacuum environment in order to subsequently place it onto a substance.

Why should I use PVD coating?

 Physical vapour Deposition coating gives a very sleek and slick appearance to any material. The coating is very urbane and can be available in matte or polished form. Using PVD is relevant if you want to make something look brighter and that is due to its propensity of reflecting surfaces. PVD coating provides a very brilliant and appealing appearance to multiple household products such as faucets, sink, furniture etc. There are options to customise the PVD coating colours, texture, product or appearance and the most elegant and minimalistic PVD coating colours happens to be in three forms:

French gold

Rose gold

Sparkle Black

They can be used frequently in the areas that are in strong use such as bathroom fittings. Gold PVD coatingaka French gold coating is frequently used since it outshines the elegance of the house and bathrooms. Rose gold and sparkle black are used when defining a particular vibration of the place. PVD coating delivers a very important factor of being environmentally sustainable as it does not release any harmful substances or gases in the first place, it does not potentially require any kind of dissolvement and hence does not support air pollution. And throughout the process it consumes least energy in comparison to other methods of coating which is nonetheless very environment friendly

Where can I use PVD coating?

PVD coating is used in multiple industries which can be poles apart but it provides one and same service to everyone with its durability and appearance. Meanwhile, when it's about showcasing important and challenging household materials, the PVD coating plays a major role. This is because it can be used in various items which might corrode due to the frequent water contact and it can lead to rust. Therefore, to prevent such reactions it's beneficial to use it in bathroom fittings. Bathroom materials such as faucets, towel bars, shower heads, soap dispenser, robe hook, toilet paper extender and multimore products can be leashed with PVD coatings. Other than the bath fittings it also strikes its visibility in multiple kitchenwares such as cutlery and utensils. One of the major industries where PVD coating can be used is jewells, technical equipment and automotive parts too.

Conclusion

PVD coating is provided and sold by multiple companies beforehand with the product itself. PVD services are reliable and safe from multiple aspects, Essel bath fittings and multiple other companies provide these services in your bathroom fittings in major three colours. Essel bath provides the services ensuring it to be pre coated on the product and not needing to comply with the coating differently. PVD coating determines class and aesthetic services and so does Essel and others in every product sold.

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[microwave-of-doom]

Microwave Safety PSA

Since I have seen a lot of posts involving put non-microwave safe things in the microwave, I want to provide a general guide as to what is and is not safe to microwave.

this info comes from Whirlpool but can be applied to other brands. As always please check with your own microwave's manufacturer for more specific questions.

What can you microwave? 

Glass and ceramics

Glass and ceramic dishware are usually safe for microwave use, but there are exceptions like crystal and some handmade pottery. When it comes to glass or ceramic plates, bowls, cups, mugs, mixing bowls or bakeware, you should be in the clear as long as it doesn’t feature metallic paint or inlays.

Plastic, including Tupperware

While some plastic containers are safe for use in the microwave, there are a few you should avoid. Single-use plastics like those used for yogurt, cottage cheese and other foods should never be microwaved. The same rule applies to plastic to-go containers that don’t clearly state that it is microwave-safe. Similarly, do not use cracked, old or discolored plastic containers. Plastic containers meant for longer-term use, such as Tupperware, are generally best for microwave use.

Paper plates

Plain paper plates can be microwaved, but some disposable tableware are coated in a thin layer of plastic. Before you microwave a paper plate or bowl, be sure that it’s clearly marked as microwave-safe.

Paper towels

Most paper towels are microwave-safe. In fact, you can use a paper towel to cover some foods so they don’t spit during cooking or reheating. If you do use a paper towel while microwaving, it’s best to use shorter intervals so you can check both the food and the paper more frequently. Recycled paper towels, paper towels with printing, paper lids and brown paper bags should not be used as they pose a potential safety hazard.

Ziploc bags

According to Ziploc, their food storage bags are safe for defrosting or reheating foods in microwaves, “when label directions are followed.” If you prefer a different bag storage brand, confirm that they are microwave-safe and follow any and all directions. If you aren’t sure what type of bag you’re using or don’t have access to the directions, play it safe and keep the bag out of the microwave.

What can’t you put in the microwave?

Styrofoam

Some types of Styrofoam are safe to microwave, but they must be labeled as such. If you don’t see a microwave-safe label or aren’t sure what type of Styrofoam you’re using, it’s best to keep it out of the microwave.

Cardboard

If you can microwave paper plates and towels, can you do the same with cardboard? Both are paper products, after all. Unfortunately, cardboard can contain glues, waxes and other materials that can make it a safety hazard in the microwave. Some cardboard takeout boxes even have metal handles or fasteners that can cause sparks and present a fire hazard. Keep your microwave (and your family) safe by removing food from cardboard containers and placing them on microwaveable plates or in microwave-safe bowls.

Metals including stainless steel and aluminum foil

Anything made of or containing steel, iron, copper or other hard metals should never go in your microwave. Metal surfaces reflect microwaves, which increases the heat inside the appliance and could lead to a fire. If you’re storing leftovers in a metal container, remove the food and place it in a microwave-safe container instead. 

When it comes to aluminum foil, things can get tricky. Technically foil can be microwaved, but its surface needs to stay as flat as possible. Wrinkles or crumpled foil can cause “arcing”—that is, it can cause electric sparks to shoot across the surface of the foil, potentially damaging your microwave or causing a fire. In addition, food wrapped in aluminum foil may not cook or reheat properly in the microwave—the foil will reflect the radio waves instead. Each microwave is different, learn more about how a microwave works or consult your owner’s manual to determine if aluminum foil is safe. And when in doubt, avoid placing any kind of metal in your microwave.

[rajukumar8926]

Different Types of Thermal Spray Coating Processes You Should Know 

EWS is a reliable company that provides HVAF and HVOF WC-Co thermal spray coating services. It has a trained team to deal with different coating techniques. 

Thermal spray coating is of different types. Let professionals choose the right coating process for your industrial needs. 

Today, several industries use thermal spray coatings, which comprise molten powder and wire. The combination is exposed to oxy fuel while coating a surface. The spray coating tool treats the heated mixture, and after spraying the coating onto the metal surface, the mixture retains the coating. From airplanes to buildings, everywhere has an application of thermal spray coating India. 

The thermal coating spray can be categorized in different ways- 

High-velocity oxy-fuel coating-  

The HVOF coating process involves using a torch, which facilitates the spread of the frame when you use the nozzle. It makes the rapid acceleration of the mixture particles. You will find a thin and highly consistent coating. The coating adheres to the surface firmly and has high strength. Professionals prefer HVOF to plasma coatings. However, it is not much suitable for high temperatures. 

Vacuum plasma spraying- 

A controlled environment is important for this thermal spray coating method. But, the temperature level should be low while applying the coat. As it is a vacuum plasma spraying method, a vacuum is maintained properly. It also reduces damage to the chosen material. Different combinations of gasses are used for the desired spraying pressure. You can use this spraying process for various items like door mirrors and car bumpers. What’s more, you can pre-treat the polyethylene moldings that create adhesion for water-based epoxy adhesives.   

Plasma spraying- 

It uses the plasma torch as a tool for spraying and heating the coating. After melting down the powder material, it is applied on the surface in an innovative way. The plasma spraying process creates a coating with a thickness ranging from a few micrometers to millimeters. Though plasma spraying is a widely used ingredient, you can also find the application of ceramics and metals. Adaptability is one of the major advantages of using the plasma spraying process. 

Combustion flame spraying- 

If the surface cannot manage high stress, combustion flame spraying is the right choice. The spraying process results in a coating, which does not bond to the surface. A low-frame velocity powers the spraying process. Oxygen helps in generating the flame, and it gets blended with the fuel. For low-intensity applications, you can choose combustion flame spraying to save costs.  

2-Wire Electric Arc Spraying 

It is another thermal coating process, which uses an arc point developed between electrically conductive wires. Melting occurs at a spot that connects the wires. The arch helps with heating and produces deposition. Compressed air plays a role in the spraying process. Affordability is the major reason for choosing the electric arc spraying process. The base materials used for the spraying process are zinc and aluminum. 

You can invest in thermal spray coating services for your industrial needs. The best professionals know about different spraying methods.  

[plasmaspray]

A mixture of gaseous or liquid fuel and oxygen is fed into a combustion chamber, where they are ignited and combusted continuously. The fuels can be gases (hydrogen, methane, propane, propylene, acetylene, natural gas, etc.) or liquids (kerosene, etc.). The jet velocity at the exit of the barrel (>1000 m/s) exceeds the speed of sound. A powder feed stock is injected into the gas stream, which accelerates the powder up to 800 m/s.

[blastroom]

Thermal Spray Gun | Thermal Spray Coatings

Thermal Spray Gun

The thermal spray gun is a coating process in which finely divided metallic or nonmetallic materials. That consists of a heat source and a coating material in a powder. The coating material may be in the form of molten materials, powder, ceramic-rod or wire, which is melted into small droplets and sprayed onto surfaces at large velocity.

Thermal spray coating is normally utilized to metallic substrates, but also can be carried out to a few plastic substrates. This form of coatings uniquely complements and improves the performance of the thing.

Types of Thermal Spray Gun

There are numerous types of processes used to use a thermal spray coating. They may be the following:

·         Metalizing Gun

·         Flame Spray Gun

·         Arc Spray Gun

·         HVOF Gun

·         Zinc Spray Gun

·         Plasma Thermal Spray Gun

Metalizing Gun - In this metalizing gun the metal takes place with the help of heat. In this, heat melts the metal wire into the liquid. Then it is sprayed on the surface of the subject. On part of abrasive media, we can take rod, wire, and powder to feed inside the gun.

Flame Spray Gun – Flame Spray Gun spraying generally requires only low-cost equipment. It is appropriate for single-piece and series production may be used in both stationary and mobile configurations. Its main applications are corrosion and wear protection. The usage of wire or powder relies upon at the material and the application rate. Zinc, aluminum, and molybdenum are mostly sprayed as wire. Most metal and hard alloys are applied as a powder.

Arc Spray Gun – In this gun, two arcs of wire are generating with the help of an electric supply anode and cathode. These wires when touched generate the spark which leads to heat to the two-wire. Melts down and sprayed over the subject.

HVOF Gun - HVOF Gun known as High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel. HVOF Gun is a thermal spray system utilizing the combustion of gases or liquid. Combustion gases such as hydrogen and liquid fuel such as kerosene are used. Fuel and oxygen combine and atomize within the combustion area under conditions that monitor the correct combustion mode and pressure required for coating.

Zinc Spray Gun - In this, different abrasive media can be used for spraying on the subject. Like anti-corrosive abrasive is used for protecting the surface from corrosion. Othertime, Zinc spray gun, the Aluminum spray gun is used.

Plasma Flame Spray Gun - Plasma fire spray gun is utilized for both huge surfaces just as little inward bore widths surface coatings. Plasma spray measure incorporates the spraying of liquid or warm mollified materials onto a surface to give a covering. Plasma spray gun creates adequate energy to liquefy practically any material in powder structure makes them appropriate for an enormous assortment of surface coatings.

Working of Thermal Spray Gun

Thermal Spray coating technology sprinkle can provide you with thick coatings (approx. thickness scope is 22 microns to several mm, depending on the technique and feedstock), over a massive place at a excessive announcement fee compared to more coating strategies including electroplating, physical and chemical vapor declaration. Thermal Spray gadget is ready for thermal sprinkles to encompass metals, ceramics, alloys, plastics, and composites.

Advantages of Thermal Spray Gun

·         Wear Resistance – It can improve overall product quality, reduce maintenance costs and downtime, and help improve energy efficiencies.

·         Performance Enhancement – It can enhance product performance in a number of ways. A copper-based coating can be used to improve electrical conductivity.

·         Extended Life – It can be used to extend the working life of treated parts and components.

Disadvantages of Thermal Spray Gun

·         Disguises the substrate – They are so efficient in many cases, what material the substrate was made of after the coating process, unless stringent records are kept.

·         Cannot precisely evaluate effectiveness – Once it has been applied it is often difficult to tell exactly how well the coating has gone on.

·         Costly set up – It require very expensive apparatus, which can result in a high initial set up cost.

Applications of Thermal Spray Gun

·         Wear Resistant Coatings against abrasion, erosion

·         Corrosion-Resistant Coatings

·         Heat Resistant Coatings

·         Thermal Insulation or Conduction Coatings

·         Electromagnetic Shielding

·         Medical Coatings

Uses of Thermal Spray Gun

Thermal spray coatings are more accepted for electrical purposes. Conductive elements such as copper slag can be applied for conductors. Ceramic elements may be utilized for electrical packing. Conductive metals are more applied to magnetically shield delicate electronics.

Very solid and thick thermal spray deposits have been applied on an innovative basis as cavitations tight materials and in combination with weld overlays as a replacement technique.

Thermal Spray Gun Manufacturer in India

We manufacture the best-designed models for thermal spray gun as per their applications. The prices of thermal spray gun are within the budget of the customers, they can afford them easily. From ordering to delivering, Blast rooms give assurance of providing the best service. The thermal spray guns available here are capable of working on any type of work-piece geometry.

[yaaninsulation]

Application of insulating materials

Power systems: Transformer oil is widely used as an insulator to prevent arcing in transformers, stabilizers, circuit breakers, etc. The insulating oil can withstand insulating properties up to a specified electrical breakdown voltage. Vacuum, gas (sulfur hexafluoride), and ceramic or glass wire are other methods of insulation in high voltage systems. Small transformers, power generators, and electrical motors contain insulation on the wire coils by the means of polymer varnish. Fiberglass insulating tape is also used as a winding coil separator. Electrical cable insulating tape:PVC tapes are widely used to insulate electrical wires and other live conductive parts. It is made of vinyl as it stretches well and provides effective and long-lasting insulation. Electrical tape for class H insulation is made of fiberglass cloth. Personal protective equipment: PPE protects humans from the hazards of shock with electrical circuits. PPE such as insulating head protection, eye and face protection, and insulating gloves are necessary for protection against all common electrical hazards. Insulated tools and protective shields are must for an electrician’s safe working. Dielectric shoes (non-metallic safety footwear) or electrical hazard footwear is made with non-conductive, electrical shock-resistant soles and heels. Insulating mats for electrical purposes have a wide application in various substations, power plants, etc. The mats are used for floor covering below control panels to provide for the safety of workman due to any possible leakage of current.Cables and transmission lines:

Insulating material is generally used as a protective coating on electrical conductor and cables. Cable cores which touch each other should be separated and insulated by means of insulation coating on each core, e.g. polyethylene, cross linked polyethylene-XLPE, polyvinyl chloride-PVC, Teflon, silicone etc. Hanging disk insulators (bushings) are used in high voltage transmission bare cables where they are supported by electrical poles. Bushings are made from glass, porcelain, or composite polymer materials. Electronics systems: All electronic appliances and instruments widely contain PCB (printed circuit boards) having different electronics components on them. PCBs are manufactured of epoxy plastic and fiberglass. All electronics components are fixed on the insulated PCB board. In SCR (semiconductor rectifiers), transistors and integrated circuits, the silicon material is used as a conductive material and can be converted into insulators using a heat and oxygen process.

[materialsworld]

Materials World’s top feature of 2019

As 2019 is drawing to a close, the Materials World team wanted to highlight a couple of stories to end the year on a high note. On Wednesday we shared the news story that got the most clicks on our website in 2019.  Today, we are sharing the top feature. We hope you enjoy and Merry Christmas from the editorial team. 

15 UNDER 30

By: Idha Valeur 

IOM3 is looking to the future and celebrating young talent and ambition. Idha Valeur talks to the ones to watch in STEM.

Kyle Saltmarsh Age: 27 Job: Robotics Engineer at Woodside Energy. Education: PhD Engineering in Submarine Vibration and Acoustics, BSc in Physics and Applied Mathematics, BME (Honours). Current project: Deployment of robotic technology onto Woodside’s oil and gas plant for surveillance, and performing tasks through robot manipulation. Achievements: Best honours thesis, several hackathon wins, top IBM 2018 graduate in Australia/New Zealand, 2018 Young Persons’ World Lecture Competition Winner, world’s largest bungee jumper, blogger and hosting a podcast to inspire people in technology. Ultimate goal: To positively impact the world through the power of technology.

Kyle Saltmarsh     Image credit: Brent Campbell 

Jennie Palmer Age: 26 Job: Research Engineer. Education: Undertaking an EngD in Structural Metals for Gas Turbine Applications, BEng in Aerospace Engineering, with a year in industry, Swansea University. Current project: I am researching the development of bespoke test facilities and fundamental understanding of thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth behaviour in titanium alloys. Achievements: Graduating with a BEng in Aerospace Engineering with First-Class Honours, presenting my research at national and international conferences, having research published in an internationally recognised journal and a Green Belt Certificate in Lean Six Sigma. Ultimate goal: To become a well-established, technical expert in my engineering field.

Jennie Palmer     Image credit: Jemima Bond 

Ilija Rašović Age: 27 Job: Lecturer at University of Birmingham Education: MEng in Materials Science at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. DPhil in Materials at St Cross College, Oxford. Current project: The use of fullerenes — nanometre-sized balls of carbon — in biomedical applications. One of the methods I have devised, to make them soluble in water, helps in the formation of large self-assembled structures that hold great promise as multi-modal drug delivery vehicles. Achievements: The IOM3 international Literature Review Prize in 2016. Final of the IOM3 Young Persons’ World Lecture Competition in 2017. I joined the P1 Graphene Solutions as an advanced materials engineer and became a lecturer at the University of Birmingham. In 2019, I joined IOM3’s Younger Members’ Committee. Ultimate goal: To make a contribution to the wide deployment of transformative nanomedicine in a clinical setting within my lifetime. My broader vision is to continue to champion materials science and make more accessible the obfuscated world of academic research.

Ilija Rašović     

Amanda Field Age: 25 Job: Development Engineer. Education: BEng Materials Science and Technology, University of Birmingham. Current project: Trying to finish my PhD on additive manufacturing of tungsten for nuclear fusion reactors. It’s challenging but worthwhile because the success of nuclear fusion would go a long way to solving the energy crisis. I’m working in additive manufacturing. Achievements: I have presented my work at international conferences. I was involved with an experimental parabolic flight campaign for the European Space Agency where we used a demonstrator device to 3D print metal in zero gravity. I came second in the IOM3 Young Persons Lecture Competition. Ultimate Goal: To keep working in additive manufacturing. I’d like to stay in R&D as you get such variety in your role and you have the potential to make significant improvements to a product or a technology, or design new ones yourself.

Amanda Field    Image credit: Luke Carter 

Jack Saunders Age: 25 Job: PhD Student in Materials Chemistry. Education: MChem with a year in industry, University of Manchester. Undertaking a PhD in Materials Chemistry, University of Manchester, in collaboration with AkzoNobel. Current project: To analyse the impact of different polymers on the corrosion protection afforded by emulsion paints. I aim to achieve this by synthesising and testing polymer’s corrosion performance. This is to better understand how polymer chemistry can affect the corrosion protection offered by the dried paint. Achievements: A First Class Master’s degree in chemistry. My PhD at the School of Materials at The University of Manchester. Awarded the President’s Doctoral Scholar Award. Presented my work at conferences such as the RSC’s MacroGroup YRM, Dublin, 2018. Won the regional Young Persons’ Lecture Competition this year. Ultimate goal: To develop my research and management skills in order to have my own research group in the field of polymer chemistry and colloid science.

Jack Saunders    Image credit: University of Manchester  Megan McGregor Age: 25 Job: PhD Candidate at the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. Education: MSci in Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge, specialising in Materials Science. Current project: A PhD project investigating a new intermetallic alloy for commercial gas turbine engines. Specifically, trying to develop a novel coating material required to attach abrasives onto the end of rotating turbine blades, in pursuit of a more efficient sealing system. Achievements: I enjoy teaching in the department, and was recently awarded the Departmental Demonstrator Prize. I talked at the Cambridge Science Festival and the inaugural Cambridge Soapbox Science event. I will be representing the South Eastern Region in the final of the IOM3 Young Persons’ Lecture Competition this year, selected for an RCUK Public Policy Internship at the Government Office for Science in 2018, where I got to contribute to government policy. Ultimate goal: To see the material I am working on make it into a commercial gas turbine engine. I want to take my expertise in this area into industry, and be able to contribute to the development of the hybrid-electric aircraft sector.

Megan McGregor    Image credit: Andrew Jeskins 

Abigail Georgia Robinson Age: 22 Job: Geology student. Education: MGeol in Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, graduating in 2020. Current project: I will co-lead an expedition to the Lofdal Complex, Namibia, which hosts a suite of carbonatitic and silicic igneous rocks, some of which are enriched in heavy rare earth elements. I aim to integrate geological field data with geochemical and isotopic datasets to model the petrogenesis of the scientifically interesting igneous rocks. Achievements: I was awarded the prestigious Laidlaw Scholarship in Research and Leadership in 2018. This supported my field campaign in Armenia, to investigate the interplay between climate change, hydrology and medieval irrigation systems. I did a research placement at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre where I learned to code in Python and used this to statistically investigate the geographical origin of lunar meteorites across the lunar surface. This work was included in Dr Marissa Tremblay’s published abstract and presentation at the 2019 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, USA. Ultimate goal: I plan to embark on a PhD on the tectonically imposed planet-wide cycling of the volatile elements. I plan to be an active communicator promoting an understanding of geoscience and the global scale problems that we, the geoscientists, can work to solve.

Abigail Robinson      Image credit: Evan Margerum 

Federica Rosaria Lisa Age: 24 Job: Technical Graduate at British Steel. Education: MChem Chemistry with Forensic Science with a year in industry, University of Leicester. Current project: A variety of research and development projects – one on understanding and reducing the factors that influence power and electrode consumption at the ladle arc furnaces in the secondary steelmaking process. Achievements: Graduated with a First Class Honours and secured a 12-month industrial placement and a place on a graduate programme. I succeeded in my secondary school exams after moving to a new continent and starting International School. Ultimate goal: To work for a sustainable discovery/development that will improve lives and I would like to lead a company. I would also like to promote the importance of education, support developing countries in the construction of more schools and strengthen the educational system.

Frederica Lisa    Image credit: Johnny Gallagher  Daniel Everington Age: 26 Job: Materials Technologist – Surface Engineering. Education: MEng Aerospace Engineering with a year in industry, University of Sheffield. Current project: Surface engineering at Rolls-Royce. I’m involved with different projects across the engine, including compressor sealing systems, hot end environmental protection and anti-seize coatings. Achievements: Developed a novel method to flow test ceramic filters used in the investment casting process. The technique contributed to a 3% improvement in casting yield and the reduced variation helps lower the amount of metal. Patents may be filed on the work. Ultimate goal: I’d like to work with academia to co-develop novel coatings/surface treatments. I enjoy the challenges that come with working on new technology as the answers can’t simply be found in a textbook.

Daniel Everington     Image credit: Alistair Coast-Smith 

Louise Gale Age: 28 Job: Materials Engineer at Rolls-Royce Plc. Education: MSci & MA in Natural Sciences, specialising in Materials Science, University of Cambridge. Current project: The development of ceramic matrix composites for introduction into aerospace gas turbine engines. My responsibilities include running mechanical testing programmes, supervising work at our university partners as well as the analysis and fractography of tested samples to elucidate damage mechanisms. Achievements: Completing the Rolls-Royce Graduate Scheme, including obtaining funding for an international placement in the Materials Testing Department in Berlin. I became Technical Lead of a £2.5mln project which was part of a government-funded programme to develop SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites. I developed the £7mln, three-year materials development component to the follow on project that was approved in late 2017. Ultimate goal: To become an expert on ceramic and composite materials systems.

Louise Gale      Image credit: Stephen Gale 

James Grant Age: 24 Job: EngD student with TATA Steel and M2A, Materials and Manufacturing Academy. Education: School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, College of Engineering, Swansea University. Current project: Development of novel coating solutions for the improvement of pre/post heat treatment of carbon steel conveyance tubes. My project aims to reduce high-temperature oxidation caused by the normalising process. Achievements: I developed a novel anodisation system for fabricating alumina masks in the molecular beam epitaxy application. In addition to this, my placement with Merck successfully optimised electrophoretic fluids to further enhance the E-ink display technology. I’ve been competing in the 2019 IOM3 Young Persons Lecture Competition. Having won the SWMA heat and the South West Regional, presenting at the national final in May. Ultimate goal: To educate and encourage the next generation of students to take up STEM subjects. I hope I can engage and excite a younger audience about materials science and demonstrate the opportunities available in engineering.

James Grant      Image credit: James Grant 

Vidya Chamundeswari Narasimhan Age: 28 years Job: Post-doctoral Research Fellow Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. Education: PhD in Materials Engineering. Current project: Developing responsive nasogastric tubes for the elderly and using nature-derived biopolymers for biomedical applications. Achievements: Young Scientist Award conferred by VIWA in India, Title Winner of the IOM3 Young Persons’ World Lecture Competition 2017, Women in Engineering Travel Grant in 2018, Chair of the Young Scientists Forum at the European Materials Research Society conference in Poland 2018. Ultimate goal: To lead and manage a diverse team, foster interdisciplinary collaboration and offer R&D support for cutting edge research in the healthcare sector. I also want to contribute significantly towards mentoring the next generation of young girls towards pursuing exciting careers in STEM fields.

Vidya Chamundeswari     Image credit: Dr Rohit Satish  Frederick Cooper Age: 28 Job: Research Engineer and PhD student. Education: BEng with Honours, Swansea University. Current project: Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of flow formed F1E – a novel, maraging steel. Achievements: Used flow form to develop materials for detailed metallographic, micro-textural, and mechanical assessment. I run two small businesses, have an Associate Diploma from the National College of Music, and an Associate Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy and was appointed as a Yeoman of the Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers. Ultimate goal: To complete my current project and transfer a comprehensive mechanical property database detailing static and fatigue performance to a major engineering sponsor – to enable novel component manufacture. Further, I would like to use my experience to develop a career in public engagement or education.

Frederick Cooper    Image credit: Lauren Ednie Photography 

Robert Hoye Age: 28 Job: Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow. Education: PhD, Cambridge University, BE(Hons). Current project: I am looking at two areas that could accelerate the scale of photovoltaics. This makes an attractive technology for producing clean energy, especially in remote regions. Achievements: Developed a recombination contact to couple a metal-halide perovskite top-cell with an n-type silicon bottom cell, which lead to new design rules to identify promising classes of materials that could tolerate defects, and an all-inorganic device structure that led to 80% external quantum efficiency in solar cells. This went on display in the Deutsches Hygiene-Museum in Dresden, Germany. 2018 Young Engineer of the Year Award by the Royal Academy of Engineering, which also awarded me £500,000 to start an independent group at the University of Cambridge. European Forbes 30 under 30 list. Ultimate goal: To create new classes of defect-tolerant semiconductors that can be used as low-cost and efficient top-cells in tandem with silicon.

Robert Hoye      Image credit: Zoe Chung 

Matthew Wadge Age: 24 Job: PhD Researcher. Education: BSc(Hons) Biomedical Materials Science & PhD (ongoing), University Of Nottingham. Current project: Exploring novel formation and ion-exchange reactions of titanate surfaces for biomedical applications. Achievements: Achieved eight awards during my undergraduate degree including the Best Student Prize, Best Project Prize, and The Armourers and Brasiers’ Best Student Prize for achieving the highest project mark within the faculty. I have since won the Armourers and Brasiers’/TWI Best BSc/BEng Student of the Year Award, Best Oral Presentation Prize from the UK Society for Biomaterials Conference in 2018. Published my first journal paper during the first year of my PhD. I am one of the Nottingham coordinators for this year’s Pint of Science festival. Ultimate goal: To try and improve a patient’s quality of life, from improving fixation of hip stems for improved longevity, through to antibacterial surfaces for minimising infections. I aim to continue on into academia post PhD to share my experiences, and hopefully train the next generation of bioengineers and biomaterial scientists.

Matthew Wadge     Image credit: Matthew James 

[pocket-monsters-precure]

Chapter 19: Unstable Genetics!? The Most Dangerous Nega-Evolution!

(The Nega-Mewtwo drawing I commissioned from a friend, Melianthe!)

Wish and Starlight caught a violent swing of Nega-Mewtwo’s massive tail, skidding back as they did so. The mutated creature snarled viciously, nega-energy misting from its clenched jaw.

 “For a bony skeletal weirdo, it’s got some strength behind it!” Starlight grunted in annoyance, only to yelp as the tail flipped upward, throwing them into the ceiling. Nega-Mewtwo hurled a storm of shadow balls after them, rumbling the mountain’s very foundations with its sheer ferocity. It began to emit a long, low growl, as the two Cures fell to the floor and hit it with hard thuds.

 “We’ve been at this for a while now….” Starlight grunted as she sat up, “And we’re already tired from the first fight!”

 “I hope Rotomi’s okay…” Wish rose to one knee…she was shaking. Nega-Mewtwo was leering back at her. “Why…why does he seem to single me out…? Even before this…”

 “Maybe it’s because your powers are from Mew? It’s a clone of Mew, and hates humans, so…maybe seeing a human with Mew’s powers is something really, I dunno…infuriating to it?” Starlight frowned; it occurred to her that Nega-Mewtwo hadn’t made a move in that span of time. Starlight lunged forward suddenly, catching Nega-Mewtwo’s incoming fist to shield the unprepared Wish.

 “Back off!” she shrieked, while Absol lunged and unleashed Faint Attack. Though the swift, darkness-coated strikes showed to be affecting the psychic-type, Nega-Mewtwo didn’t back down, instead attempting to swat away Absol; its now larger size, however, slowed its movements.  Starlight jumped back and landed beside Wish.

 “Come on, let’s combine powers, like you did with Sunrise!” Starlight held out her hand. After a moment’s hesitation, Wish nodded and took her hand, as they reached their free hands forward. They each drew an arc of light in the air, then grasped each arc.

 “Scattered Wish Shoot!” They shouted, releasing their hands and making the motion of drawing a bow and firing arrows of light, swirling with pink energy. The arrows detonated against Nega-Mewtwo, causing it to stagger back, before it telekinetically broke off several stalactites and hurled them at the pair. The pair separated to protect themselves, as the mountain continued to shake with each powerful impact; when the dust settled, both girls were down to their knees, even closer to exhaustion.

 “Mewtwo’s legends always hailed it as one of the most powerful pokemon…” Wish panted, “How much longer are we gonna be able to hold on…?”

 Nega-Mewtwo began to slowly stomp toward them, unbridled malice in its eyes…

 PA-POW!

 Two powerful diving kicks struck Nega-Mewtwo, knocking it across the cavern as Sunrise and Willow landed nearby.

 “We made it in time…what a relief!” Willow sighed. Sunrise turned a bit to look at Wish and Starlight.

 “You guys take a rest,” Sunrise suggested, “We can continue this.”

 “I need a rest, too…” Rotomi dizzily floated up, before dropping into Wish’s outstretched hands.

 “Great work, Rotomi,” Starlight praised her softly. Sunrise turned back to Nega-Mewtwo, who was recovering from being stunned.

 “Don’t mind us…we’re just tagging in!”

 Nega-Mewtwo leered at the interlopers, digging its claws into the ground beneath it with minimal effort before swinging one in a wide arc at the pair; Sunrise caught it, hands sparking with electricity.

 “Wake-up Shock!” She shouted, forcing it to reel back as the jolt ran through it. A swirl of leaves twirled through the air, before sharpening and flying, cutting into the beast. A bell chimed in the air, as Willow’s Chronicle Bell slowed down time and she moved in to kick it in the chin, snapping its head upward.

 “I still feel bad fighting it,” Willow admitted as she stood back-to-back with Sunrise, “It’s a Nega-Evolution, but still, at its core it’s still a pokemon…sealed inside like that, probably terrified…I wonder if it can see out?”

 “I try not to think about it,” Sunrise replied, “We’re fighting to free it, and that’s what we’re gonna do.”

 Back with Starlight and Wish, Starlight was growing restless.

 “Break time’s over! Let’s go, Wish!” Starlight cried, rising to her feet and sprinting toward the others, Absol loyally following. Clefable pat Wish gently, as she got back to her feet. She watched the fight, Starlight joining in and firing off a shooting star at Nega-Mewtwo’s face, only for it to swat it away angrily.

 “You want a fight with the Precure,” Starlight declared, “You get to fight the whole team!  Come on, Wish!”

 Wish hesitated for only a moment, then nodded once, running toward the group, charging energy in both her hands. “Wish..Whimsy….!” she threw her hands forward, sending the two now-large orbs at Nega-Mewtwo. “Pop!” She clapped her hands together, the resulting explosion continuing to chip away at Nega-Mewtwo’s defenses and stamina. Both paws lunged forward to grab her, but Sunlight and Willow caught them.

 “I know you’re in there, you grump!” Starlight shouted, “You’re really gonna let Team Dysphoria make a puppet out of you!?”

 Nega-Mewtwo opened its maw, roaring directly in her face as she reached out, slamming a foot down on its lower jaw and grabbing the roof of its mouth with both hands.

 “You’re a powerful pokemon, alright…but that just made you a prime target for those creeps! You wanna make yourself useful!? Snap out of it and help the Precure!  The longer you stay like this, the more nega-energy that you’re feeding to them!”

 She pushed back, jumping away and joining the others; Sunrise and Willow released Nega-Mewtwo’s claws, as it suddenly pulled back, clutching at its head and angrily snarling.

 I…WiLl NoT bE EnSlAvEd…AgAiN!!!

 Its thoughts banged against the walls of their minds, distorted; fighting for supremacy.

 “Could it be you reached it!?” Rotomi floated over.

 “I figured it was worth a shot,” Starlight reasoned, “after Willow pointed out it might be able to see out, and I remembered how I reached Absol when she nega-evolved…and Guzma did the same thing with his Golisopod.”

 “While it’s struggling, we gotta act!” Sunrise turned to the others. “Let’s refresh it!”

 The group joined hands, as a new power seemed to flow through them. A righteous energy, as they put their hands together in the center, and a diamond of light formed beneath their feet…their finisher felt more energized than ever before.

 “Precure Quartet Refresh!”

 The diamond formed beneath Nega-Mewtwo and shot up, enveloping it and bathing the cavern in blinding light, scattering wild pokemon that had begun to creep out to watch the fight.

 When the light cleared, Mewtwo lay on the ground, its breathing heavy and raspy, eyes closed.

 “…we did it…!” Wish gasped, as the group jumped for joy and hugged. Rotomi zipped over to absorb the lingering nega-energy, then paused.

 “Hey, guys? It’s breathing kind of weird,” she called, “I don’t remember anyone who got nega-evolved being in this kinda shape when we saved them…”

 “…breathing weird?” Willow echoed as she walked over, kneeling by Mewtwo and putting her head to its chest.  She frowned.

 “The heartbeat sounds okay, but you’re right; that’s some really bad breathing trouble. It’s not even conscious…”

 “Is it…damage from when we fought it before it was nega-evolved?” Wish asked shakily, now wracked with worry.

 “I don’t know…but we can’t just leave it like this.”

 “Why don’t we take it to Dr. Pierce?” Sunrise asked, “She’s an expert on pokemon medicine, after all…maybe she can help?”

 “We’d have to warp it all the way to Unity Island from here…I’m sure Rotomi’s not able to handle that stress,” Starlight pointed out. “And if we try to take it out in the open, someone’s probably gonna see us with this fabled pokemon and ask questions…” “..why not just two of us?” Wish asked. “Rotomi could warp just Mewtwo and one of us directly to Dr. Pierce’s home, so we can explain what happened. The rest of us can take the ferry back.”

 “We can try that…” Rotomi agreed. “I think I can manage one more warp if it’s just one of you and Mewtwo.”

 “Wish, Starlight, one of you should go, since you were here from the beginning,” Willow reasoned. The pair looked between each other, and Starlight put a hand on Wish’s shoulder.

 “I’ll go,” Starlight said, “I know that thing freaks you out, and it seemed to really not like that you got your powers from Mew. Who knows what’ll happen if it wakes up before the rest of us get there?”

 Wish remained silent for a moment. Then, “No, it’s okay. I’ll go. I’ll have Dr. Pierce and Clefable with me, along with my other pokemon…I’ll be okay.”

 The other three looked to each other, sharing concerned glances. Then, Rotomi floated to Wish.

 “Alright…let’s do it.”

 ==

 She had been typing away at the computer for hours…researching, documenting, rearranging. Penumbra was asleep in Dr. Pierce’s lap, the umbreon’s ear twitching on occasion, as Hypno approached and placed a cup of tea on the desk.

 At the clicking of the ceramic on the wooden desk, Dr. Pierce finally looked over. “Oh…Hypno. Thank you. I left it in the microwave again, didn’t I?” She picked up the cup, noting it was still warm as she took a sip, and took off her glasses with her free hand, rubbing her eye with her knuckle. “I’ve been so swept up in all this Precure stuff my own work is starting to suffer. I need a balance…”

 A blip of pink light caught the corner of her eye. “…Rotomi’s warping here?” She looked over.

 CR-R-R-ASH!

 A blur of white and purple smashed into her coffee table, splitting it in two…Mewtwo lay there unconscious, as Fae and Rotomi landed beside it.

 “Dr. Pierce! Y-y-you have a patient!” Fae sputtered out. Dr. Pierce stared back, jaw dropped, while Penumbra had woken up in a panic and Hypno was waving its pendulum threateningly. Silence fell over the room, until the cup of tea slipped from Dr. Pierce’s hands and smashed on the floor.

 ……

 One hurried explanation later…

 “This is a lot to take in…” Dr. Pierce sighed, as Mewtwo lay on a small cot in the back room of Dr. Pierce’s home—a miniature medical lab, of sorts. The genetic creature’s breathing was still wheezy, and occasionally it shivered. “Help me strap it in.”

 “S-strap it in..!?” Fae gasped.

 “It’s just a precaution…we don’t know what it’s going to do when it wakes up,” Dr. Pierce replied, securing Mewtwo’s wrists. “So Mewtwo was nega-evolved while it was trying to challenge you!?”

 “Yes…” Fae looked down briefly, before anxiously moving to strap down Mewtwo’s ankles. “I don’t know what it was trying to prove…but it seemed especially hostile toward me. Naomi thinks it’s because I got my Cure Compact from Mew….I mean, it even pointed it out when it spoke to us. It said…it seemed weird that someone like me would be chosen….”

 “Could be a case of the clone feeling inadequate compared to the original…” Dr. Pierce put a stethoscope to its chest, “And since this guy was created to fight, it challenging you could be explained as it acting on instinct…”

 “Makes sense to me,” Rotomi huffed as she was flopped on a nearby desk, exhausted.

 “I…” Fae wrung her hands. “I…I don’t think it should just be explained away like that. Mewtwo seems really smart. It must have something it wants to prove, to challenge Precure like that…”

 “You may have a point,” Dr. Pierce nodded to her, smiling gently. “You know, Fae, you’re pretty nice…trying to understand Mewtwo’s side of the story.”

 “Ah-!” Fae stiffened up, blushing a little. “Well…all the things it was saying had logic to it…I guess I just don’t fully understand why it felt justified fighting us…is his condition because of the fight?  Or the nega-evolution? We’ve never had anyone in this bad of shape after a nega-evolution…”

 “Hmm…” Dr. Pierce watched Mewtwo shudder again. “It could be a mix. For one, it seems like it overworked itself and is both battered and tired. For another, Mewtwo’s body isn’t naturally occurring from centuries of existence, unlike other pokemon. Everything about it is something new and inorganic. It’s never faced something like nega-evolution before, and it’s unlike any other pokemon in existence, so it could almost be considered a type of anaphylaxis—“

 “Ana-what?”

 “—an allergic reaction. It’s a highly complex being right down to its DNA, so its body wasn’t quite sure what to do with the nega-evolution going on. Granted, this is all just a theory…it could very easily just be sick; after all, we don’t know what kid of natural immunities it might have or anything…but I’m digressing. I’d have to run some tests. There’s not enough information on its physical condition just yet for me to give a concrete answer.” She put a hand on Fae’s shoulder. “I’ll take care of it. You go get some rest and update the other girls. You can all come check on it tomorrow after classes.”

 “Okay…”

 “I’m sure I don’t have to say this, but don’t go around town saying that Mewtwo’s here.”

 “Y-yes, ma’am…!”

 ==

 “I still can’t believe we technically battled a legendary pokemon…” Naomi laid back in bed once Kailani and Fae had returned to the dorm; Asuka had taken a separate ferry back to Johto, as per usual.

 “It’s not a legendary!” Rotomi insisted from within the charging Cure Dex, “A legendary creature would be one that’s ingrained in folklore and legends!”

 “Oh, don’t argue semantics!” Naomi snapped back.

 “Are you alright, Fae?” Kailani asked gently.

 “Mm-hmm..” Fae nodded, hugging her pillow. “I just…feel so bad for it. It seemed to distrustful of humans, and so…full of anger.”

 “I don’t blame it,” Naomi replied, “Humans are the worst.”

 “I can understand where it’s coming from,” Kailani replied, “Created by humans who just wanted to make a fighting machine…what kind of life is that? Not one I’d wanna live.” She looked out the window. “Back in Alola, it’s ingrained in our culture to work alongside pokemon to achieve our goals. They’re not slaves or servants; they’re partners. The idea that someone would only see their pokemon as a tool to fight others, and create a living weapon to achieve that…it’s kinda alien to me.”

 “I mean, we fight pokemon in battles, but that’s just how it is…they’re our comrades,” Naomi mused, “Not tools. And definitely not slaves.”

 “…Naomi, if you had a pokemon that was clearly unhappy being captive,” Fae asked, “Would you let it go?”

 “Absolutely!” Naomi nodded firmly once. “Y’know that classic phrase, right? If you love it, let it go. I want my pokemon to be happy. Everyone deserves to be happy.”

 “Right!” Kailani agreed wholeheartedly. “Alright…we’ll all check on Mewtwo tomorrow. Maybe…he’ll even help us?”

 “Don’t get your hopes up too high, though,” Naomi muttered. The girls began to relax in their beds, while Kailani quietly stared up at the plastic stars she had placed on the ceiling above her.

 It was nothing like the beautiful night sky in Alola.

 ==

 “Hypno.” Hypno opened the door to let the girls in, closing it after them.

 “Doctor?” Fae called.

 “In the lab!” Dr. Pierce called.

 “Oh, my….” Asuka looked down to see Hypno had returned to its previous task—it had a broom and dustpan and was sweeping up broken glass.   There were cracks in some of the widows, and a few glasses had completely shattered.

 “What…happened here?” Fae wondered aloud, anxious.

 “Let’s go!” Naomi led the group in a hurried rush to the lab.  There, countless papers and binders were floating in midair, surrounding Mewtwo as its eyes darted from document to document. Dr. Pierce stood nearby, writing in a notebook while Penumbra watched it apprehensively.

 “Uh…what’s it doing?” Kailani asked, confused.

 “He. He asked for a male designation,” Dr. Pierce replied, “He’s going through gathered research and updating himself on the situation with the nega-evolutions…I’ve collected whatever I could access online and gathered up my personal notes for him. Isn’t it fascinating?”

 An annoyed grunt came from Mewtwo’s throat.

 “I mean, sure…” Naomi replied, “But what’s with the broken glass?”

 “Oh, that…well, when he woke up and realized he was restrained, he panicked a bit and had a small surge of psychic energy. But it seems he realized I wasn’t a threat and calmed down. Just a little outburst, that’s all.”

 “What do you mean, ‘that’s all?’” Naomi quirked an eyebrow. Fae watched quietly, then squeaked and flinched as Mewtwo glanced toward her. The papers floated back into a neat pile, as he turned to look at her.

 I will find out what my predecessor saw in you, he projected, but you may be at ease. I call a truce. If the Precure are what is necessary to stop this epidemic of nega-evolution, so be it. As for the doctor, she is…not as overzealous about my presence as I was expecting, so I suppose I am willing to work with her.

 “I’ll take compliments where I can get them,” Dr. Pierce shrugged.

 “This is actually pretty great,” Kailani reasoned, “We have a strong ally, and we can show Mewtwo that not all humans are bad, right?”

 “Hey, you’re right,” Asuka nodded. “But…what got him in such bad shape before, Doctor?”

 “I still don’t have a solid answer,” Dr. Pierce admitted, “But I gave him fluids and let him sleep and he seemed to recover based on that, so perhaps he was just exhausted.”

 “So this powerful pokemon got all tuckered out?” Rotomi huffed, only to get trapped in a psychic bubble and bounced around the room again. “AIEEE!”

 “…Oh, Rotomi,” Kailani sighed, catching her as the bubble popped. “Maybe it’s you who needs some manners…”

[cyberneticlagomorph]

B R O K E N

Your agitation is palpable, physical, real. It manifests as glittering blue needles hovering over your head. A halo of divine retribution that you are unaware even exists. Your nose is bleeding, worse than the lip you've been gnawing and gnawing until it hurts to frown. So you settle for a snarl. Blue-tinted teeth bared against an enemy that is not here.

Everything hurts. Every breath, every thought, every beat of your mangled heart. Around you, plants are withering, shriveling into angular black stalks, like something out of Tim Burton's nightmares. You don't notice, and even if you did, you wouldn't care. The needles multiply, elongate, and grow until there is a battalion of swords surrounding your trembling frame. They clatter and clash as you rise, sparks of magic flying from between blades of crystal grating against crystal. A soundtrack to your fury.

You'll be damned if you're going to sit there and suffer in silence just because Xandra doesn't know how to keep her nose out of your business.

'She's only worried about you' crows a voice, something small and insubstantial, from the back of your raging mind.

"No one asked her to care, just like no one asked for your opinion." you hiss at nothing. There is smoke curling from between your teeth, and leaking from your nose. Luminous blue vapor full of stars and lightning and fury. The crystal swords rattle even louder, like the quill of some fantastic porcupine. You leave the Warren, wandering out past the pastures without a coat or boots or anything. The cold is biting, but it is nothing compared to the black frost you leave in your wake. Eyeless things with unimaginable forms watch you from the ruined buildings and darkened alleys of the abandoned city. Good, let them watch, let them witness.

Your magic crackles like electricity along your spine, arcing between your swords like lightening. The air around you is thick with cold and ozone and you. Love. It. Your eyes are glowing, just like your skin, just like your swords. The magic builds and builds and builds just like your anger until... You snap like a taught rubberband. A magical explosion that sends swords and crystal needles flying in all directions to impale buildings and shatter on asphalt. Tangled crystal briars spring up out of nowhere and strangle streetlights, or weave in and out of broken windows. Every drop of magic stored in that cracked heart of yours pours itself onto that abandoned street until you are nothing but a weak, sobbing wreck, curled in on himself in the snow, surrounded by a physical testament to your anger.

You lay there, numb and screaming. Throwing a tantrum like some petulant child who didn't get the toy he wanted. You hate it. You hate this and hate yourself. It all hurts so so much. You wish you'd never stopped using. You wish you'd never left the lab. You wish every time someone tried to kill you that they'd fucking succeeded. And deep within your chest, something breaks. Not a crack, not a chip, not a fracture. You practically shatter and can do nothing else but scream.

And scream.

And scream.

Until you can't breathe. Until you pass out. Until the snow numbs that pain too. Somewhere, someone else screams too, her lips stained green, hand clutching her chest as she collapses. For a second, she glimpses death. Something as haunting and finite as the clang her crown makes as it falls from her head. Her name is Diamour, the bloody Red Queen of Underland. You are her phylactery and you have just been broken. Without you, she will die and death is the only thing she truly fears. Her strength and magic ebb in time with your lifeforce, even then it doesn't take her long to find you, half dead in the street. Surrounded by crystal that radiates every drop of power you've ever had. She has to act quickly.

You stir when she touches you, just barely opening your eyes. But consciousness is as slippery as ice, it falls from your grasp in an instant. The comforting embrace of blackness is something you are all too familiar with, but savor nonetheless. In the waking world, you are wrapped in a cloak and hefted in the arms of the Queen. Whether she cares about you as a person, or just a tool to keep her alive is no question. She would die without you, and there is nothing else to say.

She takes you to see Him. The one you were going to see anyway. Mr Tepes, the Hunter King. He isn't surprised to see you on his doorstep, but Diamour is another story. She tried to kill his son the last time she was here, if only because he was trying to kill you. Regardless, there is no semblance of affection between these two, evident in the way Mr Tepes lifts her off the ground by her throat the moment he spots her. Not yet squeezing, almost as if he were deliberating on the best way to dispatch her.

"You can kill me if you'd like, but I'll just come back." she says flatly to the scowling Mr Tepes, her legs dangling in empty air. She doesn't bother struggling, he's killed her before and she was back in less than a week.

"Not if he dies with you." the Hunter King hisses, digits curling ever tighter. And yet, Diamour can't be bothered to care.

"You... Wouldn't... Kill... Him..." she gasps between what breaths she can manage, "His... Loved... Ones... Would... Stop... At... Nothing... To... Destroy... You..."

His eyes narrow, and she manages a sharp grin, cockier than the situation probably calls for "and... Besides... You... Care... For... Him..."

He drops her like a stone, leaving her to gasp on the cold doorstep like a dying trout.

"Bring him inside." is all he says, turning and disappearing within the darkness of his old, lonely house.

As disappointed as you are when you wake up, you find yourself alive, wrapped in blankets in an impromptu fort in front of the fireplace in Mr Tepes' den. Diamour is there with you, no worse for wear. She's smoking a joint cut with elysium, you can tell by the way the smoke shimmers and changes colors in the firelight. She looks tired, like the physical representation of how you feel. When you sit up, she doesn't say anything, she just pushes you back down and puts her head on your chest. Listening to the beat of a heart that was broken. You just sort of let her, you're really in no shape to argue. Plus she's really warm and you still feel very cold. Footsteps echo hollowly through the empty house, coming ever towards you, accompanied by the gently clink of ceramic against ceramic.

Diamour sits up and lifts a blanket flap that makes up one wall of your fort. Mr Tepes stands stiffly in the doorway to the den, holding a tea tray with tea and those chocolate biscuits you're so very fond of. He gets just close enough to slide Diamour the tray before scowling the way any man in his position would.

"Must you do that in my house?" Mr Tepes frowns, wing-cape shifting indignantly, waving away elysium smoke.

"Yes, I must." Diamour says, blowing smoke directly at him before she takes another drag and turns her attention back to you, "now then, why the FUCK were you so worked up we almost died?"

You sink further into your blanket burrito and give her a very muffled rendition of today's events, to which she listens and smokes in contemplative silence. Afterwards she lays on your chest again and doesn't move for quite awhile.

"Bold of her to assume I'd let you die." she whispers, reaching up to boop you on the nose. You sneeze and she continues, her words caught on an exhale of smoke "If she's so worried about you relaxing, then relax! Come spend time with me in Underland, away from," she gestures around the fort and thus the room beyond "all of this... It'll be good for you."

You think about arguing. You think about a lot of things, of words, and emotions, and spite and logic. And then you decide that all of that is ultimately pointless and wouldn't do much but stress you out. So you close your eyes and lay back against the pillows.

"Ok." is all you say and it feels like a weight lifted from your shoulders.

[beamgreys]

Signs of bad spark plugs

Spark is timed to ignite the fuel and air mixture at the exact moment when theĮngine is sealed, and the gas is compressed. Gap – the space between the electrode and the negative plate below it. This creates a spark across the spark plug WhenĬurrent passes through the electrode, a short circuit is created between the positiveĪnd negative opposing conductors. Precise gap between the negatively grounded cathode and the electrode. ThisĮlectrode acts as a positively charged anode and receives a high-voltageĬurrent from the ignition coil (or magneto). AnĮlectrode, nickel-alloy coated copper, protrudes from the ceramic housing. To the ignition coil or magneto via the spark plug wire (or ignition cord). This plate is positioned directly belowĬeramic housing has a highly insulated conductive inner wire that is connected Contact between the spark plug shellĪnd the engine head creates a negative grounding. This is screwed into theĮngine head, securing the plug whilst providing a perfect seal to ensure fullĬompression within the combustion chamber. Plug consists of a threaded metal, cylindrical shell. Engine cutaway gives you a view you never get to see. The purpose is to provide an electric arc (or spark) to igniteĬompressed fuel and air during the ignition cycle (stroke) of an engine. Plug is an electric component used in all gas-powered internal combustionĮngines. Let’s start by examining the spark plug and what role it plays in the combustion cycle of an engine. We need to understand this as whole to effectively diagnose and correct spark plug, or ignition, issues. The spark plug is the final step in the ignition system. What’s an internal combustion engine without that all crucial combustion? Even if a spark plug is functioning as it should, we need to understand that it is but a single part of a larger sequence of events. Is a spark plug gap and why is it important? How do you set a spark plug gap? TimeĪ spark plug is a small, inexpensive, and seemingly insignificant component of all gas engines. Test a spark plug? Learn all you need to know about the ignition system. Though you’ll mostly get sound technical advice. Plug? What does a spark plug do? These are some of the more basic questions When the spark plugs aren’t working properly, they can negatively affect fuel economy by as much as 30 percent.When Should You Replace Your Spark Plugs? Engine surging and poor acceleration are usually a sign of bad spark plugs, and the issue can be immediately fixed with a new set. If the cylinders aren’t firing correctly, it will negatively affect performance. Weak spark plugs can drain the battery, which will make it harder to start your car when it has been turned off for a long time. The engine should idle smoothly, so if it’s not, the spark plugs may be to blame. Five signs that indicate it may be time to replace your sparkplug include: Because of all the combustion activity going on in the engine, the spark plugs can acquire a lot of residue that will cause some issues. Small but mighty, they can be the difference between easy driving and your car not starting. Spark plugs are one of the most important parts of a vehicle. How do you know if it’s the spark plugs causing the problem in your vehicle? Check out these five signs that it’s time to replace your spark plugs.īrowse Our Inventory Why do I need to replace my spark plugs? When they’re not, though, you can be left with a big headache. When they’re working correctly, you’ll experience smoother driving and improved fuel economy. They create the spark that causes combustion in the engine to start the vehicle and keep it running. Spark plugs serve a vital purpose in your vehicle. Five signs it’s time to replace your spark plugs

[abrasivestocks]

The Mechanism of Brown Fused Alumina

The main application for brown fused alumina is as a recyclable abrasive. Due to its low iron content, alumina is widely used in blasting procedures where it's forbidden to have iron contamination on non-ferrous metal substrates. Swift-cleaning aluminum oxide is an abrasive that is very hard and sharp. It leaves an anchor profile before coating and is useful for eliminating scale, rust, and old coatings. It is used for refractory purposes as well as for polishing, grinding, and ceramic grinding wheels.

In electric arc furnaces, high-quality bauxites are reduced fused to produce brown fused alumina. Due to its high strength, hardness, and robustness, it is a fantastic abrasive grain for applications including grinding wheels, sandpaper, blasting media, metal preparation, lapping, and polishing.

Due to its thermal properties, it is a superb raw material for refractory applications. This product can be used with refractory materials, ramming different materials, charges, abrasives, sandblasting, grinding, polishing, etc. used to make refractory materials such as firebrick and castable.

Granular abrasives are employed both locally and internationally as the bottom medium of filter beds for the purification of drinking water or wastewater as well as for water filtration materials. These compounds are very well suited for non-ferrous metal dressing, such as weighting agents in oil drilling mud.

Hydraulic cutting is a form of safe, secure cutting technique that uses abrasives as the cutting medium and high pressure hydraulic jets for basic cutting on materials like steel, oil (natural gas) pipelines, and other things.

It is used to make molds for washed jeans, copper profiles, aluminum profiles, and glass. The ideal "environmental protection" type of sandblasting material has a moderate abrasive hardness, high packing density, no free silicon dioxide, substantial ratio, and strong toughness.

Free grinding - grinding grade abrasive is widely used in domestic advanced grinding materials for free grinding applications including kineshoon, optical glass, monocrystalline silicon, lenses, clock glass, crystal glass, jade, and other materials;

[chitrakullkarni]

Thermal Spray Coatings Market Regional Outlook, End Users Analysis and Forecast, 2025

The global Thermal Spray Coatings Market is anticipated to exhibit a healthy CAGR during the forecast period, according to a report available on Million Insights. Thermal spray coating refers to an industrial process that involves coating material in wire or powder form and a heat source. The heat source is used to melt the material into tiny droplets, which are sprayed onto substrates at high velocity. This technique is able to improve the performance characteristics of the substrates by imparting erosion, wear, corrosion, heat, cavitation, and abrasion. Other advantages include a high deposition rate, thick coatings, and low toxic gas emissions.

The growing need to enhance the durability of machines among industries to reduce maintenance costs is anticipated to propel thermal spray coatings industry growth. Changing consumer preference for thermal spray coatings over chrome plating owing to superior properties is expected to impel market growth. Stringent regulations introduced by governments across various nations to reduce the use of material containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will drive the thermal spray coatings market over the forecast period.

To cater to the rising demand for advanced coating techniques, manufacturing companies and researchers are investing in R&D to develop innovative methods. For instance, in January 2018, an Indian scientist has contacted another scientist from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to know more about the former’s thermal spray coating method. The doctor had developed a control segmented Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) while working at MEC. The technology is believed to reduce the operational cost of spray coatings by fifty percent.

Product Insights:

Based on product, the thermal spray coating market can be categorized into ceramics, metals, carbides, polymers, abradable, and others. The ceramics segment is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR over the forecast period owing to superior properties such as high-temperature resistance and adhesive bonding. Rising demand for ceramic material in turbine blades, aerospace engine systems, and flame tubes attributed to better heat resistance will drive the segment’s growth in the coming years.

Request free sample to get a complete analysis @ https://www.millioninsights.com/industry-reports/thermal-spray-coatings-market/request-sample

Technology Insights:

On the basis of technology, the thermal spray coatings market can be classified into plasma, flame, cold, high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), electric arc, and others. The plasma spray technology segment is predicted to hold the largest market share over the forecast period. The technology can be used for a wide range of materials including ceramics and metals on small and large components. Some industrial benefits such as temperature management, wear resistance, electrical conductivity, and heat and oxidation resistance are driving demand for plasma technology.

Application Insights:

In terms of application, the thermal spray coating industry can be segmented into automotive, industrial, aerospace, medical, steel, oil and gas, pulp and paper, printing, and others. The aerospace segment is anticipated to hold the largest market share over the forecast period owing to the increasing use of thermal spray coatings on defense aircraft. These coatings are able to protect aircraft from corrosion and regular wear and tear. The major application includes jet engine components such as piston rings, crankshafts, valves, and cylinders. In addition, landing gears are also coated to withstand forces during take-off and landing.

Regional Insights:

Regional segmentation includes North America, Asia Pacific, Central and South America, and the Middle East and Africa. North America is expected to dominate and hold the largest market share over the forecast period owing to the growth of the aerospace industry in the region. The presence of industry leaders including Airbus and Boeing is also contributing well to regional growth. These companies are exporting aircraft components to countries like China, France, and Germany.

The Asia Pacific, on the other hand, is expected to exhibit the highest CAGR in coming years owing to the growing state of the automotive and aerospace industry. The rising demand for commercial aircraft among airlines to accommodate the rising number of travelers per day is driving the market. In addition, increasing sales of passenger and commercial vehicles owing to a rise in deposable income will drive regional market growth over the forecast period.

Some of the key players in the thermal spray coatings market are AMT AG, Chromalloy Gas Turbine LLC, OC Oerlikon Management AG, Plasma-Tec, and Surface Technology. Key players are adopting business strategies including mergers and acquisitions to expand their product portfolio.

Browse Related Category Research Reports @ https://industryanalysisandnews.wordpress.com/

[akshaystudwelding]

CD Weld Studs

CD weld studs & pins are available in a range of sizes, diameters and lengths which is made from copper coated steel, stainless steel, aluminum and brass. CD weld studs are suitable for use with thin compatible panel materials up to 0.5 mm. Suitable stud welding equipment is required to attach the CD weld studs and pins. Mild gaps of steel are coated using copper plating for better conduct of electricity. Brass or aluminum CD weld studs are also available. CD studs are either untranded or available with external or internal threading.

Capacitor Discharge process is suitable for attaching small diameter fasteners in thin sheet metal applications. The weld cycle is completed in milliseconds which means the weld can be obtained on the opposite side of the panel without causing pronounced distortion or discolouration.

Akshay Stud Welding industries is an ISO 9001: 2015 certified company manufacturer, exporter and supplier of stud welding machines, stud welding guns, weldable fasteners. These include arc welding studs, capacitor discharge studs, short cycle welding studs, projection weld studs, insulation nails, insulation cap washers, insulation pin washers. In addition, we also provide stud welding collets, ceramic ferrules and cold forged items.

They are made using mild steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloys, brass, copper and others. Our strength as a leading manufacturer lies in our state-of-the-art production unit equipped with state-of-the-art machinery. With the help of our highly skilled professionals, we are able to meet the objectives of our organization and we are also popular cd weld studs manufacturer in india.

We are manufactures of all types of weld studs, drawn arc studs , Stud Welding machine, Stud welding collets, Shear connector studs with quality standards. check our bellow products list for more information about weld studs and stud welding machines.

Weld studs

Shear connector studs

Stud welding collets

Stud Welding machine

Drawn arc studs

Shear Connector

[sanjeebnath]

Types & Effects of Thermal Spray Coating

Thermal Spray process is ideal for laying extremely thin, dense and hard protective coatings. In comparison, Arc welding process is ineffective and economical on account of the possibility of distortion and removal of large quantity of metal during machining even when a thin overlay is required. 

Even a gas welding process causes unwanted distortions and delays.This makes a Thermal spray process the preferred solution for this kind of applications. In thermal spray method, there are four types of processes.

1. Thermospray Combustion Powder Spray systems 2. Electric Arc wire spray process 3. High velocity Oxy-Fuel Process 4. High Energy Plasma Process.

Thermospray Combustion powder (Spray& fuse grade powders) systems

This technique applies to the arranging of coating materials, including self-fluxing alloys,fine ceramics, self-bonding materials and other special alloys. This process uses fuel gas and Oxygen to achieve the coating using specialized thermal spray equipment.

Key Benefits:  Resists wear & can help salvage worn out components  Resists high temperatures and enhances electrical properties  Cost reduction with better performance

Electric Arc wire spray process

We can coat a range of metallic alloys & pure metal for the restoration of corrosion wear. This process uses Twin arc electric arc spray system, with compressed Air.

Key benefits:  Very simple & easy to maintain  High spray rates with low gas consumption  Coating intricate shapes & improving machinability

High velocity Oxy-Fuel Process

This process uses High velocity Oxy-fuel systems to achieve excellent bonding. In this process, we get dense coating with homogenous structures.

Key Benefits:

 Thin & thick coating possible –even hard carbide and super alloy coating can be given  Process can be fully automated with a robot  Excellent for multiple wear factors

High Energy Plasma Process

This uses high energy plasma spray systems to coat material, this process we can coat metals, alloys, ceramics, cements, carbides & other non-metals.

Key benefits:  Coating possible using different layered material  High deposition rates and excellent bonding  Coating for internal geometry and process can be automated.

Ador Fontech limited name is synonymous with total solutions with all above thermal spray systems for all maintenance and repair applications in plant and at our premises. We stand true to our concept of Life Enhancement of Industrial components to the complete satisfaction of customers.

[wuxicoreco]

The advantages of anti-sticking roller and Spraying technology of anti-sticking coating

Our company uses plasma thermal spraying technology on the driving roller of production equipment such as coating machine, printing machine, dyeing machine, tape and diapers to form anti-stick wear-resistant coating, thus obtaining the so-called anti-sticking roller.

The advantage of anti-sticking roller

In the usual production work, the driving roller of the equipment will contact with the coating surface, printing surface or dyeing surface, resulting in the pollution of the roller by the wet printing and dyeing surface, making the surface pattern effect of the product greatly reduced. Therefore, we need to make surface coating for the driving roller in these production equipment to improve its performance, so that it is not affected by other factors, resulting in the reduction of production efficiency.

The peel strength of the traditional coating "Teflon" is too strong for hot melt adhesive, and the effect of anti-viscosity and wear resistance formed by the anti-sticking roller is not so good. Therefore, we need a new coating technology to improve the performance of the anti-sticking roller, so as to improve the production efficiency of the driving roller in the production. Our company invented by thermal spray coating, used the plasma thermal spray technology, low coating peel strength, good abrasion resistance, excellent overall performance bit teflon dozens of times, the new type of anti-sticking wear resistant coating can solve traditional teflon coating of low viscosity and abrasion resistance, widely used in many industrial areas, our anti-sticking coating technology in the domestic leading level, The production of anti-sticking roller performance is excellent, reliable quality.

The plasma sprayed ceramic materials used in fiber wear resistant coating mainly include alumina, titanium oxide and chromium oxide. This kind of material has high hardness, corrosion resistance, good toughness and other properties, so the anti-sticking roller has anti-viscosity and good wear resistance, in the case of insufficient lubrication and heat dissipation, has excellent and stable wear resistance and friction reduction performance. The coating has a compact structure and polishable surface, controlling the roughness of the orange peel appearance. With moderate friction coefficient, so that the spinning fiber has moderate twist and tension. At the same time, it has semiconductor characteristics and can eliminate the static electricity generated by fiber friction.

Spraying technology of anti-sticking coating

Plasma spraying is a material surface strengthening and surface modification technology, can make the substrate surface with wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature oxidation resistance, electrical insulation, heat insulation, radiation resistance, wear reduction and sealing properties. Plasma spraying technology is a method of heating ceramic, alloy, metal and other materials to molten or semi-molten state by using plasma arc driven by direct current as a heat source, and then spraying to the surface of the pretreated workpiece at high speed to form a solid surface layer. Plasma spraying is also used in medical applications, where a coating of tens of microns is applied to the surface of artificial bones as a way to strengthen them and enhance their affinity.

Iso-particle spraying is carried out by plasma arc, ion arc is compressed arc, compared with free arc, its arc column is smaller, current density is larger, gas ionization degree is higher, so it has high temperature, energy concentration, arc stability and other characteristics. There are three forms of plasma arc according to the method of electric connection:

Non-transfer arc: refers to the plasma arc generated between the cathode and the nozzle. In this case, the positive electrode is connected to the nozzle, the workpiece is not charged, and the arc is generated between the cathode and the inner wall of the nozzle. The working gas is heated through the arc between the cathode and the nozzle, causing all or part of the ionization, and then ejected by the nozzle to form a plasma flame (or plasma jet). Such plasma arcs are used in isoparticle spraying.

(2) Transfer arc: the arc is transferred from the spray gun to the plasma arc on the processed parts. In this case, the nozzle is not connected to the power supply, the workpiece is connected to the positive pole, the arc flies over the cathode and anode (workpiece) between the gun, the working gas is sent around the arc, and then ejected from the nozzle.

Plasma cutting, plasma arc welding, plasma arc smelting is used in this kind of plasma arc.

(3) Combined arc: the non-transfer arc ignites the transfer arc and heats the metal powder, and the transfer arc heats the workpiece to produce molten pool on its surface. In this case, the nozzle and the workpiece are connected to the positive pole. The plasma arc is used in plasma spray welding.

The arc heats and ionizes the imported working gas into a high temperature plasma, which is ejected from the nozzle to form a plasma flame. The temperature of the plasma flame is very high, and the temperature of the center of the plasma flame can reach 30000° K, and the temperature of the nozzle outlet can reach 15000~20000° K. The velocity of flame flow can reach 1000~2000m/s at the nozzle exit, but it rapidly decays. The powder is fed into the flame by the powder gas to be melted, and accelerated by the flame flow to get a speed of more than 150m/s, and sprayed onto the matrix material to form a film.