#Crop improvement

[oaresearchpaper]

Effect of Colchicine on In-vitro Cultures of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) for Polyploid Development

Abstract

Crop improvement possibilities in turmeric Curcuma longa (L.) are limited due to its triploid nature except for polyploidisation. Colchicine is a chemical that is used frequently to make plants polyploidy. Hence, this research aimed to study the effect of colchicine on the ability to induce polyploidisation of in-vitro turmeric cultures. The study consisted of two experiments: (1) assay on in-vitro culturing for callus induction and (2) assay on colchicine treatments and polyploidy screening. In experiment 1, turmeric rhizome buds were cultured on MS-solidified medium for callus induction with 100 mL coconut water, 2.5 and 4.5 mg L-1 2,4-D, 0.93 mg L-1 KIN, and without growth regulators. In addition, cell suspension culture was tested for callus induction with 4.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.93 mg L-1 KIN.  For polyploidy induction in experiment 2, in-vitro developed callus tissues were transferred to liquid MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20%) for 2 days. Then acetocarmine staining method and microscopic observation were attempted to count the chromosome number. Nucleus size; nucleus area (µmSq) and perimeter (µm) were referred using microscopic observation under 1000× magnification and BEL capture software. The results revealed that MS-solidified medium supplemented with coconut water was most effective in inducing callus. The nucleus area (371.225 µmSq) and perimeter (65.725 µm) of the cells in 0.05% colchicine for 2 days showed the highest results. It can be concluded that 0.05% colchicine concentration has an effect on nuclear size increment thereby possibly inducing polyploidization of turmeric.

Introduction

Turmeric is regarded as the golden spice with innumerable health benefits. Turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa L. belongs to the Zingiberaceae family and genus Curcuma. Turmeric is cultivated most extensively in India, followed by Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In most tropical regions of Africa, America, and the Pacific Ocean Island, it is also grown on a modest basis. The world’s biggest producer, importer, and user of turmeric is India (Shrishail et al., 2013).

It has many cultivars due to its highly variable morphology and the wide range of chromosome numbers in the genus, with diploid, triploid, and tetraploid plants. Curcuma longa belongs to the triploid species (2n=3x=63), a rhizomatous perennial herb whose rhizome is used as one of the most common sources of spices in the world. Turmeric's unique flavour has made it popular for usage as a flavoring ingredient, cosmetic, textile dye, and other applications. Major active ingredients of turmeric include three curcuminoids; curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin , among curcumin is the main chemical component of turmeric with 0.3-8.6% (Phukan et al., 2022).

Turmeric is a highly valuable plant in the world. Therefore, crop improvement is timely and important for turmeric, targeting high-yielding varieties and enhancing the quality and quantity of curcumin, with high oleoresin and essential oil content, to overcome the hybridisation barrier and enhance the fertility of the plant, pest resistance, environmental adaptability, and stress tolerance for biotic and abiotic stress (Forrester et al., 2020).

Turmeric is propagated by vegetative propagules that sustain the genetic makeup of the crop throughout the generations therefore; the genetic diversity is very low in turmeric. A spontaneous mutation is one way of generating genetic diversity (Ulukapi and Nasircilar, 2018). However, it is a very rare chance to happen (Oladosu et al., 2016). Also, there are many problems when considering conventional breeding of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and crop improvement (Dudekula et al., 2022). This is a monocotyledonous species, rarely flowering. It is classified as a sterile triploid plant (2n = 3x = 63) and cannot be used as parents for further breeding and to produce sterile flowers with no gametes. Therefore, having drawback of making inter-specific crosses (Ketmaro et al., 2012). Also, during the growing season (8-10 months) each rhizome can produce 10-25 lateral buds, but only 4-6 of them actively develop plantlets. Due to its nature, it has a limited genetic diversity and therefore, crop improvement and conventional breeding is difficult (Upendri and Seran, 2021). Thus a research was aimed to study the effect of colchicine on the ability to induce polyploidisation of invitro turmeric cultures.

Source : Effect of Colchicine on In-vitro Cultures of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) for Polyploid Development | InformativeBD

[shittymihodaily]

Happy Halloween. This year I'm sending out my scary yamiho brainworms to the public

[ancha-aus]

RealAgeAU Drabble - Questioning

:3 We are back! And The chaos? The chaos is getting closer and closer. @spotaus

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Lets see how good Crop and Straw are at improv.

*----------------*

Hello Journal.

Sorry I didn’t write yesterday. I was already asleep when I got home.

Yesterday was fun! We did some of the last preparations for the grapes for the colder months and after that we went to Ccino’s!

Ccino had once again locked up shop so it was just us six in there! He also made this amazing new cupcakes for us to try and eat. They were really good. After the snack we went to relax with the cats.

Killer quickly got covered by cats and I think dad couldn’t be happier. He just laid there smiling and unmoving. Cross reassured me that he is fine.

I hugged my own cat version for a while and my dad’s cats also came over to sit and cuddle with me. They all also checked on kitten me before starting to snuggle with me.

It was nice to see my dads relax as well. Just relaxing and making small talk. It is always nice to be at Ccino’s.

It took me a while but I eventually found my old cat in the cupboard behind the counter.

My old cat is still tired a lot and I really wanted to help him. I remembered that we all figured that he is connected to the apples instead of me anymore. And well… the doctors told me that I no longer really use the apple magic anymore as my own magic had seemed to take it back.

So… I may have tried to… give whatever apple magic I had left over to the cat.

My dads weren’t amused. Ccino wasn’t happy either.

The cat is fine! He is a lot more energetic and stronger again! The tails move more and everything!

Tiny downside… euh… the scars on my skull are now permanently visible. Which caused quite the bit of panic with Ccino.

So I may be slightly grounded now. Not allowed to leave the nest and everything. We already went by Fauna for a quick exam but she said I am fine. That the ‘invasive’ magic is all gone. But she worries that my normal magic can’t do it all by itself.

So I need to take it easy again. Which all circles back to me being grounded.

Which means I am not allowed to help around the farm or house at all and I am once again limited from walking.

I don’t mind it. I feel fine if only a bit tired. But now the old cat version of me is fine at least!

Oh. Dad just ran in and he is calling for a meeting.. I wonder what is going on. I will give you an update later.

NM.

--

Crop blinks as he hears his old name shouted. He shoots Straw a look and Straw looks confused as well before both turn around. Crop feels his soul lock up. That… That are Blue and Dream.

Oh no. They have found them?! How?

Straw frowns but shoots him a look and looks thoughtful.

Blue stops before them and grins “Hi Sans. Hi Papyrus!”

Crop sees his brother grin and Straw answers “Hello mysterious person who knows our names yet we do not know.” and he waits.

Blue laughs and nods “Yeah sorry for that. I am just exciting as we have been looking for you guys!” Dream joins them and looks so relieved.

Crop sends his bro a look and Straw sees it.

Straw hums and puffs up his chest “Of course you were looking for me! I am an amazing farmer and many people wish to hear my advice! I have many admires across the globe!”

Blue looks shocked before holding up his hands “Oh no! Not that! We just have some questions which we hope you two can help us with.”

Crop gives a nod “Farming stuff I guess? There are different type of farms and we don’t know about all of them.”

Dream smiles “Can we go somewhere a bit more… private? People are staring.”

Yeah. Crop is not surprised. He can see people keep an eye on them and glaring at the two new arrivals. But saying no would just look more suspicious and like they are trying to hide something.

Seems like Straw made the same conclusion as he cheerfully agrees and they go to the parking lot to talk as it is usually rather quiet. As Straw points things out to the two Crop quickly grabs his phone to check. Only to see about twenty messages all warning him about the strangers in town. Woops. He should check his phone more often. That is a problem for later. For now he quickly finds the guys number and calls them quickly.

It rings twice before Horror picks up “Hello? Horror speaking.”

Crop needs to be vague but still obvious “Hey! I am a bit delayed in town. Some new skeletons walked into town and they are asking for some advice. We will still be in time for lunch!”

Dead silence on the other side before a soft thanks is muttered and Horror hangs up.

Crop just nods to himself as he speaks “Nah it shouldn’t take long. At least.” he acts as if he keeps the mouth piece covered as he looks at Blue and Dream “You two don’t need our help for long right? I had lunch planned with some friends.”

Blue and Dream share a look but shake their skulls.

Crop nods and puts the phone back to the side of his skull “Yeah it shouldn’t take long. Yeah no worries Tori I will be there in time for lunch. See you later.” And he ‘hangs up’.

Dream looks deeply disappointed when he hears Toriel’s nickname and Blue pats his shoulder. Yeah that is what Crop figured.

Straw smiles brightly at the two “What can we help you with! I must admit I haven’t heard of anyone new moving into town!”

Blue shakes his skull “Oh no we aren’t moving in. Just.. looking.” He looks at Dream and waits.

Dream takes a deep breath and smiles “I am Dream, this is Blue, we are looking for my brother and his… friends.”

Crop takes special care to keep his face neutral as he listens.

Dream rubs his arm “It is nothing negative! We. I mean I…” he frowns and thinks “I made stuff into a mess and I need to talk with him.”

Straw tilts his skull “I mean… Why don’t you just call him? If you are brothers you probably have each other’s numbers right?”

Dream looks away pained “It… is a bit more complex than that… Euh…” He and Blue look at each other and share some looks and nods before Dream turns back to them after taking a deep breath “Ever heard of the multiverse theory?”

Crop and Straw share a look. The only reason they both know about it is because Horror took great effort to explain it all after his first stay with them and after he just disappeared again one day.

They both shake their skulls. Dream looks slightly more panicked before shaking his skull and breathing “Well… It is a theory that each decision we make is a branching point. And that one decision leads to one future and the other to another. And that while we pick one, the other future still exists. This is much bigger and complex to easily explain but it means that at any point in time there can be a thousand different you’s going through different things because of different choices, made by you or for you by others.”

They both give a nod.

Dream smiles and points between Blue and himself “We are from other universes. Where everything is so different that you wouldn’t even think we are similar. Blue is actually also Sans but from another universe and timeline.”

Blue laughs and shrugs “I go by Blue to make it easier.”

Dream nods.

Crop gives a slow nod “Okay… say we believe you and not that we think you should go to the hospital. Why are you looking for us?”

Straw hums and gives the thoughtful comment “Would explain why they know our names.”

Dream looks nervous “I am from a very strange universe and a lot happened. I have a twin brother and I am looking for him. We had… a fallen out and I realised some things I didn’t know before. I want to talk with him and apologise.”

That… surprises Crop but he can’t help but not believe it “Really? You want to apologise? Look. I don’t know you and for all I know you are just trying to get sympathy points.”

Dream shakes his skull “I am not! I swear I am not!” he reaches into his bag and takes out a bunch of papers. A sneak inside shows that there are many more likewise paper packages in there. Dream pushes it into Straw’s hands and straw starts to curiously look through it.

Dream rubs his hands “I just… Blue managed to figure out that at least my brother’s friends visited this place. Have you seen any other skeletons?”

Crop doesn’t bother to answer as Straw nudges the papers into his hands. Crop starts reading it and stares. This… this is huge. The others. They need to know this.

Dream just keeps staring at them. Waiting.

Fuck. What does he say?

Straw is the one to answer “We don’t have an answer for you. Not yet.”

Blue looks up hopefully and grins “That just means you know something!”

Straw shakes his skull “No. It means we know nothing about you and no matter what we say will give you some kind of information that we are not comfortable giving you. So we are not giving you any answer. We need to look through this information and get it verified before we can even start to make a decision. You are invading our lives and demanding our assistance without even giving us a chance to consider the options. You will leave and leave us be until we considered what this could mean for us.”

Blue looks down and ashamed as Dream rubs his arm “Right… of course… I just… I really want-”

Straw huffs “Yes. You want something. And apparently you have no problem destroying someone’s whole world view and turning up someone’s entire existence to get it. Did you think that maybe we didn’t even want to know about all this universe stuff? That we were happy with our lives? That we didn’t want to be forced to consider these things? You are forcing our hand to think about these things. The least you can do is give us time to consider it all.”

Blue and Dream both flinch but both nod.

Straw nods “And stop trying to force others to consider these life changing things. Leave us be.” He holds out a hand “Give us a phone number to call once we considered this.”

Blue nods as he writes down the number. Still clearly embarrassed.

After which they both apologise and agree they shouldn’t have gone about it the way they did before leaving them.

Crop whistles when they leave “Good quick thinking Straw.”

Straw looks proud “Thank you! It helped that they just started explaining things without even considering what it could mean and do to us. A good way to shift the focus. At least for a short while…” he stares at the papers in his hands “We need to get this to them.”

Crop nods “Lets make sure they aren’t following us before we meet them. Then we can discuss it all together.” he frowns ��Also make sure to get a feel for what they said to others.” And both quickly rush off to speak with their neighbours.

*----------------*

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[avocado62524]

Inspired by this fanfic

I really like this story 👍👍👍🥰 I love Senti angst and this made my heart happy.

[lyrien-arts]

Portrait of one of my OCs, Lirien of Doriath

[wyrmwright]

what's he sayin

[incorrect-tbs-quotes]

Bloomsbury has revealed the redesigned covers for The Bone Season and

oh

MY

GOD

BONE SEASON NATION ARE YOU SEEING THIS WE'RE FINALLY GONNA HAVE COHERENT COVERS THAT ARE LITERAL PIECES OF ART

[beesinspades]

happy pride month from vash the stampede!!!! 💜 seeing all the ace vash art makes me so happy I wanted to contribute!

[marblerose-rue]

got asked to draw two of my old wc rp ocs :-) left is cicadahop, right is scallopstar

[newlydeparteddog]

Orel looks a lot like Pity. I was trying to figure something out hence the lines but I didn't get there yet lol.

A very small sketch dump

[twentybrokenipodclassics]

yknow even though i think disco elysium is a weird genre to be the first to do it (i feel like role playing games more than any other should have players that understand it as the basic conceit of the medium) it was very satisfying to see a game say explicitly to its audience "choose between these bad options we're giving you or don't bother play this game"

[thesnadger]

Controversial analog horror opinion: Vita Carnis is a solid series but it is massively undercut by the loud, distracting, era-inappropriate 30's romantic music playing in the background.

[wintersoldeer]

what did you doooo to my favourite shot??

[farmerstrend]

1,300 Kenyan Farmers Graduate After Four Years of First-of-its-Kind Sustainable Agroforestry and Climate Action Training Program

Discover how over 1,300 farmers in Homa Bay, Kenya, are transforming their livelihoods and restoring the environment through Trees for the Future’s Forest Garden Program, a sustainable agroforestry initiative. Learn how agroforestry techniques like composting, crop rotation, and tree planting are empowering farmers in Kenya to combat climate change, increase food security, and boost…

[justewil]

luke my boy why are you so hard to draw