#Covalent organic frameworks

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Capturing and storing the carbon dioxide humans produce is key to lowering atmospheric greenhouse gases and slowing global warming, but today's carbon capture technologies work well only for concentrated sources of carbon, such as power plant exhaust. The same methods cannot efficiently capture carbon dioxide from ambient air, where concentrations are hundreds of times lower than in flue gases. Yet direct air capture, or DAC, is being counted on to reverse the rise of CO2 levels, which have reached 426 parts per million (ppm), 50% higher than levels before the Industrial Revolution. Without it, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we won't reach humanity's goal of limiting warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above preexisting global averages.

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[konstruktivenachrichten]

An der Universität Berkeley wurde ein verbesserte CO2-Schwamm entwickelt, mit dem man bei 50 °C Kohlenstoffdioxid aufsaugen und speichern kann. Diese Temperatur wird z.B. auf Straßendecken im Sommer erreicht und es funktioniert auch an Orten, wo keine Bäume wachsen können (z.B. in Schornsteinen).

[tsmom1219]

Capturing carbon from the air just got easier

Read the full story from the University of California Berkeley. In the face of rising CO2 levels, scientists are searching for sustainable ways of pulling carbon dioxide out of the air, so-called direct air capture. A new type of porous material, a covalent organic framework (COF) with attached amines, stands out because of its durability and efficient adsorption and desorption of CO2 at…

[mikeo56]

Capturing carbon from the air just got easier

A new type of porous material called a covalent organic framework quickly sucks up CO2 from ambient air

Date:October 23, 2024Source:University of California - BerkeleySummary:In the face of rising CO2 levels, scientists are searching for sustainable ways of pulling carbon dioxide out of the air, so-called direct air capture. A new type of porous material, a covalent organic framework (COF) with attached amines, stands out because of its durability and efficient adsorption and desorption of CO2 at relatively low temperatures. The material would fit into carbon capture systems currently used for point source capture.Share:

    

FULL STORY

Capturing and storing the carbon dioxide humans produce is key to lowering atmospheric greenhouse gases and slowing global warming, but today's carbon capture technologies work well only for concentrated sources of carbon, such as power plant exhaust. The same methods cannot efficiently capture carbon dioxide from ambient air, where concentrations are hundreds of times lower than in flue gases.

Yet direct air capture, or DAC, is being counted on to reverse the rise of CO2 levels, which have reached 426 parts per million (ppm), 50% higher than levels before the Industrial Revolution. Without it, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we won't reach humanity's goal of limiting warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above preexisting global averages.

A new type of absorbing material developed by chemists at the University of California, Berkeley, could help get the world to negative emissions. The porous material -- a covalent organic framework (COF) -- captures CO2 from ambient air without degradation by water or other contaminants, one of the limitations of existing DAC technologies.

"We took a powder of this material, put it in a tube, and we passed Berkeley air -- just outdoor air -- into the material to see how it would perform, and it was beautiful. It cleaned the air entirely of CO2. Everything," said Omar Yaghi, the James and Neeltje Tretter Professor of Chemistry at UC Berkeley and senior author of a paper that will appear online Oct. 23 in the journal Nature.

"I am excited about it because there's nothing like it out there in terms of performance. It breaks new ground in our efforts to address the climate problem," he added.

According to Yaghi, the new material could be substituted easily into carbon capture systems already deployed or being piloted to remove CO2 from refinery emissions and capture atmospheric CO2 for storage underground.

UC Berkeley graduate student Zihui Zhou, the paper's first author, said that a mere 200 grams of the material, a bit less than half a pound, can take up as much CO2 in a year -- 20 kilograms (44 pounds) -- as a tree.

"Flue gas capture is a way to slow down climate change because you are trying not to release CO2 to the air. Direct air capture is a method to take us back to like it was 100 or more years ago," Zhou said. "Currently, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is more than 420 ppm, but that will increase to maybe 500 or 550 before we fully develop and employ flue gas capture. So if we want to decrease the concentration and go back to maybe 400 or 300 ppm, we have to use direct air capture."

COF vs MOF

Yaghi is the inventor of COFs and MOFs (metal-organic frameworks), both of which are rigid crystalline structures with regularly spaced internal pores that provide a large surface area for gases to stick or adsorb. Some MOFs that he and his lab have developed can adsorb water from the air, even in arid conditions, and when heated, release the water for drinking. He has been working on MOFs to capture carbon since the 1990s, long before DAC was on most people's radar screens, he said.

Two years ago, his lab created a very promising material, MOF-808, that adsorbs CO2, but the researchers found that after hundreds of cycles of adsorption and desorption, the MOFs broke down. These MOFs were decorated inside with amines (NH2 groups), which efficiently bind CO2 and are a common component of carbon capture materials. In fact, the dominant carbon capture method involves bubbling exhaust gases through liquid amines that capture the carbon dioxide. Yaghi noted, however, that the energy intensive regeneration and volatility of liquid amines hinders their further industrialization.

Working with colleagues, Yaghi discovered why some MOFs degrade for DAC applications -- they are unstable under basic, as opposed to acidic, conditions, and amines are bases. He and Zhou worked with colleagues in Germany and Chicago to design a stronger material, which they call COF-999. Whereas MOFs are held together by metal atoms, COFs are held together by covalent carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen double bonds, among the strongest chemical bonds in nature.

As with MOF-808, the pores of COF-999 are decorated inside with amines, allowing uptake of more CO2 molecules.

"Trapping CO2 from air is a very challenging problem," Yaghi said. "It's energetically demanding, you need a material that has high carbon dioxide capacity, that's highly selective, that's water stable, oxidatively stable, recyclable. It needs to have a low regeneration temperature and needs to be scalable. It's a tall order for a material. And in general, what has been deployed as of today are amine solutions, which are energy intensive because they're based on having amines in water, and water requires a lot of energy to heat up, or solid materials that ultimately degrade with time."

Yaghi and his team have spent the last 20 years developing COFs that have a strong enough backbone to withstand contaminants, ranging from acids and bases to water, sulfur and nitrogen, that degrade other porous solid materials. The COF-999 is assembled from a backbone of olefin polymers with an amine group attached. Once the porous material has formed, it is flushed with more amines that attach to NH2 and form short amine polymers inside the pores. Each amine can capture about one CO2 molecule.

When 400 ppm CO2 air is pumped through the COF at room temperature (25 °C) and 50% humidity, it reaches half capacity in about 18 minutes and is filled in about two hours. However, this depends on the sample form and could be speeded up to a fraction a minute when optimized. Heating to a relatively low temperature -- 60 °C, or 140 °F -- releases the CO2, and the COF is ready to adsorb CO2 again. It can hold up to 2 millimoles of CO2 per gram, standing out from other solid sorbents.

Yaghi noted that not all the amines in the internal polyamine chains currently capture CO2, so it may be possible to enlarge the pores to bind more than twice as much.

"This COF has a strong chemically and thermally stable backbone, it requires less energy, and we have shown it can withstand 100 cycles with no loss of capacity. No other material has been shown to perform like that," Yaghi said. "It's basically the best material out there for direct air capture."

Yaghi is optimistic that artificial intelligence can help speed up the design of even better COFs and MOFs for carbon capture or other purposes, specifically by identifying the chemical conditions required to synthesize their crystalline structures. He is scientific director of a research center at UC Berkeley, the Bakar Institute of Digital Materials for the Planet (BIDMaP), which employs AI to develop cost-efficient, easily deployable versions of MOFs and COFs to help limit and address the impacts of climate change.

"We're very, very excited about blending AI with the chemistry that we've been doing," he said.

The work was funded by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia, Yaghi's carbon capture startup, Atoco Inc., Fifth Generation's Love, Tito's, and BIDMaP. Yaghi's collaborators include Joachim Sauer, a visiting scholar from Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany, and computational scientist Laura Gagliardi from the University of Chicago.

Materials provided by University of California - Berkeley. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

Zihui Zhou, Tianqiong Ma, Heyang Zhang, Saumil Chheda, Haozhe Li, Kaiyu Wang, Sebastian Ehrling, Raynald Giovine, Chuanshuai Li, Ali H. Alawadhi, Marwan M. Abduljawad, Majed O. Alawad, Laura Gagliardi, Joachim Sauer, Omar M. Yaghi. Carbon dioxide capture from open air using covalent organic frameworks. Nature, 2024; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08080-x

[nosotinylife]

Publisher Correction: Elastic films of single-crystal two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

http://dlvr.it/TCjFXs

[alexandergujral]

Organic Chemistry - Driving Diverse Scientific Advancements

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds and their composition, structure, properties, and reactions. Exploring organic substances at the molecular level, it examines how carbon interacts with elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. Such compounds form covalent bonds, with electrons shared among elements that make up the molecules at the last energy level of the atom.

By contrast, inorganic chemistry is restricted to those compounds that do not contain carbon (and therefore are also not living). Their bonds are created synthetically through electrostatic interactions and are excellent electricity and heat conductors.

Organic compounds are diverse, spanning 50 million types and encompassing both natural compounds, which are rooted in living beings and the waste they produce, and synthetic compounds created in a lab. The four major types of compounds residing in living beings are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and nucleic acids (the basis of DNA). In a majority of cases, the carbon contained in these molecules is bonded with hydrogen as one of the elements.

Organic chemistry has vital role in leading-edge scientific research. For example, in searching for extraterrestrial life on different planets, researchers are looking at the stability of various organic compounds in atmospheres radically different than Earth’s, which relies on dihydrogen monoxide (H2O) as a life-enabling solvent. Research indicates that concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which exists on Venus, can also support reactions fundamental to organic chemistry. At the same time, Venusian clouds form at an altitude where the air pressure would allow nucleic acid base stability. Nucleic acids, foundational to animal and plant DNA, encompass cytosine, guanine, adenosine, thymine, and uracil.

The recent study, published in Astrobiology, exposed 20 amino acids to sulfuric acid at a concentration typical on Venus. Levels of reactivity were measured, with the results indicating that the chemical reactions might lead to life forming. One major limitation of the study was that it was carried out in a lab environment, which lacks the trace elements of CO2 and other gasses found in the Venusian atmosphere, as well as the constant bombardment by meteors that often contain amino acids in large concentrations.

Another avenue of organic chemistry research focuses on creating touchless technologies that will drive computer interfaces that do not need to be physically touched to function. With the pandemic and possible transmission of disease through touching shared devices a major concern, researchers at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia are focusing on creating supramolecular structures, or crystalline cages, able to absorb water.

Current touchless sensors rely on physical stimuli ranging from ultrasound to infrared radiation. The new approach focuses on chemistry, with chemical cages created in the lab combining moisture-sensitive elements such as carboxylic groups on the external surface and protonated amines in the cavity’s interior. With human skin constantly releasing moisture, the moisture craving molecules in the sensors are extremely efficient in capturing this humidity change.

Benefits of this approach include lessening a reliance on gestures or proximity in enabling touchless interfaces. In addition, touchless technologies could be applied to various surfaces beyond traditional screens, such as any porous material able to uptake water “with high adsorption and desorption kinetics.” This opens to the door to covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are not currently in use for touchless applications.

One research team deliverable was a basic touchless screen and a touchless ‘password manager’ device. The latter mimics smartphones’ patterned screen locks and incorporates 25 humidity sensors that are responsive to finger proximity. This not only boosts safety by not needing to be touched, but it is also highly scalable, as both the potential materials and the fabrication processes are inexpensive.

[jcmarchi]

Molecular Weaving Makes Polymer Composites Stronger Without Compromising Function - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/molecular-weaving-makes-polymer-composites-stronger-without-compromising-function-technology-org/

Molecular Weaving Makes Polymer Composites Stronger Without Compromising Function - Technology Org

At its most basic, chemistry is a lot like working with building blocks at its most basic level, but the materials are atoms and molecules. COFs – or covalent organic frameworks, a new class of porous crystals – are a great example of a material that behaves like a molecular Lego set, where individual building blocks are connected through strong chemical bonds to form a highly open and structured network.

This intricate structure provides a scaffold for polymer chains to thread or wrap during their formation and strength. Think of a woven scarf or basket – a single piece of yarn or twine may not be much on its own, but when woven together, the pattern enhances the final product’s overall performance. Furthermore, when these chains weave together, sometimes even the chemical reactions further strengthen the material’s properties.

Schematic illustration of the COF structure, polymers, and nanofibrils courtesy of Science Magazine / UC Berkeley

In 2016, Yaghi Research Group, led by UC Berkeley’s Professor of Chemistry Omar Yaghi, realized the first molecularly woven structure by interlacing the backbone of the framework in a 3D space. These molecular woven COF crystals are tough but extremely flexible, as every atom has a high degree of freedom to move around but is also locked in place, and as a whole the woven crystals are able to dissipate energy during stress to prevent fracture.

Today, together with Ting Xu, Professor of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering; and Rob Ritchie, Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, the lab is now leveraging both the porosity and molecular weaving to make polymer composites stronger, tougher, and more resistant to fracture by threading polymer strands through the woven network. Their findings have been published in a paper by Science.

“This is exciting because most filler materials enhance one mechanical property at the detriment of another,” said Ephraim Neumann, a PhD candidate at the College of Chemistry working at the Yaghi Research Group. Neumann is sharing his first authorship with joint student of Xu and Ritchie, Junpyo (Patrick) Kwon, who graduated (PhD) last year from UC Berkeley.

But why are COFs themselves so useful to everyday life? One example is that due to their exceptional porosity, COFs are used extensively in storing and separating gases such as hydrogen and methane. Both hydrogen and methane are clean energy carriers that can be used in fuel cells and combustion engines. Storing them enables their use in transportation and power generation without producing harmful emissions.

Now, thanks to this new research that suggests polymer composites can be made more durable, the applications and uses have wider implications.

“When we add a small amount (1%) of these woven COF crystals to other materials such as polymer or plastic in this case, the materials become significantly tougher and can have a high tolerance for damages and fractures. This could have a huge impact on the materials industry,” said Yaghi.

For example, polyimide, found in almost every laptop and electrical wiring, was one of the investigated polymers in this study. By adding woven COF nanocrystals, the team was able to improve the mechanical performance of the polymer without compromising its thermal stability. This suggests this technique could lead to longer lifetimes for these composites. “Or if the material becomes more resilient, one could use less of it to achieve the same result,” hypothesized Neumann. Polyimide can also be found in the solar sails used by NASA, as it is often used as a support material that lends thermal and mechanical durability to many applications.

“Many properties of plastic products rely on polymer chain entanglements,” said Xu. “My favorite analogy is how an angel hair pasta and a bowtie pasta may respond to a swirl in the plate. Adding nanoparticles of these crystalline COFs can template how these long chains may arrange spatially and get the whole plate to work together. It also becomes feasible to pull out the chains, separate out polymers from COF nanoparticles and do the process again from scratch.”

When thinking about how this might affect industries beyond materials, Neumann concluded, “While this discovery focuses on specific polymers, the basic concept of using porous, molecularly woven COFs to enhance mechanical properties could be extended to many other materials.”

Source: UC Berkeley

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[y2fear]

The role of covalent organic frameworks in advancing alkaline ion batteries

[materialsscienceandengineering]

A metal-free organic framework for electrocatalytic production of ethylene from carbon dioxide

Use of the greenhouse gas CO2 as a chemical raw material would not only reduce emissions, but also the consumption of fossil feedstocks. A novel metal-free organic framework could make it possible to electrocatalytically produce ethylene, a primary chemical raw material, from CO2. As a team has reported in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition, nitrogen atoms with a particular electron configuration play a critical role for the catalyst. Ethylene (ethene, C2H4) is an essential starting material for many products, including polyethylene and other plastics. Ethylene is produced industrially by the high-energy cracking and rectification of fossil feedstocks.

Read more.

[wikiuntamed]

Five steps of Wikipedia for Monday, 15th January 2024

Welcome, bem-vindo, tervetuloa, mirë se vjen 🤗 Five steps of Wikipedia from "OctaDist" to "Acetic acid". 🪜👣

Start page 👣🏁: OctaDist "OctaDist is computer software for crystallography and inorganic chemistry program. It is mainly used for computing distortion parameters of coordination complex such as spin crossover complex (SCO), magnetic metal complex and metal–organic framework (MOF). The program is developed and maintained in..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0? by Rangsiman1993

Step 1️⃣ 👣: APBS (software) "APBS (previously also Advanced Poisson-Boltzmann Solver) is a free and open-source software for solving the equations of continuum electrostatics intended primarily for the large biomolecular systems. It is available under the BSD license. PDB2PQR prepares the protein structure files from Protein..."

Step 2️⃣ 👣: AMBER "Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement (AMBER) is a family of force fields for molecular dynamics of biomolecules originally developed by Peter Kollman's group at the University of California, San Francisco. AMBER is also the name for the molecular dynamics software package that simulates..."

Image by Bensaccount at English Wikipedia

Step 3️⃣ 👣: Aqion "Aqion is a hydrochemistry software tool. It bridges the gap between scientific software (such like PhreeqC) and the calculation/handling of "simple" water-related tasks in daily routine practice. The software aqion is free for private users, education and companies...."

Step 4️⃣ 👣: Acid "An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.The first category of acids are the proton donors, or Brønsted–Lowry acids. In the special case of aqueous..."

Image by Chemicalinterest

Step 5️⃣ 👣: Acetic acid "Acetic acid , systematically named ethanoic acid , is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2). Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. It..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by W. Oelen

[jobrxiv]

PhD position on exciton imaging in two-dimensional photoactive materials University of Innsbruck ERC-funded PhD position on exciton imaging in two-dimensional photoactive materials at the University of Innsbruck. Come and join us! See the full job description on jobRxiv: https://jobrxiv.org/job/university-of-innsbruck-27778-phd-position-on-exciton-imaging-in-two-dimensional-photoactive-materials/?feed_id=60261 #ScienceJobs #hiring #research Innsbruck #Austria #PhDStudent

[dipsiven]

Photocoupled electroreduction of CO2 over photosensitizer decorated covalent organic frameworks – The Lifestyle Insider

[cdbioparticles]

Covalent Organic Framework (COFs) Linkers

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of organic crystalline porous materials, prepared by network chemistry, with building blocks of light elements (such as C, H, O, N, or B atoms) connected by covalent bonds and Extend into two or three dimensions. COF's possess high-order porosity, structural versatility, easy surface modification, and high thermal and chemical stability. Therefore, COFs have applications in gas separation and storage, heterogeneous catalysis, chemical sensing, light emitting, electronics, drug delivery, and energy storage and conversion.

[abhijitsathe1]

Glycoprotein Market Forecast 2024 to 2032

Glycoproteins are a type of biomolecule that consist of a protein attached to one or more carbohydrate chains. These carbohydrate chains are often composed of sugars or sugar derivatives, and they are covalently bonded to specific amino acid residues within the protein structure. Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes and are found in nearly all living organisms.

The Glycoprotein Market was valued at USD 467.49 Million in 2022 and is expected to register CAGR of 0.8% by 2032.

The Glycoprotein market is driven by key factors such as biopharmaceutical industry growth, rise in research and development and growing personalized medicine.

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Sigma

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Epitope Diagnostics

BD Biosciences

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N-linkage

O-linkage

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Hospital

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[bulksmswithcovalentsoft]

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