#Copper industry lime products india

[rajasthanlime]

Rajasthan Lime Company: A Key Supplier to Copper Industries

Rajasthan Lime Company is an exemplar in copper mining lime solutions in India. It is known for its unwavering commitment to quality and innovation, making it one of the Copper mining lime solutions Rajasthan. Copper mining operations use Rajasthan Lime Company products as fuel for their operations - increasing efficiency, sustainability, and growth while contributing to India's industrial landscape. Here, we explore its role in supporting copper industry operations and contributing to India's industrial development landscape.

Understanding Lime's Importance in Copper Mining: 

Lime is an integral component of copper mining operations, from ore extraction to metal refining. From mineral separation to controlling pH levels and increasing overall process efficiency, lime plays a pivotal role. Rajasthan Lime Company specializes in providing premium lime products explicitly tailored to meet the unique requirements of copper industries, providing optimal performance and productivity at every step in mining and refining operations.

Innovative Lime Solutions for Copper Industries: 

Rajasthan Lime Company stands out as an innovative supplier of lime products for the copper industry, offering tailored solutions designed to address unique challenges in mining and smelting operations. From quicklime and hydrated lime to lime slurry and additives based on lime products, Rajasthan Lime Company delivers comprehensive lime solutions that meet stringent quality standards while improving process efficiency and the environment by minimizing waste and emissions.

Enhancing Ore Extraction and Processing: 

Lime is an indispensable element of copper mining, used as a flotation agent to separate valuable minerals from gangue. Rajasthan Lime Company's products assist the flotation process by increasing the mineral separation efficiency, thus improving copper-bearing ore's recovery rates. Lime also plays an integral part in managing the pH levels of process water to create optimal conditions for flotation and subsequent processing stages.

Facilitating Metal Refining and Smelting:

Lime acts as a fluxing agent, aiding the removal of impurities while increasing the quality of final products. At Rajasthan Lime Company, high-purity lime products are vital components of the smelting process. They encourage the formation of slag that absorbs impurities from molten copper before being separated by gravity filtration, producing copper metal with superior purity and mechanical properties.

Supporting Sustainable Practices in Copper Mining:

Rajasthan Lime Company is dedicated to supporting environmentally responsible practices within the copper mining industry with their ecologically responsible lime solutions. Providing products that reduce waste generation, energy usage, and greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously meeting operational efficiency goals while remaining profitable, Rajasthan Lime Company assists Best lime manufacturers for copper in Jodhpur in achieving their sustainability goals while remaining operationally efficient and profitable. Furthermore, Rajasthan Lime invests heavily in research and development initiatives that enhance the environmental performance of copper mine operations.

Collaborating for Industry Advancement:

Rajasthan Lime Company collaborates to foster industry advancement. Rajasthan Lime Company works closely with producers, research institutions, and regulatory bodies to support the expansion and development of India's copper industry. Through knowledge-sharing, technical assistance, and industry partnerships, Rajasthan Lime Company contributes towards improved mining practices and adopting cutting-edge technologies; ultimately, fostering collaboration and innovation is integral in shaping its future as part of its destiny as an industry.

Conclusion: 

Rajasthan Lime Company has long been recognized as an invaluable partner and supplier to the copper industry, offering cutting-edge lime solutions that promote efficiency, sustainability, and growth. From ore extraction to metal refining processes, their high-quality lime products are pivotal in optimizing process performance and product quality improvement. As demand for copper continues to increase, Rajasthan Lime Company remains committed to supporting it with cutting-edge lime technologies and an unwavering dedication to excellence.

[aayushi1806]

How Is Beer Made In India?

How Is Beer Made In India?

The family of beverages generally referred to as “beer” has been brewed for centuries. Beers are obtained by the yeast fermentation of malted cereal grains, to which hops and water have been added. Brewing has evolved from a cottage craft into a modern industry where large breweries export their beers worldwide. The current annual beer consumption in India is approximately- 2 litres per capita.

The true origin of beer can only be conjectured. Early attempts at brewing occurred around 7000 BC in Mesopotamia. The Egyptians and Greeks also brewed alcoholic beverages by various methods, but the term “beer” did not appear in these early languages. The Babylonians offered brewing recipes, and there are various references to beer in the Bible. The English word “beer” seems to stem from the Celtic word “beor,” which referred to a malt brew made by monks at a North Gaul monastery.

Raw Materials

Beer requires these ingredients for brewing: properly prepared cereal grain (usually barley and corn or rice), hops (scientific name Humulus lupulus), pure water, and brewer’s yeast. Each ingredient can affect flavour, colour, carbonation, alcohol content, and other subtle changes in the beer. Grains are carefully stored and handled to promote highest quality. Hops are a form of cultivated perennial hemp, and the useful portions of the vine, the sticky cones, are developed from the bloom. About 35 pounds (16 kg) of barley malt and 15 pounds (7 kg) of grain are used to make each 31-gallon barrel of beer. Large quantities of pure water are extremely important not only as an ingredient, but for maintaining the cleanliness of the brewing equipment. In beer, water high in lime or iron can interfere with the fermentation process and discolour the final product. Yeasts are fungi, which are microorganisms that reduce sugars to alcohol by fermentation. Some types of brewer’s yeast are closely guarded trade secrets.

Outside of the beer itself, the process also requires various acids and cleaning chemicals to maintain and sterilise the brewing equipment. The finished product also requires packaging, which includes card-board products for boxes, aluminum for cans, glass for bottles, and stainless steel for kegs and other commercial dispensing equipment. The majority of the brewing equipment is stainless steel, with the exception of the brew kettles, which are copper.

The Brewing Process

Malting

Fully ripened barley grains are “steeped,” or soaked in cold water until they are fully saturated. The water is changed once a day, and after 45-72 hours the grains are placed in shallow tanks. The grain is aerated and stirred, which causes it to germinate, releasing enzymes such as malt diastase. Malt diastase converts the starches contained in the grain to sugar for fermentation. As soon as the germination is adequately complete, usually six days, the grain is roasted to stop the germination process. The exact point at which the roasting starts and ends affects the flavour and colour of the beer. The product at this point is referred to as malt.

While amateur brewers swap recipes at will, the commercial recipes for beer are held tightly as any state secret. Until recent decades, the production of beer, like wine, was a wonderful combination of art, science, and luck. At the heart of the process has been the brew master, a traditional handicraftsman wrapped in the lab coat of a scientist and carrying the clipboard of a production engineer. In the 20th century, corporate breweries have evolved into an intriguing combination of flow production in the brewing process and automated canning, bottling, and warehousing.

In the 19th century, the brewing industry flourished as numerous brew masters drew on their European heritages and functioned as chemists, biologists, engineers, inventors, and salesmen. The combination of local ingredients, water quality, and the brew master’s traditions and skill meant that many regions, even locales, could have their own brands. Before mechanical refrigeration, pasteurisation, and rapid transportation facilities, national distribution was, of course, impossible.

Despite the seeming pervasiveness of national brands from the mega-breweries supported by their huge advertising budgets, this tradition of hundreds of local brands continues. In recent years it has even been augmented by the proliferation of so-called “microbreweries” which often display the brewing equipment as part of the decor of a drinking establishment and distribute their products primarily on-site.

Preparing the mash

The malt is crushed using iron rollers and transferred to the mash tank (or “tun”). This tank is a large copper or stainless steel vessel that mixes the malt with warm water until it is of porridge-like consistency. This mixture is called mash. After mixing with similarly prepared cereal grains, the temperature of the mash is raised incrementally from 100-170°F (38-77°C) so that the enzymes react. The enzymes break down the starch in the grain and convert it to simple sugars. Later, the yeast will convert the sugars into alcohol. Once complete, the mash is allowed to sit undisturbed so the solids can descend to the bottom of the tank

Brewing the wort

The liquid contained in the mash is transferred into another tank called a lauter tun. This is accomplished by drawing the liquid out through the bottom layer of mash solids, which acts as a filter. Hot water is added to the top of the mash tank to rinse the remaining liquid, now called wort, from the mash. The solid remains of the grain are dried and sold by the brewery as animal feed. The wort travels on to the brew kettles, where it is boiled to sterilise it, and where the carefully prepared hops are added. The addition of the hops is important because they contribute to the bitterness of the beer. The brew kettles are the most impressive equipment in the process. Gleaming copper, they can be 7-12 feet (2-3.6 m) in diameter and two stories high. Steam usually provides the heating energy to the brew kettles. After brewing is complete, the finished wort is filtered again and pumped to the fermentation tanks.

Fermenting

In the fermentation tanks, the atmosphere must be carefully controlled to prevent any “rouge” bacteria from interfering with the yeast. Carefully maintained yeast (approximately one pound per barrel of wort) is added to the wort, and the temperature of the mixture is slowly reduced over a period of days to between 50°F and 60°F (10-15°C). In this temperature range, the yeast grows, consuming the sugar in the wort, and bubbles of carbon dioxide form. The wort has now become beer. The new beer is filtered and transferred once more into the aging casks, where the temperature is controlled at 33°F (°C) for 2-24 weeks. The shorter storage time produces a pale lager beer while the European lagers (called Pilsner) are aged longer to increase the alcohol content.

Pasteurising

After aging, the beer can be pasteurised to kill the remaining yeast and prevent further alcohol production. This is accomplished by heating the beer above 135°F (57°C). This process, named after Louis Pasteur, is widely known for preserving milk. Interestingly, Pasteur originally developed this process to preserve beer in the 1860s. Pasteurisation, however, is not used in the production of genuine draft beers. These beers are also known as “ice” beers, since they must be kept refrigerated to preserve their flavor and slow the remaining yeast activity. Many consider the draft beers best in aroma as well as taste.

Packaging

Whether packaged into cans, bottles, or kegs, the beer is always moved gently through the maze of piping in the bottling area. This is to preserve the natural carbonation. During bottling, additional carbon dioxide gas from the fermentation kettles is used to improve the aroma of the beer. High-speed packaging lines can process thousands of cases of beer per day, and with modern computerised control, the inventory can be tracked throughout the distribution network. Most beer is delivered from local distributors who have purchasing contracts with the major breweries.

Most beer is available in the following package sizes: “pony” cans and bottles of about 8 fluid ounces, standard 12-ounce cans and bottles, 16- and 32-ounce jumbo cans, 40-ounce “picnic” bottles, 8-gallon “pony” kegs, and the standard 16-gallon beer keg. Other novelty and party packages are also available. Cans and bottles are packed in 6, 8, 12, or 24 each to a box or case. Most states require a deposit at point of sale to encourage the return of the bottles and cans.

When beer is dispensed from the keg, a pressure apparatus called a “tapper” is used to apply a light pressure of carbon dioxide (usually 2-6 PSI) to the tapper head for dispensing.

Byproducts And Waste

Beer brewing produces several byproducts that can be used by other industries. During the malting of the barley, rootlets form on the grain and drip off. These can be collected and used for animal feed. The hops that is filtered out from the finished wort can also be collected and used again as fertiliser. The residual yeast from the brewing process is a rich source of B vitamins. It can be put to use by pharmaceutical companies to make vitamins or drugs, or used as a food additive. Used beer cans and beer bottles are routinely recycled.

[katthabazar]

SOME HIGHLIGHTS AND ESSENTIAL POINTS OF CATECHU

What is Kattha – (Catechu) is one of the principal ingredients used in the preparation of PAAN from betel leaves, for chewing purposes when, in combination with lime, it gives the characteristic red coloration.

BENEFITS OF KATTHA PRODUCTS

Benefits of Catechu-Various natural elements and sources are part of our daily products, well-being and lifestyle. Yet there is very little we know about them. One such nature’s gift is the rich acacia catechu tree. This tree is found mostly in cold temperate climates. The wood of the acacia when boiled in water and evaporated results in the production of catechu, Khatha.

Commonly known as kattha, Japan earth, Terra Japonica, black cutch khoyer and various other terms in regional dialects, this catechu solid and powder can be put to wondrous uses in daily Justify.

BEST EXPORTER IN CATECHU INDUSTRY

Let’s find out more-There are many manufactures in Catechu Production with distinctive taste and compositions. Catechu is a nature-derived powder that is extracted from acacia tree, khair wood which is useful it is also useful in treating swelling, skin disorders, leprosy, ulcers, gum issues, and many other ailments.

INDIA BEST SELLER – KATTHA BAZAAR

Best Sellers of Desi Kattha- KHATTHA BAZAAR is one of the prominent players in India’s export and manufacturing Industry for Kattha. The Kattha Bazaar is an increasingly growing and diversifying business enterprise that holds expertise in the manufacturing and trading of vegetable tanning Cutch/Kutch, Catechu, Cutch extract tanning, Kattha & Cutch Solid, Cutch Liquid, Kutch Liquid, kaath ,Cutch Powder and other Catechu products. We are Deal Fox Nuts (Makhana) Also. Best Kattha Supplier In Delhi India

Catechu is used for diarrhoea, swelling of the nose and throat, dysentery, swelling of the colon (colitis), bleeding, indigestion, osteoarthritis, and cancer.

Kattha is also a major product of export for Indian cutch suppliers to France and Italy where it is widely used in creating local mouth fresheners with a local produce called liquorice. It is also widely.

Hence it is important to choose the best supplier for Kattha factory in India and it is not much of surprise that Khatta Bazar is leading the competitive market in many Products like- Khair Wood, Lather Whitening Chemical, Nepal Kattha, Pure Cutch/Kutch, Supari, Pure DesiKattha, Gambier, PaanKattha, Mix Cutch, Kanpuri Kattha, Cutch Powder, Cutch Liquid, Solvent Kattha with 40% Catechin, Solvent Kattha with 200g.

The journey of our founders is more than 10 Years in this industry and uptill now they have a unique collection of Catechu Products that adds value to your personality and taste. There are best deals offered by Kattha Bazar on Khair Wood, Cashew Husk Juice, Cashew Husk, Kattha Products and Cutch Powder, Kutch Liquid, Kutch Solid etc.

At the end I personally feel that quality is its priority and makes fast delivery services for Catechu Products. Remove your misconceptions and directly come to browse https://katthabazaar.com/shop/ or contact us at sales@katthabazaar.com, Whatsapp No.- +91 9990729090

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

There are absolutely a rare form but On the contrary, you can use almost all colours of cutch solid and powder in the tanning and dyeing industry from light browns, yellowish-browns, olive browns, copper, deep browns and reds. It is also used as a cheap source of animal fodder used to feed cattle across many Asian countries.

The Kattha Bazaar is an increasingly growing expanding and diversifying business enterprise that holds expertise in the manufacturing and commission agency.

Note :- Original Post

[juldizdi]

CIVIL ENGINEERING projects with complete design schematic and block-diagram

For capacity of enormous amounts of fluids like water, oil, oil, corrosive and at some point gases additionally, compartments or tanks are required. These structures are made of brick work, steel, fortified cement and pre focused on concrete.Reinforced solid tanks are famous on the grounds that, other than the development and configuration being straightforward, they are modest, solid in nature and can be made sealed.

Raised Tanks:- These tanks are upheld on organizing which may comprise of workmanship dividers, R.C.C pinnacle or R.C.C. segment propped together-The dividers are exposed to water pressure from inside. The base is exposed to weight of water, wt-of dividers and wt. rooftop. The arranging needs to convey heap of whole tank with water and is likewise exposed to wind loads.

Expressway and asphalt configuration assumes a significant function in the DPR ventures Regarding the asphalt plan, it frames a significant piece of definite building study. The palatable exhibition of the asphalt will bring about higher reserve funds regarding vehicle working expenses and travel time, which has a heading on the general financial possibility of the task. This venture talks about the plan techniques that are generally being followed and looks at the overall benefits of adaptable pavement.Currently, lion's share of the Indian streets are adaptable asphalts, the ones having bituminous layer/s. prior, there used to be shortage of concrete and India went for adaptable asphalts with bituminous fixings. Presently, adaptable asphalt are favored over concrete solid streets as they have an extraordinary bit of leeway that these can be fortified and improved in stages with the development of traffic. Another significant favorable position of these streets is that their surfaces can be processed and reused for recovery. The adaptable asphalts are more affordable additionally with respect to starting speculation and maintenance.Concrete is a flexible generally utilized development material. Since the time concrete has been acknowledged as a material for development, scientists have been attempting to improve its quality and upgrade its presentation. Ongoing changes in development industry request improved solidness of structures. There is a methodological move in the solid plan from a quality based idea to an exhibition based plan. At present there is an enormous accentuation on execution part of cement. One such idea has lead to the improvement of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). It is considered as "the most progressive improvement in solid development". SCC is another sort of High Performance Concrete (HPC) with superb deformability and isolation opposition. It can course through and fill the holes of support and corners of molds with no requirement for vibration and compaction during the setting process.Download Project with report on Effect of Size of Aggregate on Self Compacting cement of M70 level for conclusive year Civil Engineering.To discover the geotechnical properties of copper slag to supplant the dirt in constructions.Industrial squander is a sort of waste created by mechanical movement, with the end goal that of production lines, plants, mines. Copper slag is the one of the mechanical waste accessible. It is a side-effect of copper creation from copper center. During refining, a liquid pool of copper structures at the base of the heater while a layer of sullied metal, which is the slag, is emptied off out of the top. Copper slag and lime structure cementateous material on hydration. Lime is an overall term for calcium containing inorganic material, in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides prevail. Lime gives an agreeable situation. Lime blends have great functionality. Lime covers can be sturdy and have stood the trial of time.So download total undertaking report on INFLUENCE OF COMPACTION ON COPPER SLAG WHEN ADMIXTURE IS ADDED.Copper slag is a grating impacting coarseness made of granulated slag from metal purifying cycles (likewise called iron silicate). Copper slag is a result made during the copper purifying and refining measure. As processing plants coax metal out of copper center, they produce a huge volume of non-metallic residue, sediment, and rock. Altogether, these materials make up slag, which can be utilized for an astonishing number of uses in the structure and mechanical fields.This material speaks to a well known choice to sand as a shooting medium in modern cleaning. Utilizing impacting or high-pressure splashing strategies, organizations can utilize copper slag to clean enormous purifying heaters or hardware. Slag impacting is likewise used to eliminate rust, paint, and different materials from the outside of metal or stone. This assists with setting up the surface for painting, or basically to eliminate undesirable completions or residue.Few things are more irritating to deliver on a worksite than concrete. Packs of concrete, sand, total (rock) and conceivably different added substances must be conveyed to the development territory. A flexibly of clean water is additionally important, alongside a leased solid blending container. Even after all the dusty and substantial fixings have been stacked into the container, one little blunder in the wet/dry proportion can deliver a whole bunch of cement unusable.One basic answer for this chaotic and tedious issue is "Prepared MIX CONCRETE" Ready-blend concrete (RMC) is a prepared to-utilize material, with foreordained blend of concrete, sand, totals and water.RMC is a sort of cement fabricated in a production line as per a set formula or according to details of the client, at a midway found clumping plant.

[chemtexspecialityltd]

How Sulfamic Acid Descalant – How it Works, Where to Buy

Sulfamic Acid Descalant – How it Works, Where to Buy

Sulfamic acid (H3NSO3) is a super-efficient agent for descaling, used for cleaning domestic appliances and industrial equipment, and an acidic cleaning agent, mostly on ceramics and metals. In households, it is used as a descaling agent in detergents, cleaners, and toilet cleaners for limescale removal. It is considered highly effective in the removal of mineral scale deposits from industrial equipment and commercial machineries. One of the most common uses of sulfamic acid is for descaling heating coils and heated vessels.

Sulfamic Acid descalant for industrial uses include effective removal of scale and stubborn deposits from heavy-duty industrial applications like Iron and Steel, Thermal Power, Boilers, fertilizers & Chemicals, Sugar Processing, and others. It is safe to use on stainless steel, copper, and brass against acid attack. Furthermore, it does not react with the materials of construction, avoiding pitting, corrosion cracking, etc.

How Does Sulfamic Acid Work?

Sulfamic acid also called as amido sulfuric acid with the formula H3NSO3 is a white crystalline solid which is non-hygroscopic and stable. It is commercially produced from fuming sulfuric acid and urea, and classified as a strong inorganic acid.

Sulfamic Acid is an extremely efficient agent for descaling, it is known for cleaning rust, scale, and lime deposits from industrial equipment especially boilers, condensers, cooling towers, pipelines, and commercial appliances. It finds application in many desalination plants to clean the heat exchanger for the removal of the scale of mineral deposits, removing excess grout on tiles, etc.

Sulfamic acid descalants work by removing calcium and magnesium ions from water. These minerals cause scales to build up inside pipes and plumbing fixtures. This scale build-up can lead to clogs and other issues with your home's plumbing system which leads to massive loss.

Eliminating limescale deposits is required for running machines efficiently and smoothly, preventing equipment malfunction and failure. Sulphamic acid has desirable water-descaling properties, and low volatility, so it is commonly used as a chemical descaler to resolve challenges. They also reduce the amount of chlorine that gets added to the water supply.

Hard water is one of the most common problems people have when they first move into their new homes. Learn

how to solve

this problem by using

sulfamic acid descalant.

The GP grade of sulfamic acid is used for removing scales obtained from water in heating and cooling systems such as boilers, heat exchangers, condensers, jackets and coils. It descales hard water by removing calcium and magnesium ions from the water. This process removes minerals that cause scale build-up in pipes and fixtures. In addition, it also helps prevent mineral deposits from forming inside plumbing systems.

Other uses include Ingredient in fire extinguishing media; Urea-formaldehyde resins coagulator; Synthesis of nitrous oxide by reaction with nitric acid; Catalyst for esterification process.

Advantages of using Sulfamic Acid

·         Excellent remove hard-scale deposits, greasy foulants removal

·         Cost-effective & economical

·         Better than other corrosive

·         Provides metal protection

·         Good wetting characteristics

Where Can I Buy Sulfamic Acid?

Chemtex Speciality Limited is one of India’s leading manufacturers of sulfamic acid GP grade. The GP grade of sulfamic acid is used for removing scales obtained from water in heating and cooling systems such as boilers, heat exchangers, condensers, jackets and coils. Chemtex also manufactures industrial grade sulfamic acid, with aided inhibitors. Check out here today.

Get quote for sulfamic acid descalant https://www.chemtexltd.com/products-and-solutions/performance-chemicals/general-chemicals/sulfamic-acid/

Sulfamic Acid - Descalant, How it works,Where to Buy 

[instituteofgeorgianhistory]

Greek Cities in Colchis. Point of View

Tedo Dundua, Natia Phiphia

The paper deals with the principal aspect of Graeco-Colchian relations, i.e. colonization, using narrative, archaeology and numismatics. Empiric level of the issue is as follows: Pomponius Mela narrates that city of Phasis in Colchis at the East Black (Pontic) Sea Coast (modern Photi, West Georgia) was founded by Themistagoras the Milesian (Pomp. Mela. I. 108) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I. Fontes. Logos. MMX, p. 487). The note dates back to the end of the 6th c. B.C. According to Arrianus, Dioscurias (modern Sokhumi, West Georgia) also was founded by the Milesians (Arr. Peripl. 12) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 305). The note dates back again to the end of the 6th c. B.C. Ps.-Scylax writes about Hellenic cities in Colchis. They are as follows – Phasis and Gyenos (modern Ochamchire, West Georgia) (Ps.-Scylax. Asia. 81) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 154). This note dates back already to the midst of the 4th c. B.C. We do not have Aristotle’s (?) full account of Phasian constitution (Ps.-Heracl. Polit. XVIII.) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 197). And Strabo describes Dioscurias and Phasis as trading places of the Colchians (Strabo. XI. 2. 16, 17)  (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, pp. 222-223). Pliny mentions pillaged Pitius (Bichvinta, Western Georgia), and also, castellum Sebastopolis instead of city of Dioscurias/Sebastopolis (Plin. NH. VI. 14-16) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, p. 500). Arrian in 131 saw no Greeks in Phasis and Sebastopolis (Arr. Peripl. 11-12) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, pp. 304-305). What happened to them? According to Ephorus (via Aristotle), they ran away from there to Miletus (Arist. Fr. 557) (T. Kaukhchishvili. Greek Authors about Georgia. vol. II (Aristotle, Nicolaus of Damascus, Claudius Aelianus). Tbilisi. 1969, p. 73). Why did the Greeks leave Colchis? Hippocrates narrates about bad climate and dangerous humidity in Colchis, and also, yellow coloring of the skin of fat and lazy Phasians (Hippocr. 15) (Caucasus Antiquus. Encyclios Disciplina. Volumen I, pp. 108-109; T. Kaukhchishvili. Hippocrates about Georgia. Tbilisi. 1965, pp. 45, 47).

           This schematic story needs to be filled up, using numismatics.

Apollo was main deity of Phasis, according to records and numismatics. Lion, symbol of Apollo, is depicted on the local coins.

Obverse: Lying hermaphrodite lion to the right/left with a head turned back.

Reverse: Kneeling female figure with a bull’s head to the right/left in quadratum incusum.

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=4

 This is Colchian (Phasian) didrachm, struck in the 5th c. B.C. Lion is depicted also on other denominations. Hermaphroditization is a result of Apollo’s merge with the local female sun.

When city has Apollo as main deity, it is oligarchic. Phasis was oligarchic republic.

In the 5th-3rd cc. B.C. Phasis issued the hemidrachms below:

   Obverse: Archaic female head to right/left within the linear circle or in border of the dots.

Reverse: Bull’s head to right within the linear circle. Some of the coins are with the Greek letters – ΜΟ/ΣΟ, Φ, Α, Ο, Ε, Π, Δ.

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=13

                       Athens, a fashion maker, still preserved archaic style on the coins until the 2nd c. B.C., thus demonstrating its democratic conservatism. Archaic style on Colchian (Phasian) money, does it mean the same, i.e. fidelity to republican constitution until the 3rd c. B.C.?

           When city has symbols of Dionysus on the coins, it could be democratic, even formally.  

Municipal copper coins of Dioscurias (105-90 B.C.).

Obverse: Caps of Dioscuri, surmounted by six, or eight-pointed stars.

Reverse: Thyrsos of Dionysus in the center of the coin, the Greek three-line legend on both sides ΔΙΟΣ/ΚΟΥΡΙΑ/ΔΟΣ.

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=22

                       Dioscurians, subjugated to Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, preserved their municipal structures and struck their own copper money. Also, it seems that Mithridates’ garrison was located in Dioscurias and official appointed by him controlled the mint.

  For the republics in Classical Antiquity there were the gods to justify a legitimacy of a coin. With the decay towards autocracy the first persons started to be portrayed.

  Julius Caesar became the first living individual to be portrayed in Rome, and it was done by special senatorial decree (Chr. Howgego. Ancient History from Coins. London and New York. 1995, pp. 67-69).

  Was he really the first Roman to be honored this way?

What is about Gnaeus Pompejus, that is exactly him on obverse of the light drachm struck in Phasis in 52/51 B.C.

Obverse: Head of Gnaeus Pompejus in solar diadem right.

 Reverse: Tyche seated, Greek inscription

– ΑΡΙΣΤΑΡΧΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΕΠΙ ΚΟΛΧΙΔΟΣ/BΙ 

of Aristarchus, the viceroy of Colchis”,  

regnal years 12 (52/51 B.C.).

http://geonumismatics.tsu.ge/en/catalogue/types/?type=18

             Pompejus is shown as rex et deus, king and god (T. Dundua. Money in Georgia. Appendix. Tbilisi. 2020, pp. 77-80, 99-101).

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344202635_Money_in_Georgia_Appendix).

Now we can fix general story for the Greeks living in Colchis. In the 7th-6th cc. B.C. the Ionian city of Miletus possessed exceptional wealth and commercial enterprise. Miletus, the greatest trading city, organized the first Greek settlements in Colchis, daughters of the Ionian metropolis – Phasis, Dioscurias etc. Themistagoras from Miletus is believed to be chargé d’affaires. In the 6th-4th cc. B.C. the Greeks established all their poleis at the East Black Sea Coast. The Greeks served their major purpose during the activity in Colchis having in mind subsequent full economic integration of the region with Hellas and highly Hellenized Anatolia. They were supposed to improve local industrial output. This ended up in failure because of super humidity of the country. In many lowland places there were terrible marshes, and the Greeks had no special idea how to drain those marshlands. There was no chance for maintaining Hellenic industrial structures as agriculture was too slow in development. Hellenism in Colchis failed with the Hellenic communities first becoming bilingual, then completely assimilated within the local society.  

           Still, the Greeks exported different materials, like timber, linen, metals. They imported industrial goods, mostly ceramics, which was imitated by the Colchians. Phasis and Dioscurias were splendid Greek cities dominated by the mercantile oligarchies. Gradually they became more democratic. To promote trade, Phasis issued its own silver money with Graeco-Colchian types. Trade of the peoples across the Black Sea thrived. Armament industry and ceramic production flourished in Pontus, mining in Colchis and agriculture in Bosphorus. The whole Black Sea area might be looked upon as a multicultural region of which the economic systems were ultimately based on the principle of Hellenism. The age-old maritime route from Sinope towards Phasis was easily covered in three days. From the 3rd c. B.C. Greeks flooded Colchis also for the transit purposes.

           The Colchians used to write in Greek and build the temples in Greek style, but these did not prevent local kings and sceptuchoi (dukes) in the 3rd c. B.C. from conquering the Hellenic poleis.

               Then economic crisis followed. In 105-66 B.C. Colchis was a part of kingdom of Pontus and there could be illusion of short economic revival. End of the 1st c. B.C. was total political chaos for Western Georgia and urban life declined, the Greeks losing their identity. Experiment aiming for inclusion of this land into the Greek economic system failed. And for the Romans Colchis/Lazica was just Pontic limes to be defended in a manner of forward defence (T. Dundua. Colchis in the 6th-4th cc. B.C. The Greek Settlements in Western Georgia. Tbilisi. 2009; T. Dundua. Georgia within the European Integration. Tbilisi. 2016, pp. 24-33, 48-51, 81-88; T. Dundua. History of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2017, pp.8-10, 121-126).

Global story is as follows. Climate determines eco­no­mics. Hot and less humid environment defines an early advantage of the South over the North – indeed, the Egyptian state and the crafts confront entirely the primitive clan-system which existed in fact everywhere. Then the whole situation was changed.

           Times after, some technical improvements towards the North created a very comfortable vegetation process, while the Egyptians still needed time to put the seed beyond the reach of the sun. In the 9th-8th cc. B.C. the Greeks are already vanguard by means of the technics and the structures. The countries being superb before, like Egypt and Babylon, or India, now face a new hegemonic power – Hellas, already overpopulated and needing grain and the raw materials to be imported. Then the perception of Europe has appeared. Europe is a special term for the part of the earth, which stipulates or will stipulate the same vanguard level of development. Even Scythia with its rough spring was thought to be reorganized in the Greek manner, than those countries which needed the additional finances for irrigation. So, the making of Europe started (The author is largely indebted by the general works about European integration. Some of them are cited here: Prosopographia Imperii Romani Saec. I. II. III. Pars VI. Consilio et Avctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Berolinensis et Brandenburgensis. Iteratis Curvis Ediderunt L. Petersen, K. Wachtel. Adivvantibus M. Heil, K. P. Johne, L. Vidman. Berolini. Novi Eborau. MCMXCVIII; A. N. Sherwin-White. The Roman Citizenship. Oxford. At the Claredon Press. 1939. Second edition. Oxford. 1973; D. Braund. Rome and the Friendly King. The Character of the Client Kingship. Beckenham, Kent. Fyshwick, Australia. 1984; F. Braudel. A History of Civilization. Printed in the USA. 1995; K. Rozen. Die Geburt Europas. Das Mittelmeer – die Wiege der Europäischen Kultur. Bonn. 1998, pp. 10-25; K. Held. Die Entdeckung der Welt bei den Griechen als Ursprung Europas. Das Mittelmeer…, pp. 26-45; H. Galsterer. Einheit und Vielfalt im Römischen Reich. Das Mittelmeer…., pp. 115-129; G. Alföldy. Das Imperium Romanum – ein Vorbild für das vereinte Europa? Basel. 1999; K. M. Girardet. Bundesstaaten im Antiken Griechenland und das Romische Imperium als “supranationale” Ordnung – Modelle für ein vereintes Europa von Morgen? Europa. Traditionen-Werte-Perspektiven. Beiträge zu einer Ringvorlesung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität des Saarlandes in Sommersemester 1999. St. Ingbert. 2000, pp. 13-48; B. und H. Galsterer. Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen. Xantener Berichte. B. 2. Köln. 1992. Kolloquium in Xanten. 2-4 Mai. 1990, pp. 377-387; S. Runciman. The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge. University Press. 1996; J. J. Norwich. A Short History of Byzantium. Published in Penguin Books. 1998).

           The Greek pattern was as follows: 1. occupying or even frequently being invited to the key-points of other economic structures like Caria, Thrace, Bosphorus or Colchis; 2. establishing the autonomous Greek social structures granted heavily with the technics from metropolis; 3. the natives being equipped with the best tools for agriculture; 4. the Greek industrial structures maintained on this background; 5. exporting supplies to Hellas and receiving back some industrial goods. The Aegean and the Pontic (the Black Sea) areas were supposed to form once unique economic space. Anatolia was a complete victory of Hellenism, even being integrated politically under Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus, as far back as in the 1st c. B.C. The Roman overlordship gave a new sense to the economic prosperity of the Greek World. But there were the serious failures too. Colchis (Western Georgia) offered a dangerous humidity to the Greek way of life. The Greeks living there had no chance to keep their industrial spirit as the agriculture was very slow in a development. Soon the Greek community became a bilingual one, and after – totally assimilated within the Colchian society. As to Bosphorus (at the Northern Black Sea coast), a corn-supply from Asia Minor to Greece had broken the traditional scheme, and the region soon lost its Greek style (T. Dundua. The Making of Europe (Towards History of Globalization). The Caucasus and Globalization. Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies. v. 2. Issue 2. Sweden. 2008, pp. 38-45;  Т. Дундуа. Как создае��ся Евро��а (к истории глобализации). Кавказ и глобализация. Журнал социально-политических и экономических исследований. т. 2. вып. 2. Швеция. 2008, pp. 44-52; T. Dundua. Georgia within the European Integration. Tbilisi. 2016, pp. 7-23; T. Dundua. History of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2017, pp. 39-55).

     With no Greek residents any more, Colchis/Lazica still remained a vigorous recipient of the Greek styles.

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IP-BP-USP CHEMICALS | PAT IMPEX

Manufacturer-suppliers & exporters of IP BP US Grade chemicals for pharmaceutical industry in Vadodara-Gujarat-India

Borax Ph. Eur. SODIUM ACETATE ANHYDROUS USP HEMODIALYSIS ACTIVATED CARBON BP ACTIVATED CARBON IP ACTIVATED CARBON USP ALUM Ph. Eur. ALUMINIUM AMMONIUM SULPHATE USP ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE BP ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE USP ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULPHATE DODECAHYDRATE BP ALUMINIUM POTASSIUM SULPHATE USP ALUMINIUM SULPHATE BP ALUMINIUM SULPHATE IP Aluminium Sulphate Ph. Eur. ALUMINIUM SULPHATE USP AMMONIUM BENZOATE AMMONIUM BICARBONATE BP AMMONIUM CARBONATE NF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE BP AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IP Ammonium Chloride Ph. Eur. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE USP AMMONIUM FERRIC CITRATE USP AMMONIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE Ph. Eur. AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE USP - 27 AMMONIUM SULPHATE NF-25 BARIUM SULPHATE BP BARIUM SULPHATE USP BENZOIC ACID BP BENZOIC ACID IP Benzoic Acid Ph. Eur. BENZOIC ACID USP - 27 BENZYL ALCOHOL BP BENZYL ALCOHOL IP BORAX BP BORAX NF BORIC ACID BP BORIC ACID IP BORIC ACID NF Boric Acid Ph. Eur. CADMIUM NITRATE TETRAHYDRATE ACS CALAMINE BP CALAMINE IP CALAMINE USP CALCIUM ACETATE BP CALCIUM ACETATE DRIED BP DIALYSIS CALCIUM ACETATE DRIED BP HEMODIALYSIS CALCIUM ACETATE DRIED USP DIALYSIS CALCIUM ACETATE DRIED USP HEMODIALYSIS CALCIUM ACETATE Ph. Eur. CALCIUM ACETATE USP CALCIUM CARBONATE BP CALCIUM CARBONATE IP 85 CALCIUM CARBONATE IP 96 Calcium Carbonate Ph. Eur. CALCIUM CARBONATE USP CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE BP CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE BP DIALYSIS CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE BP-05 CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE IP CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE Ph. Eur. CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE USP CALCIUM CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE USP HEMODIALYSIS CALCIUM CHLORIDE HYDRATED IP CALCIUM D-SACCHARATE USP CALCIUM HYDROXIDE BP CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IP CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Ph. Eur. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE USP CALCIUM OXIDE USP CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC DIHYDRATE IP CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC ANHYDROUS BP CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC ANHYDROUS IP CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC ANHYDROUS Ph. Eur. CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC ANHYDROUS USP CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC DIHYDRATE Ph.Eur CALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC DIHYDRATE USP CALCIUM PHOSPHATE TRIBASIC NF CALCIUM SULPHAE DIHYDRATE BP CALCIUM SULPHATE ANHYDROUS NF CALCIUM SULPHATE DIHYDRATE BP CALCIUM SULPHATE DIHYDRATE NF CALCIUM SULPHATE DIHYDRATE PH. EUR. CALCIUM SULPHATE DRIED BP CHROMIUM CHLORIDE USP CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS BP CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS BP DIALYSIS CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS BP INJECTABLE CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS IP CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS Ph. Eur. CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS USP CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS USP DIALYSIS CITRIC ACID ANHYDROUS USP INJECTABLE CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE BP CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE BP DIALYSIS CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE BP INJECTABLE CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE IP CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE USP CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE USP DIALYSIS CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE USP INJECTABLE COPPER (II) SULPHATE ANHYDROUS BP COPPER SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE BP COPPER SULPHATE USP CUPRIC SULPHATE DRIED BP CUPRIC SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE FCC CUPRIC SULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE Ph. Eur. DEXTROSE ANHYDROUS BP/USP DEXTROSE ANHYDROUS BP DEXTROSE ANHYDROUS BP INJECTABLE DEXTROSE ANHYDROUS IP DEXTROSE ANHYDROUS IP INJECTABLE DEXTROSE ANHYDROUS USP DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE IP DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE Ph. Eur. DEXTROSE MONOHYDRATE USP EDETIC ACID NF EDTA ACID Ph. Eur. EDTA DISODIUM BP EDTA DISODIUM IP EDTA DISODIUM Ph. Eur. EDTA DISODIUM USP FERRIC SULPHATE USP FERROUS SULPHATE DRIED BP FERROUS SULPHATE DRIED IP FERROUS SULPHATE DRIED Ph. Eur. FERROUS SULPHATE DRIED USP FERROUS SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE BP FERROUS SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE USP FERROUS SULPHATE IP GENTIAN VIOLET USP MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE BP MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE BP DIALYSIS MAGNESIUM ACETATE TETRAHYDRATE Ph. Eur. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE HEAVY USP MAGNESIUM CARBONATE LIGHT BP MAGNESIUM CARBONATE LIGHT IP MAGNESIUM CARBONATE LIGHT Ph. Eur. MAGNESIUM CARBONATE LIGHT USP MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE BP MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE BP DIALYSIS MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE BP HEMODIALYSIS MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE BP INJECTABLE MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE Ph. Eur. MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE IP MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE IP DIALYSIS MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE USP MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE USP HEMODIALYSIS MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IP MAGNESIUM OXIDE LIGHT IP MAGNESIUM OXIDE LIGHT USP MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE USP MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 7H2O BP MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 7H2O IP MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 7H2O USP MAGNESIUM SULPHATE DRIED BP MAGNESIUM SULPHATE DRIED USP INJECTABLE MAGNESIUM SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE Ph. Eur. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE USP INJECTABLE MALEIC ACID BP MANGANESE CHLORIDE TETRAHYDRATE USP MANGANESE SULPHATE MONOHYDRATE BP MANGANESE SULPHATE MONOHYDRATE USP METHYLENE BLUE USP POTASSIUM ACETATE BP POTASSIUM ACETATE BP DIALYSIS POTASSIUM ACETATE BP HEMODIALYSIS POTASSIUM BITARTRATE USP POTASSIUM BROMIDE BP POTASSIUM BROMIDE Ph. Eur. POTASSIUM CARBONATE USP POTASSIUM CHLORIDE BP POTASSIUM CHLORIDE BP HEMODIALYSIS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE BP INJECTABLE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE IP POTASSIUM CHLORIDE IP DIALYSIS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Ph. Eur. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE USP POTASSIUM CHLORIDE USP HEMODIALYSIS POTASSIUM CITRATE Ph. Eur. POTASSIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC BP POTASSIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC IP POTASSIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC USP POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE BP INJECTABLE POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE NF POTASSIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE BP POTASSIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE USP POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FLAKES BP POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE FLAKES NF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE PELLETS BP POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE PELLETS BP HEMODIALYSIS POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE PELLETS NF POTASSIUM IODATE BP POTASSIUM IODIDE BP POTASSIUM IODIDE IP POTASSIUM IODIDE Ph. Eur. POTASSIUM IODIDE USP POTASSIUM METABISULPHITE NF POTASSIUM NITRATE BP POTASSIUM NITRATE USP POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE BP POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE IP POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USP POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC BP POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC Ph. Eur. POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC USP POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE MONOBASIC BP POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE TETRAHYDRATE Ph. Eur. POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE USP POTASSIUM SULPHATE BP Soda Lime NF SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE BP SODIUM ACETATE ANHYDROUS USP SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE BP SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE BP DIALYSIS SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE IP SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE IP DIALYSIS SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE USP SODIUM ACETATE TRIHYDRATE USP HEMODIALYSIS SODIUM BENZOATE BP SODIUM BENZOATE IP SODIUM BENZOATE NF SODIUM CARBONATE MONOHYDRATE NF/FCC SODIUM CARBONATE ANHYDROUS BP SODIUM CARBONATE ANHYDROUS NF Sodium Carbonate Monohydrate BP SODIUM CARBONATE MONOHYDRATE NF SODIUM CHLORIDE BP SODIUM CHLORIDE BP DIALYSIS SODIUM CHLORIDE BP HEMODIALYSIS SODIUM CHLORIDE BP INJECTABLE SODIUM CHLORIDE IP SODIUM CHLORIDE IP DIALYSIS SODIUM CHLORIDE IP INJECTABLE SODIUM CHLORIDE USP SODIUM CHLORIDE USP DIALYSIS SODIUM CHLORIDE USP HEMODIALYSIS SODIUM CHLORIDE USP INJECTABLE SODIUM CITRATE DIBASIC SODIUM CITRATE DIBASIC BP SODIUM CITRATE DIHYDRATE BP SODIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC IP SODIUM CITRATE TRIBASIC USP SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE BP SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE IP Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate USP SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE BP SODIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE USP SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE IP SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE USP SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE USP HEMODIALYSIS SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE USP INJECTABLE SODIUM HYDROXIDE NF SODIUM HYDROXIDE PELLETS BP SODIUM HYDROXIDE PELLETS IP SODIUM METABISULPHITE BP SODIUM METABISULPHITE IP SODIUM METABISULPHITE NF Sodium Nitrite Ph. Eur. SODIUM NITRITE USP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC 12H20 USP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC 12H2O BP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC 12H2O IP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC 7H2O USP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC ANHYDROUS BP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC ANHYDROUS USP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC DIHYDRATE BP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC DIHYDRATE USP SODIUM PHOSPHATE DIBASIC HEPTAHYDRATE SODIUM PHOSPHATE MONOBASIC MONOHYDRATE BP SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE BP/NF (POTATO BASE) SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE IP SODIUM SULPHATE 10H2O BP SODIUM SULPHATE ANHYDROUS BP SODIUM SULPHATE ANHYDROUS BP INJECTABEL SODIUM SULPHATE ANHYDROUS USP SODIUM SULPHITE ANHYDROUS BP SODIUM THIOSULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE BP SODIUM THIOSULPHATE PENTAHYDRATE IP SODIUM THIOSULPHATE Ph. Eur. SODIUM THIOSULPHATE USP ANHYDROUS PENTAHYDRATE SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE FCC STANNOUS CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE BP Test Product TITANIUM DIOXIDE USP TRI-CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BP TRI-CALCIUM PHOSPHATE IP UREA BP UREA IP UREA USP UREA USP INJECTABLE ZINC ACETATE BP ZINC ACETATE USP ZINC CARBONATE USP ZINC CHLORIDE BP ZINC CHLORIDE IP ZINC CHLORIDE USP ZINC OXIDE BP ZINC OXIDE IP ZINC OXIDE USP ZINC SULPHATE BP ZINC SULPHATE HEPTAHYDRATE USP ZINC SULPHATE IP ZINC SULPHATE MONOHYDRATE USP

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Metal Cleaning Chemicals Market Trends | Share, Types, Region and Competition Analysis with Forecast to 2023

Global Metal Cleaning Chemicals market information: by Type (natural, synthetic), Source (flower, fruits, vegetables, plant extracts), Functional group, Application (fine fragrances, personal care, and household care products) and Region forecast till 2023

Competitive Analysis

Some of the key players operating in the global metal cleaning chemicals market are Hubbard-Hall Inc. (U.S.), Kyzen Corp. (U.S.), Lincoln Chemical Corporation (U.S.), Delstar Metal Finishing, Inc. (U.S.), Crest Chemicals (U.S.), ZAVENIR DAUBERT INDIA (India), Chautauqua Chemical Company (U.S.), Luster-On Products (U.S.), Elmer Wallace Ltd (U.K.), DST-Chemicals A/S (Denmark), Rochester Midland Corporation (U.S.), Quaker Chemical Corporation (U.S.), PITAMBARI PRODUCTS PVT. LTD. (India), Houghton International Inc. (U.S.), and Stepan Company (U.S.).

Market Synopsis

Metal Cleaning Chemicals Market expected to reach moderate CAGR growth forecast period 2018-2023. Metal cleaning chemicals are used to remove extraneous organic and inorganic material from the surface of metals, which are often contaminated by oil, grease, dirt and particulate matter, corrosion oxides, and other impurities over a period of time. Surface cleaning is necessary to prevent the metal from damage due to the penetration of oxides and other contaminants, thus increasing service life. Metals are generally corroded by coming into contact with hard water, organic materials such as algae, microbes, denatured protein residue, animal fat, and hydrocarbons and inorganic materials such as carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, silicates, and phosphates.

Metal cleaning chemicals are used for both industrial and household applications. They find widespread applications in the cleaning of equipment and heavy machinery in industries such as automotive and aerospace, electrical and electronics, and manufacturing industries including chemicals, healthcare, and food & beverage. They are also used to clean household utensils made of copper and its alloys, silver, and cast iron, among others.

Segments

On the basis of form, the Metal Cleaning Chemicals Market has been segmented into aqueous, organic solvent, powder, and others. The aqueous segment dominated the global metal cleaning chemicals market in 2017 and is expected to grow significantly during the forecast period due to the eco-friendly and sustainable nature of the product. Stringent regulations against the use of high VOC content solvents in developed countries is also likely to contribute to the growth of the aqueous metal cleaning chemicals market. However, the demand for solvent-based metal cleaning chemicals is expected to increase in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East & Africa owing to their cost-effective nature and flexible environmental regulations and policies in these regions.

On the basis of type, the global metal cleaning chemicals market has been segmented into neutral cleaning agents, alkaline cleaning agent, and acidic cleaning agents. The acidic cleaning agents segment held the largest share of the global metal cleaning chemicals market in 2017 owing to the large-scale consumption of acidic cleaning agents in removing inorganic impurities such as scale, lime, and smut caused by the deposition of carbonates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, silicates, and phosphates on metal surfaces. Acidic cleaning agents include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, ethylene glycol mono-butyl ether, and hydrofluoric acid. The alkaline metal cleaning chemicals segment held the second-largest market share as these products are used to remove organic impurities such as oil, grease, soil, algae, microbes, and denatured protein residue from metal surfaces.

On the basis of metal type, the global metal cleaning chemicals market has been segmented into steel, aluminum, copper and alloys, titanium, cast iron, and others. The steel segment held the largest share of the metal cleaning chemicals market, by type, in 2017 due to the large-scale use of steel in various end-use industries. This market is expected to maintain its dominance during the forecast period.

On the basis of application, the global metal cleaning chemicals market has been segmented into industrial and household. The industrial segment has further been divided into metal tools, metal equipment and heavy machinery, reactors and tanks, metal chips and sheets, and others. The industrial application segment dominated the overall metal cleaning chemicals market in 2017 due to large-scale consumption and expected to remain the largest market during the forecast period

On the basis of end-use industry, the global metal cleaning chemicals market has been segmented into automotive and aerospace, electrical and electronics, manufacturing, and home care. The manufacturing industry segment has been further divided into chemicals, healthcare, food & beverage, oil & gas, and others. The manufacturing segment accounted for the largest share of the global metal cleaning chemicals market in 2017. This can be attributed to the need to maintain the performance efficiency of metal products such as equipment and heavy machinery, reactors and tanks, and metal tools, among others. The manufacturing end-use industry segment is expected to remain the largest consumer of metal cleaning chemicals during the forecast.

Regional Analysis

The global metal cleaning chemicals market has been segmented into five regions, namely, Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the largest and fastest-growing market for metal cleaning chemicals during the forecast period, followed by North America and Europe. Increased product demand is expected in the Middle East & Africa, while the Latin American market is likely to witness moderate growth during the review period.

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Carbon Steel and Mild Steel

Every year, more than 1.5 billion tons of steel are manufactured to make products as diverse as sewing needles and structural beams for skyscrapers. Carbon steel is a type of steel where carbon is the main alloy part, and the properties depend on the amount of carbon present. Oil steel consists of iron and oil, which is the most common steel type, accounting for around 85 percent of all steel produced in the US. The carbon content of the component falls within the range of 0–2 percent and gives tar-like properties to the metal due to the sulfur effect on the microstructure. Carbon steel can also contain small quantities of manganese, silicon, and copper. Mild steel is a trading word for low carbon steel, where carbon content is in the range of 0.04–0.3 percent. This is a generic classification not protected by a standard definition.

Mild steel used by pipeline Mild steel has outstanding ductility and is used in crude, gas or water-borne pipelines.

CARBON STEEL Production Carbon steel and mild steel are manufactured in three stages: main steel processing Secondary steel manufacturing Casting Main steel manufacturing Steel can be made either from 100% recycled material or from a mix of recycled material with virgin steel. Virgin steel is manufactured from iron ore, coke (coal produced), and lime in a blast furnace. The raw material is applied to the roof of the furnace, running at 3000 ° F. The iron ore melts and blends with the burning coke, adding carbon into the molten substance. Impurities are dissolved into a surface slag by lime, which can be skimmed from the liquid steel. At this point the substance contains around 4 percent carbon and also retains some impurities. Molten virgin steel is moved to the oxygen base furnace (BOF) that already contains recycled scrap metal. Pure oxygen is pumped into the molten steel to oxidize the extra carbon to create a final product with a carbon content of up to 1.5 percent.

 Secondary steel making Industry demands for steel products of higher quality and stable properties have fueled the growth of secondary steel making processes.

 The composition of electric arc furnace steel is changed in an electric arc furnace by adding or removing individual components or by adjusting the temperature.

 Stirring Electric fields are used to cause the ladle to turbulent currents. This approach effectively removes non-metallic inclusions that float to the surface thus ensuring a homogeneous steel mixture and composition.

 Ladle furnace The ladle serves as a secondary electrode furnace allowing for accurate temperature control and calibrated alloy part injection.

 Ladle injection The steel bath injects Inert gas into the bottom. A stirring sensation is achieved as the gas heats up and falls through the molten steel.

 Degassing Eliminates hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and thus reduces the product's sulphur content. Various degas molten steel methods include vacuums, inert gas injection, and temperature control.

 Casting Modern casting techniques require crane-lifting of the ladle to allow the molten steel to be shaped into individual molds placed on rail cars. Ingot molds are slightly tapered to allow removal of the ingots after solidification. Ingots are moved to soaking pits where heavy rolling is reheated.

 Casting machines require molten steel to be continuously casted into forms that are more desirable for downstream production. The loads are raised to an elevated platform where the molten steel is discharged into a tundish which feeds the casting machine.

 Global Recycling is one of the topmost rice husk ash manufacturers & suppliers of India. We offer rice hull ash, rice husk ash. We are one of the most reliable and well-known manufacturers of the high-grade thermal insulating and covering compounds too. Our products are made of high-quality raw materials. This is the reason why our products contain high insulating power, spread ability, and expandability. Products provided by us spreads quickly and easily to cover the whole surface of the steel. Rice husk has lots of utilities as a covering compound.

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Calcium Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2016 - 2024

Global Calcium Market: Overview

Calcium metal is commonly used in the metallurgy industry as a reducing agent for preparing metals such as uranium and thorium. The metal is also extensively used as an alloying agent for lead, beryllium, aluminum, and magnesium alloys. A number of calcium compounds find extensive usage across industries such as construction and chemicals. In the construction sector, compounds such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and calcium hydroxide are used directly as building stones or for the manufacture of cement.

To know more, visit our Report Overview@ https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/calcium-market.html

In the past few years, the vast rise in construction activities, especially across developing economies such as India, China, Brazil, and many countries in the Middle East and Africa has led to a significant rise in the global demand for calcium and its compounds. Rising demand for calcium compounds across the chemicals industry is also leading to significant developments in the global calcium market.

This report on the global calcium market presents a thorough overview of the present-day growth dynamics of the market and its core elements and segments. With the help of primary and secondary research methods and inputs from industry experts, the potential future impact of factors such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, trends, and regulatory policies is predicted. As a result, the report makes for a data repository providing a greater understanding of the way the market will be driven in the future years.

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The global calcium market is chiefly driven by the surging demand for calcium compounds across a number of end-use industries. In its several forms, calcium is extensively used as decarbonizing agents, deoxidizing agents, desulfurizing agents, as a reducing agent in the extraction of several metals, and the production of cement. The metal also finds usage as a coagulant in the production of cheese and as a catalyst in the manufacture of alloys of copper, aluminum, beryllium, and lead.

Some of the key vendors operating in the highly fragmented global calcium market are Shiraishi Kogyo Kaisha, Ltd., Mississippi Lime Company, Omya AG, Minerals Technologies Inc., Okutama Kogyo Co. Ltd., Excalibar Minerals LLC, Schaefer Kalk GMBH & Co. KG, Huber Engineered Materials, Maruo Calcium Co. Ltd., Solvay S.A., and Imerys.

[rajasthanlime]

Fluxing Magic: Lime’s Impact on Slag Formation in Copper Smelting

Lime is an integral element in copper smelting, directly contributing to slag formation. This article delves into this fascinating relationship and investigates its profound effects on efficiency and quality in this critical industrial process.

Understanding Slag Formation

Lime plays an essential part of copper smelting, where its creation forms an essential aspect. Molten copper undergoes the smelting process in which impurities are extracted and removed in order to produce purified copper products. Lime is strategically added during this step in order to react with acidic impurities like silica (SiO2) to form stable compounds known as slag that float on top of molten copper for removal purposes.

Lime and Slag Formation

Lime (calcium oxide, CaO) serves an integral function in copper smelting as a flux agent, reacting with silica impurities present in molten copper to neutralize and promote its formation into slag. This chemical reaction leads to calcium silicate (CaSiO3) production that aids effective impurity separation processes.

Acidic Impurity Neutralization: Lime is an excellent way of neutralizing acidic impurities like silica, creating stable slag compounds which are easy to separate from the molten copper.

Lime Enhances Copper Recovery: By aiding efficient slag formation, lime can improve copper recovery rates during the smelting process.

Lime's addition helps regulate heat management within the smelting furnace, providing ideal temperatures for efficient copper extraction and impurity removal. Benefits of Lime in Copper Smelting mes Utilizing Copper industry lime products india smelting offers several distinct advantages:

Lime promotes faster and more thorough removal of impurities from molten copper, leading to improved process efficiency and productivity. Reduced Energy Consumption: Lime helps optimize smelting conditions to reduce energy use and operational costs while improving process efficiencies and productivity.

Environment Sustainability: Lime-based slag formation can reduce waste generation and the environmental impact of copper smelting through cleaner, more efficient processes.

Importance of Quality Lime Supply

For optimal copper smelting results, obtaining top-quality lime from reliable suppliers is crucial to achieve optimal results. High-grade lime ensures uniform chemical composition and purity levels to provide reliable performance throughout the smelting process.

Conclusion

Lime's role in slag formation is integral to copper smelting, impacting efficiency, energy use and environmental sustainability. By taking advantage of lime's fluxing properties to optimize operations and foster sustainable growth and innovation.

Reputable lime manufacturers in Jodhpur, Rajasthan play an invaluable role in providing high-quality lime products that meet the stringent requirements of the Copper mining lime solutions Rajasthan industry.

[classyfoxnightmare]

TRADITIONAL MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES IN CONSERVATION                KIRAN KALAMDANI          

1. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE REDUCTION OF TRADITIONAL MATERIAL & TECHNIQUES

Coinciding with the advent of the industrial revolution came reinforced concrete on the scene of the Indian Construction industry is a trend that was indeed quite negative and disturbing that can be easily traced to the quick fix materials called cement and mild steel as well as fossil fuel based materials. Traditional wisdom about

FIGURE 1 DEBASHISH NAYAK AND AGK MENON AT THE KESARJAN BUILDING CENTRE

materials like stone, brick, wood, lime, terra cotta and metal gradually became redundant or at best sparingly used. While speaking on these trends in the worldwide construction industry Leon Krier (Architect  from Luxembourg) said in New Delhi in 2007, '....Modern movement has undermined craftsmanship and prompted the loss of traditional wisdom acquired over many years of evolution. This is not a romanticized lament for a time and era gone by but a logical rational ecological and ethical way of building that is in tune with the culture and climate of a place.....' The Indian subcontinent that is fast losing its traditional skills in natural materials is once again yearning for an ecological salvation in the name of sustainability. Carbon footprints, embodied energies and several new parameters of measuring sustainability are being invented and practiced on a daily basis and yet the environment of our cities and towns is rapidly deteriorating under fossil fuel fired monsters. In such a climate (correction climate change) the call for a revival of traditional materials and techniques may seem against progress, regressive or even retrograde. However the number of examples where such techniques and materials are employed is on the rise. Very slowly as the conservation movement gathers momentum the knowledge base about the ecological value, human familiarity and cultural appropriateness of traditional materials is being echoed in contemporary buildings.

2. OF 'NIRMITHI KENDRAS' 'KESARJAN' 'NIRGUDE' 'TULSHIBAG' AND THE LIKE...

A one day national conference in Ahmedabad in 2014 convened by Architect Keerti Shah, where building workshops on the lines of the Hudco Building Centres that were set up two decades ago in 650 places in India and only 40 of these survive mostly in the southern parts of the country called 'Nirmiti Kendras' were discussed and their possible future deliberated on. (In Bijapur one such Kendra has an annual turnover of about Rs 30 Crores which deals with supply of building material, techniques and technologies related to rainwater harvesting and consultancy for small house builders or clients). The Kesarjan building centre where the conference was held supplies readymade hydraulic lime for the 1200 odd buildings listed in Ahmedabad where conservation work in at least 100 of them is in progress. In the 7000 strong village of Nirgude in Junnar Taluka by the foot of the great Shivneri Fort where Chatrapati Shivaji was born the village folk donate a day's work of the bullock to drive the mortar mill for scientific restoration of the 250 year old Hanuman Temple. The Conservation of Tulshibag in Pune recently made use of lime concrete and lime mortar to repair the basalt stone flooring of the one acre heritage precinct at a cost of over a crore of rupees.

3. SKILL SET REQUIREMENT AND AVAILABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION

One of the cornerstones of the Indian Conservation Movement is the availability and universal presence of crafts-persons and the  continuing age-old skill-sets in the various life support systems. Our rapidly transforming cultures where traditional methods are fast-changing in favour of modern and industrialized products and processes, heritage conservation provides patronage and sustainability of the crafts. It is not only one of the greenest ways of building but also of retaining the lessons and some mistakes of the past so that we may not repeat them.

4. FACTORS AFFECTING CONSERVATION OF STONEWORK AND STONEWORKERS:

The gradual decline in the size of stonework across the 2000-year span is as interesting to note as it is remarkable and has a direct implication on the conservation of structures. From the 10-14 feet long stones of the Yadava period,

FIGURE 2:CONSERVATION OF THE CENTRAL BALCONY AT THE DECCAN COLLEGE BY BASALT STONE WORKERS

to the 4-5 feet long stones of the Bahamani period, to the 2 feet long stones of the Colonial Period to the 9 inch long stones in the post independence period is not only a story of reduction is size but also of strengths and values of each period architecture. Selection of Basalts and traditionally known places for their craftsmanship that are closely located near the quarries is a feature of the building activity. Newasa near Ahmednagar, Chinchwad, Baramati and Kanhe near Pune; Malad stone in Mumbai, Roha near Alibag, Ajanta Village near Ajanta, Verul village near Ellora are some places where these communities have settled and have developed a working wisdom on the subject. Their training, skill certification and award programmes are impending issues in the evolution of this craft.

'Wadars' and 'Patharvats' are communities that traditionally work on this type of stonework. They are part of the System of 12 Balutedars (traditional craft guilds) comprising of carpenters, weavers, blacksmiths, copper smiths, cobblers etc. The availability of patronage and level of craftsmanship has standards and terminology that has evolved over the years that needs to be understood and acknowledged in the

FIGURE 3: CONSERVATION OF TIMBER WORK AT TULSHIBAG RAM MANDIR, PUNE

process of conservation. The socio-economics of the community and their diversification into other allied trades of building is a factor that affects availability and hence conservation. Moreover these materials and skills are becoming popular even in the landscape and new building technologies.  Along with these aspects there are several aspects that deal with the weathering or deterioration, their study, documentation leading to better practices in future.

Deterioration of stonework that is affected by agents of weather, biological agents or the nature of stone needs to be demonstrated through various documented examples including cases of bad repairs, wrong techniques and good examples. Use of various plasters, mortars and renders in traditional as well as modern contexts need to be explored to document old practices and establish new working methods.

The various earthquakes that have done damage to standing structures and methods used for repair or prevention of damage also need to be documented with examples.

5. CRAFTSMANSHIP AND ALLIED USES OF STONE:

Often the material has found use for sculpture or utilitarian objects in and around the building that has enriched human experience. These have helped in the sustenance of the craft despite the decline in the use of stonework as a building material. With the resurgence of revivalist and nostalgic practices in the building industry, there is an increasing demand for stonework and stone workers.

6.  ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE DECCAN TIMBER WORK:

The rock-cut caves in the Western Ghats and the Central Indian ranges illustrate and imitate the use of timber for vaults in the Chaitya Halls, the largest of its kind being at Karla near Pune. Very few specimens survive from these dates which may be attributed to the lack of repair and conservation techniques or the aggressive presence of termites and such agents actively preying on the cellulose found in wood fibres.

There are virtually no examples of Yadava period architecture and that of the Five Bahamani States of Bijapur, Golconda, Bidar, Berar and Ahmadnagar. Aurangabad and its fort of Daulatabad that displays five hundred years of stonework shows only a few floors in timber that have remained good for the last 300 years are in need of repair and conservation.

The Maratha period saw a significant phase of  the building activity that was greatly influenced by the traditions established by the Bahamani patrons of architecture. Its study will cover a range of structures from temples, wadas, samadhis, gadhis, fortresses and other urban structures that extensively used timbers. Work on Shaniwarwada, Nanawada, Vishrambagwada in Pune,and case studies of Sarkarwada Nashik; wadas and temples of Phaltan Near Satara, Palaces of Satara forms a basis for the illustrative examples.

The colonial period that brought about a major paradigm shift and a completely different set of considerations for timber work is illustrated through examples of work documented or executed. Timber work restore at St. Paul's Church, Pune, 'The Club, Mahabaleshwar', Main Building, University of Pune, and the Mahatma Phule Mandai are some examples where the successful use of timber that has lasted for over a century and with due care can continue to stay good for at least another one if not more.

7. FACTORS AFFECTING CONSERVATION OF TIMBERWORK:

              Linseed oil, cashew nut oil & other such oils that was largely used to preserve wood was the most effective traditional preservative till untill recent times. Lately the use of various respiratory poisons (wood guard), sealants and impermeable coatings (Enamel paint, Polyurethane based 'Touch wood' and melamine polish) has played havoc with traditional timber work.

FIGURE 4, STRUCTURE AT SHANIWARWADA IN TIMBER AND BURNT CLAY TILES    Deterioration of timber work that is affected by agents of weather, biological agents or the nature of timber needs to be studied through various documented examples including case of bad repairs, wrong techniques and good examples. Use of various joinery, nails and screws, hold fasts and fasteners in traditional as well as modern contexts needs to be explored to document old practices and establish new working methods.

8. FUTURE TRENDS ATTITUDES AND POLICIES

              Compared to the scenario about twenty years ago the demand for conservation of structures and the use of traditional skill sets has grown and it will probably grow with the fast disappearing traditional vernacular. Architects and Engineers will have to upgrade their knowledge awareness and particulars that relate to these skill sets and they would also have to device methods of measuring qualities and quantities to improve on these inheritances. They hold the promise for a richer and more complete construction industry.

FIGURE 5. BASALT STONE WORKER CARVING A STONE BASE FOR A TIMBER COLUMN AT TULSHIBAG RAM MANDIR

[marketfuturereports]

Biosolids Market Forecast, Size and Gross Margin Analysis by 2023

24th September 2019 – The global Biosolids Market is anticipated to rise at a staggering CAGR during the forecast period. Biosolids benefit the soil nutrients since it is considered as an alternative to waste disposal. It enriches the soil constituents by providing nutrients to plants and organic matter. The major form of biosolids used as fertilizers are nitrogen, lime and phosphorous. Other essential nutrients are sulphur, manganese, copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum.

Biosolids are primarily produced via biological treatment of domestic wastewater followed by use of chemical and physical processes as an addition to enhance the biosolids handling capacities. In addition, these processes help in treating waste water solids to regulate any disease from occurring.

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Biosolid market is driven by rise in use of agro-based applications followed by increase in agricultural activities across the world. Manufacturer emphasis on heat generation using biosolids is triggering the market growth. Stringent norms and regulations by the government for carbon emission is helping the market growth. In addition, biosolids are eco-friendly alternatives against hazardous chemical fertilizers further propelling the market growth.

The demand for clean water on a global scale is constantly rising. Hence, there rises the need for efficient waste water treatment plants However, limitations in using technological advancements is a major restraining factor. By application, the biosolids market is segmented as non-agricultural land, agricultural land and energy production. By form, the market is segmented as cake, liquid and pellets.

Leading Players Analysis Covered in this Report:

• Casella Organics

• Alka-Tech

• Biodisk Corporation

• Parker Ag Services, LLC

• Terratec Environmental Ltd.

• Walker Industries Inc.

• Recyc Systems Inc.

• New England Fertilizer Company

• Englobe

• Merrell Bros., Inc.

• Lystek International Inc.

• Noram Engineering and Constructors Ltd.

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Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), market share and growth rate of Biosolids in these regions, from 2012 to 2023 (forecast), covering

• North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)

• Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)

• Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)

• South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia)

• Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

[blog-food-farming-universe-blog]

Micronutrients Market Driven by Standardization of Agri-Commodities

Though the requirement of micronutrients is in trace quantities, these are considered as very essential for the plant’s metabolic growth and development. The demand for micronutrients has been witnessed across all the geographic regions as the soil composition can be deficient in one or more of the micronutrients. In addition to these, there is a large reduction and degradation of available land resources for agriculture. The fertility of the soil gets degraded due to soil erosion, salinization, intensive usage of fertilizers, and excessive liming to neutralize acidic soils. The prevalence of restraints such as lack of awareness among the farmers is upholding the demand for micronutrient market. Due to globalization, the export quality of agri-commodities has become standardized, which emphasizes on the importance of the maintenance of the crop’s condition. The dosage of each micronutrient varies with each crop, based on its requirement and intake capacity. The dosage also depends on the soil characteristics as alkaline soils may not allow soil micronutrient absorption.

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Historically, the introduction and increased use of macronutrient fertilizers was an instrumental part of the Green Revolution (between the 1940s and the late 1960s) which increased the productivity across the Asia-Pacific region. Significant attention has been paid to macronutrient fertilizers, but this has been somewhat less true for the micronutrient fertilizers. Intensive cropping and enhanced productivity in marginal soils have caused greater depletion of native soil micronutrients, which in turn has resulted in multi-nutrient deficiencies and higher responses to micronutrient fertilization. According to the International Fertilizer Association (IFA), 50% of cereal soils are deficient in zinc and 30% of cultivated soils are deficient in iron, globally. In many agricultural farms across the world, the amount of micronutrients supplied to crops is low when compared to their uptake. Thus, there is an urgent need to concentrate on achieving balance with regard to micronutrients.

Most irrigated crops (especially rice and wheat crops occupy vast area in Asia-Pacific) are experiencing declining response trends because of several factors including application of unbalanced dosages of fertilizers, micronutrient deficiencies, lack of proper management, and declining soil fertility. Therefore, nations across the world are taking steps to overcome from the inefficiencies in the crop production by increasing the efficiency of farm inputs applied. For instance, the Indian government had established a policy in 2008 for encouraging the production and availability of ‘Fortified and Coated Fertilizers’. The process of fortification involves enriching a regular fertilizer product with micronutrients such zinc and boron.

Agricultural research organizations are educating farmers across the various nations to use micronutrients to increase the efficiency of macronutrients (N, P, and K). This is because, the loss of nitrate is higher due to other limiting factors such as deficiencies of secondary or micronutrients. China and India are the main users of micronutrients in the Asia-Pacific region. These countries employ intensive cropping techniques with limited soil replenishment practices. According to the FAO, the Asian soils are enormously deficient in zinc and selenium content. In order to provide wholesome plant nutrition to maintain export quality standards, the Asia-Pacific region has become dependent on micronutrient application. Even then, the farmers lack the awareness to follow the critical application doses whose excessive usage can cause toxicity within the plants.

Micronutrients such as zinc, manganese, boron, and iron are often supplemented to the main crops in North America. The consumption of micronutrients is driven by the awareness regarding the production of better crop quality. Adoption of cropping pattern, soil testing, and precision agriculture has driven the U.S. and Canadian markets. Though traditional agricultural practices are still followed in Mexico, the farmers are encouraged to espouse the use of micronutrients such as zinc and boron for a sustainable and high-quality crop produce.

Due to reduced availability of agricultural land and increased land degradation, the European nations have to vertically integrate their agricultural productivity with the application of micronutrients. The most commonly deficient micronutrient observed in the European soils is boron.

The acidic and infertile Latin American soil requires the application of liming and fertilizers. However, these two agricultural practices, if used immoderately, could reduce the plant’s ability to absorb micronutrients. These soils are reported to be deficient in zinc, copper, boron, manganese, and iron. The African countries are catching up very slowly with the global market because of lack of awareness and inadequate agri-development programs. The highly iron-deficient African regions and intensive croppers of Latin America have understood the necessity of micronutrients to increase crop yield and quality.

Looking ahead, more policy reforms are needed to promote appropriate application of micronutrients to increase the efficiency of macronutrients and also to avoid nutrient deficiencies in the soil. Micro-enriched fertilization has to be prioritized to fight malnutrition in soils, livestock, and people. The importance of addressing all micronutrients in soil as well as in food items has to be given due recognition in the upcoming years to save the people who are suffering from nutritional deficiencies. Application of large amounts of fertilizers harms the environment.

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Copper Sulfate Market : Latest Trends And Forecast Analysis Up To 2024

Copper sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate is a chemical compound having the formula CuSO4. It is the most popular and widely used copper salt. The anhydrous form of CuSO4 is pale green powder whereas the hydrated copper sulfate is bright blue in color. Copper sulfate is widely used in the agricultural industry primarily as fungicides. Apart from the agricultural industry, it is also used in chemical industry as a source of copper, as a catalyst and for purification of gases. Copper sulfate is used as an adhesive in the production of paints and glues. In the metal and electrical industry, copper sulfate is the most preferred electrolyte for applications such as refining, electro-plating, and also used in the development of batteries. In the leather and textile industry it is used as an important reagent/catalyst in tanning process. Copper sulfate is used as a raw material for preparation of anti fouling paints.

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The agricultural industry accounts for more than half of the copper sulfate consumption globally. In the agro industry copper sulfate is primarily used as herbicide, fungicides and pesticides. Copper sulfate penta-hydrate is a fungicide. However it is mixed with lime to prepare Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures which are more effective fungicides. Paris gas, manufactured from copper sulfate, is an insecticide. It is used as a raw material for the production of Chromated copper arsenate which is a widely used wood preservative. It provides  wood with insecticidal, fungicidal and UV light reflecting characteristics. Another important application of copper sulfate is as an analytical reagent, which is further used for the preparation of several reagents such as Fehling’s solution, Benedict’s solution and Biuret reagent. Demand for copper sulfate as an additive in animal feed is also increasing as the copper is very essential for proper body functioning. However, copper sulfate is moderately toxic when exposed for a longer period of time. As majority of the copper sulfate is produced from scrap copper, it contains toxins. Toxins such as Dioxin are no longer preferred by most of the consumer countries.

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Increasing number of agricultural activities in the Asia-Pacific region has fueled the demand for agro chemicals such as herbicides and insecticides. Owing to this demand for copper sulfate in countries such as China and India has subsequently increased. . Demand for the chemical compound is also expected to rise in North America as the agricultural production in U.S. and Canada is also very high. The production of copper sulfate was significant in Europe until recently.

Most of the European countries are now importing copper sulfate in large quantities from the third world countries like Ukraine, Macedonia, Serbia, Uzbekistan, Russia and China. Most of the Europe’s surviving producers are based in Italy, Spain and France. Russia and most of the former Soviet Union countries are the nations dominating copper sulfate manufacture as majority of the copper mines are located in the Eurasian region. In other countries such as Brazil, Peru, Chile, and Columbia, demand for feed-grade copper sulfate is also increasing due to growth in the animal feed industry.Copper sulfate is a very important chemical having a broad spectrum  of applications. The demand of this chemical is predicted to increase subsequently over  the fore-cast period. Some of the leading producers of copper sulfate are WEGO Chemical & Mineral Corp., Allan Chemical Corporation, NOAH Technologies Corporation, and ATOTECH.

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Calcium Market – Key Opportunities and Forecast up to 2024

Global Calcium Market: Overview

Calcium metal is commonly used in the metallurgy industry as a reducing agent for preparing metals such as uranium and thorium. The metal is also extensively used as an alloying agent for lead, beryllium, aluminum, and magnesium alloys. A number of calcium compounds find extensive usage across industries such as construction and chemicals. In the construction sector, compounds such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and calcium hydroxide are used directly as building stones or for the manufacture of cement.

In the past few years, the vast rise in construction activities, especially across developing economies such as India, China, Brazil, and many countries in the Middle East and Africa has led to a significant rise in the global demand for calcium and its compounds. Rising demand for calcium compounds across the chemicals industry is also leading to significant developments in the global calcium market.

This report on the global calcium market presents a thorough overview of the present-day growth dynamics of the market and its core elements and segments. With the help of primary and secondary research methods and inputs from industry experts, the potential future impact of factors such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, trends, and regulatory policies is predicted. As a result, the report makes for a data repository providing a greater understanding of the way the market will be driven in the future years.

Global Calcium Market: Trends and Opportunities

The global calcium market is chiefly driven by the surging demand for calcium compounds across a number of end-use industries. In its several forms, calcium is extensively used as decarbonizing agents, deoxidizing agents, desulfurizing agents, as a reducing agent in the extraction of several metals, and the production of cement. The metal also finds usage as a coagulant in the production of cheese and as a catalyst in the manufacture of alloys of copper, aluminum, beryllium, and lead.

The continuous rise in these sectors across the globe has been the chief driver of the global calcium market in the past years. Of the key end use industries, the construction industry has emerged as one of the most promising sectors for the market, accounting for a massive chunk in the overall revenue of the market. The sector is expected to retain its position as the leading contributor of revenue to the global market, chiefly owing to the significant expansion of the building and construction sector in developing economies in the past few years.

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Global Calcium Market: Geographical and Competitive Dynamics

Of the key regional markets, the Asia Pacific calcium market presently dominates owing to the vast rise in demand across countries such as South Korea, India, China, and Japan. The strong growth observed by the chemicals industry of the region in the past few years has also led to vast growth opportunities for the global calcium market. The region is expected to remain the leading contributor to the global market in terms of revenue and volume in the next few years as well.

Some of the key vendors operating in the highly fragmented global calcium market are Shiraishi Kogyo Kaisha, Ltd., Mississippi Lime Company, Omya AG, Minerals Technologies Inc., Okutama Kogyo Co. Ltd., Excalibar Minerals LLC, Schaefer Kalk GMBH & Co. KG, Huber Engineered Materials, Maruo Calcium Co. Ltd., Solvay S.A., and Imerys. The research report, with the help of various market research tools, analyzes detailed business profiles of these companies, their recent developments, and an overview of their contribution towards the development of the overall market in terms of consumption, demand, revenue, and volume.

Global Calcium Market: Overview

Calcium metal is commonly used in the metallurgy industry as a reducing agent for preparing metals such as uranium and thorium. The metal is also extensively used as an alloying agent for lead, beryllium, aluminum, and magnesium alloys. A number of calcium compounds find extensive usage across industries such as construction and chemicals. In the construction sector, compounds such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and calcium hydroxide are used directly as building stones or for the manufacture of cement.

In the past few years, the vast rise in construction activities, especially across developing economies such as India, China, Brazil, and many countries in the Middle East and Africa has led to a significant rise in the global demand for calcium and its compounds. Rising demand for calcium compounds across the chemicals industry is also leading to significant developments in the global calcium market.

This report on the global calcium market presents a thorough overview of the present-day growth dynamics of the market and its core elements and segments. With the help of primary and secondary research methods and inputs from industry experts, the potential future impact of factors such as drivers, restraints, opportunities, trends, and regulatory policies is predicted. As a result, the report makes for a data repository providing a greater understanding of the way the market will be driven in the future years.

Global Calcium Market: Trends and Opportunities

The global calcium market is chiefly driven by the surging demand for calcium compounds across a number of end-use industries. In its several forms, calcium is extensively used as decarbonizing agents, deoxidizing agents, desulfurizing agents, as a reducing agent in the extraction of several metals, and the production of cement. The metal also finds usage as a coagulant in the production of cheese and as a catalyst in the manufacture of alloys of copper, aluminum, beryllium, and lead.

The continuous rise in these sectors across the globe has been the chief driver of the global calcium market in the past years. Of the key end use industries, the construction industry has emerged as one of the most promising sectors for the market, accounting for a massive chunk in the overall revenue of the market. The sector is expected to retain its position as the leading contributor of revenue to the global market, chiefly owing to the significant expansion of the building and construction sector in developing economies in the past few years.

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Global Calcium Market: Geographical and Competitive Dynamics

Of the key regional markets, the Asia Pacific calcium market presently dominates owing to the vast rise in demand across countries such as South Korea, India, China, and Japan. The strong growth observed by the chemicals industry of the region in the past few years has also led to vast growth opportunities for the global calcium market. The region is expected to remain the leading contributor to the global market in terms of revenue and volume in the next few years as well.

Some of the key vendors operating in the highly fragmented global calcium market are Shiraishi Kogyo Kaisha, Ltd., Mississippi Lime Company, Omya AG, Minerals Technologies Inc., Okutama Kogyo Co. Ltd., Excalibar Minerals LLC, Schaefer Kalk GMBH & Co. KG, Huber Engineered Materials, Maruo Calcium Co. Ltd., Solvay S.A., and Imerys. The research report, with the help of various market research tools, analyzes detailed business profiles of these companies, their recent developments, and an overview of their contribution towards the development of the overall market in terms of consumption, demand, revenue, and volume.