#Computer Misuse Act 2011

[hicginewsagency]

Computer Misuse Act: Constitutional Court Decriminalizes Offensive Communications.

By Brenda Namugenyi After seven years, the constitutional court has delivered a land mark ruling, nullifying section 25 of the computer misuse act 2011 because it curtails freedom of speech. The section makes it criminal for any person to use electronic means of communication to disturb or attempt to disturb the peace or right of privacy of any person.  Scores of political activists and…

[idigitizellp21]

Understanding Basic Terminologies In Cyber Security

Understanding Basic Terminologies In Cyber Security

Introduction: Today we will discuss about a topic which is known to give us sleepless nights. Yes, It is Cyber crime. With ever evolving advanced technology comes a non controllable risk of it back firing i.e. cyber crime. The number of cybercrime cases in India, registered under the IT Act, increased at a rate of 300 percent between 2011 and 2014. In 2015, there were 11,592 cases of cyber crime registered in India. Let us discuss what is cyber crime. What are the types and what do they mean and let’s conclude by discussing some basic activities we can incorporate in our daily internet usage to avoid these situations. Cyber crime is most prevalent in the banking space and on social media. The number of cyber crimes related to social media acrossin 2017 in India was approximately 328 compared to 155 in 2016. The number of cyber crimes related to online banking across India was approximately 2,095 in 2017 compared to 1,343 in 2016.

Basic Terminologies:

Hacker: A computer hacker is a skilled computer expert that uses his/her technical knowledge to overcome a problem. While a “hacker” educates himself for good it is currently popular for the wrong deeds i.e. “security hacker”. Here a hacker misuses his/her technical knowledge and utilises bugs to break into a computer system without owners permission. If Hacking knowledge is used for malicious purposes, the person is referred to as a security breacher i.e. cracker.

Malware: Malware is a specific software purposefully designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network. Malware does the damage after it enters a device through any medium. Malware has a malicious intent, acting against the interest of the computer user and hence does not comprise of softwares that cause unintentional harm due to some deficiency, which is generally labelled as a software bug.

Virus/Worms: A computer worm is an independent malware computer program that multiplies itself in order to spread to other computer devices. A worm/ Virus generally uses a computer network to replicate itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. the only difference between a worm and a virus is that a Worm results into harming the network, whereas a virus modifies files and in that process corrupts the targeted computer.

Trojan Horses: We all know The Trojan Horse story from the Trojan War about a medium the Greeks used to enter the independent city of Troy and won the war. A trojan horse in computing language has the same logic. A trojan horse is a special type of malware that pretends to do a certain job, but in reality it does something really bad. Example, it allows a stranger to access the computer enabling him/her to view and edit information. In some cases the user notices certain change or errors but does not take it seriously. Spyware programs are examples of programs that work as trojans.

Password cracking: Keeping in mind computer security, password cracking is the process of recovering passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system. A common way to crack a password is by trying guesses continuously and check them against hash values available. Though password cracking came into existence for may mighty good reasons. E.g. To help a user recover a forgotten password, to gain unauthorized access to a system, or as a preventive measure by system administrators to check for easily crackable passwords. Sadly, password cracker is a powerful study, and power in the hands of the wrong is used for the wrong deeds.

Cyber crime is never 100% avoidable, but you can avoid them as far as possible if you follow these basic practices:

Basic checklist to avoid cyber crime:

Avoid using unsupported software: An unsupported/illegal software is the carrier to major and maximum bugs/viruses. Due to weak security software is compromised and becomes vulnerable to a cyber-attack. It is also a house for most hackers and trojan horses making it the most commonly used medium to enter your system.  To leverage the benefits of an up-to-date security update, such as improved speed and efficiency, we recommend the use of only supported software on your systems and devices.

Use updated softwares: A virus finds its way when operating systems like Windows, apps, web browsers, etc. are no longer updated by the user. Though the software will still do its job, it will no longer protect against new online threats. Updates or patching by a supplier is often released to counter newly found bugs/viruses hence improving your security.

Run an up to date anti-virus software: As understood in this article, you computer devices can easily be infected by small pieces of software called malware. To stay away from infections, we recommend you install internet security software which will warn you against malware infected download items and also have an up-to-date anti virus software to detect already infected files in your device which could lead to major data loss issues in the near future.

Use strong passwords: Remember this password mantra, It must be easy to recollect but hard to guess. It is best not to use information like, your surname, your date of birth or your pet’s name in a password, as this information is widely available on your social media profile page. We recommend using random words and symbols to make it stronger and difficult to guess. We also recommend you to generate a different password for less important things v/s very important things. Your social media password should not even be close to similar to your internet banking password. Imagine if your facebook profile is hacked? So your banking online account is at threat too. For your most critical accounts, if there is an option, you should use the Two-Factor Authentication process of security. This means you have added a second step post entering your password. E.g. providing a fingerprint, answering a security question, or Mobile OTP.

Change passwords once every 6 months: There are multiple government TV advertisements running which tell us not to disclose our passwords to public. It could be a family dinner gathering or an official business party, no one has the right to ask for your ATM pin. In case you did? You must immediately change the password to avoid cyber crime cases. Remember, your password is a secret which not even your best buddies should know.

Delete suspicious emails and avoid clicking on unknown links or attachments: Email has been an excellent communication tool but sadly is frequently used to deliver unwanted or unwelcome material. Ever imagined why Gmail and other email operators segregates your emails are spam or junk? At best this is annoying and at worst it can be malicious, causing considerable harm to your computer and organisation. They identify emailers who often share malicious content and try to warn you against them. The only way to stay protected is by deleting suspicious emails and not clicking on the links or files attached to these emails. Responding to such ‘phishing’ emails can be dangerous too because if you do so, you are indirectly passing a message to the sender that this email address is active.

Backup your cloud data often: If your device is attacked by a hacker or  infected by a virus, your data may be damaged, deleted, stolen or even held to ransom, which means you have no access to your data henceforth. Hence we recomment you safeguard your most vital data by backing it up to a secured external hard drive. You should also ensure you regularly do so, to have the latest versions of your data and face minimum/negligible data loss.

[laraminomi]

Health Net Insurance "The Real Thief"

In 2011 Health Net was associated with a Breach that affected about 2 million American people. Deposition by California trial court has given the final approval for a settlement in a consolidated class-action lawsuit against Heath Net Insurance. To provide you with an idea about how to learn how to take security to Cloud.

Advanced security threats and attacks are getting harder to detect as hackers are becoming more sophisticated. At the same time, the tools used to defend against cyberattacks keep multiplying and becoming more complex. Organizations can get ahead of these attacks by adopting a cloud analytics-driven security platform.

To identify theft losses, the settlement approved by the California superior court in Sacramento required providing certain plaintiffs with reimbursements. It also needed Health Net to offer credit monitoring to all 2 million affected and insurance coverage. Plus, according to settlement documents, it called for Health Net to make general changes to improve its physical and data security practices. Under the settlement, the deadline to sign up for the free credit monitoring was in early June, George explains.

The payment called for direct mail distribution and other outreach to breach victims to be notified about their rights to make a claim. They offered under the settlement also provides insurance coverage of up to $1 million per person. Two hundred four thousand individuals, or more than 10 percent of the people affected by the breach, signed up for the credit monitoring services. "That's a good amount for breaches like this," George stated, one of the California law firms representing plaintiffs in the suit. Health Net set aside up to $2 million pay ID theft-related expenses of up to $50,000 for each individual under those provisions. According to George, Those claims cover reimbursement for expenses associated with ID theft loss, such as bank fees and other costs incurred by individuals related to ID theft events.

The Sutter case was closed when another California court ruled that there was no evidence that plaintiffs' data was accessed when thieves stole an unencrypted desktop computer in 2011 containing data for 4 million individuals. Like the Sutter case, the class action against Health Net - which was the consolidation of about a dozen related lawsuits - sought for a remedy under California's Confidentiality of Medical Information Act, which provides for awards of $1,000 in nominal damages to a patient if a healthcare provider negligently releases medical information or records. And upon monitoring, "the provisions of the agreement to extend credit monitoring to plaintiffs is critical in protecting against and detecting ID theft and fraud, while the provisions for Health Net to improve its security practices are also important to consumers," George says.

Breaches affecting 500 or more American people did not acknowledge the Information Security Media Group inquiry about the status of HHS' Office for Civil Rights' HIPAA investigation into the incident. CEO statements Dan Berger, CEO of security consulting firm Redspin "Credit monitoring seems to be the default remedy in these large cases of PHI breach," quoted. "I am happy to see that Health Net submitted the changes that they have made to their physical and information security practices to the court and that the court found those be significant and weighed strongly in favor of the settlement," Berger adds.

"However, I don't like that the court went on to say in the settlement documents that these changes' constitute a real benefit to all Health Net members.' Under HIPPA, there is an expectation of privacy and security of personal health information. Fixing a problem isn't a benefit.

According to him, it simply brings Health Netback into compliance. According to Health Net company is "pleased to bring the matter to a close, and added that, to date, it has no evidence that any confidential information on the missing drives has been accessed or misused by any third party."

[everydayanth]

The recent hearings on Nyanzi’s case impelled the state to answer questions about whether vagina is a “dirty word” (answer: “most of the time”) and whether vaginas are clean (yes, if they are washed). These exchanges raise complex questions about language and women’s bodies that reveal the connections between patriarchy, misogyny and state censorship. In particular, these questions highlight connections between Uganda’s 2011 Computer Misuse Act, under which Nyanzi is being charged, and other laws, such as its 2014 Anti-Pornography Act, which has been criticized for unfairly targeting women. As Nyanzi’s own research has shown, what is considered obscene or vulgar depends on context and the speaker’s social status. In this framework, sexualized and explicit speech can serve as a language of last resort.

This is important. 

[isfeed]

Uganda’s changes on Computer Misuse law spark fears it will be used to silence dissidents

Uganda’s changes on Computer Misuse law spark fears it will be used to silence dissidents

Uganda’s controversial Computer Misuse (Amendment) Bill 2022, which rights groups say will likely be used to silence dissenting voices online, has come into force after the country’s president Yoweri Kaguta Museveni signed it into law yesterday. The country’s legislators had passed amendments to the 2011 Computer Misuse Act early September limiting writing or sharing of content on online…

[xavierradioug]

New cyber law spells out tough penalties for offenders

New cyber law spells out tough penalties for offenders

Parliament has passed the Computer Misuse (Amendment) Bill, 2022 privately moved by Hon. Muhammad Nsereko (Ind., Kampala Central), which imposes tough penalties for cyber-crimes. The Computer Misuse (Amendment) Bill, 2022 sought to amend the Computer Misuse Act, 2011 to enhance the provisions on unauthorised access to information or data; prohibit the sharing of any information relating to a…

[virtue09]

What Is Net Price Calculator ?

A net price calculator (NPC) is a tool provided by colleges and universities to estimate the total cost of attendance—including tuition, fees, room and board, books and supplies, and other related expenses—minus any scholarships or grants a student may receive. The NPC is designed to give students a more personalized estimate of their college costs, as well as an understanding of what types of financial aid might be available to them.

 What does a net price calculator do ?

A net price calculator is a tool that can help students estimate the cost of attending college. This includes tuition, fees, room and board, and other expenses. By inputting information about their family's finances and academic record, students can get an estimate of the amount of financial aid that they may be eligible for. This can help students make informed decisions about which college to attend.

 Why do you need a Net Price Calculator?

Prior to the invention of net price calculators, students had no idea how much money they would have to pay out of pocket until they applied for admission, applied for financial assistance, and received an award letter. The expense of education is a major consideration for many students and parents. As a result, the federal government mandated in 2011 that every college and university offering federal student aid have an online net price calculator. Students and families are more likely to apply and enroll when they have a nice and informed experience with a net price calculator.

 The Net Price Calculator also assists students and families in becoming more financially literate and cost-transparent, which aids in better college financial planning.

 How Net Price Calculator is beneficial for Universities & Colleges ?

This tool is beneficial for universities because it allows them to provide an accurate estimate of the cost of attendance to the students and their families.

When candidates have a positive and insightful experience using a net price calculator, they are more likely to apply and enroll at your institution and help you improve the NTR.

 Why Virtue’s net price calculator?

 1. Accurate and up-to-date — Virtue provides active support with no downtime and assists in keeping the scholarship calculator up-to-date.

2. Adaptive survey form: It can take a long time to assess financial resources in order to compute the estimated family contribution. Virtue's net price calculator determines the family contribution in a fraction of a second using an adaptive questionnaire.

3. The Virtue net price calculator shows a low bounce rate and a high completion rate.

4. Virtue's NPC collects student information and can be used to generate leads.

5. The student’s leads are collected and processed on US servers.

6. Universities receive periodic leads via email and are backed by an interactive dashboard where they can study student interests.

7. NPC can work as a vehicle of social change by bringing cost transparency and helping families with budgeting, which ultimately fosters intergenerational mobility and financial security for disadvantaged families.

 Your data is safe with Virtue Analytics.

 Virtue Analytics promises its clients and users the highest level of privacy protection. The data collected from students is stored in disparate data silos and cannot be replicated or misused by any third party. This is in contrast to free net price calculators available elsewhere, which misuse the student's data. Virtue stands for its professional ethics, which ensures that its users' data is completely secure.

 Virtue complies with the Privacy Act of 1974 as well as the Federal Trade Commission Act, which establishes a code of fair information practices that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of information about individuals stored in record systems by federal agencies in the United States.

[stricklandcrane42-blog]

Natural House Remedies.

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[lyoncollegenpc]

What Is Net Price Calculator?

A net price calculator (NPC) is a tool provided by colleges and universities to estimate the total cost of attendance—including tuition, fees, room and board, books and supplies, and other related expenses—minus any scholarships or grants a student may receive. The NPC is designed to give students a more personalized estimate of their college costs, as well as an understanding of what types of financial aid might be available to them.

What does a net price calculator do?

A net price calculator is a tool that can help students estimate the cost of attending college. This includes tuition, fees, room and board, and other expenses. By inputting information about their family's finances and academic record, students can get an estimate of the amount of financial aid that they may be eligible for. This can help students make informed decisions about which college to attend.

 

Why do you need a Net Price Calculator?

Before the development of net price calculators, prospective students had no way of knowing how much money they would have to spend out of pocket before submitting an application for admission, requesting financial aid, and receiving a letter of award. For many students and parents, the cost of education is a crucial factor. Every college and university that offers federal student aid is required to have an online net price calculator, under a 2011 federal regulation. When using a net price calculator, students and families are more likely to apply and enroll if their experience is positive and helpful.

In order to improve college financial planning, the Net Price Calculator also helps students and families become more financially educated and cost-transparent.

How Net Price Calculator is beneficial for Universities & Colleges?

This tool is beneficial for universities because it allows them to provide an accurate estimate of the cost of attendance to the students and their families.

When candidates have a positive and insightful experience using a net price calculator, they are more likely to apply and enroll at your institution and help you improve the NTR.

 

Why Virtue’s net price calculator?

1. Accurate and up-to-date — Virtue provides active support with no downtime and assists in keeping the scholarship calculator up-to-date.

2. Adaptive survey form: It can take a long time to assess financial resources in order to compute the estimated family contribution. Virtue's net price calculator determines the family contribution in a fraction of a second using an adaptive questionnaire.

3. The Virtue net price calculator shows a low bounce rate and a high completion rate.

4. Virtue's NPC collects student information and can be used to generate leads.

5. The student’s leads are collected and processed on US servers.

6. Universities receive periodic leads via email and are backed by an interactive dashboard where they can study student interests.

7. NPC can work as a vehicle of social change by bringing cost transparency and helping families with budgeting, which ultimately fosters intergenerational mobility and financial security for disadvantaged families.

Your data is safe with Virtue Analytics.

Virtue Analytics promises its clients and users the highest level of privacy protection. The data collected from students is stored in disparate data silos and cannot be replicated or misused by any third party. This is in contrast to free net price calculators available elsewhere, which misuse the student's data. Virtue stands for its professional ethics, which ensures that its users' data is completely secure.

Virtue complies with the Privacy Act of 1974 as well as the Federal Trade Commission Act, which establishes a code of fair information practices that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of information about individuals stored in record systems by federal agencies in the United States.

Why Virtue’s net price calculator?

Accurate and up-to-date — Virtue provides active support with no downtime and assists in keeping the scholarship calculator up-to-date.

Adaptive survey form: It can take a long time to assess financial resources in order to compute the estimated family contribution. Virtue's net price calculator determines the family contribution in a fraction of a second using an adaptive questionnaire.

The Virtue net price calculator shows a low bounce rate and a high completion rate.

Virtue's NPC collects student information and can be used to generate leads.

The student’s leads are collected and processed on US servers.

Universities receive periodic leads via email and are backed by an interactive dashboard where they can study student interests.

NPC can work as a vehicle of social change by bringing cost transparency and helping families with budgeting, which ultimately fosters intergenerational mobility and financial security for disadvantaged families.

Your data is safe with Virtue Analytics.

[lucyllesheltonroi]

The Dark Side of Bitcoin

Though Bitcoin has many advantages – which we have discussed at length – some government warnings against it are not entirely unfounded.  

That is because there are criminal elements that seek to take advantage of all the excitement and media hype surrounding Bitcoin. For instance, there are cyber criminals who launch Ponzi schemes promising astronomical returns on investments. Only after their money has disappeared do people realize they were duped. Many governments are therefore running awareness campaigns advising people to stay skeptical and invest cautiously.

There are also many other ways cryptocurrency is misused:

Because of the anonymity and ease of transfer of Bitcoin, terrorist groups have tried fundraising on social media sites using their Bitcoin addresses. While this has not been very successful in the past, there is no guarantee that the terrorists won’t at some point succeed.However, it’s worth noting that one’s anonymity is restricted to the blockchain network. Once Bitcoin is converted to some other currency, one’s identity and transactions can be tracked via your IP address. And because every transaction on the blockchain is public, it’s very easy to track the movement of funds.

On May 12, 2017, a huge ransomware outbreak, known as the Wannacry attack, occurred around the world. This malware took control of the victims’ computers and demanded money in exchange for relinquishing it.While the ransomware used was not new, one of the distinguishing features of this attack was that the money was demanded in the form of Bitcoin. This incident obviously brought Bitcoin a lot of bad publicity. To understand more about ransomware and malware, check out this article.

There are many online scams that have led to people having their Bitcoin stolen. Typical online banking has several layers of protection, such as a password, two factor authentication, OTP, etc. But in the case of Bitcoin, one only needs to get a hold of a private key in order to completely empty someone’s wallet. Fraudsters steal these keys from people’s computers with keyloggers, Trojan horse hacks, and phishing attacks.Therefore, it’s important to protect your Bitcoin wallet as vigilantly as you would hard cash. Another type of scam is known to be carried out by certain online sellers: They advertise a product with a huge discount, and only accept Bitcoin as payment. Once the buyer pays, the seller ships a very poor quality product – or worse, nothing at all. And since Bitcoin payments are irreversible, there’s no option for recourse.

Another category of scam involves an ICO. Since the cryptocurrency market is highly unregulated, some people deliberately launch fraudulent blockchain projects. They promise some breakthrough innovation and convince investors to contribute capital. But instead of actually developing the project, they simply declare it unsuccessful and take all the invested money for themselves.Since it’s easy to declare bankruptcy, and investing always involves the potential for loss, there is very little that can be done to protect those who back these projects. There are many legitimate ICOs as well, but it can be difficult to differentiate between those and fraudulent ones. So if you do consider investing in a new blockchain project, it’s important to perform due diligence before opening up your wallet.

The Biggest Online Scam In History

Launched in Bulgaria in September 2014, Onecoin eventually became one of the biggest online scams in history, taking in more than $4 billion in just a few years. Onecoin turned out to be a Ponzi scheme designed by its founders, Ruja Ignatova, and Sebastian Greenwood.

Onecoin appeared to be completely legitimate with all the protocols and safeguards, one would expect. Coins were obtained through mining with Onecoin acting as a central network. The coins could later be exchanged for Euros through OneCoin Exchange xcoinx.

According to their YouTube explainer video, Onecoin had Know-Your-Customer (KYC) protocols in place to guard against money laundering. It also laid claim to being the first cryptocurrency with a monthly audit of its blockchain.

In reality, OneCoins weren’t mined using computer resources. Instead, their worth was predetermined by the scammers who programmed the coin to gradually increase from €0.50 ($0.56) to €29.95 ($33.68) in value. They even went so far as to award coins that didn’t exist to their members. Following a lengthy investigation, police determined that there was no true blockchain that was public and verifiable.

Other Implementations of Blockchain

Bitcoin was the first, and remains the most major implementation of blockchain. However, since then, people have come up with various other ways of using the system.

1. Cryptocurrencies

One way people have used blockchain is to create variations on Bitcoin. These often advertise themselves as better or enhanced versions of Bitcoin, and are collectively known as altcoins. Some of the major altcoins are:

Litecoin: Litecoin launched in 2011 and varies only slightly from the Bitcoin system. One difference is that it takes less time to generate blocks. Compared to the 10 minutes it takes Bitcoin, Litecoin generates a block every 2.5 minutes. This means that transactions are verified more quickly. Another difference is the hashing algorithm used. Bitcoin uses SHA256 for the proof-of-work algorithm, whereas Litecoin uses scrypt. One feature of scrypt is that it’s harder to create optimized CPU or GPU hardware to solve the puzzle faster, making the system more fair for miners. That said, today there do exist ASICS that can be used to mine Litecoin.  

Zcash: Zcash was recently launched in 2016. Like Bitcoin it provides secure transactions over a distributed ledger. However, Zcash is different from Bitcoin in that it uses a different proof-of-work algorithm (called zk-SNARK) and employs a different privacy strategy. In the Bitcoin system, the sender, receiver, and the amount of money being transferred are all public, whereas with Zcash they can remain private and shielded. By the end of 2017, Zcash had already crossed a one billion dollar market cap.

Dogecoin:  Dogecoin was actually launched as a joke in response to what some perceive as cryptocurrency mania. Its logo is a coin bearing the face of the dog known from the popular Doge internet meme. It is a complete replica of Bitcoin and offers no differentiation or enhancement, primarily because it was not meant to be taken seriously. Initially the value of the coin was extremely low. However, its value shot up significantly and it began taking on serious investors – recently reaching a two billion dollar market cap. The creators, unhappy with the fact that the coin had become the very thing it was meant to mock, eventually removed themselves from the project. Finally, the value decreased significantly when Ryan Kennedy, the owner of a Dogecoin exchange called Moolah, was arrested for fraud. However, starting in January 2018, the valuation started increasing again.

In late January 2021, Dogecoin’s value suddenly skyrocketed 613% in one week. This resulted in its market cap climbing 380% in just 24 hours – to $6.9 billion.

What was behind this sudden incredible surge? Dogecoin got caught up in the wake of the most famous stock pump and dump scheme in recent memory. In January 2021, an amateur stock trading community on Reddit called WallStreetBets (WSB) decided to take aim at major hedge funds by pumping up stock which the hedge funds had bet would fail. Through it’s subReddit group, WSB rallied enough supporters to target Gamestop and send that stock through the roof, costing the hedge funds a collective $5 billion. The shockwaves reverberated through the financial and political circles. Wall Street establishment called for immediate action, resulting in a lock on Gamestop trading.

Looking for another target for a similar move, WSB turned to Dogecoin. Unfortunately for Dogecoin, the new heights were short-lived. Within days the stock fell approximately 72% to $0.022. The stock would rebound once again in early February thanks to a single tweet by Elon Musk. When Musk tweeted a Vogue parody cover with a picture of a dog under the banner ‘Dogue’, the stock price shot up 50% within 90 minutes of the posting.

B. Non-currency implementations

As mentioned above, the blockchain system is applicable to more than cryptocurrencies. There are many other novel ideas based on the construct that are worth billions of dollars.

Ethereum: Ethereum is to applications what Bitcoin is to currency. It provides an infrastructure for apps to run without a central server. Like Bitcoin, it depends on nodes across the internet. In this case, the nodes provide the CPU necessary for an app to run.  In order to prevent abuse and to eliminate low quality apps, Ethereum requires that applications spend a currency called ether. The code developed in the Ethereum network is run by a software called the Ethereum virtual machine. Developers use smart contracts to develop the application, which are executed automatically whenever specified conditions are met. For example, one smart contract could be to automatically ship a product once payment is received. Ethereum apps are called DAPs (decentralized applications), and hundreds of them have already been successfully launched. Examples are apps that deal with digital signatures, prediction software, electric car charging management, and online gambling sites.

Ripple: While Bitcoin is intended for the public, Ripple is meant for banks and payment networks. Currently, banks employ the protocol SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication), which requires the involvement of intermediaries. This, plus fluctuations in currency exchange rates often leads to transactions being delayed. Ripple enables financial institutions to transfer, settle, remit, and exchange payments in real time without incurring large costs. Although it has yet to be officially adopted, many banks have already begun using Ripple in trial phases. One important difference between Ripple and Bitcoin is that not everyone is allowed to join the network. The computers need to identify themselves and need permission to take part. In that sense, it is not truly decentralized or public.

As we have seen, there are some negative aspects of Bitcoin, and these should be addressed. However, that doesn’t mean we should abandon it altogether. Blockchain is a true innovation capable of solving innumerable problems. It is up to us to be wise and use it appropriately.

[garudabluffs]

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/03/22/can-cyrus-vance-jr-nail-trump

Could Trump Be The 1st U.S. President Charged With A Criminal Offense?

New Yorker writer Jane Mayer talks about the criminal investigation into whether Donald Trump engaged in tax, banking and/or insurance fraud. If convicted, he could be sentenced to prison.

March 18,2021 LISTEN 43 min. https://www.npr.org/2021/03/18/978635443/could-trump-be-the-1st-u-s-president-charged-with-a-criminal-offense

he could end up serving a prison term instead of a second White House term.

“Nothing goes on in the Trump Organization without Donald Trump knowing it. It’s like the boss of bosses in an organized-crime family. No one has to ask if the boss signed off. They know he did.” -Michael Cohen

The hurdle is proving criminal intent. And, as Bharara pointed out, “Trump is actually very clever.” He learned from his early mentor Roy Cohn, the infamous fixer and Mob lawyer, to leave no fingerprints. He writes very little down, has no computer on his desk, has never had a personal e-mail address, and relies on close aides to send text messages for him. Also, as Barbara Res, an engineer who worked for Trump, recalled, he is skilled at issuing orders obliquely. Res told me, “He would direct work in a way that you knew what he wanted you to do without him actually telling you.”

Vance’s investigation, which appears to be focussed largely on business practices that Trump engaged in before taking office, may seem picayune in comparison with the outrageous offenses to democratic norms that Trump committed as President.

But the New York University historian Ruth Ben-Ghiat, whose recent book “Strongmen” examines the characteristics of antidemocratic rulers, told me, “If you don’t prosecute Trump, it sends the message that all that he did was acceptable.” She pointed out that strongmen typically “inhabit a gray zone between illegal and legal for years”; corrupt acts of political power are just an extension of their shady business practices. “Trumpism isn’t just about him,” Ben-Ghiat went on. “It’s a whole way of being in the world. It’s about secrecy, domination, trickery, and fraud.” She said, of Vance’s probe, “It’s symbolic for the public, and very important to give the public a sense of accountability."

"And then there is Trump and just a few of his ethical issues: the author writes that his hosting of fundraisers and foreign dignitaries at Trump properties earned him $1.6 million in the first 6 months of his presidency alone; that at least 10 of his officials, including Kellyanne Conway have violated the Hatch Act; that $2.85 million in Coronavirus “small business” relief went to the Trump campaign data firms Phunware; that Trump Tower residents have included drug dealer Joseph Wieschelbaum, Baby Doc Duvalier and the Russian mob connected real estate developer Felix Sater. The author writes that Sater, convicted of securities of fraud in the 90’s, has assisted the Trump Organization in Russian business deals, including in negotiations over the proposed Trump Tower in Moscow. She also writes that in 2019 Secretary Mnuchin lifted US sanctions against the pro-Putin oligarch Oleg Deripaska, who then made a massive investment in Kentucky, home state of Senator McConnell, whom the author calls a “Putin supporter.” Huge sums of money are annually laundered out of Russia, with the author noting that at least some of that probably passes through Trump properties, which have gotten much financing from Russians, as Eric Trump blurted out years ago."

"Earlier this month, the former French President Nicolas Sarkozy was found guilty of corruption and influence-peddling by a court in Paris, and sentenced to prison. A previous French President, Jacques Chirac, was convicted in 2011 of embezzlement and misusing public funds. Silvio Berlusconi, the demagogic former Prime Minister of Italy, was forced to perform community service after his 2013 conviction for tax fraud. Ben-Ghiat, the N.Y.U. professor, believes there’s much to be learned from Berlusconi. Italy initially voted him out of office in 2006, well after his corruption was exposed. But his center-left successors did little to address his misconduct. Two years later, they were defeated, and Berlusconi returned to power for another three years. She warned, “If we have the chance to make a strong statement that the rule of law matters, and we fail, the message is that these strongmen can get back in power. That’s the lesson for us.” ♦

[swanandcmiprs]

FLIGHT DATA MONITORING & ANALYSIS MARKET ANALYSIS(2019-2027)

Market Overview

Flight data monitoring and analysis (FDMA) is the process of analyzing recorded flight data, in order to enhance the safety and maintenance of flight operations. Currently, apart from using for safer flight operations, flight data monitoring and analysis is used for enhancing flight crew performance, maintenance areas of a fleet operator, air carrier training programs and operating programs, air traffic control procedures, and aircraft operations and design to run a successful aviation organization.  FDMA offers various advantages including improved fuel consumption, reduction in fatal accidents, minimized unnecessary maintenance & repairs, and augmented pilot training programs. The global flight data monitoring and analysis market focuses on six regions namely North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East, and Africa.

The global flight data monitoring and analysis market is estimated to account for US$ 881.31 Mn in 2019 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.4 % over the forecasted period 2020-27.

Market Dynamics- Drivers

Increasing adoption of FDMA as an integral part of safety management system is expected to drive growth of the global flight data monitoring and analysis market during the forecast period

Flight data monitoring and analysis has become a voluntary safety program intended to increase the aviation safety through proactive flight-recorded statistics. This program allows airlines to collect selective digital data from flight data recorders, which is installed on their airplanes. Thereafter, this data is used to identify particular events, which is called systematic management system (SMS). The SMS establishes a baseline safety margin and computes deviations from standards and risk areas. Moreover, if any potential risk trend is identified, a proper risk management plan is implemented and its effectiveness is monitored until the trend normalizes. According to the Flight Safety Foundation, predefined exceedances of selected parameters for corporate business jets decreased rapidly between 2006 and 2011, owing to flight data monitoring and analysis solutions. In 2010 and 2011, flight operation event rates were below 10 for 100 flights. Hence, these factors are expected to support growth of the market in the near future.

Strict mandatory regulations by national aviation authorities are expected to propel the global flight data monitoring and analysis market growth over the forecast period

Different aviation authorities regulate accident prevention and flight safety programs including International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the U.K. Civil Aviation Authority (the U.K. CAA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). These authorities have mandated the use of Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) as a voluntary safety initiative in majority of countries (except the U.S.). According to ICAO and EASA, an airplane that has the maximum certified take-off weight of more than 27,000 kilogram must implement FOQA solutions as a part of its accident prevention and flight safety program. Moreover, according to a report by the Civil Aviation Authority in 2013, ICAO had recommended FDM for aircraft weighing 20 tons and helicopters weighing more than 7 ton. Therefore, these factors are expected to propel the global flight data monitoring and analysis market growth over the forecast period.

North America region dominated the global flight data monitoring and analysis market in 2019, accounting for 66.8% share in terms of value, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific, respectively.

Market Dynamics- Restraint

Concerns regarding data accessibility and misuse are expected to restrain growth of the global flight data monitoring and analysis market during the forecast period

Although FQQA maintains the confidentiality of the data by protecting it from unauthorized access or any illicit use, many airline operators are still uncertain about sharing or submitting information to the aviation authorities. There are two major reasons namely concerns believing that regulatory authority might use the FQQA data for disciplinary action against the reporter. The other reason is that all the information associated with FQQA would be available to the general public under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). According to a report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) in 2010, a majority of scheduled air carriers are operated by airlines that implement FAA-approved FOQA programs. However, only 17% of the smaller carriers implement FOQA solutions. According to the report, this is primarily due to pilots’ concerns that the data can be misused.

Lack of expertise in some companies is expected to hinder the global flight monitoring and analysis market growth over the forecast period

Many airline companies do not have in-house expertise related to flight data monitoring and analysis. Since skilled personnel is required for proper monitoring and analysis of flight data, many small or medium-sized remain inefficient in FDMA. Thus, these factors are expected to hinder the global flight data monitoring and analysis market growth in the near future.

Market Opportunity

Implementation of wireless technology for aircraft maintenance solutions can present lucrative growth opportunities

Many aviation authorities such as EASA, ICAO, FAA, and the U.K. CAA are supporting the implementation of FQQA programs, in order to enhance overall safety and maintenance of aircraft operations. Wireless technologies that have a central server onboard and can be downloaded using tablets or other mobile devices are increasingly used for flight data monitoring and analysis solutions. Moreover, data-enabled flight decks offer significant consistency to a back-office assessment of the FQQA information, which in turn, provides higher cost-efficiency and productivity. Through wireless technologies, the maintenance data is transmitted to operators in line, which in turn, allows prompt repair services. As a result of this, dispatch reliability is ensured and unplanned aircraft-on-ground issues are reduced. According to the Safety Conference held by ICAO in 2015, China has built FOQA wireless base stations to enhance data-driven safety management and increase the number of airline operators that implement FOQA solutions.

Increasing demand for real-time analytics in the aviation industry can provide major business opportunities

Real-time analytics can prove to be beneficial for airline companies since it can offer the latest insights regarding safety and maintenance. Many companies are focused on providing real-time analytics, in order to enhance the market presence and gain a competitive edge in the market.

In global flight data monitoring and analysis market, by aircraft type segment fixed wing sub-segment dominated the global flight data monitoring and analysis market in 2019, accounting for 89.6% share in terms of value, followed by rotary wing.

Market Trends

Enhancing fuel efficiency in commercial air transport with FDM

Apart from enhanced safety and maintenance, FDM can help in monitoring fuel consumption for improved flight efficiency, which in turn, reduces maintenance cost. Since fuel prices have reached over US$ 8.0/gallon in the recent past, fuel efficiency has become an important factor for airlines. According to a report by the International Helicopter Safety Team in 2007, FDM solutions improve long-term engine performance and fuel economy. Moreover, according to the report in 2016 by General Aviation Joint Steering Committee (GAJSC), the considerable number of general aviation power failures occur due to inadequate engine maintenance and therefore flight data monitoring is being used to forecast system issues prior to their point of failure.

Rising safety awareness in general aviation

According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), general aviation has the highest accident rate every year within civil aviation. In majority of cases, improper pilot training to fly safely, weather conditions, and the pilot’s incorrect decisions are reasons for the accidents. According to a factsheet in 2016 by FAA, FAA and the airline industry is working together to develop safety strategies and reduce number of fatalities in general aviation through FDM solutions.

Regulations

Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) and EASA

The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) is an allied body of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) that signifies the civil aviation regulatory authorities of a number of European States

JAA/EASA has indicated that ICAO standards will be followed through an amendment of JAR-OPS 1 in Europe

Competitive Section

Major companies involved in the global flight data monitoring and analysis market are Flight Data Services Ltd, Safran Electronics & Defense, Scaled Analytics Inc., NeST Aerospace Pvt Ltd, FlightDataPeople, Aerobytes Ltd, Helinalysis Ltd, Curtiss-Wright Corporation, French Flight Safety, Teledyne Controls LLC, Guardian Mobility Corporation, Metro Aviation, and Hi-Fly Marketing.

Key Developments

Key companies in the market are focused on product and service launches, in order to enhance product portfolio. For instance, in 2017, Teledyne Controls LLC introduced new hosted Flight Data Analysis (FDA) services for improved operational efficiency and security.

Major market players are involved in merger and acquisition activities, in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market. For instance, in January 2017, Curtiss-Wright Corporation acquired Teletronics Technology Corporation, a leading manufacturer of comprehensive flight test instrumentation systems for critical aerospace and defense applications.

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