#Chronic lower respiratory disease symptoms

[weightalive]

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease: Symptoms, Causes

Chronic lower respiratory diseases (CLRD) are a group of conditions that impact the lungs and airways, leading to persistent respiratory symptoms and significant health challenges. These diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, and other long-term respiratory conditions. Recognizing the symptoms, understanding the causes, and learning effective management…

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Writing Notes: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning - occurs when carbon monoxide gas is inhaled.

CO - a colorless, odorless, highly poisonous gas.

Produced by incomplete combustion.

Interferes with the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

Found in: automobile exhaust fumes, faulty stoves and heating systems, fires, and cigarette smoke.

Other sources: woodburning stoves, kerosene heaters, improperly ventilated water heaters and gas stoves, and blocked or poorly maintained chimney flues.

The result is headache, nausea, convulsions, and finally death by asphyxiation.

Symptoms

The symptoms of CO poisoning in order of increasing severity include:

headache

shortness of breath

dizziness

fatigue

mental confusion and difficulty thinking

loss of fine hand-eye coordination

nausea and vomiting

rapid heart rate

hallucinations

inability to execute voluntary movements accurately

collapse

lowered body temperature (hypothermia)

coma

convulsions

seriously low blood pressure

cardiac and respiratory failure

death

In some cases, the skin, mucous membranes, and nails of a person with CO poisoning are cherry red or bright pink. Because the color change doesn’t always occur, it is an unreliable symptom to rely on for diagnosis.

Although most CO poisoning is acute, or sudden, it is possible to suffer from chronic CO poisoning. This condition exists when a person is exposed to low levels of the gas over a period of days to months.

Symptoms are often vague and include (in order of frequency) fatigue, headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, cardiac symptoms, apathy, nausea, and memory disturbances.

Little is known about chronic CO poisoning, and it is often misdiagnosed.

Treatment

Immediate treatment: Remove the victim from the source of carbon monoxide gas and get him or her into fresh air.

If the victim is not breathing and has no pulse, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be started.

Depending on the severity of the poisoning, 100% oxygen may be given with a tight fitting mask as soon as it is available.

Taken with other symptoms of CO poisoning, COHb levels of over 25% in healthy individuals, over 15% in patients with a history of heart or lung disease, and over 10% in pregnant women usually indicate the need for hospitalization.

In the hospital, fluids and electrolytes are given to correct any imbalances that have arisen from the breakdown of cellular metabolism.

In severe cases of CO poisoning, patients are given hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This treatment involves placing the patient in a chamber breathing 100% oxygen at a pressure of more than one atmosphere (the normal pressure the atmosphere exerts at sea level). The increased pressure forces more oxygen into the blood.

Prevention

Carbon monoxide poisoning is preventable.

Particular care should be paid to situations where fuel is burned in a confined area. Portable and permanently installed carbon monoxide detectors that sound a warning similar to smoke detectors are available for less than $50.

Specific actions that will prevent CO poisoning include:

Stopping smoking. Smokers have less tolerance to environmental CO.

Having heating systems and appliances installed by a qualified contractor to assure that they are properly vented and meet local building codes

Inspecting and properly maintaining heating systems, chimneys, and appliances

Not using a gas oven or stove to heat the home

Not burning charcoal indoors

Making sure there is good ventilation if using a kerosene heater indoors

Not leaving cars or trucks running inside the garage

Keeping car windows rolled up when stuck in heavy traffic, especially if inside a tunnel.

Source ⚜ More: Writing Notes & References ⚜ Poison ⚜ Fictional Poisons

[covid-safer-hotties]

'Vaccine fatigue' blamed as roughly half of people in US will skip COVID and flu shots this year - Published Sept 16, 2024

by Melissa Rudy

A growing number of U.S. adults are hesitant to get recommended vaccines this fall, a new survey found.

The poll, which included 1,006 people, found that only 43% of respondents have gotten or plan to get the COVID vaccine.

Only a slight majority (56%) of adults said they have gotten or plan to get the flu shot this fall.

The poll also found that 37% of those who have gotten vaccines in past years plan to skip the shots this season.

Around one-third of respondents also said they don’t believe they need the vaccines mentioned in the survey — flu, COVID, RSV or pneumococcal pneumonia.

Vaccine hesitancy tends to skew younger, as adults aged 65 and older are the most likely to get the recommended immunizations.

The nationwide survey was conducted by The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in mid-August 2024.

These findings come just weeks after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved updated COVID-19 vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer for the 2024-2025 season.

"We’re at the start of respiratory virus season, when you have the triple threat of flu, COVID-19 and RSV," said Nora Colburn, MD, medical director of clinical epidemiology at Ohio State’s Richard M. Ross Heart Hospital, in a press release.

"Unfortunately, there is a lot of misinformation about vaccinations, but the reality is that they are safe and highly effective in preventing serious illness and death," she went on.

"Older adults, people with certain chronic medical conditions, and those who are pregnant are especially at risk during respiratory virus season." Dr. Jacob Glanville, CEO of Centivax, a San Francisco biotechnology company, reacted to the poll’s findings.

"It’s obviously not surprising that 37% of people said they had been vaccinated in the past but weren’t planning to this year," he told Fox News Digital.

"We just had a vaccine mandate a couple of years ago, and furthermore, childhood vaccines are very broadly administered, so those 37% are people who wouldn’t be getting a vaccine normally anyway."

The reported rate of 56% for the flu shot is a little above average, Glanville said, as it tends to hover at around 50%.

"Coronavirus vaccination rates are a little lower than for the flu," he noted.

This could be due to lack of clarity with the public over how COVID should be treated post-pandemic, according to Glanville.

"It’s also fatigue due to the COVID vaccines not being particularly effective at preventing symptoms, which causes people to believe that they are not effective (although they do protect against severe illness)," he added.

Dr. Marc Siegel, senior medical analyst for Fox News and clinical professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center, said he finds the poll’s findings concerning.

"Both vaccines wane over six months, so a yearly booster makes sense for high-risk groups," he told Fox News Digital.

Siegel estimates that this year’s flu season will be similar to last year’s, which was "moderate," with 25,000 deaths and 400,000 hospitalizations.

"The flu shot decreases severity and number of hospitalizations by about a quarter, and helps to provide community immunity," he added.

For COVID, Siegel warned that the virus’ activity is still fairly high — "especially in the western U.S."

The doctor also warned of a new variant circulating in Europe, which he expects will soon be in the U.S., known as the XEC subvariant.

"It seems to be more contagious — it causes congestion, cough, loss of smell and appetite, sore throat and body aches," he told Fox News Digital.

"The new vaccine should provide at least some coverage."

Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center and an attending physician in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, told Siegel that very young children are being hospitalized at a greater rate — "likely because they haven't been vaccinated with the primary series."

"I recommend a yearly booster for the elderly, immunocompromised and those with chronic illness, along with anyone who is at risk for long COVID or has had it previously," Siegel said.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued the following vaccine recommendations

Flu: Everyone 6 months and older is advised to get vaccinated against influenza.

COVID-19: The latest version of the COVID vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months and older.

RSV: The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine is recommended for everyone aged 75 and older, as well as those aged 60 to 74 who have certain chronic medical conditions, such as lung or heart disease, or who live in nursing homes, as they are at a higher risk of severe disease. Pregnant women are also advised to get the vaccine during weeks 32 through 36 of pregnancy.

Pneumococcal: Everyone younger than 5 years and age 65 and older is advised to get the pneumococcal vaccine, along with those who are at increased risk of severe disease.

[didanawisgi]

“I have tried to let Truth be my prejudice” W. Eugene Smith, photojournalist (1918-1978)

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By Robert Rennebohm

ABSTRACT: 

This article attempts to summarize Dr. Geert Vanden Bossche’s scientific analysis of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign.  Please bear in mind that Dr. Vanden Bossche’s understanding of the COVID-19 situation is still evolving, as he studies the ongoing dynamic and complex interplay between the virus and our individual and collective immune systems, and the effects of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign on that interplay.  He is still learning.

�� While temporarily protecting vaccinated individuals (vaccinees) from severe COVID-19, the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign has, unfortunately, been placing tremendous suboptimal population-level immune pressure on the virus. This will inevitably and ultimately result in the emergence and  propagation of  SARS-CoV-2 variants that will be highly virulent when contracted by vaccinated individuals from/in highly vaccinated populations (though not highly virulent when contracted by healthy unvaccinated individuals).  In the meantime (and beyond) the COVID-19 vaccines have been predisposing vaccinees to autoimmunity and malignancy, while also interfering with the ability of a vaccinee’s immune system to control infections (acute and chronic) caused by non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses and other pathogens.

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BRIEF SUMMARY:

To date, the immune systems of highly COVID-19 vaccinated individuals have been protecting vaccinees from severe disease via four main immune mechanisms: via steric immune refocusing (SIR), which generates broadly neutralizing antibodies against the virus; via slow maturation of SIR-created antibodies into isotype-switched IgG4 antibodies (Abs), which have an anti-inflammatory effect and thereby diminish disease severity; via mobilization of MHC-Class I unrestricted cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which kill the virus and diminish inter-host transmission (transmission from an infected person to a new susceptible person); and via production of high levels of virulence-inhibiting PNNAbs (polyreactive non-neutralizing antibodies), which protect against severe disease in the lower respiratory tract and other internal organs. 

However, these protective immune mechanisms are unstable, unsustainable, will ultimately fail, and are creating serious problems. As explained in the main text of this article: SIR-created Abs are increasingly failing to protect and have spawned a vast array of “immune escape” variants; high titers of IgG4 Abs are predisposing vaccinees to autoimmunity and malignancy; high titers of IgG4 Abs and previously neutralizing, vaccine-induced Abs combined with exposure to highly infectious variants is now disabling SIR and triggering strong activation of APCs (antigen presenting cells), respectively.  The resulting stimulation of MHC-unrestricted CTLs, while mitigating COVID-19 disease symptoms, is now causing generalized immune suppression. As titers of previously neutralizing, vaccine-induced Abs are now declining, the concentration of PNNAbs that effectively bind to the N-terminal domain of spike protein (Spike-NTD) is also declining; consequently, the virulence-inhibiting PNNAb levels are irreversibly dropping to levels that will not only fail to protect against severe disease but will also put suboptimal population-level immune pressure on viral virulence. 

Soon the collective suboptimal PNNAb levels will create fertile conditions for the natural selection of more virulent variants in highly vaccinated populations.  Under these circumstances, new variants that overcome the PNNAb-mediated inhibitory effect on viral virulence without compromising their intrinsic “fitness” (i.e., are just as infectious as other circulating variants) will become naturally selected and rapidly spread. This is because they will have a transmission advantage over current variants because they will cause severe systemic disease and, therefore, be massively shed in the environment instead of inducing CTL responses to virus-infected cells via enhanced viral uptake into APCs.  

A highly infectious and highly virulent variant will have the potential to cause enormous numbers of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in highly (and rapidly) vaccinated  countries, particularly in vaccinated individuals whose innate immune training has been compromised, especially in frail and elderly individuals who have been vaccinated prior to viral exposure.   

So, the “calming” of the pandemic over the past year (or so) has been largely due to a set of compensatory immune mechanisms (in vaccinees) that have temporarily protected vaccinees from severe COVID-19 but are unsustainable and seriously problematic.  This “calm” has been falsely reassuring and will be followed by a “storm” caused by a new variant that is highly virulent when contracted by vaccinees whose cell-based innate immune system has been sidelined.   Vaccinated individuals with such poorly trained innate immunity will be largely defenseless against this variant and are at high risk of succumbing to it.  Healthy individuals who have not received the COVID-19 vaccine and live in a highly vaccinated population will be able to handle the variant well, because their innate immunity is robust, well-trained, and well-practiced.

This virulent variant will not survive long, however.  It will cause a severe “storm,” then die out relatively quickly, because it will quickly run out of accessible, susceptible hosts.

This sad outcome was predictable and preventable.  The cascade of immune events and the ultimate outcome described in this article (and in related contributions) would not have occurred if the population had not exerted large-scale immune selection pressure on viral infectiousness. Because of the large-scale administration of spike-based vaccines during this pandemic, the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign has led to vaccinated populations exerting significant immune selection pressure on viral infectiousness and now on viral virulence. 

The scientific reality is that, because of laws of Nature, the mass vaccination campaign has transformed the initial COVID-19 pandemic into a far more serious, prolonged, and threatening pandemic, and, in addition, has created a tremendous amount of vaccine injury at the individual level—-such that far more cumulative deaths and morbidity will occur than would have occurred in the absence of the mass vaccination campaign.

‍

INTRODUCTION: 

Dr. Vanden Bossche’s important analysis of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign has been largely ignored:

For more than two years Dr. Geert Vanden Bossche has been repeatedly explaining (to scientists, physicians, and the general public) why the implementation of a mass vaccination campaign (like the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign) in the midst of an active pandemic of an acute self-limited viral infection (like SARS-CoV-2) will inevitably lead to the natural selection and rapid propagation of viral variants that are both highly infectious and highly virulent and will have the potential to cause a catastrophic number of hospitalizations and deaths.  His analysis has been based on a deep understanding of the immunology, virology, vaccinology, and evolutionary biology involved; and on extensive, well-rounded, real world, interdisciplinary (non-“siloed”) experience in these fields.  His careful analysis has been scientifically sound, highly responsible, profoundly important, and has warranted the immediate attention of scientists, physicians, and public health officials---but has been largely ignored.

Dr. Vanden Bossche (GVB) has felt a professional and moral obligation to continue to share his honest, objective, deep, scientific analysis with the scientific/medical community and the public, so that all can be informed of and prepare for what is a very plausible and worrisome outcome (and in his view the inevitable outcome) of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign.  He also shares his analysis in the hope that scientific and health policy mistakes will not be repeated in the future.

If the scientists and physicians who have promoted the mass vaccination campaign and have disagreed with GVB’s analysis were as concerned as GVB is about understanding the complex COVID-19 situation as accurately as possible and were equally concerned about honestly educating and preparing the public, they would have provided, long ago, a point-by-point critique of GVB’s analysis and would have engaged in respectful dialogue with him---dialogue that would be archived and made available for physicians and the public to view and study. That would have been in keeping with one of the most important fundamental principles of science and medicine---which is to welcome, honor, and critically evaluate all plausible, important, high priority hypotheses (which GVB’s analysis certainly represents) and do so through respectful dialogue. Unfortunately, other scientists and physicians, particularly those who have most strongly promoted the prevailing COVID-19 narrative and its mass vaccination campaign, have remained silent about GVB’s analysis and have avoided any discussion of his concerns---other than to ignore, dismiss, belittle, or demonize his analysis. 

The only legitimate justification for scientists and physicians to not engage in constructive dialogue with GVB would be if his analysis were so irresponsible and so off the mark, scientifically, that it did not warrant comment.  But his analysis is not irresponsible or wildly off the mark. To the contrary, his analysis is far more scientifically sound, far more sophisticated, and far more responsible than the simplistic, egregiously unscientific prevailing COVID-19 narrative, which has been based on "data" of astonishingly low scientific quality and whose key promoters have been grossly violating fundamental principles of science, medicine, ethics, and democracy throughout the pandemic (as I have repeatedly explained and documented in many articles posted on my website).  It is scientifically and intellectually untenable for those scientists and physicians to claim that GVB’s analysis is so irresponsible and off that mark that it is unworthy of their comment. It is telling that the scientists and physicians who have strongly promoted the mass vaccination campaign have avoided any discussion of GVB’s excellent analysis. 

Misapplication of a “conventional view” regarding viral virulence:

I have tried to discuss GVB’s concerns with scientists and physicians who have strongly doubted the accuracy of his analysis. This includes scientists and physicians who have been strongly opposed to the prevailing COVID-19 narrative and its mass vaccination campaign but have, nevertheless, been highly skeptical of GVB’s prediction that a highly virulent variant will appear and cause devastating harm. The argument these scientists and physicians have typically put forth (an argument that I will call the "conventional view") is that "viruses normally do not evolve to become more virulent, because that would not be in the best interests of the virus---because if the virus kills its host, it will not be able to survive. Instead, it is in the best interest of the virus to, if anything, gradually become less virulent, not more virulent."  This conventional view is largely correct when/if we are talking about a normal, usual, "naturally evolving" epidemic/pandemic (i.e., an epidemic that is not treated with a mass vaccination campaign in the midst of the active epidemic, using a suboptimal vaccine)---though I would hasten to add that the main reason a "naturally evolving" epidemic/pandemic ends is not because the virus gradually becomes less virulent---the main reason is that herd immunity develops and this results in the virus no longer having ample susceptible hosts to easily infect.  I would also add that we should avoid the anthropomorphic notion that the virus has a conscious strategy.  Evolution of the virus, evolution of the immune response, and evolution of the pandemic are determined by natural laws of nature---e.g., competitive binding, steric hindrance, conformational changes, other laws of physical chemistry, and the Darwinian principles of natural selection and fitness advantage.

What I think the "conventional view" fails to take into account is that this COVID-19 pandemic has not been treated in a normal, usual, natural way. Instead, it has been treated in a highly abnormal way---namely, with implementation of a mass vaccination campaign, across all age groups, in the midst of the active pandemic, using a suboptimal vaccine (i.e., a vaccine that thwarts but does not prevent viral replication and transmission).  This highly abnormal intervention has profoundly changed the normal interplay between the immune system and the virus, at a population level---rendering that interplay to be highly abnormal.  The COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign has forced the immune system to do things it normally does not need to do and has made it more difficult for the immune system to do what it needs to do. The mass vaccination campaign has profoundly and adversely affected the immune ecosystem---at both individual and population levels.  Accordingly, the “conventional view” is not sufficient to explain what has been happening since implementation of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign, or to predict what will happen.

We have never before implemented a mass vaccination campaign (using a prophylactic non-live vaccine) in the midst of an active pandemic, for good scientifically-sound reasons. GVB feels very strongly (based on fundamental scientific principles---laws of nature) that this mass vaccination campaign will lead to the highly abnormal and highly unusual phenomenon of a variant emerging that is highly virulent when contracted by  COVID-19-vaccinated individuals who lack a sufficiently trained CBIIS (cell-based innate immune system), due to deficient or insufficient previous exposure to natural infection---a phenomenon that would not have happened in the absence of such a campaign.  One could argue that he cannot possibly know this "because we have never done this before."  But he could similarly argue that, “because we have never done this before,” the promoters of the mass vaccination campaign cannot possibly know that their campaign will not result in the natural selection and fulminant spread of highly virulent variants. 

So, because we have never before implemented a mass vaccination campaign in the midst of an active pandemic, using a  prophylactic, non-live vaccine---neither GVB, nor the promoters of the mass vaccination campaign, can provide definitive proof (at this point) that a highly virulent variant will or will not emerge and dominate. Instead, we are left to consider a spectrum of plausible hypotheses, including GVB’s highly plausible hypotheses.  

Frankly, in my opinion, GVB has more experience in and has taken a far deeper, more interdisciplinary, more well-rounded dive into the fields of immunology, virology, vaccinology, and evolutionary biology than have promoters of the mass vaccination campaign---and, more importantly, GVB, in my opinion, has been far more honest, objective, scientific, careful, ethical, and altruistic than have key promoters of the mass vaccination campaign, many of whom have obviously violated many fundamental principles of science, medicine, ethics, and democracy throughout the past three years, as I have explained in previously posted writings. Furthermore, GVB’s scientifically plausible and highly responsible hypotheses are profoundly important and, therefore, need to be taken very seriously by other scientists and physicians, even if they are skeptical of them.  Such is the tradition of science and medicine.

Below is a detailed REVIEW of my understanding of why GVB is so convinced that the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign will, inevitably, result in the emergence, natural selection, and  propagation of highly infectious and highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 variants that will have the potential to cause huge numbers of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in highly (and rapidly) vaccinated countries, especially in highly vaccinated individuals. 

For background information, consider viewing the video, Respecting the Immune Ecosystem---Concerns of an Immune System Ecologist, which is posted in the “Notes on COVID-19” section of my website (www.notesfromthesocialclinic.org) and provides numerous relevant and instructive medical illustrations.  

Better yet, read GVB’s recently published book, The Inescapable Immune Escape Pandemic, and access the many articles and videos on GVB’s website: www.voiceforscienceandsolidarity.org, particularly his recent article:  https://www.trialsitenews.com/a/immunological-correlates-of-vaccine-breakthrough-infections-caused-by-sars-cov-2-variants-in-highly-c-19-vaccinated-populations.-645407ab‍

NOTE TO READER: If the following detailed REVIEW seems too complex and confusing, the reader might want to skip to the section entitled A SUMMARIZING OUTLINE OF THIS ARTICLE (and maybe the SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION section), then return to the more detailed and nuanced  REVIEW.]  The FOOTNOTES at the end of the REVIEW might also be helpful, as might the BRIEF SUMMARY at the beginning of the article.

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REVIEW: WHY IS THE NATURAL SELECTION AND  PROPAGATION OF HIGHLY VIRULENT SARS-CoV-2 VARIANTS AN INEVITABLE OUTCOME OF THE  COVID-19 MASS VACCINATION CAMPAIGN?

The critically important difference between optimal and suboptimal immune pressure on the virus, at a population level:

In order to best appreciate the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign on the immune ecosystem, it is important, first, to understand the critical difference between optimal and suboptimal immune pressure on viral infectiousness, at the population level.

Optimal immune pressure on viral infectiousness means that the immune response to the virus is so efficient and effective that the virus is quickly killed. The immune response puts so much immune pressure on the virus that the virus is unable to thrive.  Optimum (population-level) immune pressure on viral infectiousness is characteristic of the “herd immunity” (collective sterilizing immunity) that develops during a naturally evolving pandemic of an acute self-limiting infection (a pandemic that is not treated with implementation of a mass vaccination campaign in the midst of the pandemic)

Suboptimal immune pressure on viral infectiousness means that the immune response to the virus is only partially and inadequately effective---such that the virus is put under sub-lethal pressure, as opposed to lethal pressure.  The immune response thwarts viral replication and transmission but does not adequately prevent successful replication and transmission of the virus. This partial (suboptimal) immune pressure makes it difficult for the virus to survive and thrive but does not prevent survival.  Under this circumstance, if a new variant appears on the scene and has a fitness advantage (i.e., is better able to overcome the suboptimal immune pressure on viral infectiousness), it will be able to thrive more easily than existing variants and will, therefore, outcompete other variants, be naturally selected, and dominantly propagate.  In other words, suboptimal population-level immune pressure on viral infectiousness allows an incipient potentially threatening viral variant that has a fitness advantage (e.g., is more infectious) to survive, reach its potential, and supplant variants that lack that fitness advantage. In fact, if suboptimal immune pressure is exerted at the level of the population (i.e., suboptimal ‘population-level’ immune pressure), it promotes the successful natural selection and dominant propagation (or co-circulation) of variants that are able to overcome the suboptimal immune pressure. In other words, suboptimal population-level immune pressure on a phenotypic characteristic of the virus (e.g., its infectiousness) inevitably results in immune selection pressure on that very viral characteristic.

Suboptimal population-level immune pressure on viral infectiousness is characteristic of a pandemic that is treated with large-scale use of spike-based vaccines (i.e., mass vaccination) that is implemented in the midst of the active pandemic. Since the advent of Omicron, highly COVID-19-vaccinated populations have been exerting suboptimal population-level immune pressure on more and more conserved, functional epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thereby promoting natural selection and co-circulation of a diversified array/spectrum of increasingly infectious “immune escape” variants. In highly COVID-19 vaccinated populations, highly infectious variants are now facilitating a shift from immune selection pressure on viral infectiousness to immune selection pressure on viral trans infection (i.e., viral infection of the lower respiratory tract and other internal organs by virtue of virus transfer from migratory sentinel cells to susceptible organ cells) and, therefore, on the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to trigger severe disease (as will be explained later). 

Whereas optimal population-level immune pressure on viral infectiousness ends a pandemic relatively quickly, prolonged suboptimal immune pressure exerted on viral infectiousness by the population promotes natural selection of new, more infectious immune escape variants. This fuels enhanced immune escape and therefore prolongs a pandemic while driving it in a more dangerous direction.

For further discussion of optimal versus suboptimal population-level immune pressure, please see SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION at the end of this article.

Why are highly vaccinated individuals, in particular, experiencing frequent breakthrough infections (BTIs)?

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, all of us, vaccinated and unvaccinated, have been frequently exposed (and are still being exposed) to more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants---most recently, many Omicron variants and subvariants, all of which are highly infectious, all of which represent “immune escape” variants.  As a result, both previously infection-primed individuals (individuals whose immune response to SARS-CoV-2 was triggered by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection) and previously vaccine-primed individuals (individuals whose first immune response was artificially triggered by COVID-19 vaccination) have been experiencing breakthrough infections (BTIs).  Vaccinated individuals, in particular, have been frequently experiencing breakthrough infections (which we will call “vaccine-BTIs”), for the following three main reasons:  

Their vaccine-induced potentially neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs), which are directed against epitopes in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, have been unable to neutralize the many “immune escape” variants that have successively appeared---because these variants have mutated in a way that enables them to “escape” from (be resistant to) these vaccinal pNAbs.  (These immune escape variants appeared on the scene because their resistance to pNAbs gave them a competitive “fitness advantage” which, in turn, led to the natural selection and dominant propagation of these variants.) 

Their polyreactive non-neutralizing antibodies (PNNAbs), which were stimulated into binding to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein (Spike-NTD) because of the substantially diminished neutralizing capacity of vaccine-induced anti-spike Abs, have been facilitating viral entry into susceptible epithelial host cells (i.e., these PNNAbs are infection-enhancing) and have thereby accelerated production of viral progeny.  This infection-enhancing effect of the PNNAbs is due to the fact that binding of PNNAbs to a highly conserved antigenic region within the N-terminal domain of the spike protein (Spike-NTD) causes a conformational change in the spike protein that flips the receptor binding domain into the ”open position” thereby making it easier for the virus to enter susceptible host epithelial cells.)

Their innate immune system has been sidelined because non-replicating vaccines do not train the cell-based innate immune system and many vaccinees received their vaccination prior to exposure to natural infection (especially in countries that implemented a fast-track mass vaccination program).  

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Why have BTIs (in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals) been relatively mild (at least since the initial appearance of Omicron variants)? What protective immune mechanisms have been at play? 

‍ During the Omicron era, BTIs (in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals) have, so far, either been asymptomatic or have usually caused only mild or moderate symptoms.  To date, BTIs have not usually caused severe COVID-19 disease, for the reasons mentioned below:

In the case of heathy unvaccinated individuals: Healthy unvaccinated individuals have been able to handle re-exposure increasingly well, primarily because of their robust, fully participating, and increasingly trained innate immunity.  Their innate immune system is able to quickly lower viral loads and kill virus-infected cells (via trained, i.e., epigenetically re-programmed, natural killer cells) without needing to prime the adaptive immune system for help (although MHC class I-unrestricted CTLs may be triggered in the case of symptomatic infection). 

In the case of vaccinated individuals: Vaccinated individuals, on the other hand, have been heavily relying on four major protective immune mechanisms to deal with their frequent vaccine-BTIs.  As will be explained, these protective immune mechanisms, though temporarily helpful, are unstable, unsustainable, will ultimately fail, and are problematic. 

The SIR phenomenon (Steric Immune Refocusing):1-3 First, vaccinated individuals, via the SIR phenomenon, developed broadly neutralizing antibodies to immunosubdominant spike-associated domains.  ‍ In the context of SARS-CoV-2, SIR refers to the redirection of the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies against conserved immune-subdominant epitopes2 of the spike protein when pre-existing poorly neutralizing Abs sterically hinder (physically block) immune recognition of the variable immune-dominant epitopes of the spike protein. These SIR-created high avidity antibodies have temporarily provided efficient cross-neutralizing activity.  However, there have been downsides associated with the beneficial protective effects of these SIR-created antibodies. Titers of these SIR-created neutralizing antibodies, which were initially already at relatively low levels, declined and rapidly reached a point where they fell below the optimal threshold for providing protection from infection (i.e., fell into the suboptimal range).  Because of the suboptimal neutralizing titers of these antibodies and their delayed maturation (in germinal centers) into affinity-matured, isotype-switched  IgG4 antibodies, prolonged large-scale (population-level) immune pressure has been exerted by these antibodies in highly COVID-19 vaccinated populations. In these populations, suboptimal SIR-created population-level immune pressure on viral infectiousness led to the natural selection and co-circulation of a vast array of more infectious Omicron descendants.  In short, while providing some protection to vaccinees, the SIR phenomenon spawned a succession of increasingly infectious “immune escape” variants and ultimately led to co-emergence of highly infectious Omicron descendants. (Note: Because of the diminished production of viral progeny, re-exposure of unvaccinated, infection-experienced individuals to Omicron-derived descendants did not  trigger SIR and, therefore, did not promote viral immune escape!)  A second downside of the SIR phenomenon is that it increasingly refocuses the immune system on more immunorecessive epitopes, ones that have greater similarity to “self” and “altered self.”  This predisposes to autoimmunity and malignancy, respectively.2, 3 ‍

The anti-inflammatory effect of isotype-switched IgG4 antibodies: SIR-created neutralizing antibodies eventually underwent isotype-switching---i.e., matured (in delayed fashion) into IgG4 antibodies.  IgG4 antibodies have an anti-inflammatory effect. Accordingly, when vaccinated individuals with high titers of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG4 antibodies (i.e., those who experienced a SIR-enabling vaccine-BTI) are exposed to newly emerging immune escape variants, their symptoms have been reduced by the anti-inflammatory effects of these IgG4 antibodies. As not only vaccine-BTI but also mRNA vaccination facilitates SIR, it stands to reason that IgG4 antibodies can also be induced after mRNA -vaccination. Indeed, Irrang et al documented that “several months after the second vaccination [with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine], SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were increasingly composed of non-inflammatory IgG4, which was further boosted by a third mRNA vaccination and/or SARS-CoV-2 variant BTI.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9847566/. (These unusual levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG4 antibodies have not been documented in unvaccinated individuals.)  However, there is an unfortunate trade-off for the protective anti-inflammatory effect of vaccinee’s high levels of IgG4 antibodies---namely, they predispose those individuals to autoimmunity and malignancy, as explained in the FOOTNOTES of this article2,3 and in GVB’s recent article: https://www.trialsitenews.com/a/immunological-correlates-of-vaccine-breakthrough-infections-caused-by-sars-cov-2-variants-in-highly-c-19-vaccinated-populations.-645407ab  ‍

Activation of CTLs (Cytolytic T Lymphocytes): Despite the functional monovalency of isotype-switched IgG4 antibodies, elevated titers of these Abs result in strong cytolytic activation of MHC Class I unrestricted T lymphocytes but no longer promote SIR upon vaccine-BTIs with highly infectious Omicron descendants. This is because  high concentrations of IgG4 Abs bound to progeny virions of these variants will expedite viral uptake by APCs (antigen presenting cells). SIR-disabling vaccine-BTIs therefore not only enhance CTL-mediated elimination of virus-infected cells, thereby rapidly abrogating viral shedding and  safeguarding vaccinated individuals from COVID-19 disease altogether, but also prevent de novo priming of new, broadly cross-neutralizing Abs and thus, promote propagation of viruses with higher intrinsic infectiousness. High viral infectiousness can ultimately cause activated CTLs to kill the APCs that activated them in the first place.  Strong activation of APCs and insufficient or deficient presentation of non-SARS-CoV-2-related Ags may  lead to generalized immune suppression and increased prevalence of other, non-Covid-19-related diseases.  ‍

The virulence-inhibiting effect of PNNAbs (polyreactive non-neutralizing antibodies): PNNAbs bind to Spike-NTD exposed on free infecting virions as a result of diminished neutralizing capacity of potentially neutralizing vaccine-induced antibodies (pNAbs) and thereby enhance viral infectiousness. These Abs have also a virulence-inhibiting activity in that they attach to virus that is tethered to migrating dendritic cells (DC) and thereby prevent transfer of virus from dendritic cells to cells in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and other internal organs---i.e., high levels of PNNAbs adsorbed on DC-tethered virions inhibit trans infection in the LRT and other internal organs and, thereby, protect vaccinated individuals from severe COVID-19 disease (fig. 1). However, as the infectiousness of the circulating variants increases, hyperactivation of CTLs not only leads to generalized immune suppression but also causes highly vaccinated populations to  exert immune selection pressure on viral trans infectiousness and, therefore, promote natural selection of new variants that are likely to exhibit enhanced virulence (as explained below).    

In these ways, SIR-created neutralizing antibodies, anti-inflammatory IgG4 Abs, and CTLs have been enhancing recovery from disease, in vaccinees, (after providing some short-lived protection from infection) or have been mitigating or even preventing disease symptoms, while PNNAbs have been protecting vaccinated individuals from severe COVID-19 disease, when these individuals have experienced vaccine-BTIs with more infectious variants. However, while this “immunologic rescue operation” (GVB’s phrase) has been protecting vaccinated individuals from severe disease, it has meanwhile been facilitating asymptomatic transmission (to both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals) of a diversified array of highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 immune escape variants; it is, therefore, now causing highly COVID-19 vaccinated populations to exert large-scale immune selection pressure on viral virulence (as will be further explained later); it has predisposed vaccinees to autoimmunity and malignancy; and it has adversely affected the ability of vaccinees to normally handle other pathogens.

The false impression that the pandemic is currently subsiding, heading into endemicity, and becoming less worrisome:  

The above four protective mechanisms, upon which vaccinated individuals have been relying to diminish viral pathogenicity, have given the impression that the pandemic is subsiding, becoming milder, and heading into a relatively benign endemic phase.  But, as explained below, this is a false impression.  These protective mechanisms will ultimately fail and result in the natural selection and  propagation of new emerging variants that have the capacity to become highly virulent in COVID-19 vaccinees.  These mechanisms have been providing false reassurance.  The current “calm” will, unfortunately, be followed by a severe “storm.” The latter will primarily affect those who were vaccinated prior to experiencing natural infection (e.g., the elderly and those considered vulnerable because of underlying disease or immune suppressive conditions).

Why will the protective immune mechanisms upon which highly vaccinated individuals have been relying inevitably fail and promote the “successful” emergence of a highly virulent variant?

As long as the concentration of PNNAbs bound to DC-tethered progeny virions remains high enough (i.e., are at optimal levels, or close to being optimal, and are putting optimal immune pressure on viral trans infection), the virulence-inhibiting effect of the PNNAbs and the APC-mediated activation of CTLs will adequately protect the vaccinated individual from severe disease (or even from COVID-19 altogether) and will diminish viral shedding.  Although high levels of PNNAbs bound to DC-tethered progeny virions (via Spike-NTD) are able to prevent or mitigate viral trans infectiousness at the level of the LRT and internal organs, the infectiousness of the virus at the URT (upper respiratory tract) remains unaffected and promotes asymptomatic transmission. Thus far, high levels of PNNAbs bound to DC-tethered virions have been preventing natural immune selection of new variants capable of escaping from the virulence-inhibiting effect exerted by these antibodies (fig. 1). 

However, since the circulating variants have increased infectiousness, their progeny virus is released in high density from the cells they infect and thereby cause substantial inflammation. The latter promotes enhanced adsorption of progeny virions onto patrolling, migratory dendritic cells and thereby fosters opsonization of free progeny virus by vaccine-induced anti-Spike Abs.  Enhanced uptake of these virus-Ab complexes into APCs have been strongly activating cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which in turn eventually kill the APCs that activated them in the first place.  This killing of APCs hinders the recall of previously vaccine-primed T helper cells, thereby preventing further SIR, or the production of new antibodies targeting new, more conserved spike-derived antigen, despite the presence of elevated titers of functionally monovalent Ig-G4 Abs.  Failure of vaccine-BTIs to prime new, broadly neutralizing anti-Spike Abs leads to failure to reduce viral infectiousness. Consequently, elevated IgG4 -Ab titers in highly vaccinated populations link enhanced protection of vaccinees from Covid-19 disease and diminished viral shedding to enhanced infectiousness of the circulating immune escape variants and their asymptomatic transmission.  Enhanced viral infectiousness lowers the concentration of PNNAbs that bind to Spike-NTD on DC-tethered virions in vaccinees as shown in fig. 2. This inevitably leads to suboptimal PNNAb-mediated immune pressure on viral trans infectiousness in Covid-19 vaccinees. 

When levels of immune pressure on viral trans infectiousness collectively decline into the suboptimal range, Spike-NTD-binding PNNAbs will place large-scale immune selection pressure on the trans infectiousness of DC-tethered progeny virions produced by  the currently circulating, highly infectious Omicron descendants.  In other words, diminished viral shedding, which is now threatening viral transmission in highly COVID-19 vaccinated populations, is indirectly causing suboptimal immune pressure on viral virulence while enabling asymptomatic transmission of highly infectious variants.  Collectively exerted, suboptimal population-level immune pressure drives natural selection.  That is, any emerging variants that are able to overcome the virulence-inhibiting effect of the PNNAbs while maintaining a high level of viral infectiousness will have a transmission advantage, will be naturally selected, and propagate (as enhanced severe disease will not enable timely isolation of the affected individuals).  In short, diminished viral inter-host transmission (transmission from an infected person to a new susceptible person) is promoting natural selection of highly infectious immune escape variants that have capacity to enhance systemic intra-host viral replication and dissemination to distal organs such as to enable enhanced, but lethal viral transmission.  When this happens, a major wave of exacerbated severe COVID-19 disease cases is likely to occur among the highly vaccinated.  In the absence of herd immunity, it is reasonable to assume that this will ultimately allow Nature to control viral transmission. Elimination of those unable to mount a sterilizing immune response to the virus (i.e., primarily vaccinated individuals) would allow those who do mount a sterilizing immune response to contribute to establishing herd immunity and thereby durably protect the human species from new SARS-CoV-2 pandemics.     

In the past, booster doses of vaccine and/or reinfection (BTIs) were resulting in periodic boosting of previously vaccine-primed NAbs or de novoproduction of new, cross-functional neutralizing antibodies (via SIR)---up to optimal levels.  However, booster doses of vaccine, or vaccine-BTIs with highly infectious Omicron descendants, are now failing to boost or prime  neutralizing antibodies (again, because APCs are so preoccupied with removing highly infectious virus from vaccine-BTIs that they succumb to the killing by the CTLs they activate or cause other antigens to be outcompeted for uptake into their antigen processing and presentation machinery). At the same time, these SIR-disabling vaccine-BTIs fail to stimulate new, broadly neutralizing anti-Spike Abs. Consequently, both (updated) booster doses and ongoing (asymptomatic) vaccine-BTIs fail to reduce viral infectiousness. It follows that the PNNAb-mediated immune pressure on viral trans infection will drop into a suboptimal range.

A large-scale decrease in PNNAb titers in the context of circulating highly infectious variants is now increasing immune selection pressure on viral trans infection. Upon mounting beyond a certain threshold, the immune selection pressure will likely trigger natural selection of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant(s) displaying mutational changes (presumably in the glycosylation profile of spike protein) that enable the variant to collectively lift the blockade on viral virulence. However, mutational changes in the Spike-associated glycosylation profile may bear a substantial fitness cost. In order for these newly emerging variants to not be outcompeted by other currently circulating, highly infectious variants (which cannot lift this blockade), it is critical that they maintain a high level of infectiousness by enabling PNNAbs to bind to the conserved antigenic site comprised within Spike-NTD. This implies that mutations targeted at evading the PNNAb-mediated inhibitory effect on intrinsic viral virulence cannot occur within this antigenic site and that manifestation of a high level of virulence by these newly emerging variants will likely depend on the presence of suboptimal concentrations of PNNAbs bound onto DC-tethered virions. In other words, the newly emerging immune escape variants are likely to provoke PNNAb-dependent enhancement of severe disease.

In short, because of the laws of nature, newly emerging immune escape variants exhibiting highly infectious, highly virulent properties (in COVID-19 vaccinees) will be selected and rapidly transmitted, and thereby cause PNNAb-dependent enhancement/exacerbation of systemic  disease (most likely not only affecting the lower respiratory tract but a multitude of different  internal organs), particularly in highly vaccinated countries, particularly in vaccinated individuals who have weak and/or untrained innate immunity (e.g., those who were vaccinated prior to experiencing natural infection, i.e., the elderly and frail).  This would not have happened in the absence of the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign.

Of course, this virulent variant will not be able to survive for long.  Healthy unvaccinated individuals (with robust, uninhibited innate immunity that has become increasingly trained to deal with more and more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants) will be able to eliminate this variant by virtue of sterilizing immunity, despite its virulence in COVID-19 vaccinees. (Group 1).  Our hope is that many vaccinated individuals will have been sufficiently exposed to natural infection prior to vaccination to allow for enough training of their innate immune system to weather the storm, especially if they also receive excellent medical management (Group 2).  Individuals who received at least two or three vaccine doses (i.e., in the case of mRNA-based or non-mRNA-based vaccine, respectively) prior to natural infection and subsequently experienced a vaccine-BTI (i.e., primarily those who were vaccinated first, i.e., the elderly and vulnerable individuals) are at greatest risk of succumbing to the new emerging variant(s) that can overcome the PNNAb-mediated virulence-inhibiting effect (Group 3).  Groups 1 and 3 will prevent the highly virulent variant from circulating  for long, because they will either fail to shed the variant (in the case of group 1) or soon run out of accessible susceptible hosts (in the case of group 3), and the pandemic will finally end, not thanks to herd immunity but thanks to eradication of the virus.

Note: Healthy vaccinees who only received a single injection of an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine or no more than 2 injections with a non-mRNA-based vaccine prior to developing a symptomatic vaccine-BTI are thought to have preserved their capacity to train their cell-based innate immune system.

Why is it important to take Dr. Vanden Bossche’s excellent analysis very seriously?

For the above reasons, Dr. Vanden Bossche has been extremely worried about the COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign.  This is why he has felt obligated to warn scientists, physicians, and the general public about this highly likely outcome---so that all can prepare for such an outcome.  Even if his prediction turns out to be wrong (which he greatly doubts, based on his understanding of the science involved), he wants people to have a chance to prepare in case he is correct (which he thinks is highly likely).  Even if other scientists and physicians doubt that GVB’s analysis is correct, they must acknowledge that his analysis represents a responsible and scientifically sound analysis about which physicians and citizens deserve to know and for which physicians and citizens deserve opportunity to prepare. 

In my opinion, GVB’s concerns and the conclusion of his analysis are correct. The most likely reason for the unwillingness of the promoters of the mass vaccination campaign to engage in dialogue about GVB’s concerns and conclusion is that they know (or at least worry) that their understanding of the virology, immunology, vaccinology, and evolutionary biology of the COVID situation is not nearly as deep and wise as GVB’s understanding. Compared to GVB’s understanding, their understanding, in my opinion, has been simplistic, far less scientific, and less accurate.  They should learn from GVB, not ignore or belittle his excellent analysis.

In my opinion, their unwillingness to engage in dialogue is not only scientifically, medically, and intellectually irresponsible, but also cruel.  It is cruel to leave the public dangling, confused, miseducated, and misled about the realities of the COVID-19 situation.  It is cruel to leave the public unprepared to deal with the profoundly worrisome situation the mass vaccination campaign has created.  It is cruel and dishonest to not inform the public of the mistakes the promoters of the mass vaccination campaign have made and what can be done at this point to proactively and optimally address the threatening situation that has resulted.

The reality is, the mass vaccination campaign has transformed the initial COVID-19 pandemic into a far more serious, prolonged, and life-threatening pandemic, and, in addition, has created a tremendous amount of vaccine injury at the individual level—-such that far more cumulative deaths and morbidity will occur than would have occurred in the absence of the mass vaccination campaign.  Enormous mistakes have been made and have resulted in enormous threats to huge numbers of people.

Good physicians admit their mistakes, take responsibility for them, work to ensure that damage done is optimally addressed, and take steps to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. The promoters of the mass vaccination campaign have not performed these tasks.

What, specifically, can be done, if GVB is correct and a highly virulent, highly threatening variant appears? 

Many important proactive steps can be taken.  For details, please see the following article (and an ADDENDUM to it), which is posted on my website: In Anticipation of a Highly Virulent SARS-CoV-2 Variant

FOOTNOTES:

1Steric Immune Refocusing (SIR): For a detailed explanation of the SIR phenomenon (and the IgG4 situation), please see GVB’s book and his most recent article: https://www.trialsitenews.com/a/immunological-correlates-of-vaccine-breakthrough-infections-caused-by-sars-cov-2-variants-in-highly-c-19-vaccinated-populations.-645407ab. 

In the context of SARS-CoV-2, SIR refers to the redirection of the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies against conserved immune-subdominant epitopes2 of the spike protein when pre-existing poorly neutralizing Abs sterically hinder (physically block) immune recognition of the variable immune-dominant epitopes of the spike protein.

The SIR phenomenon, which became evident during the Omicron era, has contributed greatly to delaying natural selection of immune escape variants while expanding the scale thereof.  This explains why loss of protection from moderate disease (Omicron) has not abruptly shifted to enhanced virulence (as GVB initially predicted) but first transitioned to mitigation and subsequently even to prevention of Covid-19 disease altogether. It seems as though the immune system, at a population level, first needs to mount a high level of immune selection pressure on viral pathogenicity in order for the virus to unleash a highly virulent variant. As  currently circulating, highly infectious variants have induced a nearly unparalleled level of immune protection in vaccinees, second only to protection induced in unvaccinated individuals by natural infection (!), it is reasonable to assume that the virus has now entered the final stage of evolving toward variants combining high intrinsic infectiousness with highly virulent properties in vaccinees.  

SIR is a hallmark of PNNAb-dependent vaccine-BTIs and results from binding of non-neutralizing antibodies to the immunodominant epitopes of a monovalent antigen, thereby facilitating immune recognition of immunosubdominant or immunorecessive domains and priming broadly neutralizing antibodies with high avidity but low affinity (note: induction of such antibodies have also been reported upon mRNA vaccination: https://www.ncbi.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9886553/) 

SIR appears to be a tool nature uses to shape the evolutionary dynamics of the interaction between the virus and the host immune system such as to leave the host’s adaptive immune system a chance to adapt to vaccine-BTIs and gradually optimizing protection from disease in exchange for granting the virus a license to prolong its propagation and spread (at the benefit of improving sterilizing immune capacity in the unvaccinated before eliminating those devoid of this capacity).  GVB had not anticipated (and could not have anticipated) this phenomenon when he initially predicted that a highly virulent variant would likely appear by the early fall of 2022.  By now, the new SIR-induced Abs are ceasing to be involved in shaping the evolution of highly infectious variants into highly infectious variants with highly virulent properties in COVID-19 vaccinees. At this stage, Ab-independent vaccine-BTI caused by highly infectious variants in the context of (declining titers of) pre-existing vaccine-induced Abs are educating the immune system to re-orient its target from an immunorecessive S-associated domain to an immunosilent antigenic site within Spike-NTD.  

2What is an epitope? An epitope is a part of an antigen (a part of the spike protein, in the context of SARS-CoV-2) that the immune system recognizes and reacts to.  It is an immunogenic part of the antigen---a part that triggers an immune response.  On the spike protein, for example, there are dominant, highly immunogenic epitopes and there are many subdominant, much less immunogenic epitopes.

3How do SIR and high levels of IgG4 predispose to autoimmunity and malignancy?  As the SIR phenomenon continues, antibodies are produced against epitopes that are increasingly more conserved and less immunogenic  and more closely resemble “self” epitopes and “altered self” epitopes. These SIR-created antibodies slowly and ultimately mature into SARS-CoV-2-specific isotype-switched IgG4 antibodies.

High titers of these IgG4 antibodies tend to cross-react with “self” epitopes (on our healthy cells) and “altered self” epitopes on cells that are becoming malignant. 

When IgG4 antibodies attach to “self” epitopes on healthy cells, this results in failure of self-epitopes to normally activate self-epitope-specific regulatory T cells (T regs) that, in turn, normally and protectively down-regulate the activation and proliferation of self-reactive T cells. That is, normally, these T regs protect healthy cells from autoimmune destruction by self-reactive T cells---but the IgG4 antibodies interfere with that protective process, and autoimmunity results.

When previously healthy cells become malignant, the normal “self” epitopes that are expressed on their surface become altered and become “altered self” epitopes.  When IgG4 antibodies attach to “altered self” epitopes on the surface of malignantly transformed cells, this prevents ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity)-mediated immune recognition of these malignant cells by NK cells.  This results in failure of NK cells to kill malignantly transformed cells.

So, the high levels of IgG4 antibodies that follow the SIR phenomenon predispose highly vaccinated individuals to autoimmunity and malignancy.  This may be one mechanism by which highly vaccinated individuals are developing new cancers (i.e., early onset cancers) and new autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, “turbo cancers” (or rampant relapse of previously controlled cancer) or relapse of previously controlled autoimmune disease are thought to be triggered by hyperactivation of APCs and downstream suppression of CD8+ T cells following vaccine-BTI with highly infectious variants (that are asymptomatic in terms of Covid-19).

[tarzantips]

What Does the Beginning of Monkeypox Look Like?

Recently, there has been concern over monkeypox, an uncommon viral disease. Knowing the initial symptoms is essential for prompt action and management.

Let’s read more into the initial stages and explore what are the first signs of monkeypox.

What Does the Beginning of Monkeypox Look Like?

1. Fever and Headache

The sudden elevation of body temperature is frequently suggestive of the start of monkeypox. A common first sign is a fever, which is frequently followed by a chronic headache. Attention is necessary because these mild symptoms could first be confused for other frequent illnesses.

2. Fatigue and Muscle Aches

As the infection spreads, people may become fatigued and develop widespread muscle aches. It is possible to confuse these symptoms for the flu or other viral diseases. But the confluence of fever, headache, exhaustion, and aches in the muscles ought to cause concern and necessitate more research.

3. Swollen Lymph Nodes

In its early stages, swollen lymph nodes are a hallmark of monkeypox. These tiny, bean-shaped structures are essential to the immunological response of the body. The armpit, groin, and neck areas are where the swelling is most frequently visible.

4. Skin Lesions

The development of skin lesions is one of the unique monkeypox symptoms. Like chickenpox, these lesions usually begin as elevated bumps that develop into blisters. The body's parts may be affected by the lesions, which may be broad.

5. Respiratory Symptoms

In addition to respiratory symptoms like coughing and shortness of breath, it can also cause these. It is important to pay attention to these symptoms as they may indicate how the virus is affecting the respiratory system.

6. Eye Redness and Sensitivity to Light

Some people who have this may get increased light sensitivity and ocular redness. These ocular symptoms may add to the overall clinical picture and might be especially uncomfortable.

7. Gastrointestinal Issues

The early signs of monkeypox can include vomiting, nausea, and stomach pain. When paired with other distinctive indicators, these gastrointestinal symptoms add even more complexity to the diagnosis.

Read: The Advantages of Home Remedies over OTC Medications

Monkeypox Prevention and Seeking Medical Attention

The health of the population depends on stopping this from spreading. Maintain proper hygiene by washing your hands frequently with soap and water. Steer clear of animals that might be viral carriers, particularly in areas where disease is common.

It goes without saying to get medical assistance as soon as possible if you or someone you know has any of the aforementioned symptoms. Make contact with your physician, let them know about your symptoms, and offer any pertinent travel or exposure history.

Early detection lowers the danger of transmission to others by enabling the implementation of suitable isolation measures.

Diagnostic Tests and Monkeypox Treatment

A thorough patient history, laboratory testing, and clinical evaluation are all used in the diagnosis of monkeypox. For confirmation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, virus cultures, and blood tests are frequently used.

Although there are not many particular antiviral drugs for this disease, supportive care is essential. This could involve taking care of symptoms, avoiding bacterial infections that spread, and drinking enough water. Hospitalization may be required in extreme situations.

Public Health Measures

Coordinated public health measures are needed to stop the spread of the virus during monkeypox epidemics. This entails tracking down contacts, isolating afflicted people, and launching vaccination drives in areas where the illness is endemic.

To increase awareness of preventative actions and early symptom recognition, public health education is also important.

Is Monkeypox Curable?

Yes, although monkeypox is a dangerous sickness, it is usually a self-limiting disease, meaning that it often resolves without the need for special treatment. The majority of this disease victim recovers completely in a few weeks. Yet the disease's severity might vary, and in certain situations, medical attention can be required.

Monkeypox cannot be specifically treated with antivirals; nevertheless, supportive care can be given, such as symptom and consequence management.

Early Detection for Timely Treatment

Understanding the initial indications of monkeypox is essential for prompt detection and suitable medical attention. The key is to identify the combination of fever, headache, exhaustion, muscular aches, swollen lymph nodes, skin lesions, respiratory symptoms, eye redness, and gastrointestinal problems, even if these symptoms may match those of other prevalent illnesses.

For an accurate diagnosis and course of treatment, it is imperative that you or someone you know get medical help as soon as possible if you notice these symptoms. Recall that early identification can have a big impact on how cases of monkeypox turn out. Remain educated and watchful.

(more)

[celestial-desiree]

losing weight

reduces risk of chronic diseases

reduces blood pressure, cholesterol, and inflammation, lowering heart disease risk

improve insulin sensitivity and help manage blood sugar levels, potentially even reversing prediabetes

lower risk of certain cancers, like breast, colon, and liver cancer

relieves pressure on joints, especially in the knees, hips, and lower back

lower the risk of developing osteoarthritis

enhance self-esteem and body image

releases endorphins, which can improve mood and alleviate stress

decreases fat around the neck and improves airflow, which helps alleviate symptoms of sleep apnea

better sleep quality, supports energy levels and mood

daily activities feel easier, leading to greater physical endurance

reduce pressure on the respiratory system, making it easier to breathe and improving exercise performance

associated with a longer life expectancy and a better quality of life in later years

helps reduce inflammation, which supports a more responsive and balanced immune system

[thescarlettbitch]

Do you know any healing spells? If they exist. My friend is sick and I can’t get to them to help. My sister is a witch and she’s looking for spells that could help

First of all I am so sorry I'm just now seeing and answering.

I did not have any at the ready but I did some research (as is the foundation of the craft) and found some information to aid in the creation of a personalized healing spell for your friend. Making it personalized could help make the spell more effective.

Healing Herbs, Plants, and Spices (and what they heal)

Chickweed - used for blood disorders, bowel and intestinal issues, asthma, lung disease, arthritis, eczema, etc

Aloe Vera - topically used to treat burns and rashes, can be ingested (please make sure you prepare it properly) to sooth sore throats, colds, and as a natural laxative.

Calendula - anti inflammatory, used as an ointment or cream for burns and rashes

Ashwagandha - a natural anti inflammatory

Black Cohosh - helps ease menstrual/menopausal and arthritic pain

Catnip - soothes an upset stomach

Cranberry - helps with intestinal issues and might help with chronic pain

Echinacea - antiviral and immuno support

Elderberry - antiviral, immumo support, good for colds and fevers

Garlic - antimicrobial, regular usage can lower blood pressure, combats colds and fevers

Ginger - antinausea, vomiting, treats cold and flu symptoms

Ginseng - helps with exhaustion and fatigue, can also be used to reduce the frequency and severity of colds (I'd use this for healing burnout)

Hibiscus - good blood pressure, heart and respiratory health,

Thyme - fights bacterial and fungal infections, and an antioxidant

Arnica - pain relief, can be used topically or ingested however be very careful using it internally as it can be toxic if used incorrectly, I recommend topically or in a spell jar

Obviously this is not a completed list, just a list of the first few I found or the ones that I have used. Feel free to do your own research, look for holistic or old remedies for whatever is ailing your friend and go from there.

Healing Crystals (and their properties)

Jasper - helps in times of stress

Obsidian - protection

Amethyst - general healing, headaches, stress

Bloodstone - healing blood related issues

Rose Quartz - provides comfort and peace during stress

Citrine - concentration, optimism

Turquoise - good luck, balanced emotions

Tigers Eye - protects against negativity

Moonstone - encourages growth and strength

Sapphire - attracts happiness and peace

Ruby - restores vitality and energy levels

Opalite - magnify your power

The color green is associated with health and healing.

My thoughts:

Now for things like this, I'd go for a Spell Jar.

Get a jar, any size as long as it will fit all of your materials.

A candle (green or white).

Based on the specifics of how your friend is sick, pick herbs, spices, plants, and crystals that you think would best help.

A piece of paper.

An incantation. (Can be as simple as "powers that be, please help to heal [name] or as complicated as you want)

Your preferred method of cleansing.

Make sure absolutely everything, including your space, has been cleansed and charged with the intent to heal.

Optional: carve or write your friend's name and sigil for good health on the candle

Light the candle.

Use the paper to right your friends name (full or first and last) (optional: draw a health sigil underneath their name), roll it up, stick it in the jar.

Next add a pinch of the gathered herbs and spices, and crystals, to the jar. As you do this, recite the incantation.

Close the jar tight, use the wax from the candle to seal it, let the candle burn through, or you can snuff it to reuse it later (if you plan to reuse it, don't label it).

Place the jar in either sunlight all day or moonlight (preferably full but any stage would work) all night (go off whichever you or your friend feel more connected to) to charge it and really blend the energies. Say the incantation when you place it in the light.

Put the jar in a dark, dry, cleansed place. Say the incantation once more.

Optional: take the jar out daily or nightly and sit it in the sun/moonlight, recite the incantation, put it back. Can be done as often as you feel the need.

You could also do a witch's ladder

Use a green string (green is associated with health and healing), cleanse it, set your intention, do the ladder like normal (you can find instructions in many places) and ta da. This can also be placed in the jar, or on an alter, or in a cool, dry, cleansed space.

Best of luck.

[expertacademicassignmenthelp]

Pneumonia In Children And Adults

Introduction

Pneumonia stands as a prevalent respiratory infection, exerting a significant burden on global public health. Its impact extends beyond mere morbidity, contributing to substantial healthcare costs and socioeconomic consequences. This discussion aims to elucidate the general nature of pneumonia, encompassing its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies, complications, and preventive measures. By indulging into these factors, we aim to provide a better understanding of pneumonia’s complexity and underscore the importance of timely recognition and management.

Pathophysiology

Pneumonia ensues from the infiltration of infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and less commonly, parasites, into the lower respiratory tract. Upon inhalation or aspiration of these pathogens, they gain access to the alveoli, where they incite an inflammatory response. This inflammatory cascade triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. Neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes converge to eradicate the invading pathogens, leading to the characteristic consolidation and exudate formation within the affected lung tissue. As the infection progresses, alveolar edema, impaired gas exchange, and parenchymal damage ensue, culminating in the clinical manifestations of pneumonia.

Clinical Presentation

The clinical presentation of pneumonia encompasses a spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild respiratory complaints to life-threatening respiratory failure. Common symptoms include cough, productive sputum production, fever, chills, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, and systemic manifestations such as malaise and fatigue. The severity of symptoms varies depending on factors such as the underlying pathogen, the extent of lung involvement, the host’s immune status, and comorbidities. In pediatric populations, pneumonia may present with nonspecific symptoms such as feeding difficulties, lethargy, and irritability, posing diagnostic challenges. Conversely, elderly individuals may exhibit atypical presentations characterized by confusion, hypothermia, and exacerbations of underlying chronic conditions.

Diagnostic Modalities

The diagnosis of pneumonia hinges on a comprehensive clinical assessment, augmented by various diagnostic modalities to confirm the presence of pulmonary infection and reveal its etiology. A thorough history and physical examination provide invaluable insights into the patient’s symptomatology, risk factors, and clinical trajectory. Symptomatic findings such as crackles, wheezes, and diminished breath sounds may aid in localizing the site of infection and assessing disease severity. Radiographic imaging, notably chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, serves as the cornerstone of pneumonia diagnosis, revealing characteristic radiographic findings such as airspace opacities, lobar consolidation, and interstitial infiltrates. Laboratory investigations, including complete blood count (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin levels, may corroborate the clinical suspicion of pneumonia and guide therapeutic decisions. Additionally, microbiological testing of respiratory specimens through techniques such as sputum culture, blood cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays facilitates pathogen identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, thereby informing targeted therapy.

Treatment Strategies

The management of pneumonia hinges on prompt initiation of empiric antimicrobial therapy tailored to the likely causative pathogen(s) and disease severity. Antibiotics represent the mainstay of treatment for bacterial pneumonia, with the choice of agent dictated by factors such as local antimicrobial resistance patterns, patient age, comorbidities, and recent antibiotic exposure. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include beta-lactam agents (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins), macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and combination regimens for severe or healthcare-associated infections. Conversely, viral pneumonia necessitates supportive care measures, given the limited efficacy of antiviral agents in most cases. Influenza-associated pneumonia may benefit from neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir, while respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia may warrant ribavirin therapy in select cases. Adjunctive therapies such as oxygen supplementation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids may mitigate respiratory distress and improve clinical outcomes, particularly in severe or hypoxemic patients. The duration of antimicrobial therapy varies depending on factors such as the causative pathogen, clinical response, radiographic resolution, and the presence of complications. Close monitoring of clinical parameters and serial imaging studies guide the decision-making process, enabling clinicians to tailor therapy to individual patient needs.

Complications

Pneumonia harbors the potential for various complications, ranging from mild to life-threatening sequelae, necessitating vigilant monitoring and timely intervention. Common complications include pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess, respiratory failure, septic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pleural effusion denotes the accumulation of fluid within the pleural space, secondary to inflammation or impaired lymphatic drainage, manifesting as dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, and dullness to percussion on physical examination. Empyema represents a purulent collection within the pleural cavity, often complicating bacterial pneumonia and necessitating drainage via thoracentesis or chest tube placement. Lung abscesses manifest as circumscribed cavities containing necrotic debris and pus within the lung parenchyma, triggered by persistent fever, productive cough, and hemoptysis. Respiratory failure ensues from impaired gas exchange and alveolar hypoventilation, caused by worsening hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis, necessitating mechanical ventilation and intensive care support. Septic shock represents a life-threatening complication of severe pneumonia, characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and end-organ dysfunction, requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation, vasopressor therapy, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. ARDS denotes a severe form of acute lung injury, characterized by diffuse alveolar damage, refractory hypoxemia, and bilateral infiltrates on chest imaging, necessitating lung-protective ventilation and supportive care in the intensive care unit (ICU). The occurrence of complications portends a poor prognosis and underscores the need for early recognition and intervention to mitigate adverse outcomes.

Preventive Measures

Preventing pneumonia entails a broad approach encompassing vaccination, infection control measures, and health promotion strategies aimed at reducing the risk of respiratory infections and their sequelae. Vaccination stands as a cornerstone of pneumonia prevention, targeting common bacterial and viral pathogens implicated in pneumonia pathogenesis. Vaccines such as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) confer protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae, the leading bacterial cause of pneumonia, particularly in high-risk populations such as young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Influenza vaccination remains paramount in mitigating influenza-associated pneumonia and reducing disease transmission, underscoring the importance of annual vaccination campaigns targeting vulnerable populations. Additionally, adherence to infection control measures, including hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and environmental sanitation, plays a pivotal role in reducing the spread of respiratory pathogens in healthcare settings and the community at large. Health promotion efforts aimed at smoking cessation, optimizing nutrition, and addressing underlying comorbidities such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and immunodeficiency bolster immune resilience and mitigate pneumonia risk. Furthermore, early identification and management of predisposing factors such as malnutrition, homelessness, and overcrowded living conditions attenuate pneumonia susceptibility and enhance overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, pneumonia emerges as a formidable respiratory infection, posing significant challenges to global public health. Its diverse etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, treatment modalities, complications, and preventive measures underscore the nature of pneumonia management. Timely recognition and intervention are imperative in mitigating the morbidity and mortality associated with pneumonia, necessitating a collaborative approach among healthcare providers, public health authorities, and policymakers. By fostering a comprehensive understanding of pneumonia’s manifest and implementing evidence-based strategies, we can strive towards reducing its burden and improving patient outcomes. Through ongoing research, education, and advocacy efforts, we can envision a future where pneumonia-related morbidity and mortality are substantially diminished, paving the way for enhanced respiratory health and well-being worldwide.

In managing pneumonia, compassion, empathy, and a holistic approach are essential alongside clinical expertise. Striving for excellence in knowledge and practice allows us to enhance respiratory medicine and patient outcomes.

As we address pneumonia and broader cardiovascular health complexities, let’s remain committed to optimal patient care. Together, we can impact lives positively and foster a healthier future.

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Incorporating Supplements Into Your Routine Will Maximize Your Health Benefits

In order to maximize your health and well-being an appropriate diet, and regular workouts are vital. Even the most nutritious food choices may not be sufficient to provide your body with the nutrients it needs. This is where supplements can be helpful. In this post we'll explore the benefits of incorporating supplements into your daily regimen and ways to aid in maximizing your health.

Food Gaps to Fill

With a nutritious diet, it's hard to absorb all the nutrients your body needs to perform optimally. There are ways to fill in nutrition gaps with supplements. These will make sure that you receive all the nutrients, vitamins and minerals. essential nutrients.

For example, many people struggle to get enough omega-3 fatty acids that are essential to the health of your brain and heart. Supplements with fish oil can be the best way to make sure that you're getting sufficient amounts of these essential nutrients. Vitamin D can also be useful for those who do not receive enough exposure to sunlight. It is crucial to improve bone health and immunity.

Improved Athletic Performance

Supplements can be useful to fitness lovers and athletes who want to improve their endurance and recover. Creatine, as an example, is a popular supplement to increase muscle strength and bulk. BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids) can also lessen muscle soreness and aid recovery.

The nitric oxide and caffeine boosters could also help to improve the endurance and performance of exercise. It's essential to note that supplements are not a replacement for a healthy lifestyle and routine of exercise. In order to maximize the benefit of supplements, they must be taken in combination with a healthy diet and regular physical activity.

Supporting Brain Health

The support of brain health and function can be accomplished with supplements. Examples include omega-3 fatty acids and specifically DHA which are vital for healthy brain function and have been found to boost cognition and memory.

In addition, supplements like ginkgo biloba and phosphatidylserine can aid in improving cognitive performance and reduce symptoms of age-related cognitive decline. The supplements boost blood flow to brain cells, and enhance their overall health.

Lowering Irritation

Inflammation is a normal response in the face of infection or injury however, chronic inflammation may contribute to a variety of diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune conditions. Vitamins like turmeric, ginger, and omega-3 fatty acids may help lower inflammation as well as promote general health and well-being.

For example, curcumin, the active ingredient found in turmeric, is a potent anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been demonstrated to lower inflammation within the body. Similarly, ginger has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve immune function. Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA and DHA are also able to decrease inflammation and improve the health of your brain and heart.

Improving Resistant Objective

Supplements can be very helpful in boosting immunity and decreasing the chance of sickness and infections. Vitamin C, zinc and probiotics are excellent supplements to support immune function.

Supplements such as elderberry extract Echinacea, garlic and elderberry extract may aid in reducing the intensity and duration of colds, respiratory infections and other colds. The supplements boost immune function and help fight off infections.

Incorporating supplements into your daily life can help you achieve the healthiest you can be. Supplements are a great way to fill in nutrition gaps, boost the performance of athletes, boost the health of your brain, decrease inflammation, and enhance the immune system. It's crucial to remember that supplements should not be viewed as substitutes for a nutritious eating plan and workout routine.

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Know the Health and Wellness Benefits of Cardio

For maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular physical activity is key. One of the most effective and accessible forms of exercise is cardiovascular exercise, often referred to as "cardio." In this blog, we will explore the numerous benefits of cardio and why you should consider incorporating it into your fitness routine.

1. Improved Heart Health

One of the basic benefits of cardio is its positive impact on heart health. Engaging in activities like running, swimming, or cycling helps strengthen the heart muscle, making it more efficient at pumping blood. This, in turn, lowers the risk of heart diseases, such as coronary artery disease and hypertension.

2. Weight Management

Is shedding a few extra pounds is on your agenda? Then  cardio workouts can be your best friend. The benefits of cardio exercises include burning calories, helping you create a calorie deficit necessary for weight loss. Regular cardio workouts, combined with a balanced diet, can assist you in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.

3. Improved Lung Capacity

One of the important benefits of cardio is, these workouts challenge your respiratory system, leading to increased lung capacity over time. This can result in improved endurance and overall stamina, making everyday activities feel less tiring.

4. Mood Boost

Exercise, including cardio, stimulates the release of endorphins, often referred to as "feel-good" hormones. These chemicals can help reduce stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression, leaving you feeling happier and more relaxed.

5. Better Sleep

Are you someone who is struggling with insomnia? Cardiovascular exercise can help with that too. Regular physical activity can improve the quality of your sleep, helping you fall asleep faster and enjoy a deeper, more restorative rest. That’s a bonus benefit of cardio for those who have trouble sleeping.

6. Increased Metabolism

Benefits of cardio don't end there. Cardiovascular exercise can increase your metabolism, helping your body burn calories more efficiently even when you're at rest. This can help in weight management and overall energy levels.

7. Lowered Risk of Chronic Diseases

Regular cardio can reduce the risk of various chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes, stroke, and certain types of cancer. It promotes health and longevity.

8. Increased Brain Health

Cardio has been shown to improve cognitive function and memory. It may even reduce the risk of cognitive decline as you age.

9. Social Engagement

Many cardio activities, such as group fitness classes or team sports, provide an excellent opportunity to socialize and build a support system, improving your overall well-being.

10. Stress Reduction

Are you feeling stressed out ? Cardiovascular exercise can serve as an excellent outlet for stress relief. It allows you to clear your mind and focus on the present moment, leaving you feeling new. In short, the benefits of cardio are numerous and yes! Cardio is the solution for all your problems. 

In Conclusion

The benefits of cardio are numerous and results not only physical but also mental and emotional well-being. Incorporating regular cardio workouts into your routine can lead to a healthier and happier life. Whether you prefer jogging in the park, dancing in a studio, or hitting the gym, finding a cardio activity that you enjoy is the first step toward reaping these incredible benefits.

So, what's the wait for? Lace up those sneakers, grab your workout gear, and start experiencing the positive changes that cardio can bring to your life. Your heart, body, and mind will thank you for it.

Remember, consistency is key. Aim to engage in cardio activities regularly, listen to your body, and enjoy the journey to a healthier you. Your future self will appreciate the effort you put in today.

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What is the best room temperature for COPD?

The ideal air temperature and humidity level for COPD patients are 70 degrees and 40%, respectively.The mixture keeps airways relaxed, which lowers the likelihood of symptoms. Source The lungs and airways are affected by the chronic and progressive respiratory condition known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A person's everyday life may be greatly impacted by this ailment, which frequently results in breathing problems, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It can be difficult for people with COPD to breathe in some environments, especially when the air is excessively hot, cold, dry, or humid.The ideal environmental conditions for COPD patients, according to medical professionals, are those with an air temperature of about 70 degrees Fahrenheit and a humidity level of 40%. The airways are kept open and relaxed by the combination of warmth and humidity, which lowers the likelihood of symptoms. The body tends to work harder to regulate its internal temperature when the air is excessively hot or cold, which can narrow the airways and produce COPD symptoms. On the other side, when the air is overly humid, breathing can be challenging since it requires more effort on the part of the lungs to get oxygen out of the air.Maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature and humidity level can be challenging, especially during extreme weather conditions. However, there are several ways COPD sufferers can create an environment that is conducive to their respiratory health. One way is to use a humidifier or dehumidifier to regulate indoor humidity levels. A humidifier can add moisture to dry air, while a dehumidifier can remove excess moisture from humid air. Another way is to install an air conditioning system that can maintain a consistent indoor temperature throughout the year.COPD patients should manage the temperature and humidity indoors and stay away from environmental irritants including smoking, dust, and pollution. These irritants can exacerbate the breathing difficulties caused by COPD. Additionally, it's critical to periodically clean carpets, draperies, and other surfaces that might collect dust and allergens in order to maintain appropriate indoor air quality.In conclusion, providing COPD patients with the ideal atmosphere can greatly enhance their quality of life. COPD sufferers can lessen the likelihood of symptoms and breathe better by maintaining a reasonable interior temperature and humidity level, avoiding environmental allergens, and keeping indoor air clean. Read the full article

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COVID vaccine efficacy against severe illness just under 50%, per early estimates from 2023 - Published Aug 20, 2024

Two European observational studies estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccine approved in fall 2023 against hospitalization, the first one finding 49% overall VE in adults, and one showing good protection—but uneven uptake—among pregnant women.

Steep declines in VE after 1 month For the first study, published in Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, researchers with the European Hospital Vaccine Effectiveness Group conducted a test-negative case-control study on the VE against hospitalization of the XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccine in the first months of its rollout from October 2023 to January 2024.

The XBB.1.5-like+F456L variant was dominant in Europe from fall to mid-December 2023, when BA.2.86 supplanted it.

The participants were 622 adults hospitalized for COVID-19 and 3,457 control patients admitted for a different severe respiratory infection to 41 hospitals at 7 sites participating in the Vaccine Effectiveness, Burden and Impact Studies (VEBIS) study. In total, 27% of COVID-19 patients and 44% of controls had been vaccinated after fall 2023, most with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.

The median time between vaccination and symptom onset was 58 days for COVID-19 patients and 52 days for controls.

Overall VE was 49% against hospitalization (range, 69% at 14 to 29 days to 40% at 60 to 105 days postvaccination), although confidence intervals overlapped for all estimates, indicating uncertainty. VE was over 70% in adults ages 65 years and older up to 1 month after vaccination. VE in patients ages 80 and older declined from 76% in the first 29 days to 39% after 60 days.

The study authors noted that their VE estimates are lower than those of three previous European studies but in line with a fourth, except for a greater decline in VE with increasing time since vaccination (TSV), proposing that the differences could be attributed to different TSVs bands.

"The findings of our study suggest that the adapted COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccines provided protection against hospitalisation in the first 3.5 months post vaccination, by reducing the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation by approximately half among the vaccinated individuals," they concluded.

Uptake highest in those with chronic conditions The second case-control study, published in Vaccine, included all 47,046 pregnancies ending from June 2021 to August 2022 among 39,213 women seen at Northwest London general practices. In 57% of pregnancies, the mother had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine during their pregnancy, with 91% of them receiving a second dose.

Pregnant women, the study authors noted, are at higher risk of COVID-19 complications such as hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death.

"They are also at increased risk of pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia and emergency cesarean delivery, and their infants are at higher risk of being preterm or stillborn," they wrote, adding that uptake has been suboptimal.

Most pregnancies (80%) were among women aged 25 to 39 years, those who were White (39%) or Asian (34%), and those living in areas in the second (35%) or third (29%) most deprived quintiles of socioeconomic deprivation. The most common of the five risk factors studied was asthma (9.9%), and chronic heart disease was the least common (0.68%).

A total of 180 women were hospitalized for COVID-19. Admission for COVID-19 was much less likely among vaccinated women than among the unvaccinated. A conditional logistic regression model suggested a five-fold decrease in the chances of COVID-19 hospitalization in vaccinated women, compared with their unvaccinated peers (odds ratio [OR], 0.22).

Vaccine uptake was lowest in women ages 18 to 24 years (33%), Black women compared with White (37%; OR, 0.55), and those in socioeconomically deprived areas (50%). Coverage was higher among women with chronic conditions, with the greatest uptake among those with chronic heart disease (75% for first dose, 94% for second).

Among women with chronic conditions, women with asthma (OR, 1.20), chronic heart disease (OR, 2.34), diabetes (OR, 1.54), and morbid obesity (OR, 1.15) had significantly higher odds of receiving at least one vaccine dose during pregnancy, compared with those without the condition.

The probability of receiving a first dose of the vaccine was nearly six times higher in the 45- to 49-year) age group than in those ages 25 to 29, compared with 18- to 24-year-olds.

Second-dose patterns were similar. Hospitalized women were much less likely to have been vaccinated than those not hospitalized (22% vs 57%; OR, 0.22). "This association reinforces evidence on the real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing severe disease and consequent hospital admission among pregnant women," the researchers wrote.

"COVID-19 vaccine uptake among pregnant women is suboptimal, particularly in younger women, Black women, and women in more deprived areas," they added. "Interventions should focus on increasing uptake in these groups to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequalities. Future vaccination programmes should engage pregnant women earlier and communicate with them clearly and carefully."

Link to study: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.13360

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Air pollution:- How to care of your health due ton increasing air pollution in Delhi NCR;-

The deteriorating air quality in Delhi-NCR is a growing concern for millions of residents. Prolonged exposure to high levels of pollution can lead to respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, weakened immunity, and even long-term chronic diseases. While addressing the root causes of air pollution is crucial, individuals must take proactive steps to protect their health. Here are practical tips to safeguard yourself from the harmful effects of air pollution.

1. Monitor Air Quality Regularly

Before stepping outside, check the Air Quality Index (AQI) using apps or government portals.

Action Tip: Limit outdoor activities when the AQI is “Very Poor” or “Severe.”

Tech Tools: Use apps like AirVisual or SAFAR to stay updated on pollution levels.

2. Use Masks and Respirators

Wearing a high-quality mask can significantly reduce your exposure to harmful particles.

Recommended Masks: Invest in N95 or N99 masks that filter out fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10).

THIS IS RIGHT TECHNIC TO WEARING MASK

Proper Usage: Ensure the mask fits snugly around your nose and mouth without gaps.

3. Limit Outdoor Activities

Avoid spending time outdoors, especially during peak pollution hours (early mornings and late evenings).

Alternatives: Opt for indoor exercises or home workouts instead of jogging or cycling outside.

Critical Days: Stay indoors when AQI levels are at their worst, often after Diwali or during stubble-burning seasons.

4. Purify Your Indoor Air

Indoor air is not immune to pollution, but you can take steps to improve it.

Air Purifiers: Use HEPA-filter air purifiers for your home or office to remove harmful pollutants.

Green Plants: Add indoor plants like Areca Palm, Spider Plant, or Peace Lily to help improve air quality.

Ventilation: Avoid opening windows during high pollution hours; use exhaust fans to circulate air instead.

5. Stay Hydrated and Maintain a Healthy Diet

A well-balanced diet and hydration can boost your body’s natural defenses against pollutants.

Antioxidant-Rich Foods: Include fruits like oranges, guavas, and berries, and vegetables like spinach and broccoli to combat oxidative stress.

Healthy Fats: Incorporate foods rich in Omega-3 fatty acids, such as walnuts and flaxseeds, to reduce inflammation.

Hydration: Drink plenty of water to help flush out toxins. Herbal teas with tulsi or ginger can also soothe respiratory systems.

6. Practice Breathing Exercises

Strengthening your lungs is essential for combating the effects of polluted air.

Pranayama: Practice deep breathing exercises like Anulom Vilom or Kapalbhati in a clean indoor environment.

Avoid Outdoors: Never practice deep breathing exercises outdoors when air quality is poor, as it can increase pollutant intake.

7. Avoid Smoking and Pollutants Indoors

Additional pollutants indoors can exacerbate health issues caused by external air pollution.

No Smoking: Avoid smoking indoors or in poorly ventilated spaces.

Limit Incense and Candles: These can release fine particles and chemicals that worsen indoor air quality.

8. Boost Immunity with Supplements

If you’re prone to allergies or respiratory problems, consider immunity-boosting supplements.

Vitamin C: Helps reduce the harmful effects of air pollution on your lungs.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: May lower inflammation caused by pollutants.

Consult a Doctor: Before taking supplements, consult a healthcare professional for proper guidance.

9. Seek Medical Attention When Needed

If you experience persistent symptoms like coughing, wheezing, or breathlessness, consult a doctor immediately.

Common Symptoms to Watch For: Irritated eyes, sore throat, or chest tightness.

Prevention is Key: Regular health check-ups can help identify any early signs of pollution-related illnesses.

10. Advocate for Cleaner Air

While individual actions are important, collective efforts can bring about systemic change.

Community Action: Participate in local clean air campaigns or tree-planting drives.

Reduce Your Carbon Footprint: Use public transport, carpool, or cycle whenever possible to contribute to reducing overall emissions.

Conclusion

The increasing air pollution in Delhi-NCR requires everyone to be vigilant about their health and lifestyle. By taking small but consistent steps, such as using masks, monitoring AQI, and maintaining a healthy diet, you can protect yourself and your family from the harmful effects of poor air quality. While individual actions are vital, it is equally important to advocate for policy changes and sustainable solutions that address the root causes of air pollution. Together, we can work toward a future where clean air is not a luxury but a basic right for all.

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Metformin hydrochloride, also known simply as metformin, is a medication that is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs known as biguanides, which work by lowering blood sugar levels through various mechanisms. Metformin is typically used in combination with diet and exercise to help control blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. One of the primary ways in which metformin works is by decreasing the amount of sugar produced by the liver. It also helps to improve the body's response to insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. By increasing insulin sensitivity, metformin helps the body use glucose more effectively, leading to lower blood sugar levels. Additionally, metformin has been shown to reduce the absorption of glucose from the intestines, further helping to lower blood sugar levels. Metformin also offers other potential benefits beyond blood sugar control. Some studies have suggested that metformin may have anti-inflammatory properties and could potentially reduce the risk of certain types of cancer. Additionally, metformin has been shown to have protective effects on the heart and may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes. Do NOT Take Merformin if You Have Any of the Following: - Hypersensitivity or allergy to metformin or any of its ingredients. - Severe kidney impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min). - Severe liver disease. - Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis. - Heart failure or history of heart failure. - Severe respiratory disease. - Recent heart attack (within the past month). - Severe dehydration. - Alcoholism or excessive alcohol intake. - Pregnancy or breastfeeding. - Radiographic contrast dye administration (metformin should be stopped before and after contrast dye procedures). What are the side effects? While metformin is generally well-tolerated, it can cause side effects in some individuals. Common side effects include gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhoea, nausea, and stomach cramps. These side effects are usually mild and tend to improve over time as the body adjusts to the medication. However, some users may experience more severe gastrointestinal issues that can be bothersome and impact their quality of life. In rare cases, metformin may also cause a serious condition called lactic acidosis, which can be life-threatening. Lactic acidosis occurs when there is a buildup of lactic acid in the bloodstream, which can lead to symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, muscle pain, dizziness and difficulty breathing. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any of these symptoms occur while taking Metformin Hydrochloride. In addition to gastrointestinal issues and lactic acidosis, Metformin Hydrochloride can also cause vitamin B12 deficiency in some users. Vitamin B12 is an important nutrient that plays a key role in nerve function and the production of red blood cells. Long-term use of Metformin Hydrochloride can lead to reduced absorption of vitamin B12, which can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and numbness or tingling in the hands and feet. Regular monitoring of vitamin B12 levels and supplementation may be necessary for some users. It is important for individuals taking Metformin Hydrochloride to be aware of these potential side effects and to discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider. While most side effects are mild and manageable, it is crucial to seek medical attention if any severe or concerning symptoms occur. By working closely with a healthcare provider, individuals can ensure they are receiving the necessary support and monitoring while taking Metformin Hydrochloride to effectively manage their diabetes. Metformin as a Weight Loss Treatment Obesity is a growing epidemic worldwide, with millions of people struggling to lose weight and improve their overall health. Recent studies have shown that Metformin Hydrochloride may also be beneficial for non-diabetic, obese individuals. One study published in the journal Obesity Reviews found that metformin can help decrease body weight, waist circumference, and body mass index in non-diabetic, obese individuals. The medication works by improving insulin sensitivity, which can help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce cravings for high-calorie foods. Metformin has also been shown to have positive effects on other obesity-related conditions, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and fatty liver disease. By improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation in the body, metformin may help obese individuals improve their overall health and reduce their risk of developing chronic diseases. While metformin can be effective for weight management in non-diabetic individuals, it is important to note that the medication should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Like any medication, metformin can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. If you are overweight or obese and interested in exploring metformin as a potential treatment option, it is important to speak with your doctor. They can help you determine if metformin is right for you and create a personalised treatment plan to help you reach your weight loss goals. Dosage The standard starting dose of metformin hydrochloride is usually 500 mg taken once or twice daily, with meals. This can be gradually increased over time, as determined by your healthcare provider, to a maximum dose of 2,000-2,500 mg per day. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully and not to exceed the recommended dosage without consulting them first.It is also important to take metformin hydrochloride with food to help minimise gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. Read the full article

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Common Respiratory Infections: How General Medicine Can Help You Stay Healthy

Common respiratory infections affect millions of people every year, especially during colder seasons or when the immune system is compromised. From the common cold to more serious conditions like pneumonia, respiratory infections can range in severity and duration. Fortunately, general medicine offers effective treatments and prevention strategies to help keep these infections at bay and protect your overall health.

At Healix Hospitals, we focus on comprehensive care for a variety of common respiratory infections, including both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Our general medicine team works closely with patients to provide the best treatments and preventive measures to maintain respiratory health.

Understanding Common Respiratory Infections

Common respiratory infections are illnesses caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens that affect the respiratory system. They can be categorized into two main types:

Upper respiratory infections (URIs) include conditions like the common cold, sinusitis, and laryngitis, which affect areas like the nose, throat, and sinuses.

Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are more severe and affect the lungs and airways. Examples include bronchitis, pneumonia, and chronic conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Recognizing respiratory infection symptoms early is key to getting the appropriate treatment and preventing complications.

Common Respiratory Infections and Their Symptoms

1. The Common Cold

One of the most common respiratory infections, the cold is typically caused by a virus, such as rhinoviruses. While it is usually mild, it can cause uncomfortable respiratory infection symptoms, such as:

Runny or stuffy nose

Sore throat

Cough

Sneezing

Mild headache or body aches

2. Influenza (Flu)

The flu is another upper respiratory infection, but it tends to be more severe than the common cold. Flu symptoms often come on suddenly and can include:

High fever

Chills and sweats

Muscle aches

Fatigue and weakness

Cough and sore throat

Both colds and flu can lead to lower respiratory infections like bronchitis or pneumonia if left untreated, especially in vulnerable populations.

3. Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to a persistent cough. It can be acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis typically follows a cold or flu, while chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition often caused by smoking or prolonged exposure to irritants.

4. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a serious lower respiratory infection that affects the lungs and can be life-threatening if not treated. Respiratory infection symptoms of pneumonia include:

High fever

Chest pain

Shortness of breath

Cough with phlegm or pus

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and requires prompt treatment for respiratory infections to avoid complications.

Continue Reading: https://www.healixhospitals.com/blogs/common-respiratory-infections:-how-general-medicine-can-help-you-stay-healthy

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Understanding Trakem 100mg: Dosage, Benefits, and Precautions

Chronic pain can significantly impact quality of life, making it essential to find effective and reliable treatment options. Trakem 100mg is a trusted medication designed to provide relief for individuals suffering from moderate to severe pain. In this article, we’ll delve into the proper usage of Trakem 100mg, its benefits, and precautions to ensure safe and effective pain management.

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What is Trakem 100mg?

Trakem 100mg is a prescription medication primarily used to manage moderate to severe pain. It contains a potent active ingredient that works by altering the way the brain and nervous system perceive and respond to pain. This makes it an effective choice for individuals dealing with chronic pain conditions, post-operative discomfort, or injuries requiring sustained pain relief.

Benefits of Trakem 100mg

The effectiveness of Trakem 100mg lies in its ability to provide consistent pain relief, enabling individuals to lead more comfortable lives. Below are some of the key benefits:

1. Potent Pain Relief

Trakem 100mg is designed for individuals who need a stronger solution for pain that cannot be managed with over-the-counter medications. It acts quickly and provides long-lasting relief, making it ideal for those suffering from chronic conditions.

2. Improved Quality of Life

By alleviating pain, Trakem 100mg allows individuals to participate in daily activities, enjoy hobbies, and interact socially without the constant burden of discomfort.

3. Convenient Dosage

The long-lasting effects of Trakem 100mg mean fewer doses are needed throughout the day, making it easier for patients to stick to their prescribed regimen.

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Proper Dosage of Trakem 100mg

Following the correct dosage of Trakem 100mg is essential to ensure safe and effective pain management. Your healthcare provider will tailor the dosage to your individual needs, but here are general guidelines:

Standard Dosage

Typically, Trakem 100mg is prescribed as one tablet every 12 hours, depending on the severity of the pain and the patient’s medical history.

It is crucial not to exceed the prescribed dosage to avoid potential side effects or dependency.

Individual Adjustments

Patients with underlying conditions, such as liver or kidney issues, may require a lower dose.

If the prescribed dose is not providing sufficient relief, consult your healthcare provider for adjustments.

Important Note: Always take Trakem 100mg exactly as prescribed and avoid abrupt discontinuation, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

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Precautions When Using Trakem 100mg

To maximize the benefits of Trakem 100mg while minimizing potential risks, it is essential to follow these precautions:

1. Avoid Alcohol and Other Depressants

Using Trakem 100mg alongside alcohol or sedative medications can amplify side effects, such as drowsiness or respiratory depression. Avoid alcohol consumption while on this medication.

2. Inform Your Doctor of Medical History

If you have conditions such as liver or kidney disease, respiratory problems, or a history of substance use disorder, inform your healthcare provider. These conditions may affect how you use Trakem 100mg.

3. Monitor for Side Effects

Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, and constipation. While most are mild and temporary, seek medical attention if you experience severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing or extreme drowsiness.

4. Do Not Share Your Medication

Trakem 100mg is a prescription drug and should only be used by the person for whom it is prescribed. Sharing this medication with others can lead to misuse or serious health risks.

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Conclusion

Trakem 100mg is a trusted solution for managing moderate to severe pain, offering significant benefits in terms of effectiveness and convenience. By following the recommended dosage and precautions, patients can safely incorporate this medication into their pain management routine. When you’re ready to purchase, trust OxycodoneUSA to Buy Online Trakem 100mg Tablets, ensuring you receive genuine medication delivered directly to your doorstep.