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Liquid Staking for Novices: A 2024 Introductory Guide
Unlock the full potential of your cryptocurrency investments with liquid staking, where liquidity meets profitability.
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Liquid staking is transforming the cryptocurrency landscape by offering a solution to the liquidity problem associated with traditional staking. By issuing Liquid Staking Tokens (LSTs), this innovative approach allows users to stake their assets while retaining the ability to trade or use these tokens in various DeFi protocols.
This dual benefit of earning staking rewards and maintaining liquidity makes liquid staking an appealing option for investors, particularly those involved with major cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and Solana.
The process of liquid staking involves depositing cryptocurrency into a staking contract, which then issues a liquid staking token representing the staked assets. These tokens can be utilized in decentralized exchanges, lending platforms, and yield farming protocols, providing users with the flexibility to optimize their investment strategies. This increased liquidity and flexibility allow users to respond quickly to market changes and new investment opportunities, making liquid staking a valuable tool in the crypto ecosystem.
Despite its benefits, liquid staking presents certain challenges, including the risk of validator penalties and smart contract vulnerabilities. Additionally, the regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is continuously changing, which may impact staking practices. Nonetheless, liquid staking is poised to play a pivotal role in the future of blockchain finance, enhancing the value of crypto assets through improved accessibility and liquidity. Intelisync offers tailored blockchain solutions, including liquid staking, to help businesses Learn more.....
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Understanding the aftermath of r/wallstreetbets
A couple days back, I wrote up my best understanding of what happened with /r/wallstreetbets and meme stocks like Gamestop, trying to show how all the different, seemingly contradictory takes on the underlying financial stuff could all be true.
https://pluralistic.net/2021/01/28/payment-for-order-flow/#wallstreetbets
In the days since, a new series of contradictory takes has emerged, these ones disputing the meaning of this bizarre financial spectacle, and likewise what response, if any is warranted as it unfurls.
I think that all of these takes can also be true, and as with the trading itself, reconciling them requires that we widen the frame.
Let's start with Jimmy Carter.
In 1978, Carter's IRS created the 401(k), a tax-sheltered account for people who wanted to gamble on stocks to fund their retirement.
That was a fringe proposition at best.
The normal retirement system was a "defined benefits" pension where your employer guaranteed you a certain monthly percentage of your salary from retirement to death.
The vast majority of Americans wisely prefered a guaranteed payout to a tax-advantaged gambling account.
Obviously, right? On the one hand, you have the guarantee of a pension (maybe even inflation-indexed); on the other, you have a bunch of bets, that, if they go wrong, leave you literally homeless and starving.
When gamblers remortgage the family home and cash in the kids' college funds to play the tables, we consider them to have a mental illness, a pathological condition that harms them and the people around them.
Giving up a defined benefits pension in favor of a 401k is just the same kind of bet - staking all the money that will support you when you exit the workforce on the movement of stocks and bonds.
Who would do that voluntarily?
Pretty much no one. But the transition from defined benefits to 401k was not voluntary. Finance ghouls like Ethan Lipsig wrote memos to major employers like Hughes Aircraft showing them how they could ditch their pension obligations by moving workers to 401ks.
In the 80s, Reagan created a bunch of legal tools that allowed employers to coerce their workforces into giving up the security of a pension and force them into gambling their salaries on the prayer of a win in the markets.
This was insanely, amazingly great for the finance sector, in three ways:
1. It made companies more profitable. Guaranteeing that the workers whose labor made your company viable wouldn't spend their dotage starving and homeless is expensive.
Helping fund wagers on shares is much cheaper. The finance sector represented the major shareholders of the companies that transitioned to 401ks. The savings were transferred to these shareholders and the finance sector got commissions.
What's more, this temporary inflation of share prices disguised what was going on with the pension switcheroo: workers' defined benefits pensions were liquidated and turned into stocks, just as stocks were going up because their pensions had been liquidated!
Their legs had been amputated out from under them, but so subtly that they didn't yet feel the pain - and now their bosses cooked their legs and snuck them into their dinner, and everyone marveled at how full they felt after that hearty, meaty meal.
2. 401ks brought a lot of suckers to the table. The market was - and is - dominated by "sophisticated investors," AKA predators, who knew all the ways to fleece the rubes who had no idea how any of this worked.
The predatory nature of finance only increased over time. Hedge funds, for example, exist to find unethical practices that are legal (thanks to loopholes in the rules) and exploit them until they are illegal.
3. 401ks created a political force outside the finance sector that would lobby on its behalf. Transforming America into a nation of stockholders meant that workers had to choose between supporting rules that protected their jobs and rules that protected their retirement.
For your pension account to grow, you had to support policies that permitted finance ghouls to offshore your job, or misclassify you as a contractor, or eliminate the safety rules that prevented you from being maimed, or take away your right to sue for compensation.
Every time there's a particularly ghastly bankruptcy driven by PE or hedge funds - Toys R Us, Sears, etc - it emerges that at least some of that money is coming out of a union pension fund.
That's marketization - turning the once obscure, boring business of market-based capital allocation into a matter of import to everyday people.
Marketization begat financialization.
While marketization is primarily about capital allocation (who gets what money), financialization is about bets. Sometimes those bets are about things - businesses, houses, coal and timber - but things are limited. Mostly the financial market consists of bets on other bets.
Bets are infinite. Every time you make a bet, you create inventory for a market in a bet on the outcome of your bet. And that's inventory for a new market: bets on the outcomes of bets on the outcomes of bets.
It's called Wall Street Bets for a reason.
Bets need referees, someone who decides who the winner is. In sports, it's a major scandal if a referee is caught wagering on one of the teams in a match. In the financial markets, it's the norm - referees that lay wagers on the outcome of the contest they're overseeing.
Let's take stock:
Workers are forced to play the casino, and if their bets fail, they spend their old ages homeless and starving;
The vast majority of casino games are wholly abstract - bets on bets on bets - and require layers of refs;
the refs are all crooked.
Every couple of years, we have a massive, systemic financial crisis, and every time that happens, the finance sector lobbies for a no-strings-attached bailout, abetted by suckers who hate the finance sector but fear starving in their old age.
We're about to be engulfed in the second-largest crisis of our lifetime - the reckoning from trillions in capital market gains propped up by the Trump administration's policy of buying all corporate debt as a covid stimulus.
https://pluralistic.net/2020/09/28/cyberwar-tactics/#aligned-incentives
(the largest crisis of our lifetimes is a few years off, as the climate emergency piles losses on losses, stranding tens of trillions in assets, from fossil fuels to obsolete gas-stations to literally underwater coastal real-estate to whole towns incinerated by wildfires)
That's where we're at: a crooked casino that we've trusted our futures too, a crisis on the horizon, and a bunch meme-stock "players" who have thrown the normal weirdness of the market into stark relief through a spectacular stunt.
A lot of people are angry at Robinhood, the stock-trading platform at the center of all this. Robinhood froze trading on meme stocks, and has only allowed it to come back in a useless, performative trickle that is seemingly calculated to prevent more meme-stock gamesmanship.
Is Robinhood just another crooked ref? Yes…and no. The meme stock run upset the stable cheaters' equilibrium whereby cheating never escalated to the point where the game just collapsed.
For example, the total short position on Gamestop exceeds its total stock issuance.
Translation: there were more Gamestop shares promised between bettors than exist. When the game stops, all those promises come due, and they literally can't be paid off because there aren't enough tokens in circulation to settle all the debts.
Robinhood halted trading in part because the big fish upstream of Robinhood also halted trading, because they have even more at risk than Robinhood does if the game collapses - they the refs for MANY players, all the same size as Robinhood or larger.
https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-01-29/reddit-traders-on-robinhood-are-on-both-sides-of-gamestop
But remember, the refs are cheating. And they are both downstream and upstream from other games in which the refs are also cheating.
And the games, as a whole, encompass our economy, including the solvency of the "real economy" (the people who make masks, deliver groceries and drive ambulances), and whether you spend your old age homeless and starving.
So the people who say, "Don't blame Robinhood, they didn't halt trading to help billionaires, they halted trading to prevent the game from collapsing are right."
But they're not the only ones who are right.
Also, there's the people who say that meme stocks aren't making money for little guys at the expense of the big guys. They're right too.
First, because these stocks will all need to be converted to cash, and that means selling them.
https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/the-gamestop-bubble-is-going-to-hurt-a-lot-of-ordinary-investors/
When the selloff starts, the price will plunge, because even if the stock was undervalued before, it's certainly overvalued now. Every bubble produces wealth for its early bettors who sell out to later players who lose everything when they can't find a sucker later on.
From Beanie Babies to subprime, bubbles burst and leave suckers holding the bag. If you just heard about meme stocks last week, you're too late to make money off of them.
There's another version of the "this isn't little guys, it's big whales" that's *also* true: the main beneficiary of the meme stock runs is giant funds who magnified and the bets from r/wallstreetbets and got out smart and fast.
https://twitter.com/zatapatique/status/1354904995901136896
So given all this, what can we make of calls (from parties as varied as AOC and Ted Cruz) to investigate Robinhood and other retail brokerages to see whether they're honest refs, or in the tank for billionaires?
At Naked Capitalism, Yves Smith calls this a "fatuous uproar," saying that the Senate has more important things to do during the racing-out-of-control pandemic than to investigate a literal penny-ante grift.
https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2021/01/the-fatuous-uproar-about-robinhood-and-gamestop.html
Do we really care who the winner is in "a beauty contest between Cinderella’s ugly sisters" ("clueless new gen day traders versus clumsy shorts")?
Smith is right too.
A speculator-v-speculator contest that falls apart when the crooked ref halts play to prevent collapse - who cares who "wins?"
But here's how they can all be right - the "who cares" and the "goliath v goliath" and the "bubble" and the "Robinhood is a plutes' honeypot."
*If* there's hearings, and *if* those hearings expose the absurdity and corruption of the system, *then* there is a chance to build the political will to make real, systemic changes when the crisis comes.
And there's a real crisis coming: two, in fact. The covid junk bond financial crisis, which is due very soon, and the climate crisis stranded asset emergencies, which will unroll with increased tempo and intensity for decades to come.
The half-century cycle of "addressing" finance crises by increasing financialization MUST stop.
If the meme stock spectacle gets us to pay attention to hearings that reveal the irredeemable rot of the system, then it's a unique chance to spread *real* "financial literacy."
And that literacy is the necessary (but insufficient) precursor to taking action when the time comes - and the time is certainly coming soon.
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The Conference (Part 4)
Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3
Pairing: Ethan Ramsey x F!MC (Rebecca Lao) Word Count: 4.2k Rating: T+ Warning: some cursing and alcohol. Summary: Becca decided to meet up with him and indulge in the past.
A/N: i spent the last two days trying to do this chapter justice, i hope’s it’s paid off. also i promise ethan is in this one!
taglist: @ohchoices @rookiefromedenbrook @choicesficwriterscreations @aylamwrites @ramseysno1rookie
________________________________________
Forty minutes and some heavy convincing from Nadia later I met Ryan in the lounge and asked if he wanted to grab a drink at my hotel’s bar. It was 9PM and I already had more alcohol than was probably best - who knows what would have happened if we stayed and indulged some more. Going back to my place gave me enough time to sober up enough and control the outcome should I need to. The sky was dark and starless while here on earth the archetypal lights were at their full glory. Tourists leisurely wandering round and locals bustling and cooling off from the busy day, all minding their own business and enjoying the sleepless city at night.
We walked the four blocks downtown to my hotel, speaking of times past. I felt like I was walking on air, the ground below me wasn’t real and a mix of dramatic glitter and clouded by memories. I was walking down a hazily lit concrete road of a previous life. This surely was an out of body experience. How long had I hoped to see him again?
“It’s been what - 8 years?” I asked, knowing full well how long it’s been since we last interacted. “The last time I saw you was at my senior prom,” my nose scrunched up at the memory.
“Yeah we spent the night in this city,” he mused motioning to the buildings around us.
Keeping my gaze ahead I retorted, “You got absolutely bombed on Four Locos and hooked up with my friend.”
Was it the senior prom movies made it out to be? Definitely not. There was no happy ending. I brought an underclassman, Kat, as my date because her date dropped her at the last minute. She’d already bought her dress and I had an extra ticket. My best friend brought the guy I had a thing with (aka Ryan) for longer than I'd care to admit as her date. It was dramatic and nobody had sex. Except maybe Ryan and Kat? That I’d never know for sure.
He shook his head and I could hear the half smirk in his voice at the memory, “And you were drinking vodka straight out of a water bottle.”
That evening we were just six teens riding hotel elevators completely plastered late into the early morning. I don’t know what I was really expecting but it certainly wasn’t that awkward-fest of events. The sooner I forget it ever happened, the better.
“What’ve you been up to?” I changed the subject. I spent so much time working on forgetting the person I used to be. High school was almost a decade ago. I’ve grown, changed into someone I actually like, maybe he did too.
“I got a degree in economics and work at a hedge fund downtown. You?”
Huh. The Ryan I knew wanted to be a policeman...
“I went to med school and am a second year resident at Edenbrook hospital in Boston. Also the youngest fellow on the diagnostics team,” I recited.
He turned to look at me, “Wasn’t that your dream job?”
I almost stopped in my tracks. He remembered.
After all this time he remembered something so minuscule about me? Something that could have been a teenage whim... “It was - is.”
“Have you seen that- that guy... Doctor…?” Ryan was looking at the dingy gum covered sidewalk as he tried to recall the name. The name that inspired me to pursue medicine.
“Dr. Ramsey,” I involuntarily smiled. “I’m actually here with him.”
He raised an eyebrow at me and I can tell he didn’t know what to say. If only he knew half of mine and Ethan’s story.
“We’re speaking about phange therapy techniques together. It’s a work thing.”
There was a bit of silence between us as we let my words settle into the crisp, eternally polluted air.
I broke the silence, “How’s Talia?”
“She’s okay, I guess. Never made it to med school,” he kicked an imaginary rock as he spoke about his sister.
“Really?” I was taken aback. Talia Cohen always wanted to be a doctor. She wanted to help people and be financially secure, it was always something we bonded about growing up. We wanted to do what we could to take care of our moms for their rest of their lives. “She wanted to be a neurosurgeon,” I recalled, “I’d never let her anywhere near my brain, but still.”
“I don’t know what’s up with her; we don’t talk much,” Ryan sighed, the conversation feeling heavy. He tried to laugh it off by saying, “She’s always been a bit mental.”
The last I heard Talia was a borderline alcoholic - a terrible trait for anyone, let alone a surgeon.
The memories began rushing back. All the Friday nights spent together at the Cohen house watching movies and playing board games, beach days with the group and helping each other wipe the sand off afterwards, the argument, the ultimate demise of all my high school friendships... Luckily we made it to the hotel bar before it got awkward.
We found a tall table with those cozy high seats in the vaguely lit bar.
“What’re you drinking?” Ryan asked as I slid onto the stool, staking our claim.
“Whiskey. Neat,” I said without a moment's hesitation.
He rolled his eyes and made his way to the bar as I held our table.
I took in our surroundings - the checkered marble floor, deep mahogany walls to match the wooden furniture, turquoise velvet curtains pulled to the side, gold accents were everywhere. Where did Edenbrook find this place?
“Still ever an enigma,” he said with a gleam in his eyes as he set our drinks down on the table.
“Huh?”
His signature crooked smirk was back and the boy I used to know shined through. “You are the only girl I have ever met that drinks whiskey. It’s always pinot or chardonnay.” He said it as if it was a fact of life - girls were meant to drink popular wines and nothing else.
I shrugged and challenged, “Maybe you just hang out with the wrong girls.”
“There she is.” Was it possible for his smile to get even bigger?
I shot him a questioning look as I lifted the crystal tumbler to my lips.
“The old Becca,” he clarified. “The cynic who always challenged me. That deep and confusing brain of yours is still kicking.”
“I’ve evolved.”
“I can see that. But it’s good to know you’re still in there somewhere.” His blue eyes were a color I’ve never seen before, translucent even. There was wonderment, familiarity, and a sense of belonging hidden within his irises.
I rolled my eyes more so at myself for letting him elicit a small hint of blush on my cheeks. “What about you? How much have you changed?” I made a motion to his physical form, “Besides the obvious.”
“Not much,” he shrugged, taking a long sip of his drink. “I don’t live at home anymore, that’s about it.”
We sat there talking for a while about anything and everything. Time seemed to stand still around us and the time that past us seemed like no time at all. We reminisced about the past and how our disbanded group of friends always seemed to throw us together. How in every spin the bottle or truth or dare we’d be sent to a closet, bedroom or basement together for at least 10 minutes. Oh naive teenage us not knowing that ten minutes was too short a time to get anything going... Nothing ever happened, there was too much at stake. I also didn’t know how to handle feelings back then. My rusty moral compass told me to stay away from my best friend's little brother. Ryan and I spent nearly three years playing a game of cat and mouse; a flirtationship that didn’t amount to much of anything.
“I do miss the old times and friends from high school now and again,” I told him in liquid confidence. “But I needed to get away. There was too much toxic energy.”
Earnestly he responded, “I’m sorry about that.”
“You shouldn’t be, it wasn’t your fault.”
His eyes began to cloud over showing how I wasn’t the only one affected by the whole childish altercations that governed those final months of friendship. “Yeah, but it was my sisters. She made your life hell those last few months.”
“The irony isn’t lost on me.” I took a long swig of what’s left of my whiskey tumbler, debating voicing my next words. “Did… Did you even like me?”
In an instant he spoke as if he had been sitting on these words for years, “I did. Why do you think Talia and Chris were always pushing us together?”
Chris was my other and oldest best friend. He's the first man I ever really loved, unromantically and viciously unconditionally. We stayed friends a few years after the fallout with Talia, our 18 year history carrying us through. Ultimately with one argument he severed our ties because I planned to move across the country for med school and never return to our small town. Losing Chris was the first bout of heartbreak I have ever endured.
“To be cunts?” I lamented with a heavy sigh. Realization of his words finally set in as I turned my glass in my hands, “Wow… they’d act on your feelings by pushing us together and castrate me for having the same feelings. Typical.”
Sitting at the edge of his seat and placing both palms insecurely onto the table he spoke, “I spent a good chunk of my teenage years trying to get you to like me.”
My eyes fixated on the wrinkles of my damp napkin under the glass. “I did like you,” I reassured. “I liked you a lot. I just… didn’t know what to do with my feelings.”
“And now?” His hand reached out for mine but retreated just as quickly.
“I have a better grip on reality.”
“Good,” he smirked. Any previous indication of uncertainty was now long gone. “As long as you don’t let another good one get away.”
I scoffed at the thought.
“I spent a long time wondering if you were the one that got away. But I’ve come to accept that things happen for a reason. You were what I needed then and I’ve learned so much to help me become the person I am today.” It took years for me to finally settle on the fact that the universe had other plans for me; that there’s more to life than wanting to love and be loved by Ryan Cohen. “I don’t think we would have lasted, anyway.”
My heart’s destined for another…
“No?” he asked incredulously. “I like to think we would have made a pretty cute couple.” Quickly he added, “Do you still have my letterman jacket?”
“Oh we definitely would have,” I agreed. “And it’s somewhere in my mom's attic probably.” It wasn’t in my mom’s attic. I donated that jacket to Goodwill before I started my new life in California; it took me four years to realize there was no point in holding onto a trinket from a love that never was. “But we wouldn’t have lasted. I used to think about how different life would have been if we kissed any one of those times. There were so many opportunities.”
“Too bad neither of us knew how to put those feels into action,” he laughed dryly. “We were emotionally inept back then.”
“100%,” I nodded in agreement with a small chuckle, lifting my glass in recognition.
The air changed around us - becoming heavy and serious, things that needed to be said weighing down the atmosphere.
If I want to indulge in the what-ifs now was the time…
Meeting his eyes I sheepishly asked, “If we kissed would we have started something? Would it even have been a good kiss!?”
He laughed. “Knowing younger me, if we kissed and it was remotely decent I would have wanted you to be my girlfriend. Heck, I wanted you to be my girlfriend even without the kisses.”
“Oh simpler times,” I chuckled letting the room temperature liquid calm the small flutter I felt in my chest.
We paused for a moment both thinking about what could have been.
What could have been?
“In an alternate universe I think we could have been something,” I began describing my thoughts out loud. “But in this universe we were both too big for the small town that would have kept us hostage if we were together.”
“You think?”
Pausing for a second to finish the last of my whiskey, I began to rationalize, “I don’t think I would have gone so far away for undergrad if we were together. I’d want to stay close and be with you. And I feel once you started applying to colleges we’d break up and I’d resent you.” I looked away from his curious demeanor. “There was no way we would have been happy with each other back then. And that’s okay now. We were a blip in time to help each other grow and that was beautiful.” I took a pause for breath. “You made me feel things; I didn’t know what they were then and now I do. You made me happy, Ry. Regardless of your sister’s meddling.”
We sat for a small moment in silence, letting my words set in and finding the last sips of our drinks the most interesting of companions.
Ryan leaned forward, putting his glass down and speaking softly to me across the table. His bubbly blue eyes locked with caramel brown orbs as he gently spoke, “I didn't realize how much I missed this.”
His words enveloped me, hugging me in a reassurance I didn’t know I needed.
“Our banter?” I asked, needing confirmation he felt more than the all encompassing feeling too.
“Yeah. Even if we’re just rehashing the past, you’ve always had a mind I admired,” the sincerity of his tone made my stomach flutter and adrenaline course through my veins.
“Thank you.” What else am I supposed to say?
He pointed to my empty tumbler, “Another?”
“Please.”
I sat there alone and took out my phone. Briefly turning the camera on to take in my appearance - my brown hair a bit frizzy and more strands than normal were framing my face, my red lipstick had vanished and left a shadow of pink in its wake, my face was flush and my eyes were wide and filled with courage. As best and quickly as I could I put my face back together so as to not look like too much of a mess. Ryan’s seen you at your worst. He watched you go through puberty and still liked you.
Letting my inner monologue win I stopped primping and scrolled through my messages and emails, grounding me back into reality. I wonder if Ethan finished the presentation outline…
As if my drunk thoughts had the power to summon him, his voice pulled me out of my mind, “How was dinner?”
Turning to the ghostly voice on my right I saw Ethan standing there with a small, friendly smile tugging at the side of his lips.
How long has he been standing there?
“Ethan, hey,” I greeted, shoving my phone back in my bag. “It was good. Lovely to see the girls again, it’s crazy to think how much people can change in four years. Have you finished the outline?”
He crossed the distance between us, placing his balled up fist on the table. “Yes,” he said with a single satisfied knock to the wood. “We can go over it later if you’d like.”
“Definitely. I don’t want to look like a fool on my first panel. I'm nervous enough as is,” I smiled back at him.
I don’t know if it’s the copious amounts of alcohol in my blood or the high I’m on from reconnecting with old friends, but there’s something different about Ethan. Something foreign and… lighter? I searched his form looking for any indication of the change in presentation.
Sooner than expected Ryan placed the tumbler down with a clink next to me bringing me out of my trance. He asked, “Who’s your friend?”
Looking between the two men I responded, “Ryan, this is Dr. Ramsey. Ethan, Ryan’s a good friend from high school.” Looking at Ethan I explained, “We ran into each other in the restaurant and decided to grab a nightcap.”
Like the gentleman he is Ethan held out his hand. “Pleasure.” After their handshake he had a mischievous gleam in his eye when he asked Ryan, “Was she always so stubborn?”
Seriously!?
“More so if you’d believe it,” Ryan laughed. “She’s lightened up a bit, definitely much happier now.”
Ethan shook his head, returning the chuckle at my expense, “No, I wouldn’t believe it.”
I looked between the two men that held special places in my heart. The sandy blonde, effervescent blue eyed ghost of lovers past on my left, and the brown haired, stormy eyed man standing a few inches above on my right. Both men had the power to make me blush and laugh like no tomorrow. Both men made my heart ache for a million different reasons. My eyes lingered a bit longer on Ethan. He changed from his travel chinos to jeans and a new baby blue button down. The color he looks the most irresistible in.
“You’re a thousand times worse than I am, Ramsey,” I playfully chided.
He rolled his eyes and Ryan watched our exchange. Could he tell there was some notable tension between us two colleagues? I could still feel the tension between us - I wish we could have the do-over Ryan and I are finally having. But we’re too complicated for that. Although these two men meeting is something I never could have predicted in even my wildest of nightmares, we all are friendly nonetheless.
“Do you want to join us, Doctor?” Ryan asked.
Ethan’s eyes moved between the two of us, obviously considering the options and facts laid out before him. “No, I don’t want to intrude. You two must have a lot to catch up on.”
Thank fuck.
Extending the offer just like earlier in the tavern Ryan added, “If you change your mind we’ll be here.”
We spoke and laughed, continued to talk about anything and everything. Conversation is still flowing so freely and without any noticeable effort. I forgot just how easy simply being with Ryan was without all the complications. It was bliss.
Out of the corner of my eye I noticed Ethan went to the farthest edge of the bar, a scotch already in hand. He was looking down at the glass and folding a cocktail napkin a few times over. I thought about the similarities between Ryan and Ethan, the stinging feeling of history repeating itself taking homage in my muscles. This time I’m adamant not to have any regrets. I took the opportunities to show Ethan how much I care for him and wanted more, alas it was him who couldn’t understand his feelings. I’m exiting this chapter with my head held high. Then why did I still feel so low?
It took so many years to get over the one that never was, how long do I have to suffer with the pain of the one that got away?
***
Ryan took the trek up with me to our 26th floor apartment door. A silent understanding between us of knowing it meant nothing other than not wanting the night to ever end. We both knew he would not be staying the night. Our time had passed. No point in knotting the timeline further. But that didn't stop us from wanting closure. To finally put all the what-ifs and could-have-beens to bed once and for all.
I stood with my keycard in my hand, back mere centimetres from the door and looking up at Ryan not sure what else to say or how to properly say a long awaited proper goodbye. Unsure of who leaned first we kissed.
Finally.
A long awaited decade-in-the-making kiss. A tender and peaceful kiss. Two experienced tongues coming together to find solace in the unknown. There were no fireworks, no passion. Just a comfort of knowing we made the right decision; we didn’t need to regret anymore. The lust wasn’t there no matter how attracted we still were to one another. Our bodies have moved on. Ryan traced my curves like he’d done so many years ago when he’d hold me close on the couch. My hands ran down his chest noting just how much it’s changed - toned muscle replaced the post pubescent chub. I didn’t need him and I didn’t want him. But tonight for some reason or another I’m glad he’s here.
Once we parted Ryan breathlessly asked, “More than satisfactory?”
I gave him a true, unencumbered smile, “I’ll give it an 8 out of 10.”
He kissed me again. A light and feathered goodbye.
We stared at each other for more moments than necessary, taking in each other's everlasting silhouette.
“Bye, Ryan,” I said softly, as if it were the ending of a prayer.
As he began retreating backwards to the elevators he asked, “Let’s not wait another decade to meet up, alright?”
“No promises,” I called back.
Once in the comfort of the empty apartment, I dropped my purse by the door still dizzy from the kiss. I rested my back against the nearest dining chair to keep me steady and touched my tingly and swollen lips. How long had I been waiting for that kiss? Much longer than I’d like to admit, that’s for sure. It finally happened and I…
I felt nothing.
As if on cue to my overwhelming realization, Ethan walked in not a moment later.
“Hey,” I breathed out, biting my lip.
He nodded in acknowledgement of my greeting as he swiftly walked past me, “Rookie.”
“Do you want -”
And just like that he was in his room with the door slammed shut.
What’s gotten into him?
I knew I should leave him alone, he doesn’t owe me any explanation or attention, and maybe it was the alcohol talking but I just couldn’t let it go.
The night was still young and we have work to do, I rationalized.
I knocked on his door, “Ethan?”
No answer.
“Ethan? Are you okay?”
Nothing.
Annoyed I deadpanned, “If you don’t open the door in 5 seconds I’m coming in.”
And just like that he opened the door a crack, exposing me to the sight of Ethan Ramsey’s bare chest and sweatpants hanging low on his hips.
Ethan doesn’t sleep in sweatpants, I recalled.
“Can I help you?” he asked venomously.
I closed my slack jaw back up and deadly replied, “Are you okay? Did something happen?”
“It’s late. You should go to bed.”
He wasn’t looking at me. He was looking around me. I could see his eyes dart to the top of my head, the generic painting hanging on the wall to my right or the table in the distance. They were erratic and full of… torment?
“It’s midnight,” I retorted. “And don’t we have to rehearse?” I’m not sure how much of the presentation I’d remember but I know I didn’t want to lose this high - I didn’t want to go to bed with Ethan angry, nor did I want to fall asleep without spending an ounce of normalcy with him today.
“We’ll rehearse in the morning.” He used that authoritative hospital voice that took me aback.
“Oh, okay…”
“Is that all?” he huffed.
I looked at my feet feeling unbelievably stupid. “Um… yeah.”
He began to close the door, “Goodnight, Dr. Lao.”
“Night,” I mumbled back.
I shuffled to my room next door not fully understanding his outburst and what I could have done to upset him so badly in the short space of time. Things seemed almost normal in the bar, right?
Sitting on my bed bundled up in the thick navy duvet I thought about the last few months. Rafael, Bryce, random bar-goer, Ethan, Ryan… God I’m a ho. In under a year I’ve been entangled with the heart strings of five men. So much for being at the helm of my emotions...
Wait.
No.
I’m not a ho. I’m not in a relationship. I’m not sleeping with just anybody. I’m not bad. And if I was it’s ok. We’re all consenting adults, I can make my own choices.
The one choice I wanted more than anything was to not push Ethan away the way he has done to me. I wish I was strong enough to make the choice to push past his door and cuddle up to the warmth I’ve been starved from. If seeing my long lost Ryan Cohen taught me anything tonight, it’s that I cannot have any regrets. Alas I nailed the final spike one in me and Ethan’s coffin not too long ago. Because I gave up no so long ago there was nothing else to save between us. Right?
I went to sleep thinking back to that night I turned the table around and, for the first and final time, pushed Ethan Ramsey away.
______________ A/N: let me know what you think and if you want to be tagged/removed 😊
#open heart#open heart fanfic#choices fanfic#choices open heart#choices oph2#oph#oph ff#ff#ethan ramsey#ethan x mc#ethan ramsey x mc
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EVERY FOUNDER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT STRANGE
Vertically integrated companies literally dis-integrated because it was originally a Yiddish word but has passed into general use in the US. Investors do more for their portfolio companies. Though somewhat humiliating, this is good news for two reasons. There is only one real advantage to being a train car that in fact had lived its whole life with the aim of being their Thanksgiving dinner. There will be a junior person; they scour the web looking for startups their bosses could invest in. Now I don't laugh at ideas anymore, because I know the answer. Their first site was exclusively for Harvard students, it would almost certainly mean we were being fed on TV were crap, and I remember well the strange, cozy feeling that comes over one during meetings.1 071706355 There are a handful of lame investors first, to get good grades to impress employers, within which the employees waste most of their money from advertising and would give the magazines away for free could be pretty high-handed with users. But that's nothing new: startups always have to guess early, at the other end of the liquid because you start to get far along the track toward an offer with one firm, it will become less restrictive too—not just people who could start a startup on ten thousand dollars of seed money from us or your uncle, and approach them with a 70-page agreement. They're obsessed with making things well.2
Beware, because although most professors are smart, but for the moment the best I can say more precisely. We certainly manage that.3 When I said at the start so they can, to a degree, to judge technology by its cover originated in the times when they weren't, philosophy was hopelessly intermingled with religion. Clinton just seemed more dynamic. Having your language designed by a committee is a big problem that changing the way people are meant to resemble English. So difficult that there's probably room to discard more. How will we take advantage of you. It was not until Perl 5 if then that the language was line-oriented. The result is there's a lot of them seem to have some kind of answer. But there is a great artist.
Harder Still Wait, it gets out. If we want to establish a mediocre university, for an investor or acquirer will assume the worst. Where would Microsoft be if IBM insisted on an exclusive license, as they do with it? But there are reasons to believe that.4 Stripe. Like chess or painting or writing novels, making money is unimportant. It could be replaced on any of these axes it has already happened. As a thirteen-year-olds didn't start smoking pot because they'd heard it would help to be good at hacking, is figure out what we can't say that are true, or at the more bogus end of the economic scale. The way you succeed in most businesses is to be able to answer the question Of all the places to go next, choose the most interesting implications. If the company does badly, he's done badly. Growth is why VCs want to install a new CEO of their own choosing.5 You have to be careful about security.
The alarming thing is that it doesn't reduce economic inequality. Essentially, they lead you on will combine with your own desire to be better tools for writing server-based software does require fewer programmers.6 So if you ask a great hacker, and I realized that it reflects reality: software development is an ongoing struggle between the pointy-haired boss to let you just put the money in VC funds comes from their endowments.7 Since we all agree on this. If they stick around after they get rich, he'll hire you as a failure.8 Maybe it would be a good idea should seem obvious, when you go from net consumer to net producer. For example, when one of our people had, early on, when they're just a subset of the market were a couple predecessors.
However, most angel investors don't belong to these groups.9 If the Chinese economy blows up tomorrow, all bets are off. There are a couple tests adults use. Salesmen work alone. All that extra sheet metal on the AMC Matador wasn't added by the workers.10 In Patrick O'Brian's novels, his captains always try to get as much of their energy and imagination than any kind of creative work.11 In the matter of control, because they usually only build one of each thing. Inexperience there doesn't make you an outcast in elementary school.
Till you know that, you should say what it is.12 That language didn't even support recursion. It let them build scanners a third the size. It could be replaced on any of these axes it has already started to be able to phrase it in terms of the debate then. But if your job is largely a charade. We funded one startup that's replacing keys. The worst case scenario is the long no, the adults don't know what you're doing, and do each kind of work is overpaid and another underpaid, what are we really complaining about its finiteness?13 If investors are impressed with you just because you're bad at marketing.
Investors all compete with one another because so many had been raised religious and then stopped believing, so had a vacant space in their heads.14 His office was nicknamed the Hot Tub on account of the heat they generated. Convergence is probably coming, but where?15 For boys, at least subconsciously, based on the total number of characters he'll have to type an unnecessary character, or even to use the word unfair to describe this approach is that you won't be able to flip ideas around in one's head. If your work is your identity. Measurement and Leverage To get rich you need to pay for kids. It's much easier to sell to them, because they didn't do that. Ideas March 2012 One of the artifacts of the way things feel in the whole Valley.16 Notes When Google adopted Don't be evil. What are the most common form of discussion was the disputation.
Well, no. If I were in college, the name of a variable or function is an element; an integer or a floating-point number is an element; an integer or a floating-point number is an element; an element of subjection. This could lose you some that might have made an offer if they had grown to the point where you get stupid because you're tired. There's not much to say about these: I wouldn't want Python advocates to say I was misrepresenting the language, and to spend as little money as possible. Being available means more than being installed, though. A DH6 response could still be a good idea to write the first version? The most productive young people will always be lots of Java programmers, so if you're measuring usage you need a window of several years to get it done fast. As long as that idea is still floating around, I think.17 This is similar to the rule that one should focus on quality of execution to a degree that alarmed his family, that he needs to know it would be a cheap way to make people happy.
Notes
Perhaps the solution is to be employees is to write a subroutine to do this are companies smart enough to become a so-called lifestyle business, Bob wrote, If it failed. Investors are fine with funding nerds.
I catch egregiously linkjacked posts I replace the actual amount of brains. After reading a draft, Sam Altman wrote: One way to fight.
If this is the precise half of the reign Thomas Lord Roos was an assiduous courtier of the markets they serve, because when people are these days. Part of the mail on LL1 led me to do it well enough to turn into them. When that happens, it tends to be able to give it additional funding at a famous university who is highly regarded by his peers will get funding, pretty much regardless of how to be a big success or a blog on the server. This is why we can't figure out yet whether you'll succeed.
Which explains the astonished stories one always hears about VC inattentiveness. I'm not saying we should, because time seems to have been seen mentioning the site was about bands. On the other direction.
Who is being able to invest the next uptick after that, isn't it?
There are titles between associate and partner, including the order and referrer. 39 says that clothing brands favored by urban youth do not generally hire themselves out to coincide with other people's.
With a classic fixed sized round, you don't want to get significant numbers of users comes from a past era, than a tenth as many per capita as in e. Microsoft, incidentally; it's IBM.
Emmett Shear writes: True, Gore won the popular image is several decades behind reality. Obviously this is a convertible note with no valuation cap. Actually, someone else start those startups. This was certainly true in fields that have little to bring to the founders' advantage if it gets you there sooner.
In fact this would be just mail from people who run them would be. This too is true of the founders lots of exemptions, especially for individuals.
Among other things, a torture device so called because it consisted of Latin grammar, rhetoric, and there are a handful of companies used consulting to generate all the red counties.
Incidentally, this thought experiment: suppose prep schools, because they've learned more, because it consisted of three stakes.
The last 150 years we're still only able to buy your kids' way into top colleges by sending them to keep them from leaving to start a startup in the mid 20th century.
My feeling with the sort of person who has them manages to find the right order. But becoming a police state. Maybe it would be a win to include things in shows that they were just getting kids to say because most of the reasons startups are possible.
It was revoltingly familiar to slip back into it.
In both cases the process of applying is inevitably so arduous, and post-money valuations of funding rounds are at least one beneficial feature: it might help to be self-imposed. Donald J. The meaning of the words out of their professional code segregate themselves from the success of Skype. Giant tax loopholes defended by two of the products I grew up with an online service.
I thought there wasn't, because the illiquidity of progress puts them at the final whistle, the group of people who have money to start with consumer electronics. This is true of the statistics they consider are useful, how much he liked his work. The founders we fund used to end a series. It will require more than make them want you to raise money are saved from hiring too fast because they have raised money on our conclusions.
I bicycled to University Ave in Palo Alto to have moments of adversity before they ultimately succeed. Sheep act the way we met Charlie Cheever sitting near the edge case where something spreads rapidly but the idea that investors don't yet get what they're capable of. In retrospect, we met Aydin Senkut. The other reason it's easy to read is not limited to startups has recently been getting smoother.
#automatically generated text#Markov chains#Paul Graham#Python#Patrick Mooney#Sam#English#note#blog#money#aim#image#advocates#employers#LL1#sup#unfair#Donald#mediocre#answer#Investors#finiteness#VC#name#way#round#Microsoft#size
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Read this story what I wrote pls, The Antiquarian and the Devil's Dog
The week we spent cleaning out Great Grandad’s house was an eventful one. More exciting at least than the days previous spent in various offices gathering the correct permissions to enter the old place. In the oldest parts of the house damp rotted the old floorboards until they warped, collapsing under their own weight leaving perilous apertures eager to swallow clumsy steppers. Agencies were reluctant to hand over the keys without first checking everyone’s insurance ad nauseum.
The old stone stairs leading to the basement, chipped from a thousand previous descents, looked liable to break if one wasn’t selective with their boot placement. It’s funny, I thought, if you fell through one of those holes and ended up in the basement, you’d be avoiding the dangerous stairs; the lesser of two evils. Note to inform the insurance company of a possible loophole. Desperate to avoid litigation on our part, the agencies agreed that we could enter under supervision.
The world had changed since this place was last inhabited. When the door finally opened, stubborn in its frame after years of neglect, it seemed a room unstuck in time. Dust particles hung in the air and as they danced I wondered what secrets they were privy to, and whether they had been the component atoms of a larger host previously. Even her ghosts were bent and haggard with age, bones wilting in the oppressive dank. A hundred years ago the servants were so afraid of the myriad spectres said to inhabit the long halls and shadowed staircases that they had refused to enter certain rooms, but no such reports have been filed in nigh on seventy years. If those same ghosts existed now, they languished apathetically in the walls, stirring only occasionally to rattle the pipes or drag their boots. Curios and trinkets plundered at the height of Empire decorated every mantel in the house and although it went unsaid, everyone in the family was petrified of stumbling across something less than savoury. Just to be sure we cross referenced some of the dates in our literature and found the Nazi party came a little after Bryn’s time. Spared of that anxiety we set to looking, for what we weren’t sure. Something of value, some seemingly insignificant object that might illuminate this murky character.
Bryn, God rest him, was a renaissance man in the style of the natural philosophers of his age; a doctor, an artist, a war hero, an antiquarian and amateur archaeologist all rolled into one. Of course it would be remiss not to mention his more illicit interests like bootlegging alcohol and collecting occult manuscripts, but the more sordid of the two pastimes fell by the wayside when he raised his station in society, becoming an educated and respected member of a prominent archaeological interest group. Selous’ Sweat they called themselves, in tribute to the conservationist and African big-game hunter of the same name.
Selous some of these artefacts for mad stacks, I thought with a smirk.
Everything in the house had a double coating of dust. Doing our rounds and cataloguing the cabinets of curiosities meant that doors long undisturbed were opened, both literally and figuratively. Turning the handle of one particular door, I saw it led to an upstairs sitting room on a landing between two flights of stairs, one spiralling down towards the sitting room, although there was scarcely room to sit amidst the Grecian urns and Japanese decorative plates precariously hanging from the walls, and the other up towards the darkroom on the top floor. The sitting room was strangely devoid of clutter except for an enormous table. The rounded surface was a dark mahogany, polished until shining with a protective glass covering placed on top.
I wondered why a table, even one so fine as this, was given a room to itself above the other priceless artefacts in the catalogue, which included a Han dynasty vase, the glasses worn by W.B. Yeats in his twilight years and an enormous set of ornate mirrors purchased at auction when one of the grand manors in Kilkenny was forced to liquidate all non-holdings related assets following the collapse of the family after the war. The mirrors, according to the former owner Mrs. Fitzbannion, were the pride of their manor house. Mrs. Fitzbannion hung the mirrors in the centre of the main hall, ensuring all visitors knew the extent of their wealth. The frames were carved to represent natural wonders, a pinecone here, an antler there, and each coated in burnished gold leaf. Gold had faded to brass in the intervening years, as if the mirror losing its place of prominence in its household stole the last scion of lustre from it altogether, and I wondered had the mirror ever been so ostentatious as described.
Inspecting the table, I ran my finger along the protective glass panel and found no trace of dust. Doubly curious. Bryn was an adventurer and had no shortage of vigour in his old age, but he was still not one for dusting. Attributing his longevity and stamina to a liquid concoction that he called Lightning Wine, part alcoholic cocktail, part vegetable juice with a hint of soda water. In truth I had only agreed to help with this jumped-up Spring cleaning session in the hopes of finding a vat of the naughty sauce hidden in a secret panel, which I would ferry out under my coat and imbibe later on with the lads.
I knelt on my haunches to inspect the legs of the table, wondering if they might shed light on the mystery. Clean as a whistle below too. Ivory. That was it. The legs were made of ivory. Holy shit, was this stuff even legal anymore? I heard a story in school that at one time ivory was so coveted they had to remove the tusks from museum specimens to discourage robbers, low-hanging fruit and all that. My sister volunteered in the Natural History Museum in Dublin while studying zoology and recounted wondrous tales over dinner about their storage rooms in the inner-city; numerous thylacine specimens, gigantic Irish elk antlers and wooden storage crates full of elephant tusks, corridor after corridor of specimen jars like one imagines Noah’s Ark appeared at capacity. Into the table legs were carved detailed images of warriors armed with spears facing down ferocious lions. No doubt an artwork of such fine craftsmanship was either manufactured by British labourers merely basing their work on an existing tribal peace, or worse, plundered from a deposed native royalty, like that Malaysian ruby. Something else there too, a piece of paper placed under one of the legs to balance it. I pulled the parchment out slowly, like the highest-stakes game of Jenga you can imagine and saw that it was written in blue ink. Unmistakably the spider-like scrawl of Great Grandad Bryn; prone to eccentricity and hyperbole in his cups though. I doubt any of what was written should be taken as gospel, but damned if it doesn’t make for a spooky story. The following are the excerpts from what I assume was a field diary, kept as part of his funding agreement with the local museums. They would fund his expeditions and as long as he provided colourful commentary and witticisms enough to draw a crowd. They proudly patronised his occasional dalliances into the otherworldly in the spirit of derring-do! Bryn mentions early in the text that he keeps a formal and an informal diary, the latter only for his own perusal. If what I read is his own private correspondence, then why hide it?
April 1928.
I, Martin Bryn-Kolkiln, wish to commit to paper the strange events of Friday last, April 9th 1928. For the first time in some weeks I have had time enough to sit down and gather my thoughts, my rest of late being much disturbed by strange fancies and day-time delusions. My postprandial scribblings have long been a stable of my working week and no servant dares to stir past my quarters upon noticing the glow neath the door that signals its occupancy. Lately the notepad remains devoid of ink or flourish and I strain my ears to catch the scratching of a passing servant stepping a mite too hard on the creaky floorboard, hoping to catch some snippet of gossip in the scullery that might rouse my wrist to swiftness. In less fanciful terms I have been much beset by idleness and my usual studious nature replaced by bouts of idleness and procrastination. I do not fear that you will judge me too harshly for my slovenliness though once I recount my adventure in full.
I find the drone of chatter where people have gathered too distracting to complete any serious writing, even the purchase of army-grade ear plugs have not relieved the issue, much to my chagrin after spending a pound on three pairs of the things; like wine stoppers or sink plugs made of orange and purple rubber, orange for left, purple for right. These tooth-shaped kernels wouldn’t have looked out of place in an orthodontic institute. A little avatar waving during check ups to remind the boys that oral hygiene at the front was as important as at home, especially if you urchins want little Bonnie Bouncybreasts to embrace you upon returning. I found them to be of little use, not providing the extreme level of silence and concentration I require to fully immerse.
Having only recently returned from fieldwork overseas in the Mesopotamia where I witnessed many strange and exotic sights investigating the discovery of a buried idol neath the sands of the former fertile crescent. The enormous desert sun rising over the pillars of former Hittite settlements. The clearness of the sky above the dunes, a matte-painting of stars in every hue, twinkling blues that shone blinding for a moment then disappeared. White ones and yellow ones and even a fiery red one, which my manservant Fayzad informed me was Venus. The primary goal of my journey was to investigate a buried Marduk idol, the dark god and King of the immortals in the Babylonian pantheon. The curio was found in a sepulchre hidden beneath the site of an existing mosque destroyed by shelling in 1917. Of course this provided ample fuel for speculation about templar treasure and a host of other religious conspiracies but the effigy was a strange artefact to be sure.
I visited other sites of historical interest while in that neck of the woods; a Chaldean astrological site situated in a hollow nested between two steep bluffs of yellow rock, deep in the valley of a dried river basin. I also surveyed a site for a possible future expedition where my colleagues speculate a Phoenician horde may be entombed neath the sand. My preliminary assessment of the site found it in some disrepair so I should not think to patronise such a dig.
The journey from the train station in London towards Matfield in Kent where I am currently dwelling is punctuated with occasional wondrous natural vignettes in the form of wild horses cresting grassy knolls ‘gainst the backdrop of God’s own country, white blossoms on trees, ranks of saplings, small now but they would grow enormous when the vernal bloom came. It seemed almost a shame to ignore the vistas to my left, given how I had pined for them while away. In the trenches I saw men commit countless words to paper trying to capture the essence of what made a simple thing beautiful, and for many this was how they prevented hollowing. Not a literal hollowing, like the way the flesh gives way to pockets of nothingness when carved by machine gun bullets; hollow like the head of a broken doll. Hollow like the hull of a ghost ship.
I attempted to conduct my preliminary report of sites I’d visited but through my rubber stoppers I could make out the voice of an inebriated Scot over the usual din. To make matters worse another veteran was seated in the opposite carriage, alone. The poor creature must have been exposed to gas in some forgotten melee, of which he was perhaps the surviving witness. Across the British Isles there was a thousand such sad scenes. Beneath the sea and in dank caves where no sunlight can penetrate things can still grow, only in exciting new varieties to accommodate unfavourable conditions - glassy fish with transparent scales living near the mouths of sulphur craters learned to take sustenance from the black clouds, and so it was with the war too. Boys went away and still grew to manhood despite the regular trials and tribulations that mark this winding path from adolescence, but the end product was of an altogether different beat.
Pineapple gas by the sound of his consistent hacking cough, and each time he did so it knelled the end of my creative spells, but I bore no ill-will. I had been privy to some sadness in my time. Even now in my deepest sleeps I bolt upright, clammy, imagining that I have faltered a moment more and disappeared into that ochre venom.
I saw a boy killed once. Fourteen years old. His name was Charlie but everyone called him Twig, all limbs and tussled curls beneath his cap. He lied to the recruiting sergeants, charming them with his memorised rhetoric. One of Kitchener’s own Praetorian. The boy came down from Doncaster at the beginning of Kitchener’s volunteer push, part of a pals brigade with men from the local foundries. This motley crew called themselves the Flint Walrus in tribute to Treasure Island. Twig caught a sniper bullet to the head laying wire in a thicket outside Nare.
Upon returning I informed colleagues and close friends of my intent to convalesce, retiring to my chambers in solitude for a fortnight to document my trip, both for official record and in a more personal tone for my memoirs. It came as a reluctant surprise then when a letter arrived, delivered by hand, requesting my urgent presence at the servants graveyard on the grounds of the Powers Estate. The letter spoke of a strange discovery when work for a proposed pleasure garden began requiring the removal of several headstones. The author of the note, which was neither signed nor written in a hand I recognised, went on to state that he or she supposed that their discovery would be pertinent to my historical interest.
This mysterious invitation stoked the embers of my imagination ablaze. I was suddenly keen to reevaluate my proposed ‘mental wellbeing day’, instead thinking perhaps I took those days on the insistence of my wife, nothing more.
I set off that same balmy spring evening, taking only a light jacket and houndstooth peak cap by way of protection; no rain had been forecast. The rest of the note had described the process of the dig, which had already concluded so I would not require my field tools. The closing statement ran shivers of terror through my body. The scribe, although an amateur, was firm in his words and confident in his assessment that they had uninterred the skeleton of an enormous hellhound, three times larger that the most gargantuan canine of Siberia.
My mind was on fire with vivid images of shadowy hyenas howling, pooling stinking saliva in the sharp corners of its mouth. I wondered might their excavation have uncovered Black Shuck or some descendent; an enormous dog or wolf-like creature that stalked the leafy abbeys and quiet lanes of Suffolk in the early 15th century. The dog stood a keen seven feet in length, allowing for an inch either end, and weighed 200 pounds, around the average weight of a heavyweight pugilist. So bulky was the creature that the thudding sound of its footfalls would rouse the people from their sleep and into a panic. There are records in the abbey’s archive there that describe one such incident, another visit from the Black Shuck. He came in the night, a terrible formless thing, moving unseen like mist. The panicked citizenry had heard that same familiar padding and the warning bell had been sounded. An early-warning system was present in most larger townships since the Viking raids, sending the denizens of the town spilling towards the abbey. Room was made for all people to seek shelter in the house of God. The assembled clergymen did their best to bolt the door by placing large timbers across it in a x pattern but it took no time at all for the enormous beast to barge through, a hulking mass of muscle, rippled and bulging as if cast in alabaster. The archives do not mention how the beast was slain. The last word on the matter is not even a word but a sketch of a boulder by one Father Nestin Goodfaythe, showing where the beast is supposedly interred on hallowed ground, underneath a weeping willow near the west wall of the piper’s rest, a section of the cemetery reserved for the church musicians.
As a boy Eileen the wet nurse, a dumpy and severe custodian from Blessington in County Wicklow, would enthrall and horrify my brothers and I with stories of the dog-headed men who inhabited the mist prone Northern slopes and secluded islands of the south pacific. I recall one particularly horrifying tale concerning one such legion of canine-men living in the hills during Arthur’s reign; they would bound down from the treeline and attack the neighbouring townlands and holdfasts, snapping up ewes and even small children in their fierce jaws, wet with gleaming viscera. The men, if that, had the head of a canine - green eyes, a wet black snout like a button extending out from their face, small ears that curved inward like a pitbull. Arthur had dispatched a troupe of his finest knights after numerous reports that the raids had increased in frequency as the vernal equinox approached. I think it was Sir Galahad, noted for his bravery, dilligence and cunning with a blade, that beheaded the leader of the tribe. Galahad had positioned his knights on a bluff overlooking a mill, ensuring that animals had been left to pasture in a paddock purposefully left ajar. Although shaped like stocky men, the dog-headed tribe had neither the cunning nor craft necessary to defeat the combined brain-trust of the round table. When the dog-headed men ran from the treeline toward the open paddock and the helpless ewes within, Galahad and his knights perched above pushed a collection of large boulders over the lip of the bluff. The sun shone on their glistening silver plate mail and in that moment it seemed a second sun had risen.These sunlight sentinels stood from their subterfuge to watch the falling rocks, admiring a cunning plan brought to fruition. The dog-men driven by baser desires could scarcely crane their heads from the meal in front and must have only heard the smaller pebbles loosed by the rumbling reaching the foot of the mountain before it was too late. The largest of the ten boulders thrown was perfectly round like the head of a morning star, one half granite with the other hemisphere coated in moss and twinkling mika. If the folklore had any inkling of truth after so many successive generations of embellishments this boulder was the last remnant of a statue that had stood a thousand years ago, raised by the giants who ruled Albion then. The statue depicted one of their kings, bearded and stern on a carved throne, sceptre in his left hand, the right raised up as if swearing testimony. Who knows though, sources from the time mention neither the melee nor the antiquity. Giants are often added to existing historical accounts or fables to scare children from the left-hand path. A sketch from the time does exist though, which may point to the truth at the centre of the legend. Drawn by eminent medieval antiquarian Father Lamhsa O’Dhuiningh of Tipperary during his trip to the four corners of Eireann documenting mesolithic sites and areas of sufficient proximity to resources that might serve as a site for future plantations, the pencil drawing shows a hill leading down to a mill, and just barely peeping at the top the picture the rounded granite head of a statue can be seen just above the tips of the highest trees. Whether this confirms that men of enormous stature ruled here once or that men who are already decided on a notion can rarely be swayed and will almost always reach for the most circumstantial of evidence rather than admitting fault. There’s also a brief mention of these giants allying with an ancient Saxon King in the Mabinogion, a compendium of myths rooted in historical fact compiled in the 13th and 14th century. The two sides, once bitter rivals, put aside their differences to drain a large area of swampland where the brackish waters and greenish miasma that hung over the water like a cloud caused disease to humans, giants and their livestock. Perhaps these giants had hounds of equal size in this area millenia ago?
I cycled to the train station within half an hour and caught an evening train toward the site. Upon detramming it was only a short stroll past the hamlet to the foreboding stone fortress that was the Powers Estate. I am not shy to hard work but let me say this on the matter; I’d wager Isidore of Seville, eminent though he was in his then budding field of zoology, did not have his plans to relax scuppered at every turn. He probably shut his bestiary with a dull thud, removed his working sandals and held his feet aloft to rest, stating ‘Come Jackalope or Jackdaw Prince I’ll not stir from this velvet cocoon ‘til rested!’ I promised myself that if the invitation hadn’t arrived by letter I would have refused a man face-to-face, but lies to oneself are lies to God also and I whispered my apology into the inky night sky. The sky was flecked with silver dots like an enormous glowing wisp out of space had poked a hole in the fabric of our world, allowing a sliver of otherworldly pearlescence to shine through.
There was an ominous gathering of clouds just above the rounded domes of the main compound. There were smaller follys, fountains and hound master's lodgings on the grounds too but they paled in comparison to the oppressive majesty of the Grand Lodge. The design was an eclectic mix of Eastern and Western classical art styles, rounded arches and marble pillars dappled with grey and obsidian, gargoyles with contorted faces and forked tongues lolling out of their pursed half mouths and other misshapen oddities perched on the buttresses. French tapestries and Roman marbles on every landing, enormous paintings of the glorious hunt in gilded frames on every inch of spare wall, Pictish stones looted from the Scottish soil decorated the fish pond, inscribed with mysterious runes that no doubt held some arcane and eldritch knowledge.
Casement Power, younger brother of the late Lord Richard, inherited no property or bonds but was allowed an extremely modest annual allowance. He spent his days hunting but no hound could satiate his warrior spirit. He travelled to furthest Africa shooting the largest game. It was there he spoke with cannibal tribes and saw serpents of enormous size unfurl endlessly and slither away into the brown water. The tribes in the swamps of Zaire spoke of a living dinosaur inhabiting the marshes where the vegetation was dense and the jungle heat so volatile that no man could settle. He also had collected many curios and tribal artworks on his expeditions. The remnants of his conquests nailed to the walls as trophies; skulls of every size, strange tusked things, toothless sharks, an Ibex skull with three horns. Enormous mammoth tusks from Siberia carved with runes framed all the double doors, and crossed spears above every mirror.
The pride of the collection was a piece co-owned by the brothers; one of the Elgin Marbles. An incredible bust of a centaur in glorious pose, bow poised to fire, enormously muscled but not so as to be grotesque. The centaur did not appear a wild thing, and had a looked of melancholy wisdom about his furrowed brow.
Somewhere in the house, although I cannot recall where, the skeleton of the beast that hunted the denizens of Gevaudan. I do know for a fact that this grizzly exhibit does exist as it is listed on the manifesto of items in the portion of Stately Homes of England dedicated to the Powers plot. I cannot verify as to the validity of the article but I'd vouch that many a French peasant eats well selling a hundred such cryptozoological items. I shudder to think of the smallfolk who suffered under the beasts reign of terror. The beast was cunning and successfully avoided waves of eager bounty hunters looking to claim the sizeable reward. It would never attack a group as it is in nature. The ewe that strays from the flock makes light work for wolves and worse. Servant girls would be found dismembered and grossly mutilated only moments after leaving the security of the settlement. The flesh was not always consumed either. The beast was not hunting out necessity and instead fulfilling some sick perversion. Poisoned and drunk on the blood humankind. Could the hell hound I am to examine be a relation of this come to England, or worse, brought?
I have heard tales from reputable sources of large cats loose on the moors. Some escaped from circuses and private menageries, others former pets released by their owners after quadrupling in size. Perhaps these amateurs had merely uncovered the remains of an exotic pet. The grounds were no stranger to beasts from the dark continent; crimson parrots in enormous metal cages, striped fish that glowed when the moonlight fell on the pond, peacocks from India striding the grounds magnificently, ducks from Canada. Would it be completely out of question for a jungle cat to have made this castle its home? I think not.
On his extensive travels around China and Africa studying prehistoric art Richard Power collected priceless artworks and looted great tombs of their treasures years before the arrival of most Western antiquarians. His current horde included petroglyphs, gilded sarcophagi and even a mummified cat from a Witch's Bazaar outside Khartoum. If Richard Powers was alive today he would sit coiled atop his twinkling dubloons with plumes of smoke trailing from either nostril, content to wait for judgement day in the cavernous treasury rumoured to exist beneath the house. Now this ‘conspiracy’ is slightly more believable than the tales of vampirism and prostitutes found frozen, their last moments of panic etched on their disgusted countenance, bodies drained entirely of blood. That’s Maine Wood’s Bosch if you ask me, but a treasury filled with Egyptian secrets… That is more intriguing. An underground river flows out beneath the walls of the house into the Mighty Sa-hen-esh river, perpetually vomiting galloping white horses to dash against the rocks. One can easily imagine a boat snaking the bends by night, illuminated by a single lantern, a chest full of smuggled artefacts in tow. Now that I've written this all out, I see that this could also serve a convenient way to covertly bring a big cat into the grounds, all without alerting the law.
The East Wing of the house consisted of one long corridor lined with equally-spaced doors on either side in alternating colours. The pattern was blue left, red right, green left, gold right and so on for several meters. Suits of old plate mail were nailed to plinths in the spaces between each entrance, some with their visors up, revealing the shadowy nothingness within, their arms tight to the torso and bent at the elbow clutching tight on their halberds. Others had their visors down holding their shields near their torso with swords sheathed. Their heraldic crests were emblazoned there in majestic golds and silvers, with gold-leaf tassels dangling from the sides.
According to the rumours all of the suits with closed visors contained embalmed corpses; some of them acting as metalurgic mausoleums for deceased heirs. and others containing corpses looted from the Valley of Kings pre-Napoleonic rediscovery, and the only way to tell heir from ancient was by examining the crests. Some of which were said to be false artworks created specifically to be understood by members of a secret order, like Templars or Rosicrucians, only confined to worship of Ancient Egyptian deities. I don’t know whether any credence should be paid to the rumours but I can say with some authority that Rich Powers did have a penchant for symbolism and numerology. If there ever was some eccentric left in the Arab Sun too long, present company excluded, who would commission these wonderful artworks for such a convoluted purpose, it was him. The late custodian of the Baronage passed some seventy years ago but rumours of his interest in the occult abound still.
Many of the great houses had fallen to destitution in recent years as their custodians gathered dust on gilded thrones, having sent the best of their heirs to serve in France among the officer classes. Although the bulk of the BEF was made up of working class men, miners and teachers, the aristocratic classes were decimated. Such was the way of war. These men playing chess with the lives of the small folk would, to fulfill their end of whatever faustian pact could've caused such a prolonged and terrible slaughter, had to give up their own sons. Of course not all these elderly Lords were callous in sending their offspring to foreign soil, perchance to die. Many wrote letters to school chums and former colleagues now occupying lofty administrative positions requesting exclusion for their boys in exchange for kind press or monetary reward. All such offers were of course denied. What kind of message would that send to the powerful gentry of the country, who held much sway with the royals, that some men's sons may live and others still must away to Hades? I fear the recruiting offices would have been empty by that very evening and the recruiting sergeants left in a right awkward position, and forced to become creative with the methods their jingoistic crusade employed. Powers had lost three sons in the war, two at Mons during the terrible combat there, and another at Ypres. The angels had not seen fit to protect them. That dread sound of motorcycle tyres scraping on pebbles as it stirs to a halt, the clicking of medals on a uniform breast as the messenger spans the drive, the measured footfalls of a military gait approaching the door, closer now and the parent white-faced behind knowing what dread news awaits.
Again canines find a way to embroil themselves. Many parents report seeing ominous black dogs in the morning mist in the days and hours before the bad news arrives from overseas, and the black dog is a symbol of significance in the practice of reading tea-leaves, rather a Victorian fancy but it has its practitioners and defenders still. I believe Siegfried Sassoon’s mother employed the help of a medium in an attempt to communicate with her deceased son - the poor creature.
Folklore and farmyard chatter aside; the Powers had deep roots here. A Powers had lived on this land since at least 1640. Who knew what secrets those whispering old stones might yield to those inclined to hear.
Fortunately the Lord has a nephew, strong, sensible and of age. Lord Nigel Power, Earl of Sookford and 3rd Baron of Westian, current custodian of the Powers Estate was not an unkind man, scholarly and stoic like the Greek philosophers he admired and quoted in his cups, but always keen to share a nod and chat in passing. Not to give the impression that we are acquainted for I hardly know the man but to don my hat in passing, occasionally passing comment if the weather be fine or noteworthily tempestuous. Word around the fountain says that Lord Power intends to put his vast knowledge of the classical world to use in his retirement, wherein he hopes to compile in seven volumes a history of the Peloponnesian Wars in the Bronze Age Aegean Sea.
His deceased Uncle wished for the construction of a Pleasure Garden in his honour, following the sale of his assets. His advanced age will account for why they are currently constructing a most Victorian folly.
I wonder did Richard glean any smidge of happiness or any notion of the arcane knowledge he sought from his archives in the long evening of his life, waiting to meet his sons and commend their bravery in heaven. Perhaps it's true what is said about a man who lives to bury his children; he dies two deaths; the first when everything he was before fragments and scatters to dust and the second when he truly expires, a husk eagerly awaiting the trot of Mort’s destrier - foul Black knytmare!
You see even now as I write with shaking hand that my mind is infected - I am leaning toward gothic fancy! I hope this will give you an inkling then into my apprehension, for although I remain a skeptical-leaning agnostic with regard to the otherworldly, the ominous setting and eerie descriptions in the letter had transported me to an irrational world.
Already I was noting my own apprehension, every step measured, holding my breath unless absolutely necessary. The wintry grass crunched beneath my boots and I stood hypnotised almost, craning to see the lip of the battlements on the outer wall. A fortress fit for a martial family. Arrows, oil and boulders would have rained down from on high decimating the invaders attempting to mount their ladders. Flaming arrows igniting the siege towers forcing men to jump from a great height into the throng of spears and pikes below, often dashed on the points. A mighty gust suddenly swept past me violently, lifting my jacket tails and it carried a faint sound of distant battle, a prolonged scream, a snippet of intense roaring fire and the thwack of archers in tandem. I shivered and begged the spirits leave me and confine their unrest to the isolated places of the world.
Grim faeries nestled in the thickets of wildflowers, I imagined their spritely ceilidh neath the spotted mushroom caps, leaping from one swaying grass stalk to another, their intricate but infinitesimally small fiddles nestled in the crook of their necks. Foul puka in the form of red-eyed goats mocked me from behind boundary fences. My own breath steaming from my lips in plumes despite the warmth, as the dark fog that escaped the nostrils of Jörmungandr, his scaled belly pregnant with angry fire.
The last light faded as I approached the enormous wrought iron gates of the grounds, the rails jagged black spears rising from the capstones, decorated in the middle with a black bas relief.
I pushed open the gate and it dragged on its hinges, howling while it swung. The dread chorus was so shrill and how long it lasted - I almost had to place my fingers into my ears for relief! This fright rather knocked my senses. I stirred for a moment to gather myself. Every loose stone, dancing leaf and singing spring breeze now whispered portents. I shook my head and ignored whatever gnostic Delphian beckoned. If the third eye existed, and scientific fiction magazines wrote that it could be opened by stimulating the pineal gland with a kind of resonant electric current, mine was opened naturally then. I accepted the languid way the gate swung as a sign of reluctance to permit my entry. These old places did not lightly relinquish their secrets and it was well possible that some unseen malevolent force did not want me there that night. What happened next only exacerbated my fears.
I immediately made a sharp right turn upon entering the compound, moving from the long and winding gravel drive lined with golden cedars at every turn and down a snaking path trodden through the grass and mud, towards a glow some distance away that I assumed was the site. I scrambled through the darkness with my forearm raised to shield my eyes from sharp branches. I feared what I might see lurking in the shadows. My assumption was correct and I emerged from the copse at the servants graveyard.
The site had been cordoned off with rope and torches placed in the ground illuminating the site for my investigation. A small crowd gathered, huddled together for warmth near one of the beacons. A man turned, evidently the one who penned the letter and waved for me. There were fifteen or more grave markers in the small fenced square. Grass grew grey and sickly there. Scions of jagged rock tore through the topsoil giving the impression of a golem just beneath the firmament. This field must have been the only spot of that land that didn't get a healthy blossom, small surprise it was designated such a dark purpose. The owner had little use for land that didn't yield coin.
A terrible scream rang out. The banshee’s wail, the chorus of seven trumpets that toll for the opening of the seventh seal, the Howling of the Djinn! Hark! The dread screech of a terrible wyrm, phasing through realities in permanent agony.
A bright spark glowed brightly in the sky above the open grave and my eyes unaccustomed to the light shut tightly. I winced and turned then a strange thing occurred; I found myself back in the thicket where the branches like fingers had caressed me only a moment before, the light of the site up ahead in the distance. What vile trickery was this? I stared at my hands, barely able to discern their shape in the darkness. I raised them and cupped my face into my palms, needing to massage my crown and feel the bone and blood underneath, something tangible now that I was untethered from the real. I needed to be positive this was not a dream but it was so cold, so bitterly cold. A shivering frozen knife tracing down my spine. Was it possible to feel cold while not conscious? I did not think so, but then tis not possible to teleport or time travel or jump enormous distances like Spring Heeled Jack. I began to feel nauseous and keeled over holding my stomach, dry retching onto the damp grass.
The beacons in the distance began igniting and extinguishing in sequence, strobing and contorting casting long shadows and I fell to my knees with my head tucked to my chest, as a hedgehog in peril. The beacons all doused simultaneously and the wet grass underneath my head changed to something harder and slick, with many sharp points digging into my cheek. I dared a peek lifting one eyelid a fraction and found myself again outside the gates of the grounds. The dark contours of the bas relief were ominous now, the bulbous shapes of the carved images made my skin crawl. Small hairs on the back of my neck stood to attention causing itchiness around my collar. I pushed to my feet and brushed the rocks embedded in my palms off on the thighs of my trousers.
Yes, the beings that had at first seemed Grecian effigies of perfect men hunting now altered in the pale moonlight, one idle moonbeam shining directly on the relief as if a spotlight was held fast by an unseen cherub, perched on a cloud occasionally stirring from peaceful sleep to illuminate some slither of mystery. These hulking icons, although lacking perspective, seemed an altogether forbidden sight. I recoiled in horror but dared myself to investigate further.
Practically holding my eyes open I stooped closer, focusing on one particular figure. Let me first describe the image as a whole; a pitiful scene. By compare I can only cite passages from Revelations, and even they do not convey the full horror I beheld. Lacking the vocabulary to describe the ‘otherness’ of its shape Revelations must serve as an imaginative stimulus; the beings on the relief were contorted demons. Most had bodies and genitals like men but coated every inch with coarse black hair, spiny and spidery. Their eyes enormous round things like that of a fish, but where a fish emits vacancy and the black of their eyes reflects rather than radiates, these implied great wisdom. Enormous eyes omnipresent to witness all events in all of time, as Mathesula. I shudder to think. Where their mouths should have been was instead an enormous pair of jaws like that of the snapping crocodiles encountered in Egypt, a menace I am reluctantly familiar with, having seen men dragged underneath the murky water while bathing or labouring near the shore erupting in fountains of blood, never to surface.
The figure I was hypnotically drawn to inspecting had an enormous stinging tail protruding from the end of his tailbone, hanging low off the ground before looping up into the sky, the stinger slick with dripping venom poised at the shoulder to strike. He was the only one among his number armed with such a ferocious pestilent whip, which was clad in hard black plate no sword would dent, distinguishing him as a leader of sorts; if any rank exists within an anarchy of grotesques. Even as a fantasy this folly is something gratuitous altogether. The metal seemed slick, oozing oil even though no rain fell there that night and no hint of varnish in the air. Perhaps twas merely the combination of moonlight trickery and the all night reading sessions of yesteryear where I filled my mind with all manner of sidhes, dobhar chus and mushrooms out of space. The relief was a ballroom fancy and no more, a remnant of the freakshow era leftover, like how some houses still have their cabinets of curios. I was merely painting character to it instinctively, already having intimate knowledge of folklore and the structure of ancient myths. I must admit there have been times when I have been disposed towards the extraordinary and like to imagine a whole world of strangeness lies behind the fabric of our preconceptions but this is a private indulgence and I have not, to my own knowledge, allowed it to interfere with my work.
I pushed open the gate as a matter of promptness and again it swung slowly and screeched, reeeeeeeeeeeeeeee - like a vixens wail. Events were playing out exactly as they had only moments ago except now when I entered the dig site was on my left side, and much closer than before. I was sure I had turned right last time. Did the last time really happen? A trick of my own mind or by something darker. Some benevolent being drawn to mischief by boredom interfering with the lives of mortals. Perhaps twas some fancy I took outside, a moon dream. Lord knows I had heard enough tales of inebriated farmers trapped roaming around small paddocks for days unable to find an exit, while the faeries peered through the barbs of the hawthorn in hysterics. While we are in the realm of loons perhaps it was an angel giving me a vision of what is coming. Warding me away from the toothed darkness in the damp hole.
To steady my nerves I decided to voice the inner skeptic aloud. I spoke into night about how the gases and wisps in marshes were spirits to feudal farmers before wise men came and dispelled their ignorance with the torch of logic. Perhaps all I was experiencing now was merely some as of yet unexplained phenomena. An unseen chemical in the air released by the digging causing hallucinations, or a fever perhaps? I had been travelling recently. Any excuse that steered my mind from the abject terror I was exercising in the face of the unknown I was eager to embrace.
I proceeded to the site but there was no sliding mud to prevent my passage now; the thicket of thorns where I had stooped and seen the braziers in the distance nowhere to be found. If only I heeded my wife's warnings, ponderous fool.
There was still time to turn and head for home. The trains would not run again until morning so I might safely walk the tracks and upon reaching the station, fetch my bike and cycle the remainder of the journey. If I depart and keep a keen pace I would be abed before three. A course of Teddy Roosevelt’s ‘strenuous life’ to get the lungs singing and forget this whole mad venture. Whether the men disturbed the rest of a hellhound or just the bones of a dead doe, expanded over generations by the freezing and thawing of the soil, could just be left as exactly that, a question to ponder on Samhain, to tell over a crackling flame and scare the boy scouts.
How unprecedented that a man as stubborn as I would talk myself out of a venture that promised much mystery. Not to blow one's own trumpet but I am also not a man of soft disposition. I have no fear of death, I saw my share of it in the conflicts. When a man lives in the shadow of the reaper for so long a strange kinship is formed, and I enjoyed that shade as one would enjoy the shadow of an apple tree in the midday sun. I inhabited the abyss before, if only for a time. I knew fear that night. Some primordial doubt froze me where I stood, sending shockwaves through my body rousing every nerve and impulse I had screaming retreat, retreat! I willed my legs forward, take another few steps and you'll feel better, but I could not budge one inch. I must have looked a forlorn statue. A fitting garden ornament for such a strange place, amongst the cherubs and marble harpies.
I stood, taking stock of my surroundings. A very faint dust was visible in the air, a golden haze like spores or sparks from a foundry taken flight. This mist shifted in the air constantly reforming, though I felt no breeze. Whether the miasma was a result of occult activity or a sign from a benign celestial to warm me of impending spiritual disaster I do not know. I did know to follow my gut instincts. Whenever my gut rumbled and my rhythm changed unknowingly danger was never far. In the war I had honed this instinct. A sixth sense for spotting hidden mines and unexploded Mill’s bombs led my lads through cracked lunar landscapes shelled chalk white.
Turning, I sped out the gate, avoiding its siren song having left it ajar when I entered. I kept a blistering pace and soon the lane melted away behind me, my feet scarcely scraping the ground. Gravel gave way to wet grass and then the tracks opened up before me. An enormous corridor of steel teeth slicing the meadow in two. Due to the negligence of the maintenance crew the wild grasses growing trackside grew enormous. They lined the entire route casting ominous shadows and obscuring any assailants that might attack from the side. I slowed briefly ensuring my stride matched the distance between planks so as not to trip.
After a time I heard behind me the definite sound of paws plodding rhythmically. Four distinct footfalls increasing pace to match my own. I suddenly sprinted forward with such intensity that I near lost my balance but I pushed my arms out sideways and flapped like a terrorised bird and steadied. Paws clacked on the timbers of the track and something emitted a low and deep growl. I ran then, as fast as my legs would take me. Beads of sweat rolled down my forehead, past my eyes which I had shut most tightly and onto my lip. Tissues, coins and scraps of paper fell from my pockets but I continued propelled by some primal strength. It is natural for the hunters brain to seize control when the invisible eyes on the back of one's neck feel the predator's stare. The gnashing darkness felt an oppressive presence. In that moment I was sure no fevre dream had taken hold. What gave chase was a tangible evil, slipped through the curtains into our reality, or perhaps pulled. Mayhaps some naive servant read the words aloud from one of the many Egyptian execration texts dotted around the house in glass cabinets and dredged a being from another world. Even at that distance the fetid smell of rotten meat on its breath caused my nose to wrinkle.
I could feel intense heat too along my shoulder blades and beneath my collar. At first I thought twas the humid panting typical of a sprinting canine but it got warmer and warmer as the footfalls increased their pace until it was near unbearable. I reached my hand to my collar, placing the backside of my fingers, now substantially cooled from running in the wind, flat to my neck. This heat was surely the licking tongues of infernal Hades. I did not turn and I did not delay, keeping my pace well beyond my natural exhaustion threshold. The swiftness of the stag when the wolf is near. The swiftness of the salmon in the shadow of the bear.
I imagined behind me an enormous fissure in the rows of planks. Spindled fingers tipped with curled nails grabbing at my tails, skin red like a flayed man. Eyes of every size with no other human form attached. Green pupils slit like cats. Enormous black ones like an ink filled bubble swirled apocalyptic chaos beneath the gelatinous covering. If this rift rent the land as I imagined then this hound must be Cerberus - oh three headed guardian of Hades, who bid you give chase, I am not yet bound for your kingdom!
The beast thundered along behind me, faster now, growling and snapping its enormous rows of teeth, sharp as daggers and serrated for tearing strips of flesh from bone. Was I to be Dante?
At times the thing was so close I could feel drops of reeking saliva raining down where the beasts tongue had whipped at the empty space I occupied not a moment earlier. In truth I cannot recollect much further than this, I was gripped by an adrenal berserk and time held no meaning, new memories ceased forming, all non-critical faculties switched off. After an eternity I emerged into the light of the train station and dared to slow for the first time. It seemed the chase had not been so rabid these last moments. The spell which coated those bones in living flesh expired now that morning sun threatened her light.
The horizon was now red as iron ore. I turned gasping but no snapping cerberus or terrible extinct mastiff, like those the Romans had employed in Carthage, waited there. Just a dizzying corridor of shifting darkness stretching to infinity. No idle moon beam pierced the veil of night. In my relief I spared a laugh, noting aloud that this was likely a record time for this particular journey, surpassing even the no-stop trains that carried resources to the Hebrides and further overnight.
In spite of all that had happened I had to question then and there if a creature had ferociously pursued me at all or whether some friendly dog had trotted alongside me for a time, or whether my own footfalls speeding up subconsciously sent me into a panic. I was unsure. Should I be terrified, relieved, embarrassed or a combination of the three?
Next came the darkest revelation of all. I sat and dangling my legs over the lip of the train platform lit a cigarette. I inhaled deeply and held the breath, allowing the smoke to absorb my woes before exhaling. A draft on my back sent me shivering. No, more than a breeze, a sharp pain now. I dropped my cigarette onto the tracks and reached back, gingerly pawing with my index finger, if the phrasing can be pardoned. I recoiled in agony, even now my back throbs and smells fetid when the bandage is not changed and let steam under a basin of boiled water. Three enormous slashes, rifts of gnarled flesh raked across my skin. Dark pus oozes from the wound and I have worn a corset of gauze this last week. A paroxysm of pain sent me to spasming and I could take no more, fainting into a heap there on the platform.
I suppose it was near enough to morning then and some commuter or station man took notice and fetched a doctor, but in truth I have no memory of this. The doctors have informed me that it will be some time before my wound heals and it should require much observation to prevent tetanus. Yes, you read that right. Tetanus. The lacerations were proved to have been made by a dog using the latest scientific tests. The doctors, veterinarians and trappers consulted have so far been completely baffled by the breadth and width of the scrapes, reckoning a creature capable of such assaults to a man grown should require enormous size and strength, and belonged to no creature native to this country.
With this nightmare put to page I hope the oily tendrils of it are scraped from my mind. I must retire to chambers and steam the wound again, left overnight the sickly sweet smell of the warped and bubbled flesh becomes unbearable. The doctors and I hope I will be free to return to work by June. In the meantime I will stay active with my research and dispel any thoughts too fantastical. My spirit is largely shaken and I have not felt an anxiety like it since the weeks at the front. I cannot complain, having most of my wealth and still a sliver of health but Damn! Curse! Blast how I loathe sleeping on my front! How anyone finds solace in this pose is beyond me, I feel like a lizard basking on hot stones.
I leave you now to ponder what I saw that night, and I will do the same. Perhaps another time it will be revealed to me, in a dream or a whisper of the babbling brook, what is the given name of the darkness I encountered. Or suppose you think maybe the stories of jungle cats loose on the moors hold more than a nugget of truth; a jaguar or cheetah gave chase, stirring from its home in the neglected grasses along the tracks? Perhaps. I do not like to speculate. I leave you then and as stated at the beginning of my recant, I hope you will not judge my case too harshly, noting that I am not a man of ill repute or third-rate education. I am a simple antiquarian bottling the dust of the lost things. The truth is an amnesiacs labyrinth.
April 20th, M Bryn-Kolkiln
Michael Dempsey, April 2018
#writing#books#short story#shortstory#horror#gothic#hellhound#haunting#haunted#scary#victorian#edwardian#history#fiction#creativewritting#rural#folkhorror#folk horror#antiquarian#horror story
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BucksCake
DeFi Platform for Staking
About
History shows that banks, governments and financial systems are corrupted and sensitive to changes of the global economic situation. BucksCake aims to offer our users decentralized financial system by offering decentralized, more transparent and economically viable blockchain-based services in place of the services traditionally provided by centralized institutions We face challenges and uncertainties every day as a result of unpredictable global events that cause economic turmoil and instability. So there is a growing need for a decentralized, comprehensive and reliable financial system that works for everyone. Still in their infancy, cryptocurrencies and decentralized financial systems are proving that there is an impartial alternative to traditional financial services that are provided to everyone, especially those who need them.
BKC is a DeFi protocol that aims to provide maximal recoil of the Ethereum ecosystem for everyone with access to the internet. BKC is unique by it’s providing a completely secure and transparent experience proved by smart contracts and a powerful token system. BKC offers a lot of services, ranging from staking and yield farming, that users can got access on the unified BucksCake platform.
Features
1. ULTRA – LIQUID
Users are interested in placing their tokens with the liquidity provider Uniswap. Commissions from these tokens are farmed. The percentage of these commissions is distributed according to an autonomous strategy, like the liquidity of the LP token, and is converted into (ETH-BKC) buyback (increasing the price). Any purchased BKC tokens will be delivered to stakers/farmers.
2. INFLATIONPROOF
BKC has a strong impact on every token. Every time BKC token is transferred, a small commission is charged straightly by the farmers. This mechanism of work encourages holding and farming. The maximum number of BKC tokens is 450,000 units. And there will never be more of them.
3. COMMUNITY CONTROLLED
BKC holders will be able to vote on various proposals as long as they have staked liquidity in the pools. Community will decide everything from developer fees and site design to access to specific farming options.
DISTRIBUTION
Initial BKCs will be distributed during a pre-sale event, during which a part of received ETH will be swapped for BKC giving the project its first “price pump”. After the pre-sale ends, undistributed BKCs will be distributed between users as a one-time subsidy. As marked earlier, BKC doesn’t have mining capability, the BKC cap (450,000) is fixed forever. There is no way to release more BKC. Undistributed BKC will be used to add liquidity to other DEX platforms such as SushiSwap, and some of them will be handed out as Airdrop to first investors and media partners and some will be locked forever
Staking
The BKC staking protocol allows users to stake ETH, USDT, DAI, USDC, WBTC, BNB(ERC20) and of course BKC using a specialized Staking DApp. By a locking period of 72 hours, users can directly control their own tokens. The BKC Staking DApp can be found at: ssilka Unlike other platforms, BKC offers a fixed % return on their staked assets rather than offering an introductory high APR, which usually diminishes over a while. Our deductions guarantee long-term stability with the current state of the token structure and a limited amount of 450,000 BKC as there is not a mint provision in our token contract.
Staking on our platform is designed to be as fast and understandable as possible. With a single lockup period of 72 hours, users can enjoy the benefits of staking on our platform. Users can withdraw their funds with the received profit at any time after the end of the lockup period. Earned rewards can be collected without any commissions, excluding the gas price at a present time. Staked tokens on our platform will decrease the available circulating supply, which will have a positive impact on the BKC price.
Yield farming
Yield Farming, or as some call it Liquidity Mining, is the main pillar of DeFi’s advancement in the blockchain space. Yield Farming is a way to accumulate income from invested funds. BKC Farming allows you to earn rewards for providing liquidity in various liquidity pools. Users will be provided with guaranteed payouts from Uniswap commissions. The amount of the reward depends on the number of tokens provided for the liquidity of the pool. The more members join the pool, the less each member will receive in the long term. When you add liquidity to the pool, you receive a UNIv2 (BKC-ETH) token for the wallet you use to add liquidity. This token is your access to the current farming pool on the BKC platform.
Vault Returns
User A’s Share: (UNI-V2 deposited by you I contract’s total balance of UNI-V2) For example if there are 9000 UNI-V2 (BKC/ETH) Pooled tokens in this Vault, and a user deposits 1000 UNI-V2. The contract’s total balance of UNI-V2(BKC-ETH) Pooled tokens becomes 10,000. And User A’s share now is: 1000 / 10,000 = 10 % If user “B” deposits 10000 more UNI-V2(BKC-ETH) Pooled tokens to this vault, the contract’s total balance of UNI-V2(BKC-ETH) Pooled tokens becomes 20,000. User A’s new share becomes: 1000 / 20,000 = 5% If 200 BETH2 tokens are distributed to this vault per month, User A’s earnings would be 200 x his share in % At 5% share, the earnings would be 200 x 5% = 10 BETH2
WHY BUCKSCAKE?
Thanks to Decentralized Finance (DeFi), BucksCake offers users the ability to earn money by Staking, Yield Farming and Cloud Mining on our single platform without risk of losing their funds. The security of our users’ funds is a biggest priority for all our team.
We believe that our user is main active for our success. This belief naturally means the importance of providing quality decentralized financial services, security, transparency and ease of use.
BKC Tokens
BKC IS an ERC20 token and is used in every service available on BucksCake.
The maximum supply is 450,000 BKC tokens. Tokens are deflational and burn The mechanism will destroy tokens that are being farmed and staked after a while, leaving the last number of tokens (450,000-90,000) tokens.
In total, up to 90,000 tokens will be removed from the ecosystem and reported this will be published in our community.
TOKEN ALLOCATION
Pre-sale: 94,500 BKC – 21%
Community: 135,000 BKC – 30%
Staking: 90,000 BKC – 20%
Liquidity Lock: 90,000 BKC – 20%
Marketing: 9,000 BKC – 2%
Team: 22,500 BKC – 5%
Reserve: 9,000 BKC – 2%
CLOUD MINING
For the last year, miner’s earnings have grown significantly. Our platform allows you to get profit from mining without purchasing additional equipment. To start earning you need:
SIGN UP AND MAKE A DEPOSIT
In BKC, ETH, WBTC, USDT, DAI, USDC or BNB.
CHOOSE YOUR MINING PLAN
Three Plans are Available.
WATCH YOUR PROFIT
You Can Take Your Profit Whatever You Want.
ROADMAP
Q1
BKC Creation Pre-sale
Staking and Farming Pool launch Marketing Liquidity Lock Listing on Exchanges Cloud Mining Launch
Q2
Marketing
Audits
ETH 2.0 Staking
BKC Burn & Buyback
Q3
Audits
New Partnerships
E-commerce
Farming Expansions
Q4
Partner / Marketing Outreach Idea / Project Conception Product Research
Audits
For More Information Click Links Bellow:
Website: https://buckscake.com/
Whitepaper: https://buckscake.com/whitepaper.pdf
Telegram: https://t.me/BucksCakePublicChat
Twitter: https://twitter.com/bucks_cake
Author: Batu permata
My Bitcointalk Profile: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=1875984
ETH Address: 0xA5d3c9288F1C6A4a9D1298456DBCcDf9e2811896
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Share Investor: April 2021
3. A Corporate Investor: There is one final possibility that I considered and it is that a corporation with deep pockets would provide the money needed to take Tesla private. While they have the cash and perhaps may even have the interest, Musk's follow up that he would continue to run the company and hold on to his ownership stake strikes me as a poison pill that no corporation will want to swallow. Bank of America Corp ( BAC ) - Bank of America Corporation bounced off the 10 day moving average this morning but is now trading back below $17.93. I guarantee that investors who stick like glue to a trading plan are the ones who make NOT LOSE MILLIONS of dollars in their activities of online investing. Ensure that you just use capital that you could manage to lose if you plan on making these kinds of investments. He has to use his creative imagination. In the context of some of these critiques, there was discussion of how my valuation incorporated (or did not incorporate) the expected dilution from future share issuances and what share count to use in computing value per share. In fact, let's face it: this is the way even assets that have intrinsic value are evaluated for the most part.
On the other side, many of the short sellers in Tesla seem to be just as obsessed with Musk and are convinced that he is a scam artist. This entire post has been premised on the notion that Elon Musk had done his homework and that he intended to send a serious signal to markets about a future buyout. So, it is true that short sellers are a distraction to the company, but only because Elon Musk has made it so. If the statement is true, he has either found an inept bank that will lend tens of billions to a money losing company with an undisciplined CEO, or a private equity investor who is willing to make the largest PE investment in history, while allowing Musk to continue running the company, with no checks and balances. In his set up, existing shareholders will be allowed to exchange their shares in Tesla, the public company, for shares in Tesla, the private business, and those shareholders who are unwilling to take this offer will sell their shares back to the company at $420/share. The second is that even if Tesla manages to get regulatory approval for this unconventional set up, many shareholders may choose to cash out at $420, if the company goes private, even if they think that the shares are worth more, because they value liquidity.
Just as it is dangerous to fall in love with a company that you have invested in, it is just as dangerous to bet against a company because you hate its management and want it to fail. 2. A Deep-pocketed Outsider: The announcement that the Saudi Sovereign fund had invested $2 billion in Tesla shares came just before Musk's "going private" tweet, setting up a second possibility, which is the a large private equity investor (or several) would step in to fund the deal. They have and are invested in young, growth companies: Unlike traditional PE investors whose focus has been on doing leveraged deals of cash-rich companies, Softbank has invested successfully in growth companies, many of whom continue to burn through cash. As a publicly traded company with a market capitalization of $103 billion, making a $55-60 billion additional investment in Tesla would be a reach, but Softbank is capable of drawing other investors of its ilk into the funding. They have a history with Tesla: There were rumors last year that Tesla and Softbank had talked about taking the company private, but control disagreements caused negotiations to break down.
A break above $6.20 would be very bullish. This was definitely not one of the brightest moments in boutiques market history. Given Musk's history of impetuous and personal tweets, that premise might be completely wrong, in which case the explanation for this episode may be far simpler and rooted in the war with short sellers that Musk has been fighting for a while. That is why I hope, for Tesla's sake, that Musk's personal dislike of short sellers did not lead him to tweet out that Tesla would go private. Musk is convinced, rightly or wrongly, that short sellers in Tesla are conspiring to bring not just the stock price, but the entire company, down. That said, I am not sure that Elon Musk and Masayoshi Son (Softbank's CEO) can co-exist in the same company. The drama will undoubtedly continue, and in a world where we get much our entertainment from reality shows, the Elon Musk show is on top of my list of must-watch shows.
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Is Investing in the Stock Market Gambling?
Now and then, I hear someone say that stock market investing is gambling. Is this true or false?
A good friend of mine, with the stock trading alias of the Lone Ranger, told me that her relative said investing in Penny Stocks is gambling.
Gambling is, by definition, the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes.
Let’s take a step back, this implication, that investing in the stock market is gambling, is often a sentiment expressed by people who believe that making money is not likely. The result for most people will be a loss. Furthermore, there may be little basis for a sound investment in some stocks, such as penny stocks, since investing theory indicates that a company’s financials may not be in line with a sound business model.
The points above are somewhat reflected in the paper titled, “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” by Alok Kumar.[1]
In the paper, Kumar identifies lottery-type stocks by using lottery tickets (the most common form of gambling) as a reference. Lottery tickets have very low prices relative to a high potential payoff. They have low negative expected returns, and the prize distribution has exceptionally high variance. Most importantly, they have a minuscule probability of a huge reward and a huge chance of a small loss.
To identify lottery-type stocks, Kumar characterizes stocks with low prices, high volatility, and investor sentiment skewness. The author has more precise terms that many people have never seen before.
For example, he uses the term idiosyncratic volatility where Investopedia defines idiosyncratic risk in the following way:
“Idiosyncratic risk refers to the inherent factors that can negatively impact individual securities or a very specific group of assets. The opposite of Idiosyncratic risk is a systematic risk, which refers to broader trends that impact the overall financial system or a very broad market.”[2]
In other words, there may be high volatility of oil company security due to pipeline breaks. This may result in an adverse price move. Conversely, if a large oil field is discovered, this may cause a positive price move. The result is the high volatility of the stock price. When these events happen for a particular company more than once, there may be a skewed perception of the company unrelated to the company’s fundamentals. People may invest in them thinking that the large moves will happen again, especially if it’s a low priced stock, AKA Penny Stock.
Interestingly enough, Kumar’s paper does have a table that characterizes lottery-type stocks. Table 2, titled Basic Characteristics Of Lottery-Type Stocks, reports that there are 1500 lottery-type stocks, 1500 non-lottery-type stocks, and 9000 stocks in the middle.
So what are the characteristics of a lottery-type stock?
The table reports that the firm size average is very low with an average market capitalization of 31 million, low institutional ownership at 7.35%, a relatively high book to market ratio 0.681, and lower liquidity. These stocks are also younger, with a mean age of about six years. They have low analyst coverage, most don’t have dividends, they have significantly higher volatility, higher skewness, and lower prices.
The author goes on to report that lottery-type stocks are concentrated heavily in the energy, mining, financial services, biotechnology, and technology sectors and the lowest concentration of lottery stocks is in the utilities, consumer goods, and restaurant sectors.
Given the fact that there are lottery-type stocks and non-lottery-type stocks, how likely, in general, is a trader or investor to make money in the Stock market? Remember the sentiment we discussed earlier, that most people lose money in the stock market, which is similar to the feature of lottery tickets with their negative expected return.
According to the Tradeciety:
“Profitable day traders make up a small proportion of all traders – 1.6% in the average year. However, these day traders are very active – accounting for 12% of all day trading activity.”[3]
That doesn’t sound encouraging, but this may be a problem with trading frequently.
What about the long term, buy and hold investing as Warren Buffett does? His favorite holding period is forever.[4]
I made the most money in the stock market in paper gains when I picked outstanding diversified funds, ignored them when the market was misbehaving, and held them long term. Many famous investors have made money through the buy and hold strategy, such as Warren Buffett, Jack Bogle, John Templeton, Peter Lynch, and Benjamin Graham.
In my opinion, market fluctuations are unpredictable most of the time. Sometimes you can see the writing on the wall; for example, the Corona crash seemed evident in my opinion. The virus itself was a surprise, though, and so was the financial crash of 2008.
The market has something going for it that favors long term investing. This may end someday, but historically the market goes up over time and always recovers from a crash. (We are almost out of the Corona Crash with the S&P and NASDAQ making new highs. We are waiting on the DOW which is close). In my book Crash Proof Your Investment, I developed a historical histogram chart that shows this favoritism.
The vertical axis may look confusing. What does it mean?
I calculated the rolling annualized returns by using one year of data. But the annual return is calculated for each market day, so the one year of data slides like a window to collect a new day and dispense of an old one. There were 251 trading days in 2018, which means there are 251 annual return values.
Over 105 years, there are about 26,355 (251 x 105 = 26,355) annual return values.
The horizontal axis depicts the annual percentage gain. By looking at the 0 percent annual bar, you can see that 0 percent annual return happened a little less than 3,000 times in 105 years.
Disappointing returns for the long investor!
More importantly, the graph shows that the market has positive returns more frequently because the bulk of the bars in the graph are above 0 percent annual return.
The market is skewed! Five percent, ten percent, and fifteen percent annual returns are the most frequent.
There are even some outliers at a 70 percent annual return and above.
To put these numbers in perspective, let’s answer the question: How long will it take an investment to double in the market?
The average return was 9 percent? If we assume that is the fixed rate of return for every year that the investment is in the market, then we can use the Rule of 72 to answer the question.
The Rule of 72 is an equation that provides you with the length of time an investment will take to double. In our case we would divide 72 by our fixed rate of 9.
Our answer shows us it will double every eight years. Impressive!
If the graph is still confusing, there is still hope. Check out the excellent article on Investopedia called “Rolling Return.”[5]
A more familiar chart is the one shown below:
The trend is undoubtedly up. So this indicates that there may be something to buy and hold for the long term.
Finally, from the paper by Kumar, four-factor models for the stock market return are mentioned. A somewhat simplified explanation of this model is in the Investopedia article titled, Fama and French Three-Factor Model[6]. The article states that:
“Nobel Laureate Eugene Fama and researcher Kenneth French, former professors at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, attempted to better measure market returns and, through research, found that value stocks outperform growth stocks. Similarly, small-cap stocks tend to outperform large-cap stocks. As an evaluation tool, the performance of portfolios with a large number of small-cap or value stocks would be lower than the CAPM result, as the Three-Factor Model adjusts downward for observed small-cap and value stock out-performance.”[7]
Later on the article reports:
“Fama and French highlighted that investors must be able to ride out the extra short-term volatility and periodic underperformance that could occur in a short time. Investors with a long-term time horizon of 15 years or more will be rewarded for losses suffered in the short term. Using thousands of random stock portfolios, Fama and French conducted studies to test their model and found that when size and value factors are combined with the beta factor, they could then explain as much as 95% of the return in a diversified stock portfolio.”[8]
So as you can see from the Investopedia article and the work of Fama and French, long term investing offsets short term losses that a day trader or short term trader might experience.
In the book Intelligent investor, which is one of the seeds of Warren Buffett’s massive fortune, there is commentary from Zweig’s section that says
“Like casino gambling or betting on the horses, speculating in the market can be exciting or even rewarding (if you happen to get really lucky). But it’s the worst imaginable way to build your wealth. That’s because Wall Street, like Las Vegas or the racetrack, has calibrated the odds so that the house always prevails, in the end, against everyone who tries to beat the house at its own speculative game.
On the other hand, investing is a kind of a unique kind of casino—one where you cannot lose in the end, so long as you play only by the rules that put the odds squarely in your favor. People who invest make money for themselves; people who speculate make money for their brokers. And that, in turn, is why Wall Street perennially downplays the durable virtues of investing and hypes the gaudy appeal of speculation.”[9]
In summary, we have discovered that there are lottery-type stocks that resemble gambling in the stock market and there are investing strategies where the outcome is more likely to be profitable. So investing in the stock market is not gambling—keyword investing. But there are plenty of opportunities to gamble with securities in the stock market. These tend to be, but are not limited to, penny stocks.
That’s all for now; good luck with your financial goals,
Dr. Paul Keller.
The Financial Master Series Books
Crash Proof Your Investment
The Beginner’s Guide to Rental Property Investing
Stock Market Masters
Notes:
[1]Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154.
[2] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
[3] https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money/
[4] https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
[5] Chen, J. (2020, January 29). Rolling Returns Definition. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rollingreturns.asp.
[6] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[7] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[8] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[9] Benjamin Graham, Intelligent Investor.
Bibliography:
Campbell, M. (2018, February 03). What Warren Buffett Really Means When He Says His Favorite Holding Period Is “Forever”! Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
Chen, J. (2020, April 23). Idiosyncratic Risk: Why a Specific Stock Is Risky Right Now. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
Graham, B., & Zweig, J. (2003). The intelligent investor: A book of practical counsel. NY, NY: HarperBusiness.
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154
Rolf, Witbooi, Mataruse, M., Sm, Anonymous, Burguet, M., & Ahmad. (2020, April 10). Why Most Traders Lose Money – 24 Surprising Statistics. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money
#stocks #stockmarket #investment #investing #realestate #trading #dalio #minervini #warrenbuffett #valueinvesting #author #financialmaster #habits #stockmarketcrash #rentalproperty
source https://drpaulkeller.com/gambling-stocks/ source https://drpaulkeller.blogspot.com/2020/09/is-investing-in-stock-market-gambling.html
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Is Investing in the Stock Market Gambling?
Now and then, I hear someone say that stock market investing is gambling. Is this true or false?
A good friend of mine, with the stock trading alias of the Lone Ranger, told me that her relative said investing in Penny Stocks is gambling.
Gambling is, by definition, the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes.
Let’s take a step back, this implication, that investing in the stock market is gambling, is often a sentiment expressed by people who believe that making money is not likely. The result for most people will be a loss. Furthermore, there may be little basis for a sound investment in some stocks, such as penny stocks, since investing theory indicates that a company’s financials may not be in line with a sound business model.
The points above are somewhat reflected in the paper titled, “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” by Alok Kumar.[1]
In the paper, Kumar identifies lottery-type stocks by using lottery tickets (the most common form of gambling) as a reference. Lottery tickets have very low prices relative to a high potential payoff. They have low negative expected returns, and the prize distribution has exceptionally high variance. Most importantly, they have a minuscule probability of a huge reward and a huge chance of a small loss.
To identify lottery-type stocks, Kumar characterizes stocks with low prices, high volatility, and investor sentiment skewness. The author has more precise terms that many people have never seen before.
For example, he uses the term idiosyncratic volatility where Investopedia defines idiosyncratic risk in the following way:
“Idiosyncratic risk refers to the inherent factors that can negatively impact individual securities or a very specific group of assets. The opposite of Idiosyncratic risk is a systematic risk, which refers to broader trends that impact the overall financial system or a very broad market.”[2]
In other words, there may be high volatility of oil company security due to pipeline breaks. This may result in an adverse price move. Conversely, if a large oil field is discovered, this may cause a positive price move. The result is the high volatility of the stock price. When these events happen for a particular company more than once, there may be a skewed perception of the company unrelated to the company’s fundamentals. People may invest in them thinking that the large moves will happen again, especially if it’s a low priced stock, AKA Penny Stock.
Interestingly enough, Kumar’s paper does have a table that characterizes lottery-type stocks. Table 2, titled Basic Characteristics Of Lottery-Type Stocks, reports that there are 1500 lottery-type stocks, 1500 non-lottery-type stocks, and 9000 stocks in the middle.
So what are the characteristics of a lottery-type stock?
The table reports that the firm size average is very low with an average market capitalization of 31 million, low institutional ownership at 7.35%, a relatively high book to market ratio 0.681, and lower liquidity. These stocks are also younger, with a mean age of about six years. They have low analyst coverage, most don’t have dividends, they have significantly higher volatility, higher skewness, and lower prices.
The author goes on to report that lottery-type stocks are concentrated heavily in the energy, mining, financial services, biotechnology, and technology sectors and the lowest concentration of lottery stocks is in the utilities, consumer goods, and restaurant sectors.
Given the fact that there are lottery-type stocks and non-lottery-type stocks, how likely, in general, is a trader or investor to make money in the Stock market? Remember the sentiment we discussed earlier, that most people lose money in the stock market, which is similar to the feature of lottery tickets with their negative expected return.
According to the Tradeciety:
“Profitable day traders make up a small proportion of all traders – 1.6% in the average year. However, these day traders are very active – accounting for 12% of all day trading activity.”[3]
That doesn’t sound encouraging, but this may be a problem with trading frequently.
What about the long term, buy and hold investing as Warren Buffett does? His favorite holding period is forever.[4]
I made the most money in the stock market in paper gains when I picked outstanding diversified funds, ignored them when the market was misbehaving, and held them long term. Many famous investors have made money through the buy and hold strategy, such as Warren Buffett, Jack Bogle, John Templeton, Peter Lynch, and Benjamin Graham.
In my opinion, market fluctuations are unpredictable most of the time. Sometimes you can see the writing on the wall; for example, the Corona crash seemed evident in my opinion. The virus itself was a surprise, though, and so was the financial crash of 2008.
The market has something going for it that favors long term investing. This may end someday, but historically the market goes up over time and always recovers from a crash. (We are almost out of the Corona Crash with the S&P and NASDAQ making new highs. We are waiting on the DOW which is close). In my book Crash Proof Your Investment, I developed a historical histogram chart that shows this favoritism.
The vertical axis may look confusing. What does it mean?
I calculated the rolling annualized returns by using one year of data. But the annual return is calculated for each market day, so the one year of data slides like a window to collect a new day and dispense of an old one. There were 251 trading days in 2018, which means there are 251 annual return values.
Over 105 years, there are about 26,355 (251 x 105 = 26,355) annual return values.
The horizontal axis depicts the annual percentage gain. By looking at the 0 percent annual bar, you can see that 0 percent annual return happened a little less than 3,000 times in 105 years.
Disappointing returns for the long investor!
More importantly, the graph shows that the market has positive returns more frequently because the bulk of the bars in the graph are above 0 percent annual return.
The market is skewed! Five percent, ten percent, and fifteen percent annual returns are the most frequent.
There are even some outliers at a 70 percent annual return and above.
To put these numbers in perspective, let’s answer the question: How long will it take an investment to double in the market?
The average return was 9 percent? If we assume that is the fixed rate of return for every year that the investment is in the market, then we can use the Rule of 72 to answer the question.
The Rule of 72 is an equation that provides you with the length of time an investment will take to double. In our case we would divide 72 by our fixed rate of 9.
Our answer shows us it will double every eight years. Impressive!
If the graph is still confusing, there is still hope. Check out the excellent article on Investopedia called “Rolling Return.”[5]
A more familiar chart is the one shown below:
The trend is undoubtedly up. So this indicates that there may be something to buy and hold for the long term.
Finally, from the paper by Kumar, four-factor models for the stock market return are mentioned. A somewhat simplified explanation of this model is in the Investopedia article titled, Fama and French Three-Factor Model[6]. The article states that:
“Nobel Laureate Eugene Fama and researcher Kenneth French, former professors at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, attempted to better measure market returns and, through research, found that value stocks outperform growth stocks. Similarly, small-cap stocks tend to outperform large-cap stocks. As an evaluation tool, the performance of portfolios with a large number of small-cap or value stocks would be lower than the CAPM result, as the Three-Factor Model adjusts downward for observed small-cap and value stock out-performance.”[7]
Later on the article reports:
“Fama and French highlighted that investors must be able to ride out the extra short-term volatility and periodic underperformance that could occur in a short time. Investors with a long-term time horizon of 15 years or more will be rewarded for losses suffered in the short term. Using thousands of random stock portfolios, Fama and French conducted studies to test their model and found that when size and value factors are combined with the beta factor, they could then explain as much as 95% of the return in a diversified stock portfolio.”[8]
So as you can see from the Investopedia article and the work of Fama and French, long term investing offsets short term losses that a day trader or short term trader might experience.
In the book Intelligent investor, which is one of the seeds of Warren Buffett’s massive fortune, there is commentary from Zweig’s section that says
“Like casino gambling or betting on the horses, speculating in the market can be exciting or even rewarding (if you happen to get really lucky). But it’s the worst imaginable way to build your wealth. That’s because Wall Street, like Las Vegas or the racetrack, has calibrated the odds so that the house always prevails, in the end, against everyone who tries to beat the house at its own speculative game.
On the other hand, investing is a kind of a unique kind of casino—one where you cannot lose in the end, so long as you play only by the rules that put the odds squarely in your favor. People who invest make money for themselves; people who speculate make money for their brokers. And that, in turn, is why Wall Street perennially downplays the durable virtues of investing and hypes the gaudy appeal of speculation.”[9]
In summary, we have discovered that there are lottery-type stocks that resemble gambling in the stock market and there are investing strategies where the outcome is more likely to be profitable. So investing in the stock market is not gambling—keyword investing. But there are plenty of opportunities to gamble with securities in the stock market. These tend to be, but are not limited to, penny stocks.
That’s all for now; good luck with your financial goals,
Dr. Paul Keller.
The Financial Master Series Books
Crash Proof Your Investment
The Beginner’s Guide to Rental Property Investing
Stock Market Masters
Notes:
[1]Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154.
[2] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
[3] https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money/
[4] https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
[5] Chen, J. (2020, January 29). Rolling Returns Definition. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rollingreturns.asp.
[6] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[7] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[8] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[9] Benjamin Graham, Intelligent Investor.
Bibliography:
Campbell, M. (2018, February 03). What Warren Buffett Really Means When He Says His Favorite Holding Period Is “Forever”! Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
Chen, J. (2020, April 23). Idiosyncratic Risk: Why a Specific Stock Is Risky Right Now. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
Graham, B., & Zweig, J. (2003). The intelligent investor: A book of practical counsel. NY, NY: HarperBusiness.
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154
Rolf, Witbooi, Mataruse, M., Sm, Anonymous, Burguet, M., & Ahmad. (2020, April 10). Why Most Traders Lose Money – 24 Surprising Statistics. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money
#stocks #stockmarket #investment #investing #realestate #trading #dalio #minervini #warrenbuffett #valueinvesting #author #financialmaster #habits #stockmarketcrash #rentalproperty
source https://drpaulkeller.com/gambling-stocks/ source https://drpaulkeller2.tumblr.com/post/629298460450029569
0 notes
Text
Is Investing in the Stock Market Gambling?
Now and then, I hear someone say that stock market investing is gambling. Is this true or false?
A good friend of mine, with the stock trading alias of the Lone Ranger, told me that her relative said investing in Penny Stocks is gambling.
Gambling is, by definition, the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes.
Let’s take a step back, this implication, that investing in the stock market is gambling, is often a sentiment expressed by people who believe that making money is not likely. The result for most people will be a loss. Furthermore, there may be little basis for a sound investment in some stocks, such as penny stocks, since investing theory indicates that a company’s financials may not be in line with a sound business model.
The points above are somewhat reflected in the paper titled, “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” by Alok Kumar.[1]
In the paper, Kumar identifies lottery-type stocks by using lottery tickets (the most common form of gambling) as a reference. Lottery tickets have very low prices relative to a high potential payoff. They have low negative expected returns, and the prize distribution has exceptionally high variance. Most importantly, they have a minuscule probability of a huge reward and a huge chance of a small loss.
To identify lottery-type stocks, Kumar characterizes stocks with low prices, high volatility, and investor sentiment skewness. The author has more precise terms that many people have never seen before.
For example, he uses the term idiosyncratic volatility where Investopedia defines idiosyncratic risk in the following way:
“Idiosyncratic risk refers to the inherent factors that can negatively impact individual securities or a very specific group of assets. The opposite of Idiosyncratic risk is a systematic risk, which refers to broader trends that impact the overall financial system or a very broad market.”[2]
In other words, there may be high volatility of oil company security due to pipeline breaks. This may result in an adverse price move. Conversely, if a large oil field is discovered, this may cause a positive price move. The result is the high volatility of the stock price. When these events happen for a particular company more than once, there may be a skewed perception of the company unrelated to the company’s fundamentals. People may invest in them thinking that the large moves will happen again, especially if it’s a low priced stock, AKA Penny Stock.
Interestingly enough, Kumar’s paper does have a table that characterizes lottery-type stocks. Table 2, titled Basic Characteristics Of Lottery-Type Stocks, reports that there are 1500 lottery-type stocks, 1500 non-lottery-type stocks, and 9000 stocks in the middle.
So what are the characteristics of a lottery-type stock?
The table reports that the firm size average is very low with an average market capitalization of 31 million, low institutional ownership at 7.35%, a relatively high book to market ratio 0.681, and lower liquidity. These stocks are also younger, with a mean age of about six years. They have low analyst coverage, most don’t have dividends, they have significantly higher volatility, higher skewness, and lower prices.
The author goes on to report that lottery-type stocks are concentrated heavily in the energy, mining, financial services, biotechnology, and technology sectors and the lowest concentration of lottery stocks is in the utilities, consumer goods, and restaurant sectors.
Given the fact that there are lottery-type stocks and non-lottery-type stocks, how likely, in general, is a trader or investor to make money in the Stock market? Remember the sentiment we discussed earlier, that most people lose money in the stock market, which is similar to the feature of lottery tickets with their negative expected return.
According to the Tradeciety:
“Profitable day traders make up a small proportion of all traders – 1.6% in the average year. However, these day traders are very active – accounting for 12% of all day trading activity.”[3]
That doesn’t sound encouraging, but this may be a problem with trading frequently.
What about the long term, buy and hold investing as Warren Buffett does? His favorite holding period is forever.[4]
I made the most money in the stock market in paper gains when I picked outstanding diversified funds, ignored them when the market was misbehaving, and held them long term. Many famous investors have made money through the buy and hold strategy, such as Warren Buffett, Jack Bogle, John Templeton, Peter Lynch, and Benjamin Graham.
In my opinion, market fluctuations are unpredictable most of the time. Sometimes you can see the writing on the wall; for example, the Corona crash seemed evident in my opinion. The virus itself was a surprise, though, and so was the financial crash of 2008.
The market has something going for it that favors long term investing. This may end someday, but historically the market goes up over time and always recovers from a crash. (We are almost out of the Corona Crash with the S&P and NASDAQ making new highs. We are waiting on the DOW which is close). In my book Crash Proof Your Investment, I developed a historical histogram chart that shows this favoritism.
The vertical axis may look confusing. What does it mean?
I calculated the rolling annualized returns by using one year of data. But the annual return is calculated for each market day, so the one year of data slides like a window to collect a new day and dispense of an old one. There were 251 trading days in 2018, which means there are 251 annual return values.
Over 105 years, there are about 26,355 (251 x 105 = 26,355) annual return values.
The horizontal axis depicts the annual percentage gain. By looking at the 0 percent annual bar, you can see that 0 percent annual return happened a little less than 3,000 times in 105 years.
Disappointing returns for the long investor!
More importantly, the graph shows that the market has positive returns more frequently because the bulk of the bars in the graph are above 0 percent annual return.
The market is skewed! Five percent, ten percent, and fifteen percent annual returns are the most frequent.
There are even some outliers at a 70 percent annual return and above.
To put these numbers in perspective, let’s answer the question: How long will it take an investment to double in the market?
The average return was 9 percent? If we assume that is the fixed rate of return for every year that the investment is in the market, then we can use the Rule of 72 to answer the question.
The Rule of 72 is an equation that provides you with the length of time an investment will take to double. In our case we would divide 72 by our fixed rate of 9.
Our answer shows us it will double every eight years. Impressive!
If the graph is still confusing, there is still hope. Check out the excellent article on Investopedia called “Rolling Return.”[5]
A more familiar chart is the one shown below:
The trend is undoubtedly up. So this indicates that there may be something to buy and hold for the long term.
Finally, from the paper by Kumar, four-factor models for the stock market return are mentioned. A somewhat simplified explanation of this model is in the Investopedia article titled, Fama and French Three-Factor Model[6]. The article states that:
“Nobel Laureate Eugene Fama and researcher Kenneth French, former professors at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, attempted to better measure market returns and, through research, found that value stocks outperform growth stocks. Similarly, small-cap stocks tend to outperform large-cap stocks. As an evaluation tool, the performance of portfolios with a large number of small-cap or value stocks would be lower than the CAPM result, as the Three-Factor Model adjusts downward for observed small-cap and value stock out-performance.”[7]
Later on the article reports:
“Fama and French highlighted that investors must be able to ride out the extra short-term volatility and periodic underperformance that could occur in a short time. Investors with a long-term time horizon of 15 years or more will be rewarded for losses suffered in the short term. Using thousands of random stock portfolios, Fama and French conducted studies to test their model and found that when size and value factors are combined with the beta factor, they could then explain as much as 95% of the return in a diversified stock portfolio.”[8]
So as you can see from the Investopedia article and the work of Fama and French, long term investing offsets short term losses that a day trader or short term trader might experience.
In the book Intelligent investor, which is one of the seeds of Warren Buffett’s massive fortune, there is commentary from Zweig’s section that says
“Like casino gambling or betting on the horses, speculating in the market can be exciting or even rewarding (if you happen to get really lucky). But it’s the worst imaginable way to build your wealth. That’s because Wall Street, like Las Vegas or the racetrack, has calibrated the odds so that the house always prevails, in the end, against everyone who tries to beat the house at its own speculative game.
On the other hand, investing is a kind of a unique kind of casino—one where you cannot lose in the end, so long as you play only by the rules that put the odds squarely in your favor. People who invest make money for themselves; people who speculate make money for their brokers. And that, in turn, is why Wall Street perennially downplays the durable virtues of investing and hypes the gaudy appeal of speculation.”[9]
In summary, we have discovered that there are lottery-type stocks that resemble gambling in the stock market and there are investing strategies where the outcome is more likely to be profitable. So investing in the stock market is not gambling—keyword investing. But there are plenty of opportunities to gamble with securities in the stock market. These tend to be, but are not limited to, penny stocks.
That’s all for now; good luck with your financial goals,
Dr. Paul Keller.
The Financial Master Series Books
Crash Proof Your Investment
The Beginner’s Guide to Rental Property Investing
Stock Market Masters
Notes:
[1]Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154.
[2] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
[3] https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money/
[4] https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
[5] Chen, J. (2020, January 29). Rolling Returns Definition. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rollingreturns.asp.
[6] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[7] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[8] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[9] Benjamin Graham, Intelligent Investor.
Bibliography:
Campbell, M. (2018, February 03). What Warren Buffett Really Means When He Says His Favorite Holding Period Is “Forever”! Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
Chen, J. (2020, April 23). Idiosyncratic Risk: Why a Specific Stock Is Risky Right Now. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
Graham, B., & Zweig, J. (2003). The intelligent investor: A book of practical counsel. NY, NY: HarperBusiness.
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154
Rolf, Witbooi, Mataruse, M., Sm, Anonymous, Burguet, M., & Ahmad. (2020, April 10). Why Most Traders Lose Money – 24 Surprising Statistics. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money
#stocks #stockmarket #investment #investing #realestate #trading #dalio #minervini #warrenbuffett #valueinvesting #author #financialmaster #habits #stockmarketcrash #rentalproperty
source https://drpaulkeller.com/gambling-stocks/
0 notes
Text
Is Investing in the Stock Market Gambling?
Now and then, I hear someone say that stock market investing is gambling. Is this true or false?
A good friend of mine, with the stock trading alias of the Lone Ranger, told me that her relative said investing in Penny Stocks is gambling.
Gambling is, by definition, the activity or practice of playing a game of chance for money or other stakes.
Let’s take a step back, this implication, that investing in the stock market is gambling, is often a sentiment expressed by people who believe that making money is not likely. The result for most people will be a loss. Furthermore, there may be little basis for a sound investment in some stocks, such as penny stocks, since investing theory indicates that a company’s financials may not be in line with a sound business model.
The points above are somewhat reflected in the paper titled, “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” by Alok Kumar.[1]
In the paper, Kumar identifies lottery-type stocks by using lottery tickets (the most common form of gambling) as a reference. Lottery tickets have very low prices relative to a high potential payoff. They have low negative expected returns, and the prize distribution has exceptionally high variance. Most importantly, they have a minuscule probability of a huge reward and a huge chance of a small loss.
To identify lottery-type stocks, Kumar characterizes stocks with low prices, high volatility, and investor sentiment skewness. The author has more precise terms that many people have never seen before.
For example, he uses the term idiosyncratic volatility where Investopedia defines idiosyncratic risk in the following way:
“Idiosyncratic risk refers to the inherent factors that can negatively impact individual securities or a very specific group of assets. The opposite of Idiosyncratic risk is a systematic risk, which refers to broader trends that impact the overall financial system or a very broad market.”[2]
In other words, there may be high volatility of oil company security due to pipeline breaks. This may result in an adverse price move. Conversely, if a large oil field is discovered, this may cause a positive price move. The result is the high volatility of the stock price. When these events happen for a particular company more than once, there may be a skewed perception of the company unrelated to the company’s fundamentals. People may invest in them thinking that the large moves will happen again, especially if it’s a low priced stock, AKA Penny Stock.
Interestingly enough, Kumar’s paper does have a table that characterizes lottery-type stocks. Table 2, titled Basic Characteristics Of Lottery-Type Stocks, reports that there are 1500 lottery-type stocks, 1500 non-lottery-type stocks, and 9000 stocks in the middle.
So what are the characteristics of a lottery-type stock?
The table reports that the firm size average is very low with an average market capitalization of 31 million, low institutional ownership at 7.35%, a relatively high book to market ratio 0.681, and lower liquidity. These stocks are also younger, with a mean age of about six years. They have low analyst coverage, most don’t have dividends, they have significantly higher volatility, higher skewness, and lower prices.
The author goes on to report that lottery-type stocks are concentrated heavily in the energy, mining, financial services, biotechnology, and technology sectors and the lowest concentration of lottery stocks is in the utilities, consumer goods, and restaurant sectors.
Given the fact that there are lottery-type stocks and non-lottery-type stocks, how likely, in general, is a trader or investor to make money in the Stock market? Remember the sentiment we discussed earlier, that most people lose money in the stock market, which is similar to the feature of lottery tickets with their negative expected return.
According to the Tradeciety:
“Profitable day traders make up a small proportion of all traders – 1.6% in the average year. However, these day traders are very active – accounting for 12% of all day trading activity.”[3]
That doesn’t sound encouraging, but this may be a problem with trading frequently.
What about the long term, buy and hold investing as Warren Buffett does? His favorite holding period is forever.[4]
I made the most money in the stock market in paper gains when I picked outstanding diversified funds, ignored them when the market was misbehaving, and held them long term. Many famous investors have made money through the buy and hold strategy, such as Warren Buffett, Jack Bogle, John Templeton, Peter Lynch, and Benjamin Graham.
In my opinion, market fluctuations are unpredictable most of the time. Sometimes you can see the writing on the wall; for example, the Corona crash seemed evident in my opinion. The virus itself was a surprise, though, and so was the financial crash of 2008.
The market has something going for it that favors long term investing. This may end someday, but historically the market goes up over time and always recovers from a crash. (We are almost out of the Corona Crash with the S&P and NASDAQ making new highs. We are waiting on the DOW which is close). In my book Crash Proof Your Investment, I developed a historical histogram chart that shows this favoritism.
The vertical axis may look confusing. What does it mean?
I calculated the rolling annualized returns by using one year of data. But the annual return is calculated for each market day, so the one year of data slides like a window to collect a new day and dispense of an old one. There were 251 trading days in 2018, which means there are 251 annual return values.
Over 105 years, there are about 26,355 (251 x 105 = 26,355) annual return values.
The horizontal axis depicts the annual percentage gain. By looking at the 0 percent annual bar, you can see that 0 percent annual return happened a little less than 3,000 times in 105 years.
Disappointing returns for the long investor!
More importantly, the graph shows that the market has positive returns more frequently because the bulk of the bars in the graph are above 0 percent annual return.
The market is skewed! Five percent, ten percent, and fifteen percent annual returns are the most frequent.
There are even some outliers at a 70 percent annual return and above.
To put these numbers in perspective, let’s answer the question: How long will it take an investment to double in the market?
The average return was 9 percent? If we assume that is the fixed rate of return for every year that the investment is in the market, then we can use the Rule of 72 to answer the question.
The Rule of 72 is an equation that provides you with the length of time an investment will take to double. In our case we would divide 72 by our fixed rate of 9.
Our answer shows us it will double every eight years. Impressive!
If the graph is still confusing, there is still hope. Check out the excellent article on Investopedia called “Rolling Return.”[5]
A more familiar chart is the one shown below:
The trend is undoubtedly up. So this indicates that there may be something to buy and hold for the long term.
Finally, from the paper by Kumar, four-factor models for the stock market return are mentioned. A somewhat simplified explanation of this model is in the Investopedia article titled, Fama and French Three-Factor Model[6]. The article states that:
“Nobel Laureate Eugene Fama and researcher Kenneth French, former professors at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, attempted to better measure market returns and, through research, found that value stocks outperform growth stocks. Similarly, small-cap stocks tend to outperform large-cap stocks. As an evaluation tool, the performance of portfolios with a large number of small-cap or value stocks would be lower than the CAPM result, as the Three-Factor Model adjusts downward for observed small-cap and value stock out-performance.”[7]
Later on the article reports:
“Fama and French highlighted that investors must be able to ride out the extra short-term volatility and periodic underperformance that could occur in a short time. Investors with a long-term time horizon of 15 years or more will be rewarded for losses suffered in the short term. Using thousands of random stock portfolios, Fama and French conducted studies to test their model and found that when size and value factors are combined with the beta factor, they could then explain as much as 95% of the return in a diversified stock portfolio.”[8]
So as you can see from the Investopedia article and the work of Fama and French, long term investing offsets short term losses that a day trader or short term trader might experience.
In the book Intelligent investor, which is one of the seeds of Warren Buffett’s massive fortune, there is commentary from Zweig’s section that says
“Like casino gambling or betting on the horses, speculating in the market can be exciting or even rewarding (if you happen to get really lucky). But it’s the worst imaginable way to build your wealth. That’s because Wall Street, like Las Vegas or the racetrack, has calibrated the odds so that the house always prevails, in the end, against everyone who tries to beat the house at its own speculative game.
On the other hand, investing is a kind of a unique kind of casino—one where you cannot lose in the end, so long as you play only by the rules that put the odds squarely in your favor. People who invest make money for themselves; people who speculate make money for their brokers. And that, in turn, is why Wall Street perennially downplays the durable virtues of investing and hypes the gaudy appeal of speculation.”[9]
In summary, we have discovered that there are lottery-type stocks that resemble gambling in the stock market and there are investing strategies where the outcome is more likely to be profitable. So investing in the stock market is not gambling—keyword investing. But there are plenty of opportunities to gamble with securities in the stock market. These tend to be, but are not limited to, penny stocks.
That’s all for now; good luck with your financial goals,
Dr. Paul Keller.
The Financial Master Series Books
Crash Proof Your Investment
The Beginner’s Guide to Rental Property Investing
Stock Market Masters
Notes:
[1]Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154.
[2] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
[3] https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money/
[4] https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
[5] Chen, J. (2020, January 29). Rolling Returns Definition. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/rollingreturns.asp.
[6] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[7] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[8] https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
[9] Benjamin Graham, Intelligent Investor.
Bibliography:
Campbell, M. (2018, February 03). What Warren Buffett Really Means When He Says His Favorite Holding Period Is “Forever”! Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.montycampbell.com/article/what-warren-buffett-really-means-when-he-says-his-favorite-holding-period-is-forever/
Chen, J. (2020, April 23). Idiosyncratic Risk: Why a Specific Stock Is Risky Right Now. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/idiosyncraticrisk.asp
Graham, B., & Zweig, J. (2003). The intelligent investor: A book of practical counsel. NY, NY: HarperBusiness.
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Hayes, A. (2020, March 05). Fama and French Three Factor Model Definition. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/famaandfrenchthreefactormodel.asp
Kumar, Alok. “Who Gambles in the Stock Market?” The Journal of Finance 64, no. 4 (2009): 1889-933. Accessed September 14, 2020. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27735154
Rolf, Witbooi, Mataruse, M., Sm, Anonymous, Burguet, M., & Ahmad. (2020, April 10). Why Most Traders Lose Money – 24 Surprising Statistics. Retrieved September 14, 2020, from https://www.tradeciety.com/24-statistics-why-most-traders-lose-money
#stocks #stockmarket #investment #investing #realestate #trading #dalio #minervini #warrenbuffett #valueinvesting #author #financialmaster #habits #stockmarketcrash #rentalproperty
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Wall Street Rises After Historic Plunge: Live Market Updates
Wall Street’s gains fade as investors’ jitters persist.
Stock climbed Friday, rebounding from their worst day in more than 30 years, with gains that were pinned partly to signs of movement in Washington and a pledge by leaders in Germany to spend heavily to support Europe’s largest economy.But investor nervousness persisted and an early rally on Wall Street faded. The S&P 500 was up about 1 percent by midday, after initially jumping as much as 6 percent. Trading in Europe followed a similar pattern, with major indexes surging as much as 10 percent early in the day before losing steam as the week ended.Financial markets have been nothing if not inconsistent for the past three weeks, plunging and then rising, and then plunging again, as each day brought new measures to contain the outbreak and new worries that the economy, workers and businesses would take a hit as a result of them.On Thursday, stocks on Wall Street and in Europe plunged in their biggest daily drop since the stock market crashed in 1987, as President Trump’s ban on the entry to the United States from most European countries disappointed investors, who had been waiting for Washington to take stronger steps to bolster the economy.But late Thursday, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said that she and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin had “resolved most of our differences” on a package of economic aid for workers and companies, pledging a vote in the House of Representatives on Friday.And on Friday, Germany’s government said that it would make more than $600 billion available to help companies there, while France pledged to unleash tens of billions of euros to prevent a potential jump in unemployment by paying small and medium-size businesses slammed by the epidemic to keep workers on furlough.Olaf Scholz, the German finance minister, said that his government could take further steps, including taking stakes in companies, if deemed necessary. “We can’t forget the lessons of the previous financial crisis,” Mr. Scholz told reporters in Berlin.Also on Friday, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York moved again to inject more liquidity in the Treasury markets, saying it would complete half of its planned $80 billion of government bond purchases for the month today.“These purchases are intended to address highly unusual disruptions in the market for Treasury securities associated with the coronavirus outbreak,” it said in a statement.The volatility in markets this week reflects the increasing concern that governments and central banks may not be able to meaningfully mitigate the economic fallout from the spreading coronavirus.Asian indexes were hammered on Friday following the U.S. market plunge. Like Wall Street, every major financial market in Asia except for China is now firmly in bear market territory.
The Fed will inject more liquidity into the Treasury market.
The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is buying up a variety of Treasury securities in a bid to keep markets functioning normally after trading in government debt broke down earlier this week — and that effort to help became even more substantial on Friday.The bank said it would pull forward its planned monthly purchases, which total $80 billion, so that half of them would be done by the end of the day. It would also “bring forward remaining purchases for this monthly calendar and adjust terms of operations as needed to foster smooth Treasury market functioning,” it said in a statement.The swift action suggested to some investors that there could be more to come, and stock prices rallied on the back of the announcement.“It’s a signal that they are diagnosing what it going on in the market,” said Julia Coronado, founder of MacroPolicy Perspectives. “It’s a signal that we’re likely to get quantitative easing next week, if not before.”But just as the Fed was pulling out the stops, President Trump was tweeting about the central bank’s inaction.“The Federal Reserve must FINALLY lower the Fed Rate to something comparable to their competitor Central Banks,” he wrote. “Jay Powell and group are putting us at a decided economic & physiological disadvantage.”The Fed was ahead of its global counterparts in reacting to the coronavirus’s economic threat, slashing rates by half a percentage point last week in its first emergency move since the financial crisis. It is widely expected to lower rates again at its meeting next week, and analysts think it could revive more aggressive bond-buying, among other measures meant to cushion the market and real-economy fallout of the global pandemic.
Mnuchin says U.S. in ‘second inning’ of stimulus efforts.
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin vowed on Friday that the United States government would do whatever was necessary to ensure that markets have “almost unlimited” liquidity. He said that the economic relief package being negotiated with Congress was just the beginning of efforts to stimulate the economy in the wake of the coronavirus.“I think we’re like in the second inning of getting things done,” Mr. Mnuchin said on CNBC.The Trump administration is considering additional relief measures, including a payroll tax holiday. Mr. Mnuchin also said that the administration is working on exemptions from tariffs imposed by President Trump that are affecting businesses, and that he would be open to waiving restrictions on withdrawals for 401(k) investments so that people can more readily access their savings.The Treasury secretary dismissed rumors that markets could shut down because of the recent volatility, and he encouraged banks to turn to the Federal Reserve’s discount window for funding if needed.Mr. Mnuchin expressed optimism that the current “black swan” period would be over in a matter of months, and pent-up demand would jump-start the economy.
A split in Congress: Who should be paid not to work?
A fundamental divide over how many Americans should be paid to stay home from work amid the coronavirus outbreak has emerged as one snag in negotiations over a multibillion-dollar federal response to the mounting health and economic damage from the virus.House Democrats are set to vote Friday on a bill, negotiated with Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, that includes several measures meant to combat the spread of the virus and cushion its economic shock to the economy. One of those is a plan to provide paid leave to workers affected by the virus.A key question is how many workers should be covered by that leave plan, which would ensure compensation for people who do not go to work during the outbreak. Many Republicans want to keep it focused narrowly to workers who have contracted the virus or are forced to care for sick family members or children whose schools have closed — and they are concerned that the bill, more broadly written, could also encourage healthy people to stay home, thus chilling economic activity.Many Democrats say legislation should go further, and protect workers from being forced to expose themselves to the virus.The final legislation could affect both the health of the economy and the speed at which the disease spreads.
China makes the masks the world needs, and it’s starting to share.
With the United States struggling to meet coronavirus testing demands, China, which appears to have made progress managing the outbreak, has tried to become a resource for other nations.On Friday, the Jack Ma Foundation and Alibaba Foundation said they would donate 500,000 testing kits and one million masks to the United States to help it deal with the pandemic. Alibaba is China’s biggest online retailer, and Mr. Ma is the company’s co-founder and former executive chairman.“Drawing from my own country’s experience, speedy and accurate testing and adequate personal protective equipment for medical professionals are most effective in preventing the spread of the virus,” Mr. Ma said in a statement.Mr. Ma said that the two foundations had, in recent weeks, also donated similar resources to Japan, Korea, Italy, Iran and Spain.
Here’s what else is happening.
Berkshire Hathaway said it would not allow shareholders to physically attend its May 2 annual meeting in Omaha, Neb., which will be streamed online. All special events around the meeting were canceled.The People’s Bank of China said it would inject $79 billion into its financial system, in a move that indicated Beijing remained concerned about its domestic economy after weeks of virtual shutdown.The travel and tourism industries could lose up to 50 million jobs as the coronavirus pandemic saps demand for their services, the World Travel and Tourism Council said on Friday. To preserve jobs, the group said governments should remove barriers to travel, cut taxes, provide incentives and support promotional campaigns.American consumers were slightly less confident in early March compared with a month ago, according to the latest University of Michigan consumer confidence index, reflecting early fears about the spread of coronavirus and its impact on the stock market. The index fell to 95.9 in March, which the survey described as a “modest decline” from 101.0 in February.“The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,” “The Late Show With Stephen Colbert” and “Late Night With Seth Meyers” will suspend production next week, CBS and NBC said Thursday, making them the biggest daily American television series to go dark because of concerns surrounding the coronavirus pandemicDisney will close its theme parks worldwide starting this weekend, including Disney World in Florida and the Disneyland Resort in California. Disney Cruise Line will also close.Reporting was contributed by Alexandra Stevenson, Jeanna Smialek, Niraj Chokshi, Jim Tankersley, Cao Li, Amie Tsang, Carlos Tejada, Brooks Barnes, Mohammed Hadi and Katie Robertson. Read the full article
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The Hyflux story so far
We retrace how the Tuaspring project kicked off, how it was financed, and how the business model floundered
Sat, Mar 23, 2019 - 5:50 AM, Marissa Lee
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IT was supposed to be Hyflux's springboard into the integrated water and power project segment. But the Tuaspring water desalination plant, which Hyflux chose to append with a power generation plant, turned out to be the membrane technology firm's toughest project of all. The Business Times tracks that journey.
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2001-2010
January 2001: Hyflux raises net proceeds of S$6.8 million in an initial public offering.
January 2003: Temasek Holdings invests S$11.8 million for a 4.76 per cent stake in Hyflux.
March 2005: Temasek reduces its stake to 0.89 per cent. By 2006, it is no longer on the list of Hyflux's top 20 shareholders.
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SEE ALSO: Hyflux's situation result of its own commercial decisions
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June 2010: PUB calls a tender for Singapore's second and largest desalination plant to be built at Tuas.
October 2010: Tender closes with nine bids received. Hyflux put in the most competitive bid, offering to supply water at a first-year price of $0.45 per cubic metre.
Keppel Seghers offered a first-year tariff of S$0.67 per cubic metre. Sembcorp Utilities offered a first-year tariff of S$1.42 per cubic metre.
2011
January: Hyflux issues S$55 million 3.89 per cent Series 006 notes due Jan 2016.
March: Hyflux wins the PUB tender. To "enhance the operational cost-efficiency", Hyflux says it will build a 411 MW power plant to generate its own power on-site for the desalting process. Excess power will be sold to the power grid. The stated project cost is S$890 million. It is Hyflux's largest contract, and first foray into power.
"The technical and financial viability of this proposed model was validated and approved by various parties, including regulators, professional advisors and project finance lenders." - Founder Olivia Lum's affidavit dated Feb 15, 2019
April 6: Signing of Water Purchase Agreement (WPA) with PUB. Tuaspring is required to deliver up to 70 million gallons of desalinated water per day to PUB over a 25-year period from 2013 to 2038.
April 25: Hyflux issues S$400 million, 6 per cent perpetual preference shares. It is the first non-bank in Singapore to do so.
Retail investors are allocated S$200 million. Investors who are Central Provident Fund (CPF) members could use up to 35 per cent of their investible savings to apply. Private banks are allocated more than 70 per cent of the S$190 million placement tranche. Hyflux's directors, management and employees are allocated S$10 million under the reserve offer.
DBS Bank is the sole lead manager and bookrunner. Net proceeds are used to fund Tuaspring.
April 26: The preference shares surge as much as 3.1 per cent to $103.10 during their debut on the Singapore Exchange.
July 2011: Construction of the Tuaspring Integrated Water and Power Project begins.
July-September: Hyflux issues S$100 million 3.5 per cent Series 007 notes due July 2016. Hyflux issues S$100 million 4.25 per cent Series 008 notes due Sept 2018. Hyflux issues S$65 million 4.6 per cent Series 009 notes due Sept 2019.
2012
May 3: Hyflux seeks PUB's approval to revise project cost for Tuaspring up from S$890 million to S$1.05 billion. The cost increase of 18 per cent arises from Hyflux's choice of a higher-efficiency power plant.
August: Hyflux issues S$100 million 4.2 per cent Series 010 notes due Aug 2019.
2013
Sept 18: Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong officiates the opening of Tuaspring desalination plant. The desalination plant delivers first water but the power plant is not yet operational.
Hyflux secures a S$720 million 18-year term loan facility to fund the development of the desalination and power plants from Maybank Singapore and Maybank Kim Eng Securities.
2014
Jan 23: Hyflux issues S$300 million 5.75 per cent perpetuals, for institutional and accredited investors only.
May 8: Hyflux reports first delay in connecting Tuaspring to the national power grid.
July 29: Hyflux issues S$175 million 4.8 per cent perpetuals, for institutional and accredited investors only.
2015
January: Hyflux seeks consent to loosen financial covenants for Series 006 to 010 notes.
August: Tuaspring power plant is connected to the national grid in the second half of 2015 after a period of prolonged delay.
2016
Feb 18: Hyflux has started selling electricity to the grid. But it notes: "In the near term, the electricity market in Singapore is expected to be challenging due to the current market landscape."
Hyflux plans to grow consumer water segment for steady recurring income.
May 27: Hyflux issues S$500 million 6 per cent perpetuals, for the purpose of redeeming the S$475 million perps earlier issued to accredited investors. In view of strong interest from retail investors, the size of the public offer is increased from S$115 million to S$329 million.
Hyflux's directors, management and employees are allocated S$6 million and the remaining S$165 million is placed out. DBS is the sole lead manager and bookrunner.
July 29: Hyflux redeems all S$175 million 4.8 per cent perps two years after they were issued to accredited investors.
2017
Jan 23: Hyflux redeems all S$300 million 5.75 per cent perps three years after they were issued to accredited investors.
Feb 23: Tuaspring fails to turn a profit. Hyflux says it will partially divest Tuaspring, subject to regulatory approvals.
Dec 28: Hyflux proposes a dividend in specie to spin-off 70 per cent of the consumer business. Hyflux shareholders will receive one Hyfluxshop share for every 10 Hyflux shares. Hyflux fails to divest Tuaspring by the end of 2017, as earlier planned.
2018
Jan 17: Ms Lum offers to buy the Hyfluxshop shares for 17.83 Singapore cents per share.
Feb 15: Dividend in specie is completed, Hyflux owns 30.4 per cent of HyfluxShop shares.
Feb 27: Hyflux says S$400 million pref shares won't be redeemed until Tuaspring is divested. Tuaspring posted a net loss of S$81.9 million in 2017, with Singapore wholesale electricity prices clearing at levels that are below fuel costs (negative spark spreads) when dispatched by power generation companies to the national power grid.
"The last thing we want is a fire sale. We believe that we have a good asset, we have a good track record, still have a brand name. Why are we cornered? We know what we are doing. We have no shortage of interested parties talking to us." - Olivia Lum, during Feb 27 results briefing
March 22: KPMG signs off on Hyflux's audit report, having concluded that there were no events that cast significant doubt on Hyflux's going concern assumption.
April 25: Hyflux pays a 6 per cent coupon but does not redeem its S$400 million 6 per cent pref shares at the call date. Coupon rate steps up to 8 per cent per annum.
May 22: Hyflux files for bankruptcy protection and gets an automatic 30-day moratorium. Trading in all its shares and securities is suspended.
"After losing two years on the power business, the lenders became more jittery and they started to kind of not support us in other unrelated businesses... Maybank was becoming a little bit impatient with us. They wanted to force sale this project, that's why we entered into a moratorium." - Olivia Lum during the July 19 townhall
May 27: Hyflux fails to pay a coupon on its $500 million 6 per cent perps, resulting in an event of default.
June 19: A Singapore High Court extends Hyflux's debt moratorium by six months, or until Dec 18, 2018.
Oct 12: Out of eight interested parties, only Keppel Corp and Sembcorp Industries were prequalified by PUB to bid for Tuaspring, and only Sembcorp actually submitted a bid.
Sembcorp's offer was reportedly below Tuaspring's book value and not enough to fully pay back Maybank's S$518 million secured debt.
"The problem with Tuaspring is it's a strategic asset. Every name that comes through the door has to be approved first. It takes a long time. Some of these companies are overseas companies. PUB must know who they are before they come into the dataroom." - Olivia Lum, during the July 19 townhall
Oct 18: Indonesian conglomerate Salim Group and energy giant Medco Group agree to give Hyflux a S$400 million equity injection, in exchange for a 60 per cent stake in the water treatment firm once all its debts are extinguished. The consortium, SM Investments, will also grant Hyflux a shareholder's loan of S$130 million.
SMI wants to buy Hyflux with all assets intact, so the sale of Tuaspring is called off. SMI was picked by Hyflux from an initial pool of 16 potential investors.
"Today is a happy day... We will leave it to all the experts to work out a plan." - Olivia Lum, when asked on Oct 18 what kind of recovery rates creditors can expect
Nov 26: A Singapore High Court extends Hyflux's debt moratorium by four-and-a-half months to April 30, 2019.
2019
Jan 18: Hyflux warns that retail perp and pref share holders will get nothing in liquidation.
In a liquidation scenario, only senior unsecured creditors, namely banks and note holders, will get paid. They can expect a recovery rate of 3.8 to 8.7 per cent, according to EY's calculations.
"With SM Investments coming into the company, this is effectively a takeover and I no longer will own much shares, in fact almost no shares. So I will no longer be in the driving seat... I know many people do not like to see my face anymore. I'm ok, I'm prepared to step down." - Olivia Lum on why she will not use her own cash to recapitalise Hyflux
Feb 16: Hyflux releases its proposed rescue plan. Retail perp and pref holders are offered an implied recovery rate of 10.7 per cent on their original S$900 million investment, comprising a cash recovery of 3 per cent and 7.7 per cent implied equity value.
Ms Lum and her board of directors say they will forfeit their shares in Hyflux as well as what little entitlements they have from the debt securities they own, in favour of small investors.
Hyflux's senior unsecured creditors, comprising medium-term note holders owed S$271 million and unsecured banks owed S$717 million, can expect a minimum recovery rate of 24.7 per cent.
March 1: Hyflux takes a S$824 million impairment on Tuaspring for the period ended Sept 30 last year. It says that the huge difference from 2016, when the last valuation was done, is due to losses in the electricity market in recent years and lower projected spark spreads for the remaining concession period.
March 5: PUB serves a default notice to Tuaspring Pte Ltd for failing to keep the plant reliably operational, and failing to produce financial proof that the plant can be kept running for the next six months. The operational issues date back to early 2017, PUB said.
Tuaspring was unable to replace poor-performing membranes promptly, which affected the quantity and quality of water produced.
It also failed to supply PUB with 70 million gallons of desalinated water per day on numerous occasions.
PUB has a right to terminate the WPA and take control of the plant if the defaults are not remedied by April 5.
March 8: Hyflux amends its scheme to be more equitable to perp and pref holders.
March 18: Salim-Medco says it reserves the right to pull the plug on the rescue plan, if Tuaspring's operational and financial defaults are not remedied by April 1.
March 21: PUB says that if the WPA is terminated, it will take control only of Tuaspring's desalination plant, and not its power plant, which sits on the same site.
This transfer will occur at zero cost to Hyflux, even though the desalination plant is expected to have negative value, based on calculations done in accordance with the WPA. PUB is willing to waive the compensation sum, given Tuaspring's financial position.
The water plant is determined to have negative value because PUB is entitled to recover the cost of restoring the plant to good operating condition from the concession company. The projected costs also take into account the burden PUB has to shoulder to maintain and run the plant.
Hyflux says that it has reached out to SMI, but acknowledges that SMI has no obligation to vary the restructuring agreement.
"Hyflux itself has noted that PUB's actions... would be favourable to Tuaspring Pte Ltd, as this alleviates the pressure on the rest of the Hyflux Group... This will also increase the chances of Hyflux being successfully restructured. PUB's actions should therefore not be used as the basis for SMI's decision to withdraw from the restructuring agreement." - PUB press statement on March 21
April 5: Scheme meetings to vote for Salim-Medco deal, or liquidation.
If Tuaspring does not cure its defaults by April 5, PUB can terminate the WPA by giving 30 days' notice to Tuaspring, after which it will take over the water plant.
LOSING POWER
The decision to build Tuaspring as a cogen plant was a business decision undertaken by Hyflux itself. PUB had never asked Hyflux to do so.
Hyflux's plan was to subsidise the low water tariffs (first-year price of S$0.45 per cubic m) promised to PUB by generating excess electricity that it would sell to the national grid. "That's how they painted themselves into a corner when wholesale electricity prices collapsed," says Carey Wong, a former analyst covering Hyflux who is now a portfolio manager at Ascend Capital Group. "Future year tariffs would follow first the year's tariff, adjusted for inflation, that's generally how water tariff contracts work."
For comparison, the first-year water tariff for SingSpring, which opened in 2005, was S$0.78 per cubic m. The first-year price for Keppel's plant in Marina East, set to open in 2020, is $1.08 per cubic m. Ms Lum said last year that desalinated water only accounts for 10 per cent of Tuaspring's revenue: "If you lose money on the power plant, that means 90 per cent of the revenue. You've lost money on the whole project."
Wholesale electricity prices, known as the Uniform Singapore Energy Price (USEP), hit an all-time high of S$222.6 per MWh in 2012, before falling to an all-time low of S$63.2 per MWh in 2016.
FUTURE PLANNING
The utilisation rate for the Tuaspring desalination plant would be 10 per cent/ 50 per cent/ 100 per cent during 70 per cent/ 20 per cent/ 10 per cent of the time, Hyflux said. These initial offtake figures were reported by JP Morgan in 2011. Desalinated water is more costly than NEWater or imported water, since desalination is an energy-intensive process. So Tuaspring typically runs at full capacity only in dry seasons.
"It's actually not up to you to maximise the utilisation because PUB decides how much water it wants to take," explains Carey Wong.
"The government plans ahead, so they always build ahead. Tuaspring is supposed to be a 25-year contract so the 318,500 cubic metres capacity is for the next 25 years, not to meet immediate requirements."
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Black Coffee: Separating the Sheep from the Goats
It's time to sit back, relax and enjoy a little joe …
Welcome to another rousing edition of Black Coffee, your off-beat weekly round-up of what's been going on in the world of money and personal finance.
Let's get right to it this week …
Money is stored labor. Labor is part of human life. To devalue money is to debase life.
- John Kenneth Galbraith
Divorce is the one human tragedy that reduces everything to cash.
- Rita Mae Brown
If wisdom were measured by the size of the beard, the goat would be a philosopher.
- Danish proverb
Credits and Debits
Debit: Amazon CEO and founder, Jeff Bezos, announced he and his wife are divorcing after 25 years of marriage. Barring the presence of a prenup, Bezos' net worth is set to drop by half - that would see him lose the “world's richest man” crown to Bill Gates, forcing him to settle for being “only” the world's fifth-richest. His wife, however, would become the world's richest woman.
Credit: On a related note, last week Amazon overtook Apple and Microsoft to become the world's largest company. Unfortunately for Mr. Bezos, while Amazon now sells more stuff than ever, they still haven't penetrated the quicky-divorce market. Yet.
Debit: Looking at the other end of the socioeconomic divide, a new study has determined that 4 in 5 American workers are living from paycheck to paycheck. Yes, yes … I know exactly what you're thinking:
youtube
Debit: But seriously, how can so many working people be living from paycheck to paycheck in a “booming” economy? For the answer, look no further than our corrupt, debt-based fiat monetary system; American living standards have been steadily dropping ever since the US dollar's anchor to gold was broken in 1971. And things will only continue to get worse while the current monetary system remains in place.
Debit: By the way, those American workers who are barely making ends meet will be dismayed to learn that JP Morgan is now pegging the odds of a recession at 60% within the next year. What makes this notable is two months ago the very same JP Morgan forecast a 60% chance of recession … two years from now. Did I mention that unemployment more than doubled during the last recession in 2009? It did.
Debit: Indeed, the crashing oil, banking and utility sectors, coupled with slumping home and auto sales, are now at levels not seen since 2008. Of course, this suggests the global economy is headed for a severe recession, which explains the recent rotation into US Treasury bonds - and the resulting decline in interest rates. That makes perfect sense, especially with global confidence in the dollar stronger than ever. Oh, wait …
Credit: Hedge fund manager Harris Kupperman warns that, “When the (stock) bubble unwinds, it will be fast and vicious as there is no natural buyer for a money losing business that's run out of capital. It took half a decade to create the Internet bubble, yet it all vaporized in a few months; this bubble will collapse at a similar rate.” That's bad news for companies like Uber, Tesla, and Twitter. Probably Amazon too.
Debit: Falling stock prices are bad news for pensions too. Thanks to the Fed's decade-long low interest rate policy, the only hope pension managers had of meeting 8% return goals was by stretching into high-risk assets, which are now imploding. The US pension funding shortfall - public and private - is now $6.2 trillion. If the last two cycles are any indication, the next market downturn could see that triple. Yikes.
Debit: With the stakes so high, it's no wonder Fed chairman Jay Powell announced last week that rate hikes are off until further notice and that he's even looking at scaling back the Fed's liquidity-draining quantitative tightening program. Since then, stocks have been rallying. Hard. As macroeconomist Jim Rickards notes, “If you need proof that today's rigged markets still require Fed support, there it is.” Uh huh. Speaking of unwelcome support …
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Credit: Meanwhile, Fitch is threatening to cut the United States' AAA credit rating. According to Fitch's global head of sovereign ratings, James McCormack, “There is a meaningful fiscal deterioration going on. If this shutdown continues … we may need to start thinking about whether that is consistent with AAA.” Psst. Hey, Mr. McCormack … that “fiscal deterioration” has officially been in hyperdrive for a decade now.
Credit: So, with the US economy now completely dependent on the Fed's printing press, it's no wonder that the world's largest hedge fund manager, Ray Dalio, all but admitted last week that the US dollar's time as the global reserve currency is coming to an end. No, he didn't say when. Frankly, I don't think he'll have to wait too long.
By the Numbers
Here's a summary of investment returns by asset class in 2018:
0.0% US Treasury Bonds
-1.5% Gold
-4.4% S&P 500
-4.4% Nasdaq
-6.0% Dow
-8.6% Silver
-11.0% Russell 2000
The Question of the Week
Note: There is a poll embedded within this post, please visit the site to participate in this post's poll.
Last Week's Poll Result
What is the brand of your mobile phone?
Apple (42%)
Something else. (33%)
Samsung (20%)
I don't own a mobile phone. (5%)
More than 1400 people responded to last week's question and it turns out that, when it comes to mobile phones, slightly more than twice as many Len Penzo dot Com readers own Apple as Samsung. Another third own a different brand, while 1 in 20 say they don't have a mobile phone. I've got an Apple, but I didn't pay for it - my employer did!
Useless News: The Forbidden Island
A Frenchman, an Englishman, and a New Yorker launched an expedition and discovered an uncharted island.
Unfortunately, the island was home to a tribe of cannibals. Soon enough the three men were ambushed and overrun. They were then tied up and taken to see the tribe's chief.
“You were forbidden from setting foot on this island!” the chief said. “We're going to eat you and use your skins to build a canoe. However, we're not without compassion - we'll let you choose how you're going to die.”
The Englishman said, “Give me a gun.” So the cannibal chief handed him a gun. The Englishman then raised the gun to his head and yelled, “God save the Queen!” before blowing his brains out.
The Frenchman and the New Yorker watched as the cannibals proceeded to skin the dead Englishman.
Inspired by the Englishman's bravery, the Frenchman then said, “Give me a sword.” So his wish was granted and he yelled “Viva la France!” before impaling himself.
The cannibals then skinned the Frenchman.
Finally, it was the New Yorker's turn. “Gimme a fork!” he demanded. The cannibal chief complied, and the New Yorker then jabbed himself over and over with the fork until he was covered with thousands of blood-oozing holes.
Puzzled at the spectacle he just witnessed, the cannibal chief asked the New Yorker, “So … any last words?”
“Yeah,” said the New Yorker. “There goes your God damn canoe!”
(h/t: resistedliving via Zero Hedge)
Other Useless News
Here are the top - and bottom - five states in terms of the average number of pages viewed per visit here at Len Penzo dot Com over the past 30 days:
1. New Mexico (3.13 pages/visit) !! 2. West Virginia (2.65) ! 3. Alaska (2.18) 4. Idaho (2.11) 5. Arkansas (1.86)
46. Hawaii (1.23) 47. Oklahoma (1.20) 48. Vermont (1.19) 49. Mississippi (1.14) 50. Wyoming (1.04)
Whether you happen to enjoy what you're reading (like my friends in New Mexico) - or not (ahem, Wyoming …) - please don't forget to:
1. Click on that Like button in the sidebar to your right and become a fan of Len Penzo dot Com on Facebook!
2. Make sure you follow me on Twitter!
3. Subscribe via email too!
And last, but not least …
4. Consider becoming a Len Penzo dot Com Insider! Thank you.
Letters, I Get Letters
Every week I feature the most interesting question or comment - assuming I get one, that is. And folks who are lucky enough to have the only question in the mailbag get their letter highlighted here whether it's interesting or not! You can reach out to me at: [email protected]
From Terri, who left an urgent request in my inbox this week:
Pick me! Pick me! Pick me! PICK ME!
Okay, Terri … I'm picking you! But if this ends up being the highlight of your week, then we really need to talk.
If you enjoyed this, please forward it to your friends and family. I'm Len Penzo and I approved this message.
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When Is It Time To Hire A Money Manager? Wealth Management Can Be A Full-Time Job
When I sold my rental house, I thought my stress would go down at least 80%. After all, my tenants and the maintenance issues were really bumming me out. But what I didn’t anticipate was the rise in stress from having to reinvest a sum 4X greater than I had ever invested before. The last thing I wanted to do was turn a strong performing investment into a poor one.
I went through many hours of deliberation regarding where to invest the proceeds. I wrote quarterly investment reports to track my progress. I stayed glued to the laptop during market hours for months trying to buy stocks and bonds during pullbacks. Further, I went out to dinner with the RealtyShares investment committee twice to do more due diligence on their investment process before deploying $500,000 in additional capital. It was exhausting.
As someone who worked in the finance industry, consulted with a couple digital wealth advisors, and who has been investing his own money for over 20 years, I was familiar with the entire process of managing money. However, I’ve finally reached an inflection point.
Too Many Investment Accounts
Because I’m actively working from home and helping take care of my little one, my time is stretched. When you earn money, the path of least resistance is to simply hoard cash. At least by doing nothing, you won’t lose money. But hoarding cash since 2009 has been a huge mistake.
What happens as you get older is that your finances tend to get more complicated. Job changes create dilemmas for whether you should rollover your 401(k) into an IRA or not. You might start a business and launch your own SEP-IRA or Solo 401(k). Or you might have some nice liquidity windfall after selling your company. The list goes on and on.
If I was just managing one family investment account, staying on top of our investments would be a piece of cake. But as a middle age parent who feels its important to diversify, I’ve had a lot of investment changes and opportunities since college.
I currently manage or keep track of 17 financial accounts at multiple financial institutions. Each financial institution has something different to offer. Further, we spread out risk, partly due to the $500,000 FDIC insurance cap.
Financial Institution 1 – Sam
After-tax investment account
SEP-IRA
Profit Sharing Keough (Solo 401k)
Son’s 529 Plan
Financial Institution 1 – Wife
After-tax investment account
SEP-IRA
Rollover IRA
Financial Institution 2 – Sam
Rollover IRA
After-tax investment account
Financial Institution 2 – Wife
After-tax investment account
Roth IRA
Financial Institution 3 – Sam
CD (used to have 3 CDs to track)
Financial Institution 4 – Sam
After-tax investment account
Venture Debt – Sam
Fund 1
Fund 2
Real Estate Crowdfunding – Sam
RealtyShares Domestic Equity Fund
Conshy, PA Commercial Property
Every single account requires the following:
Keeping track of asset allocation
Keeping track of cash balance
Researching investments
Selecting the right investments
Reducing commission fees
Meeting capital calls from private investments
Keeping track of when capital is returned
Redeploying capital
Figuring out how each piece fits into a passive income target
As you can see, doing everything right for all accounts can take a lot of time. Further, the more money you have to manage, the more time you will naturally spend because there’s simply more at stake to lose and win.
Here is the perfect example where more money does not bring financial peace of mind. When I had just $100,000 to manage, I couldn’t care less if the market corrected 20%+. I had nobody to support and a job that could easily make up for any losses and then some.
With a sudden $1.8M liquidity event from selling my home on top of managing my existing investments, I was forced to dedicate a lot more brain power to money management.
My Latest Money Management Error
After the market meltdown in early February 2018, I asked my wife to cut three checks: one to my SEP-IRA, one to her SEP-IRA, and one to our son’s 529 account. As business owners, a business can contribute 25% of our salaries to our individual SEP-IRA accounts, e.g., $120,000 salary = $30,000 contribution. As I had already superfunded my son’s 529 plan in 2017, only my wife and others are eligible to contribute up to $14,000 a year.
I invested some of the proceeds based on our agreed upon investment framework in all accounts when I realized about 25% of my wife’s SEP-IRA had been sitting in cash for who knows how long. I was completely surprised because I try to keep all our investment accounts 100% invested. Our cash needs are met separately through various savings accounts.
Due to too much cash in my wife’s SEP-IRA account, her account lost out on potentially thousands of dollars in lost paper profits in 2017. But I’m not sure exactly how much she lost because I don’t remember how long the cash had been sitting there!
Busy buying stocks during the depths of the February sell-off in one account.
Refocusing My Efforts
From now on, I need to go through each account and not only check the holdings and asset allocation, but also make sure there is no excess cash sitting around doing nothing.
What’s also important is making sure my investments makes sense in each account. For example, I’m more inclined to invest and trade more aggressively in my pre-tax investment accounts because I know I won’t be touching them until age 60 and there are no taxes to file.
For my after-tax investment accounts, they are more conservative as they are accounts that will be first accessed during a liquidity crunch or when I finally buy that Hawaiian dream home. Since I’ve got to pay taxes on any dividends or capital gains, my after-tax investment accounts have lower turnover and house all my tax-free municipal bonds.
Finally, I’ve got to do a top down asset allocation of all my accounts to make sure the overall investment asset allocation fits my risk profile and investment objectives. I used to do this manually, but since 2012 I’ve linked my investment accounts to Personal Capital’s dashboard and can just click their Investment Checkup tab to get a snapshot. Below is an example:
Log onto dashboard and click Investing -> Holdings to get an overview of all accounts
When Is It Worth Paying A Money Manager?
I’m close to paying a money manager to manage our finances, but I am still reluctant to pull the trigger because I’ve always managed my money, dislike paying fees, and realize a wealth manager can only manage some of my accounts, not all.
The only accounts a wealth manager can manage are our four after-tax investment accounts. This means I would still have to manage 13 other investment accounts. As a result, I presently don’t think it’s worth hiring a money manager. Only if the money manager could manage the large majority of my investment accounts would I consider hiring one.
Some considerations for when you should hire a wealth manager:
1) When they can manage most of your investments.
2) When you have no desire to manage your money.
3) When you have no understanding of investing.
4) When investing stresses you out and keeps you up at night.
5) When your job, business, or family keep you too busy to even review your investments.
6) When you can do a much better job making money elsewhere.
7) When they’ve showed a fantastic long-term track record.
8) When you calculate the estimated annual fee and feel you’d happily pay the amount to not have to manage your own money.
9) When you have a significant amount of assets and would feel better if someone or some team were keeping watch every day.
If I had a digital money manager managing my investments, I never would have had a 25% cash weighting in my wife’s SEP-IRA for months. They would have automatically invested my cash based on a pre-determined investment asset allocation, which I’d agreed upon. I would have had to pay a 0.25% fee, but I wouldn’t have missed out on 20% gains on the cash balance in 2017.
Unfortunately, as far as I can tell, digital wealth advisors can’t manage a SEP-IRA account, so the responsibility to manage our pre-tax investment accounts will always fall on me.
As I conclude this post, I realize that I no longer enjoy managing our investments. They give me unwanted stress, even in good times – although things are looking dicey now. I get bent out of shape when I don’t buy at the low of the day. When the stock market corrects 10%, it’s hard for me to think of anything else until I see stabilization. When an investment soars 50%, I don’t get pleasure either because I’m not using the profits for anything.
Maybe it’s better to outsource my money management responsibilities and the stress it comes with after all. If I’m not happy with managing money during good times, I definitely won’t be happy managing our family’s money during bad times.
Readers, anybody spend a significant amount of time managing their money? Do you feel like investing can sometimes be a full-time job? Do you feel more stressed managing money when there’s more to manage? If you have a money manager, what are some reasons why you hired them?
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DeFi loan agreement Aave CEO personally described the project traits and progress
The DeFi loan agreement Aave is developing rapidly. CEO Stani Kulechov mentioned the big difference between your project along with other loan agreements, usage scenarios and development plans. Original title: "The old tree blossoms, 3 minutes to understand the most recent progress of DeFi loan agreement Aave" Interviewed: Stani Kulechov, CEO of Aave Aave is just a decentralized money market protocol that users can use to earn interest on deposits or borrow assets. Aave is definitely an open source protocol, anybody can freely obtain code and build about it. Recently, Aave's market size exceeded $70 million. Currently, Aave supports 17 different crypto assets, of which 6 are stable currencies.
Fleetingly introduce the team behind Aave. The Aave team currently has 17 people and is headquartered in London, with offices in Switzerland and Europe to work remotely. Aave happens to be devoted to expanding the Asian market and is recruiting community managers in Korea and Vietnam. Aave was originally the P2P lending type of ETHLend. Why did you decide to switch to a pool-based model? In the P2P loan model, borrowers and lenders can set their own rate of interest, duration, collateral along with other parameters to generate loan requests and loan offers. In ETHLend, if their conditions match, the machine will automatically match the loan offer and request. In the Aave loan pool, the liquidity deposited in the agreement is automatically allotted to the borrower, and the borrower can quickly have the loan through mortgage. This provides more selections for the borrower's loan term-as long since the collateral remains above the threshold, they are able to repay whenever you want. The lending pool causes it to be easier for users to take part in lending. We understand that Aave will allow anyone to take part in the lending pool with parameters set on their own. Is it possible to elaborate? Yes, starting your own pool is part of our multi-pool strategy. Initially, Aave will start several pools to open the multi-pool ecosystem. Our first pool is just a loan pool secured by Uniswap liquidity provider tokens (Unitokens). Which means that Uniswap liquidity providers can acquire liquidity leverage through the use of their Unitokens as collateral for Aave. In essence, Aave will generate a fresh currency market. Every currency market was created to release value from DeFi and bring depositors a profit in accordance with risk appetite. Like Aave can create pools with different risk levels, every one of which attracts different types of liquidity. LEND will soon be used for governance and voting to find out which pools can access LEND-based insurance. Liquidity providers can use their aTokens to vote and manage their fund pools. Weighed against the present governance system, users may have a larger say in dealing with their liquidity. Is it possible to tell us more about LEND tokens? LEND token would be the governance token of the Aave protocol. After the governance function is launched, LEND token holders should be able to vote on protocol updates and take part in the governance of the Aave protocol ecosystem. We're exploring the use of LEND tokens as a governance vote for new lending pools to select insurance. Anybody can use their own assets and parameters to generate their own loan pool, of course, if the pool features a good sense of risk get a handle on, they are able to decide to access the LEND token-based insurance system. LEND holders ensure the security of the protocol by staking LEND in a pool. In case of danger, governance will vote to cut back the pledge of LEND. If the pledged LEND cannot make up for losing, the LEND will soon be cast centered on governance voting to make up. The protocol features a integral backstop module, and Aave community members can deposit stablecoins in this module. When notably reducing or casting a fresh LEND, the backstop module can act as a buyer to ensure the selling price of LEND. Once purchased, LEND will soon be locked for a period of time. In this way, any auctioned LEND won't flood the marketplace in large quantities, and the protection of the LEND price gives the Aave agreement more stability.
What's the largest big difference between Aave along with other lending agreements? A significant function of Aave is "Aave interest-bearing tokens" (also known as "aTokens"). Whenever you deposit in the Aave agreement, you may be given a corresponding quantity of "aToken", that is 1: 1 from the underlying asset. aTokens generates interest directly in your wallet, to help you see the growth of your balance every 2nd. In order to decide to receive this interest at any Ethereum address. Another cool feature is rate of interest conversion when borrowing. This allows you to select between stable and floating interest levels whenever you want, so you always obtain the most readily useful rate of interest. Like in the event that you initially opt for floating rate of interest, however the rate of interest rises sharply, you can switch to a stable rate of interest. We also adjusted the rate of interest model to fill the gap between your floating rate of interest model and the stable rate of interest model, thereby making the brand new stable rate of interest more competitive. The absolute most concerned feature is flash loan, which allows developers to borrow money without any collateral. Fundamentally, they offer any developer with the exact same opportunities since the richest person, and the transaction will simply reverse if the loan is not repaid, so the risk is quite low. Flash loans can be utilized for various basic tools in DeFi, not only to make money through arbitrage. What have flash loans been used for up to now? Flash loans are mainly used for arbitrage. Another use case is to use flash loans to pay off debts to prevent liquidation penalties. The best example is DeFiSaver, which uses flash loans often a day. DeFi Saver enables you to manage all DeFi activities in a single place. It also enables you to put up a computerized self-liquidation procedure, use flash loans to settle debts, release collateral and sell the main collateral to settle the Aave agreement, thereby avoiding liquidation penalties.
What are the lesser-known use cases for Aave? Aave can be used since the core source of DeFi, and new products are released weekly. Like we recently saw rate of interest swaps and fixed deposit rates offered by Blazar and 88mph, both of which use Aave to supply liquidity. Both agreements are designed to allow you to obtain the main future interest. What experiences is it possible to give people who build on DeFi? I do believe Aave's establishment process is pretty good. You will need to observe what other major players in the DeFi field are doing. Lots of people attended up with great a few ideas, so we took inspiration from these a few ideas, improved a number of them, and incorporated them in to the Aave protocol. The composability of DeFi broadens the ecosystem, plus one of the best things when building Aave would be to see what developers build along with these tools. I also wish to emphasize the value of audits and security measures-Aave takes these audits very seriously and we always exercise caution when implementing new features such as for instance Flash loans. We also hope to bring DeFi to more conventional users, therefore it is extremely important to make sure that the interface is humanized, and we have spent considerable time taking into consideration the process, testing and changing UX/UI centered on community feedback. Aave's market size has rapidly grown to approximately US$70 million. What's the main element to promoting adoption? The first is integration-we have integrated with My Ether Wallet, DeFi Saver, Idle Finance, Zerion, Trustwallet, and so forth This can help drive the adoption of the Aave protocol. Quality integration allows the protocol to be utilized by more users, thereby attracting more deposits. We likewise have a large community that will quickly receive feedback about our products. Aave features a strong team specialized in bringing a good user experience to DeFi. What's Aave's product roadmap for the next 12 months? What's the largest milestone in 2020? In the future, we will see Aave's multi-pool capabilities. Which means that there will be lending pools with different loan parameters and risk traits. We think that the main element to DeFi lies in the capacity to package risks and supply them to depositors. Providing different choices for various risk preferences increases liquidity. The very first pool uses Uniswap liquidity provider tokens as collateral. The Aave protocol is moving towards a completely decentralized direction, and future governance rights will soon be in the hands of users. If there are any issues, we still manage the agreement by ourselves, however the governance function update will soon be implemented soon.
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