#Bioenergetic failure

[blueoaknx]

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in mtARS Disorders

Introduction

Mitochondria are indispensable organelles that facilitate cellular bioenergetics, predominantly through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mtARS) are essential for the fidelity of mitochondrial translation, catalyzing the ligation of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. Mutations in mtARS genes precipitate a spectrum of mitochondrial disorders, culminating in dysfunctional protein synthesis and aberrant mitochondrial bioenergetics. This review delves into the molecular pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in mtARS disorders, elucidating their biochemical perturbations, clinical phenotypes, and emerging therapeutic paradigms.

Molecular Pathophysiology of mtARS Disorders

MtARS enzymes ensure translational accuracy by charging mitochondrial tRNAs with their respective amino acids, a prerequisite for mitochondrial protein biosynthesis. Pathogenic variants in mtARS genes result in defective aminoacylation, perturbing mitochondrial translation and compromising the integrity of the electron transport chain (ETC). These perturbations induce bioenergetic deficits, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and secondary mitochondrial stress responses, leading to cellular demise.

Genetic Etiology of mtARS Mutations

Dysfunctional mtARS genes such as DARS2, AARS2, RARS2, and YARS2 have been implicated in autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorders. These mutations exhibit tissue-specific phenotypic heterogeneity, with neurological, muscular, and systemic manifestations. For instance, DARS2 mutations drive leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement, whereas AARS2 defects result in a constellation of neurodegenerative and ovarian pathologies.

Biochemical and Cellular Consequences

Dysfunctional mtARS enzymes manifest in multifaceted mitochondrial deficits, including impaired translation, defective OXPHOS, and dysregulated mitochondrial proteostasis.

Disruption of Mitochondrial Translation

Impaired aminoacylation abrogates the synthesis of mitochondrially encoded proteins, undermining the assembly of ETC complexes. This translational arrest culminates in defective ATP synthesis and precipitates a systemic energy deficit.

Electron Transport Chain Dysfunction and Bioenergetic Failure

Pathogenic mtARS mutations lead to OXPHOS inefficiencies, reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and ATP output. Perturbed electron flux exacerbates ROS accumulation, instigating oxidative damage and apoptotic cascades.

Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response (UPRmt) Activation

Cellular compensatory mechanisms, including UPRmt, are upregulated in response to mitochondrial translation failure. UPRmt mitigates proteotoxic stress via chaperone-mediated protein refolding and degradation pathways. However, chronic UPRmt activation fosters maladaptive stress responses, contributing to progressive cellular degeneration.

Clinical Manifestations

mtARS disorders exhibit phenotypic variability, spanning from mild neuromuscular impairment to severe multisystemic involvement. The pathophysiological hallmark includes disrupted neurological, muscular, and cardiac function.

Neurological Dysfunction

Neurodegeneration is a predominant feature of mtARS disorders, manifesting as ataxia, seizures, intellectual disability, and progressive leukoencephalopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) frequently reveals white matter abnormalities, indicative of compromised oligodendrocyte function.

Myopathy and Metabolic Dysregulation

Muscle tissue, with its high ATP demand, is particularly susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction. Clinical hallmarks include hypotonia, muscle weakness, and exercise intolerance, often concomitant with metabolic anomalies such as lactic acidosis and elevated pyruvate-to-lactate ratios.

Cardiomyopathy and Mitochondrial Energetics

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has been observed in YARS2-associated mitochondrial disorders, wherein compromised ATP synthesis in cardiomyocytes disrupts contractile function and electrophysiological stability.

Diagnostic and Functional Evaluation

A combination of genomic, biochemical, and imaging modalities facilitates the diagnosis of mtARS disorders.

Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) are pivotal for identifying pathogenic mtARS variants. Transcriptomic profiling elucidates perturbations in mitochondrial gene expression networks, further refining diagnostic accuracy.

Functional Mitochondrial Assays

Biochemical assays, including high-resolution respirometry, ATP quantification, and ETC enzymatic profiling, provide insights into mitochondrial bioenergetics. Patient-derived fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) serve as valuable models for functional interrogation.

Neuroimaging and Biomarker Identification

Advanced imaging modalities such as MR spectroscopy (MRS) detect metabolic derangements, including lactate accumulation in affected brain regions. Circulating mitochondrial-derived peptides and metabolomic signatures are emerging as potential diagnostic biomarkers.

Emerging Therapeutic Strategies

Despite the absence of curative therapies, multiple avenues are under investigation to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction in mtARS disorders.

Mitochondria-Directed Antioxidants

Therapeutic compounds such as MitoQ, idebenone, and edaravone aim to attenuate oxidative stress and preserve mitochondrial integrity.

Genetic and RNA-Based Interventions

Gene therapy strategies utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery and CRISPR-based genome editing are being explored for genetic correction of mtARS mutations. Additionally, RNA-based approaches, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and mRNA replacement therapy, hold promise in restoring mtARS functionality.

Metabolic Modulation and Supportive Therapies

Ketogenic diets, NAD+ precursors (e.g., nicotinamide riboside), and mitochondrial biogenesis activators (e.g., PGC-1α modulators) are under investigation to enhance cellular energy metabolism. Supportive interventions, including physical therapy and neuromuscular rehabilitation, remain integral to patient management.

Conclusion and Future Directions

Mitochondrial dysfunction in mtARS disorders arises from defective mitochondrial translation, OXPHOS perturbation, and maladaptive stress responses. Advances in genomic medicine, mitochondrial therapeutics, and precision medicine approaches are poised to transform the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape. Continued research into mtARS pathobiology, coupled with translational innovations, will be instrumental in developing targeted interventions for affected individuals.

[blessed-curse]

The System That Oppresses.

Power Restriction Devices (PRDs) – The Evolution of Superhuman Suppression

Background & History of PRDs:

Power Restriction Devices (PRDs) were developed as a critical countermeasure against the rising population of superhumans. The need for suppression technology became urgent after the widespread emergence of Empowered individuals via The Contractor and the discovery of Ambrosia, which began awakening dormant Descendants worldwide.

The first iterations of PRDs were developed by Nikolaev Biotech in the late 21st century under Project Dominion, a classified joint initiative between G.R.O.W. and leading tech conglomerates. These early versions were crude, unreliable, and often lethal, causing significant neurological damage or cardiac failure in the subjects.

Over the next century, refinements were made, leading to the modern PRD systems—highly sophisticated suppression technology designed to limit a superhuman’s abilities without killing them. However, S-Rank and above superhumans remain unaffected, as their power output simply overrides suppression technology, rendering PRDs useless against the most dangerous threats.

Inventor of PRDs: Dr. Vasily Kamarov & The Birth of Superhuman Suppression

The modern PRD system was perfected in 2098 by Dr. Vasily Kamarov, a leading scientist in bioenergetics and quantum dampening fields. Working under G.R.O.W.’s Advanced Containment Division, Kamarov's research led to the creation of three primary types of PRDs, with a fourth theoretical design that remains impractical due to its extreme energy requirements.

Dr. Kamarov believed that superhumans should not be eliminated but controlled, leading to the creation of PRDs that could be applied in law enforcement, containment, and military operations. However, his later years were plagued by ethical concerns—rumors surfaced that G.R.O.W. secretly experimented with permanent suppression implants, something Kamarov allegedly opposed before his mysterious disappearance in 2110.

The Three Official Types of PRDs:

Type 1: Dampening Fields (Localized Power Suppression)

• Purpose: Creates a field that limits or nullifies a superhuman’s abilities within a defined area.

• Technology: Uses quantum-dampening generators that interfere with the energy cores within superhumans (Brain, Heart, Dantian).

• Effectiveness:

• Works well on C to A-Rank superhumans.

• Partially effective on lower S-Ranks but requires multiple field generators.

• Completely useless against SSS+ beings, as their energy levels overpower the field instantly.

• Common Uses:

• Used in superhuman prisons to restrict the abilities of inmates.

• Installed in high-security government facilities.

• Deployed in riot-control situations to neutralize low-tier Empowered threats.

• Weaknesses:

• Power-intensive – requires constant energy input.

• Can be disrupted by high-intensity electromagnetic attacks.

• Ineffective against beings with reality-warping, soul-based, or cosmic-level abilities.

Notable Failure:

• In 2125, a Dampening Field was activated against Gluttony during her battle with 100 BULWARKS. The field collapsed within seconds, unable to suppress her soul-infused power output.

Type 2: Dampening Collars (Individual Restraints)

• Purpose: Suppresses powers at an individual level by restricting energy flow through the subject’s biological cores.

• Technology: Uses nanite-infused biotech nodes that interfere with neural and metabolic energy pathways.

• Effectiveness:

• Highly effective on C to A-Rank superhumans.

• Can disable certain S-Rank individuals, but only if properly calibrated.

• Completely useless against SSS-Rank and above, as their bodies naturally burn through or reject the suppression technology.

• Common Uses:

• Used in transportation of captured superhumans.

• Standard restraint for superpowered criminals.

• Issued to private security forces and law enforcement dealing with rogue Empowered.

• Weaknesses:

• Requires proper calibration—if the target’s energy fluctuates too much, the collar fails or breaks.

• Can be removed if the subject has superhuman reflexes, shapeshifting, or strength beyond the design’s threshold.

• Does not work on Descendants with high-tier regenerative abilities—they naturally adapt to or destroy the suppression effect.

Notable Failure:

• In 2119, a B-Rank pyrokinetic managed to melt his collar in under 30 minutes, leading to a prison breakout in Eastern Europe. This prompted urgent upgrades to collar material composition.

Type 3: Dampening Cells (Full Superhuman Containment)

• Purpose:Designed to fully suppress a superhuman within a reinforced, dampened environment.

• Technology:

• Walls are laced with suppression nanites that continuously absorb energy.

• Multiple layers of dampening fields prevent energy fluctuations.

• Atmosphere inside cells can be manipulated to weaken certain superhumans (e.g., reducing oxygen for fire-users).

• Effectiveness:

• Highly effective on A and S-Rank superhumans.

• Requires constant recalibration for higher S-Rank individuals.

• Completely useless against SSS+ superhumans, who can break through containment via sheer power output.

• Common Uses:

• Used in classified black-site prisons for long-term containment.

• Houses high-profile superhuman criminals deemed too dangerous for traditional incarceration.

• G.R.O.W. reserves these cells for interrogation and psychological breakdown tactics.

• Weaknesses:

• If power supply is interrupted, the cell fails instantly.

• Some superhumans can manipulate the internal energy fields, leading to dangerous feedback loops.

• Not scalable—each cell must be individually tailored to the prisoner, making mass production impractical.

Notable Failure:

• In 2117, a high-profile S-Rank teleporter escaped from a maximum-security Dampening Cell by exploiting a small energy fluctuation in the field. This forced G.R.O.W. to redesign their security systems.

Secret PRD Project: The "Planetary Suppression Grid" (Unusable Tech)

• Purpose: A planet-wide dampening field meant to suppress superhuman activity on a global scale.

• Technology: Theoretical quantum suppression satellites linked to a ground-based energy core capable of broadcasting dampening waves across an entire planet.

• Effectiveness:

• Would be the only known method to suppress all superhumans simultaneously.

• Even S+ Rank beings would feel some suppression effects.

• However, it has NEVER been used.

• Weaknesses:

• Energy requirement is astronomical—even the largest fusion reactors cannot sustain it for more than a few hours.

• If any part of the system fails, the entire suppression collapses instantly.

• The cost and power demand make it completely impractical.

Notable Debate:

• G.R.O.W. has debated activating this during extreme crises, but the power constraints make it an impossible weapon. Some conspiracies suggest that "The Contractor" might have had a hand in ensuring this technology never worked.

Conclusion: PRDs Are Flawed But Necessary

PRDs remain a crucial tool in humanity’s fight against uncontrollable superhumans. While effective on lower-tier threats, they fail against the most powerful beings, making them a temporary measure rather than a true solution. With S+ Rank superhumans continuing to grow in number, the future of PRD technology remains uncertain—will humanity find a way to suppress the unstoppable, or will they be forced to accept the rise of god-like beings?

[itsnothingbutluck]

Professor John Windsor is a surgeon who holds a personal chair in surgery at the University of Auckland. His current research includes the role of toxic mesenteric lymph in the promotion of multiple organ failure; the investigation of specific mitochondrial therapies to restore cellular bioenergetics; the mapping and modulation of gastric electrical activity; and the development of medical devices. Over the last five years, John has published 80 manuscripts, raised $6m in grants and given over 100 invited talks

[pharmaphorumuk]

Clene goes public with gold-based neurology nanotechnology

Biotech Clene Nanomedicine has gone public with a mission to use nanotherapeutics that will use gold to treat devastating neurological diseases including Parkinson’s disease.

Over the Christmas period Clene closed a reverse merger with Tottenham Acquisition I Limited, allowing shares to be publicly traded on the Nasdaq stock exchange.

The US-based company says it aims to revolutionise treatment of diseases including multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a new class of drugs that use gold to catalyse the cellular reactions fundamental to life.

Proceeds from the transaction totalled $31.9 million, combining funds held in Tottenham’s trust account and financing from Clene shareholders.

The current pipeline includes a phase 3 study in ALS and four phase 2 studies in ALS, MS and Parkinson’s.

Lead candidate is CNM-Au8, is an orally administered, bioenergetic gold nanocatalyst designed to enhance critical intracellular bioenergetic reactions necessary for repairing and reversing neuronal damage.

The company says its approach is based on the understanding that energy is the essential building block to life and that bioenergetic failure underlies the makeup of many neurodegenerative diseases.

Clene says its technology is based on active nanocrystals to activate reactions within the body that have shown to enhance cellular repair and regeneration.

Preliminary blinded data from the phase 2 RESCUE-ALS trial announced at the Symposium on ALS/MND show that more than 40% of enrolled patients with completed 12-week data experienced an improvement in motor neuron function as assessed by a standardised score.

Compared to baseline values the average score showed an increase that exceeded the expectations on which the study was based, the company said.

This suggested that CNM-Au8 may have neuro-reparative potential in ALS and expects completed unblinded results from the RESCUE-ALS study in the second half of 2021.

CNM-Au8 was selected as one of the first drug regimens to be evaluated in the phase 3 HEALEY ALS Platform Trial, a placebo-controlled study testing several novel ALS therapies at the same time to cut costs.

It includes substantial financial support from philanthropic donors and foundations and provides access to 54 expert ALS clinical trial sites across the US.

Dosing was initiated in the Clene-specific portion of the platform trial in July 2020 and full enrolment is expected by the end of Q2 2021, with top-line data available in the first half of 2022.

  The post Clene goes public with gold-based neurology nanotechnology appeared first on .

from https://pharmaphorum.com/news/clene-goes-public-with-gold-based-neurology-nanotechnology/

[expertmarketresearch]

Alternative cancer treatment therapies are now a days are actively involved in limiting the growth of cancer. These therapies are also known as precision medicines. Recently alternative cancer treatment have gained increasing focus in the industry as these therapies forms that uses complementary and alternative methods or techniques to  prevent, and treat cancer at an earlier stage. Alternative cancer treatment market comprises of acupuncture, aromatherapy, exercise, hypnosis, massage, meditation, music therapy, relaxation techniques, yoga and other alternative therapies. Alternative treatments may not assume an immediate part in curing the tumor, yet they may enable you to adapt to signs and indications caused by various diseases. Basic signs and side effects, for example, nervousness, weakness, vomiting and pain, and stress might be decreased by these natural elective medicines. There are numerous choices one could seek after in elective growth medications and a brainy consolidated approach is regularly the best. In any case, certain elements stay clear and predictable and those are the contributing tumor factors that any treatment should completely address: informational signaling interference fields (bioenergetic blockages), unresolved traumatic emotional conflicts, excess of toxins, inadequate drainage, and failure of nutrient delivery systems.

[michellebroadwin]

Psychological Solution and Anxiety Therapy at San Diego

Sandiegotherapy is becoming the center of attraction among its competitors in san diego due to its widespread and reliable services in various psychological fields. Here the discussion is about its most widely adopted services. These are cognitive behavioral therapy, Somatic therapy, and Mindfulness therapy.

Cognitive behavioral therapy San Diego CBT can be an extremely accommodating device ― either alone or in mix with different treatments for treating emotional wellness problems, for example, discouragement, post-awful pressure issue (PTSD) or a dietary issue. The thing to remember is that not every person who looks for CBT has an emotional well-being condition. CBT can be a successful instrument to assist anybody with figuring out how all oversee unpleasant life circumstances

Mindfulness therapy San Diego fuses care contemplation rehearses into the treatment meeting. It focuses on soothing enduring the development of three fundamental regions of human turn of events: 1) knowledge or intelligence, 2) able to conduct, and 3) cherishing consideration and sympathy for self as well as for other people. The research showed that many people enlighten themselves concerning themselves as a center of self-hatred, self-judgment, self-fault, and self-question. In all cases these negative stories are false. The genuine story of you is one of self-viability, adorableness, acknowledgment, and liberality. Mindfulness therapy permits you to encounter the distressful substance of psyche, and open to your inborn brilliant, clear, euphoric, quiet and unperturbed brain.

The treatment of therapist for mindfulness therapy includes overcoming sorrow, tension life changes, stress Management, post traumatic stress disorder, eco-related concerns-melancholy, uneasiness, despondency, separation , dietary issues family Counseling, child rearing Support, formatively delayed children and families. We offer the occasion to learn therapy gists that are explicit to the exceptional needs and worries of every patient. We educate in every meeting individual mindfulness practices to help mending and empower reflection practices to help emotional wellness.

Somatic therapy San Diego is a treatment that was created by Peter Levine for physical traumas. It includes coordinated standards got from the comprehension of our complex sensory systems, care, development and bioenergetics to build up a treatment that can offer a body-based goal to injury. This treatment offers a guide to see how one gets trapped in battle, flight, freeze or a breakdown response and offers clinical devices to determine these physiological states. Our somatic therapists’ underpins recuperating injury. Injury is an outrageous type of dread joined by a condition of apparent defenselessness—and regularly misery. Manifestations of injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can incorporate passionate deadness eliminated from the real world, rage, persistently meddling recollections of injury that appear to occur right now, failure to recognize flashbacks from genuine events, and being unequipped for acting, immobilized with dread or tension. The uplifting news however, is that all people are conceived pre-set up with a cycle for recuperating from horrible manifestations.

 In addition to above services, people also look for relationship therapist san diego and anxiety treatment san diego to get maximum benefit and heal their mental illness.

[blueoaknx]

Mitochondria and Post-Traumatic Stress 

The Connection Between Mitochondria and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Introduction

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric condition that can manifest following exposure to traumatic events. While the psychological and behavioral dimensions of PTSD have been extensively explored, emerging evidence suggests a significant role of mitochondrial dysfunction in its pathophysiology. This article aims to provide a formal analysis of the relationship between mitochondria and PTSD, emphasizing mitochondrial mechanisms, neuroinflammatory processes, and potential therapeutic interventions.

Mitochondrial Function and Structure

Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles essential for cellular energy production, primarily through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). They contain their own circular DNA (mtDNA) and are responsible for synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via the electron transport chain (ETC). Key functions of mitochondria include:

ATP Synthesis: Mitochondria generate ATP through a series of redox reactions facilitated by the ETC, which comprises complexes I-IV and ATP synthase.

Regulation of Metabolism: These organelles play a pivotal role in various metabolic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism.

Apoptosis Regulation: Mitochondria release pro-apoptotic factors, such as cytochrome c, which are integral to the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in response to cellular stress.

Calcium Homeostasis: Mitochondria modulate intracellular calcium levels, which are crucial for cellular signaling and neurotransmitter release.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic Stress and PTSD

Chronic stress, a precursor to PTSD, has been shown to induce mitochondrial dysfunction through various mechanisms:

Impaired ATP Production: Chronic stress can result in mitochondrial bioenergetic failure, characterized by reduced ATP synthesis due to inhibited OXPHOS. This energy deficit adversely affects neuronal function and synaptic plasticity, contributing to cognitive and emotional dysregulation.

Increased Oxidative Stress: Stress-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defenses, leading to oxidative damage of mtDNA, proteins, and lipids. This oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of various psychiatric disorders, including PTSD.

Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics: Mitochondria undergo continuous fission and fusion, processes that are essential for maintaining mitochondrial function and integrity. Chronic stress can disrupt these dynamics, resulting in fragmented mitochondria and impaired function. Observations of altered mitochondrial morphology in PTSD may suggest a role in the disorder's pathology.

Dysregulation of Calcium Signaling: Mitochondrial calcium uptake is critical for regulating neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis due to mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the heightened anxiety and mood disturbances characteristic of PTSD.

Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature of PTSD, characterized by the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in amplifying neuroinflammatory responses:

Mitochondria as Regulators of Inflammation: Mitochondria play a crucial role in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that promotes the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Dysfunctional mitochondria may increase ROS production, further activating microglia and exacerbating neuroinflammation.

Cytokine Release: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), can impair mitochondrial function, creating a feedback loop that sustains neuroinflammation and contributes to the persistence of PTSD symptoms.

Impact on Neural Circuitry: Neuroinflammation can disrupt neural circuitry, particularly in regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, which are critical for emotional regulation and fear processing. Such disruptions may lead to the hyperarousal and emotional dysregulation observed in PTSD.

Genetic and Epigenetic Influences

Genetic predisposition and epigenetic modifications can significantly influence mitochondrial function and the susceptibility to PTSD. Specific polymorphisms in genes associated with mitochondrial dynamics (e.g., PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis) may affect an individual’s response to stress and trauma.

Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, can be altered by environmental stressors, impacting mitochondrial gene expression. These changes may influence mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress responses, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of PTSD.

Therapeutic Implications

Understanding the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and PTSD offers several avenues for therapeutic intervention:

Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants: Compounds such as MitoQ and SkQ1 are designed to selectively target mitochondria and mitigate oxidative stress. These agents may protect against mitochondrial damage and restore cellular function, potentially alleviating PTSD symptoms.

Exercise and Physical Activity: Regular physical activity enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and improves overall mitochondrial function. Exercise has been demonstrated to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation while promoting neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, thus offering a comprehensive approach to mitigating PTSD.

Nutritional Interventions: Diets rich in antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E, polyphenols) and omega-3 fatty acids may support mitochondrial health and reduce neuroinflammation. Nutritional strategies can also improve mood and cognitive function, providing additional benefits for individuals with PTSD.

Pharmacological Approaches: Investigational drugs targeting mitochondrial function or enhancing energy metabolism hold promise for treating PTSD. Ongoing research into compounds that improve mitochondrial dynamics or protect against oxidative damage is critical.

Mindfulness and Stress Reduction Techniques: Interventions such as mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may help mitigate chronic stress, potentially leading to improvements in mitochondrial function and overall mental health.

Conclusion

The intricate relationship between mitochondria and PTSD highlights the necessity for a comprehensive approach to understanding and treating this multifaceted disorder. Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to play a critical role in the physiological changes associated with PTSD, influencing energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory processes. By prioritizing mitochondrial health through lifestyle modifications, targeted therapies, and nutritional interventions, it may be possible to improve outcomes for individuals suffering from PTSD. Continued research is imperative to further elucidate these connections and explore novel therapeutic strategies aimed at addressing the underlying biological mechanisms of PTSD, ultimately paving the way for more effective treatments for this challenging condition.

[madamlaydebug]

STAR MANDALA Mandala is in fact a Circle, and everything what is round or a Circle with the midpoint is Mandala. Mandala emittes LIGHT, colors and shapes from the Centre to the outside. The more the structure is in the correct balance, from top to bottom, from right to left, the more we see perfection. Mandala can be seen anywhere. We can see it in a Universe as a Galaxy that orbits around its Central Sun or even in the Infinite Space orbiting around its Large Core which indefinitely and continuously supplies everything with WARMTH and LIGHT. It can be seen in nature as beautiful flower or Sun with its rays of Sunlight, also human eye is a Mandala, etc. Very beautiful Mandala can be created by human hand, if the person is mentally clean and associated with HEART energy. So were created Mandalas from Tibetans and other heartful people from the east. We find them everywhere, even in Christianity and all other religions. In Slovenia and all around the planet there are people whose HEARTS draw Mandalas, which reflect and spread beautiful energy. Mandala influence very positively on human and his soul. If we look at a variety of paintings, they always present things that remind or associate your mind with something - they evoke memories or events. By looking at them your mind becomes busy. For example, we look at the picture with a house, a beautiful meadow, birds, cows, sunny weather, etc. All of the above reminds you of something. A cow can remind you of milk products, a house can summon memories of future plans – by looking at the picture you just cannot keep your concentration and what is worst, it deadens your senses. You don't see birds how they fly, nor can you hear them sing, you don't smell the flowers or feel the wormth of the sun, etc.. But when you look at the Mandala it doesn't remind you of anything. All that you see is something perfect, beautiful and relaxing for your eyes and your mind – you simply see complete ORDER with a beginning or a goal in the Centre. Eyes relax, mind calms, in your thoughts arise ORDER, balance and harmony. All of this has an influence on your further concentration, decision-making, on how you feel, and on your following actions. The most positive pictures and paintings besides Mandalas are the ones with high Mountains, surrounded by snow, perhaps with morning Sunlight. There is the most beautiful energy created by very Positive Spirits from higher areas. Whenever you go to Mountains there is ORDER in your thoughts, your mind slows down, HEART laughs and you feel joy and happiness. You feel Positive Energy for a longer period also when you return home from the Mountains. Similar feelings are created when you look at the Stars on a clear night sky – Galactic Centre Points or the Suns and around them orbiting Planets that we can not see. Mandala also produces such feelings and effects, when it is made with HEART Energy and positioned in the right place. Each Mandala expands its own energy. Some are healing, others build-up energy or give you the power of love, some give you the power to forgive, again others put you back in balance, etc.. Just by a look it warms you, it clears you up, makes you happy. It is the best positive accessory when hung in homes, offices, places that require concentration, or schools. In hospitals Mandala would be very welcome; in short, in any place where it can come into contact with many people. For example: if an extremely hostile person comes to you, he will begin to change just after one look of the Mandala. When he goes away he'll be friendly and happy. Of course it depends on the strength, purity and perfection of Mandala. Each Mandala is consisted of a Central Point and shapes that spread around in the form of a Star. Masters from east make 8 point stars and an outer shape of 16 or even 64 point stars, etc.. Mandalas can also be made by a different structure, such as 6, 12, 24, or 48 points, and together with the Central point they may present altogether 49 points. Example: human has 7 chakras, or 7 Energy Centers and each combines the properties of other 6, so the total sum of 7 x 7 is 49 or a Central Point plus a 48 point star – like a circle orbiting its Core. All Seven Centers differ on their purpose and colors: 1. The First Centre, which is the lowest is red (Love) – it is the basic Energy and WARMTH. This is the driving Energy for the whole body. 2. The Second Centre is orange (Wisdom). It is the LIGHT that comes out of the First Centre – like Wisdom is born out of Love or LIGHT is born out of heat and not vice versa. This Centre gives you insight into what is right and what is wrong, between good and evil, between LIGHT and darkness. It also helps to relieve you from bodily passions, such as physical love or sexual instinct, etc. . 3. The Third Centre is yellow (Will) - plexus solaris. It is the Centre where evil energy most strongly influences to take away your ability to do good, to do the right things. The most effective protection for this Centre is Star Stone Tektite. 4. The Fourth Centre is green (ORDER) - HEART. Green as the fourth in a row is also found in the rainbow, which is composed of seven colors, and also in the rainbow, green is in the middle or fourth in a row. Number 7 is composed out of a number 1 and number 3 at each side. From number 7 we get a 6 point star with Center Point in the middle. If we don't have Central Point which regulates all, we don't have ORDER, and where there is no ORDER, there is chaos. Also human who works, thinks, falls in love and if he isn't doing it from his Central Point which is HEART, his life is one big lie. He will have plenty of failures and disappointments. 5. The second half of triangle starts with the Fifth Centre which is blue (Severity). This is the Centre for throat, mouth and speech. With words you can bless, heal or hurt. Only when you start something with Severity you will succeed and also your neighbor will find easier to trust you and ask you for your help if your lips radiate Severity, goodness, etc. . The expression of your lips tells a lot. 6. The Sixth Center is indigo blue (Patience) and it is between the eyebrows. For humans, it is of great importance, because only with very great deal of Patience can you achieve maximum goals, such as upbringing, partnership, carrying out various jobs. How patient must be our CREATOR, when he watches how we destroy ourselves, our families and the entire Planet. This Centre is also known as clairvoyance or the third eye. 7. The Seventh, the highest Centre is purple (God's Compassion) and has so much value as the Central Point or HEART. God's Compassion is something entirely else than human compassion. It's much more than words can describe. We have the greatest example of the most perfect man who ever came to our planet and who out of his great Compassion for us all took on himself so much pain to the extreme limit of human capabilities. He conquered death and spiritualised his body for all Eternity. He showed us the path that we can all walk, of course in the easier way, to become perfect and to make our body immortal. We also have 7 days in a week (Wednesday is in the middle), 7 basic tones, etc.. In Mandala, 12 months, 12 celestial signs, 12 apostles with JESUS as a Centre Point are of strong importance. Our solar system is currently located in the Photon Belt which we are crossing after 12 cycles into a circle again. This path is called Zodiac, which is divided into 12 signs. In Photon Belt, velocity of Stars around Central Sun is greatly increased: that is why we have the feeling that time flies fast. One universal sign lasts little more than 2,100 years, so the whole path of the Galaxy around the precentral sun lasts a little less than 26,000 years. These 12 signs have names, and so from 1990 we went out of the Age of Pisces (water that is condensed air) into the age of Aquarius which depicts the air. You can see how big changes began to happen in the Age of Aquarius. Cell phones, computers, bioenergetics, fortunetellers, more and more people began looking for something else, many are beginning to be spiritual, others began to read spiritual literature, handling crystals, many denounce coarse food such as meat, etc.. If we look at a man and a woman together that have one HEART, we get two 6 point stars or one 12 point star with a common Centre Point or Core which is ORDER or one HEART of them both. One HEART is the perfect bond or pure love of two kindred souls of opposite or same gender. This may also apply to two or more men and two or more women (of course, without physical love, only in Spirit). We take, for example, two complete pairs of related souls, we get a 24 point star with the common Centre etc.. Number 24 is also present around Central Sun and everything that exists (in the middle is the Almighty and All-Seeing God and 24 elders around him). Where there is pure love for God and Heartfulness as the Centre of us all, there are no boundaries and obstacles, there is only great harmony and infinite happiness. CREATOR and FATHER OF ALL INFINITY, which is the Centre of Everything says, "Where there are two or three (or more) in my name, am I, the CREATOR, pure Love and LIGHT of Wisdom, between you in the middle." It is also good to know that human is an image of God and he is a miniature of the Large Universe, which consists the same important numbers. That's why Mandalas with this structure are the most complete and also the most powerful. The more someone makes effort and draws from his HEART (bad thoughts are only in your head) and Love for all living around him, the more Mandala is beautiful and strong. Negative people are unable to draw Mandalas and can not succeed in them because they lack Patience, their thoughts are employed by problems and worries, anger and the like. Some Heartful people go even further and draw Mandala without any measuring devices (ruler and compass). This also requires a lot of drawing and painting time, at least 50 or 100 or much more patient hours of work. Very soothing and effective Mandala is on the ceiling. I drew 3 meter large Mandala for one year on a ceiling for an acquaintance and her life has radically changed. She said that whenever she wakes up she first sees the Mandala, which makes her happy throughout the day and everything works for her. First morning thoughts influence on the further course of the day. Hence the old proverb: "You know the day after the morning" or "I got up on the wrong foot." She got a steady job, bought her first car, met her first serious man, they now have a few children and a happy family. The last time I saw them was while I was hiking. They enjoyed themselves on a top of a snowy Mountain. Mandala created on a paper in combination with Mandala of earth crystals or Star Stones offer best assistance and LIGHT Energy to rise to the highest spiritual transformation and HEART, as your Centre becomes master of your body and not the head like with majority. This is also the reason why we are pinned down so deep, in the whole world crisis. Therefore people with big, pure HEART and a great deal of HUMILITY, Meekness and Simplicity will be the ones in the near future who will lead nations and the entire Planet. Then we'll all become One, One Herd and One Shepherd, a big Mandala with a common Centre Point, the core that is all-ORDER or HEART, around which everything revolves and retains all the power and heat which permeates into the Eternal pre-LIGHT. On the entire Planet, our Beloved Earth has already been creating a special MANDALA. This will be the most beautiful Mandala in the entire Universe, created by us, human beings, that are lead by our HEARTS, that we are trying to do only good, forgive, do good for evil, that we are blessing our BELOVED BROTHERS and SISTERS who are lost in matter, lost in pride which is the root of all evil, from which rises the desire for power, arrogance, malice etc. . From love for our neighbors and God, the CORE which is one big HEART consisted of our small HEARTS, there is already expanding an indestructible and powerful LIGHT that will awaken all lost and together we will not create Paradise but on earth HEAVEN for ETERNITY.

[billion-heartbeats]

Medical pluralism: Modern medicine + Ayurveda + Medical yoga:

:

                            Medical pluralism: Modern medicine + Ayurveda + Medical yoga

Health Is “a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

 Medicine is the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

 In fact, now the term “alternative medicine” is out. Integrative medicine is the new medicine!

 Integrative medicine is an approach to care that puts the patient at the centre and addresses the full range of physical, emotional, mental, social, spiritual and environmental influences that affect a person’s health.

 1994- Dr Andrew Weil, the Harvard-educated physician, author, lecturer, and internationally recognized pioneer of integrative and holistic health, founded the Program in Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona. Today approximately half of America’s medical schools and many institutions globally have signed on to an integrative medicine consortium.

  Integrative medicine is an emerging field described as the blending of conventional and evidence-based complementary medicine with a focus on healthy habits in a healthy habitat. Broad categories for integrative therapies include:

·       lifestyle - nutrition, exercise, environmental and mind body medicine,

·       biochemical - medications, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements,

·       biomechanical- massage, spinal manipulation chiropractic and osteopathic adjustments and surgery,

·       bioenergetics - acupuncture, therapeutic touch, prayer and spirituality, homeopathy. 

 Principles of integrative medicine

 All people have innate healing powers.

The patient is a person, not a disease.

Healing takes a team approach involving the patient and doctor, and addresses all aspects of a person's life using a variety of health care practices.

 The state of medical and health care is in crisis!  

 The health care crisis is the progressive and massive rise in costs coupled with a failure of the system to provide care. Poor quality and yet expensive healthcare, is becoming a national crisis for India.

 In the current Allopathic system, we have an acute-disease system for a chronic-disease population. There is a trust deficit of a serios magnitude between the doctors and the patients. The bottom line is that those who were meant to be healers are beginning to be hated. The anger is almost palpable. Stories of feeling cheated abound. Under market pressure, clinical medicine has been transformed into finance-based medicine…

   Most Popular Alternative Healing Therapies

  Acupuncture – One of the better-known alternative healing therapies is acupuncture. ...

Acupressure – Acupressure just like acupuncture works on the principal of various specific points being energy centres of the human body. ...

Ayurveda – Ayurveda is an ancient healing practice that originated in India.

Yoga and yoga chikithse/ treatment

Hypnotism

  Modern medical practices have attracted criticisms, for an emphasis on intervening in disease rather than preventing it beforehand. But in health, an alternative approach called wellness has emerged, focused on investing in health before it breaks down. Wellness argues for cultivating health a little every day, not just restoring it during calamities. 

  Go to the roots. 

 Western medicine tends to fight symptoms, whether suppressing coughs or flooding the brains of the depressed with serotonin. Wellness is interested in underlying causes. Wellness sees the causes of and remedies for ailments as lying within us. Avoid infection by building immunity. Defeat disease by eating foods that help the body heal itself.

Each medical stream has strengths and weaknesses. if they are integrated then the health care will be comprehensive. In medical education such integration should start at graduate and post graduate levels.

 Combining AYUSH with modern medicine will be effective, especially for treating non-communicable diseases. India is faced with a highly complex scenario. On the one hand, there is the unfinished agenda of under-nutrition and communicable diseases, on the other, the burden of non-communicable ailments is crippling the lives of millions.

 Unlike modern medicine, alternative systems follow a more holistic approach, with the objective of promoting overall well-being instead of focussing on curing illness alone. Such an approach assumes even greater significance in the case of non-communicable diseases which are difficult to treat once they have developed into chronic conditions. Internationally, greater scientific evidence is becoming available regarding the health impact of alternative systems of medicine, especially Yoga. For instance, a study conducted by Massachusetts General Hospital and the Benson-Henry Institute demonstrated that Yoga and meditation could result in a 43 per cent reduction in healthcare costs.

 While TCAM-Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine and modern medicine stay as separate watertight compartments in theory, but in practice, things have been quite different.

The TCAM and modern medicine systems have not been harmonised. Health being a state subject adds an extra layer of complexity to any national level initiative. Indeed, there are states like Maharashtra who have adopted a realistic approach where TCAM professionals are allowed to practice modern medicine and prescribe drugs, after completing a one-year course. There is strong resistance to any such initiative by professional bodies representing modern medicine.

 Modern medicine

 Allopathic medicine is very unbalanced in placing all its emphasis on external interventions.  some patients feel lost in our current health care system- from high-touch, high-tech, specialized, expensive, sometimes impersonal health care. They see specialist after specialist and receive prescription after prescription and test after test. Yet the cure is distant!

  Increasing numbers of medical colleges have started offering courses in alternative medicine. Integrative medicine began to have an impact on medical education in USA when 8 medical school deans met in 1999 to discuss complementary and alternative medicine. This meeting led to the establishment of the Consortium of Academic Health Centres for Integrative Medicine, composed initially of 11 academic centres. By 2012, this group had grown to 54 medical and health profession schools in the United States, Canada, and Mexico that have established integrative medicine programs. India is yet to take concrete steps in the process of integration.

A 200-hour curriculum for Integrative Medicine in Residency has been developed and is now in place in 30 family practice and 2 internal medicine residencies in USA. The curriculum includes many of the topics that are not covered in the medical school curriculum, such as nutrition, mind–body therapies, nutritional and botanical supplements, alternative therapies- acupuncture, massage, and chiropractic, and lifestyle medicine. A similar curriculum for paediatric residencies is being developed. The eventual goal is to include integrative medicine skills and competencies in all residency programs.

 Biofeedback

Biofeedback is a type of mind-body therapy. Using feedback from a variety of monitoring procedures and equipment, a biofeedback specialist will try to teach you to control certain involuntary body responses, such as: brain activity, blood pressure, muscle tension and heart rate. Biofeedback has been shown to be helpful in treating several medical conditions, including asthma, Raynaud’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, headaches, cardiac arrhythmias, high blood pressure, epilepsy, etc.

 The term meditation refers to a variety of techniques or practices intended to focus or control attention. Most of them are rooted in religious or spiritual traditions. These techniques have been used by many different cultures throughout the world for thousands of years. Scientific investigation of these practices has begun quite recently, however, to better understand whether they work; if so, how; and for what diseases/conditions and populations.

 Death is ultimate. But Not before it is due! 

 The ultimate reality is death, whatever manoeuvres one may carry out to prevent it, which explains why modern medicine’s propulsion is towards control, not cure or prevention. The epitome is palliation, not of cure, or prevention. Motto of Modern medicine-To cure, what can be cured, to comfort always, to hurt or harm the least! 

Prevention and cure must be consciously, and vigorously, promoted. Why allow what must occur only at the end to override this process?

if ultimately death must prevail, one must know when to give way, and stop struggling, to ensure a dignified exit. The whole expenditure of human resources to avoid the inevitable when it has to occur will then stop. Modern medicine’s role of helplessness mixed with grandiosity that promotes life at any cost e.g. in persistent vegetative states, will then end. Cure and prevention must guide our consciousness, and our efforts, even as we accept the truth of death, which will ultimately prevail.

  The first goal of medicine is that “no one gets sick”. This is what I mean by Primary prevention. Early detection and prompt treatment is secondary prevention. Restoring function and reducing disability is tertiary prevention!

 Modern medicine has done much in the fields of infectious diseases and emergencies to aid cure. In most other fields, it is mostly control that it achieves which is another name for palliation. Modern medicine has progressed, and we must thank the whole bunch of researchers and clinicians for it. But so, has pathology, micro biology, pharmacology and research. It is not that the number of diseased has reduced, nor total quantum of distress related to it.

 Modern Medicine has increased longevity, made old age liveable, reduced infant mortality, made everyday living itself more distress-free by the numerous medicines and procedures in our armoury; as also of course some remarkable successes with emergency care. we have not reduced the number of diseased, nor found cures for diseases except the infectious.

 What medicine needs to do is propel towards cure on one hand and prevention on the other. What should the modern doctor be doing? He should either prevent a disease so that it does not occur, or cures it if it occurs. What does the modern doctor, me included, do? He neither prevents, nor cures in any but a few conditions. He only controls spread of the disease, and palliates while so doing.

 Why prevention is not the first goal of physicians?

 clean water, nutritious food, clean and disaster free habitation, proper sanitation, control of pollution, poverty alleviation, empowerment of the deprived and disadvantaged, life-style modifications are the pre-requisites- which involves multiple agencies, not in control of medicine and its movers. This is one prime reason why it is not top of the agenda of clinicians, perhaps! 

 The thrust and focus must shift from control and palliation to cure and prevention. The ultimate goal is longevity with well-being, of which freedom from disease is a very important ingredient. Major research funding must guide these efforts, even as we do not neglect greater refinements in modern ‘palliative’ medicine.

 Medical Yoga Therapy

   Within the past decade, yoga has infiltrated not only Western culture, but also Western medicine. The more we learn about this ancient practice, the more we realize that its benefits go far beyond increasing flexibility and muscle tone. 

Modern medicine has made enormous progress in controlling communicable diseases over the past century, such that it is now the non-communicable diseases that have reached epidemic proportions and cause the majority of deaths worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of NCD deaths are due to four main disease types: cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and respiratory diseases.

  Lifestyle is the major causative factor in NCDs, including tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, lack of regular exercise, unhealthy diets and chronic psychosocial stress. Chronic inflammation and stress are a common factor of many of the NCDs, and an area where yoga has been found to be extremely beneficial.

 Science of Yoga

   Yoga is a science. It is an applied science, a systematised collection of laws applied to bring about a definite end. It takes up the laws of psychology, applicable to the unfolding of the whole consciousness of man on every plane, in every world, and applies those rationally in a particular case. This rational application of the laws of unfolding consciousness acts exactly on the same principles that you see applied around you every day.  

 It thickens the layers of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain associated with higher learning, and increases neuroplasticity, which helps us learn new things. The emotional brain is able to initiate a ‘stress response’ via the sympathetic nervous system which culminates in adrenaline and cortisol racing through our circulation. The logical brain is always trying to ‘turn-off’ this stress response and it is also trying to restrain the emotional brain. The stronger our logical brain, the better it becomes at doing these two things. When the stress response is ‘turned off’, our parasympathetic nervous system signal is ‘turned on’. This signal ‘relaxes’ the body. So, a strong logical brain goes hand in hand with relaxation.

 “Yoga is training this entire stress circuit at two levels. First, every time we are ‘holding’ a posture, staying very still to concentrate or trying to balance, our logical brain is being activated. When we are bending forwards, our ‘relaxation’ signal is being turned on through the ‘switches’ in the neck. Bending forwards and concentrating at the same time is triggering both the logical brain and the relaxation signal at the same time.”

  Medical Yoga Therapy or Yoga chikithse is defined as the use of yoga practices for the prevention and treatment of medical conditions. Medical yoga also incorporates appropriate breathing techniques, mindfulness, and meditation in order to achieve the maximum benefits. Yogic breathing- the Pranayama is a unique method for balancing the autonomic nervous system and influencing psychological and stress-related disorders.

 Medical yoga therapy, ideally, is an individualized, personalized and holistic approach that considers not only the patient’s mind, body and spirit, but also their family, support network, work situation, and culture, as part of the patient’s individualized treatment plan

 There is sufficient evidence to consider Sudarshan Kriya Yoga to be beneficial, low-risk, low-cost adjunct to the treatment of stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, stress-related medical illnesses, substance abuse, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. Yogic breathing, defined as a manipulation of breath movement, has been shown to positively affect immune function, autonomic nervous system imbalances, and psychological or stress-related disorders.

 Ayurveda

   The main classical Ayurveda texts begin with accounts of the transmission of medical knowledge from the Gods to sages, and then to human physicians. Ayurveda envisages body, mind and consciousness work together in maintaining balance.

Ayurveda is “The Science of Life.” Ayurvedic knowledge originated in India more than 5,000 years ago and is often called the “Mother of All Healing. Knowledge of Ayurveda enables one to understand how to create this balance of body, mind and consciousness according to one’s own individual constitution and how to make lifestyle changes to bring about and maintain this balance.

 Ayurveda has eight ways to diagnose illness, called Nadi - pulse, Mootra- urine, Mala - stool, Jihva- tongue, Shabda - speech, Sparsha - touch), Druk - vision, and Aakruti - appearance. Ayurvedic practitioners approach diagnosis by using the five senses. Ayurveda follows the concept of Dinacharya, which says that natural cycles - waking, sleeping, working, meditation etc. are important for health. Hygiene, including regular bathing, cleaning of teeth, tongue scraping, skin care, and eye washing, is also a central practice. panchakarma are techniques to eliminate toxic elements from the body.

 Ayurveda identifies three basic types of energy or functional principles that are present in everyone and everything. Since there are no single words in English that convey these concepts, we use the original Sanskrit words vata, pitta and kapha. These principles can be related to the basic biology of the body.

 The basic difference between Ayurveda and Western allopathic medicine is important to understand. Western allopathic medicine currently tends to focus on symptomatology and disease, and primarily uses drugs and surgery to rid the body of pathogens or diseased tissue. Many lives have been saved by this approach. In fact, surgery is encompassed by Ayurveda. However, drugs, because of their toxicity, often weaken the body.

 Ayurveda addresses all aspects of life — the body, mind and spirit. It recognizes that each of us is unique, each responds differently to the many aspects of life, each possesses different strengths and weaknesses. Through insight, understanding and experience Ayurveda presents a vast wealth of information on the relationships between causes and their effects, both immediate and subtle, for each unique individual.

 In a 2008 study, close to 21% of Ayurveda U.S. and Indian-manufactured patent medicines sold through the Internet were found to contain toxic levels of heavy metals, specifically lead, mercury, and arsenic. The public health implications of such metallic contaminants in India are known to cause toxic deleterious effects on the vital organs of the body.

Currently, Ayurvedic practitioners are not licensed in the United States, and there is no national standard for Ayurvedic training or certification. However, Ayurvedic schools have gained approval as educational institutions in some states.  

 Conclusions

Let’s turn the course from palliation and control to prevention and cure. Let’s first think it’s possible.

To ensure longevity with well-being, let’s not discount the work of complementary and alternative medicine. Rather submit them to rigorous scientific scrutiny.

We also need to promote longevity studies.

While the demand for alternative systems of medicine has been on the rise, there is still some scepticism perhaps due to the paucity of large-scale studies in India and elsewhere demonstrating its effectiveness.

Resistance of some modern medicine practitioners is another key roadblock.

The time is ripe to systematically promote and mainstream integrative medicine. We are faced with a dual disease burden on the one hand and have a rich history of traditional medicine to tap into, on the other. While the last few years have witnessed a number of enabling policy interventions, more needs to be done to reap the full benefits of integrative medicine.

Many forms of alternative medicine are rejected by conventional medicine because the efficacy of the treatments has not been demonstrated through double-blind randomized controlled trials; in contrast, conventional drugs reach the market only after such trials have proved their efficacy. 

 Take home message

A paradigm shift in mainstream medicine from control and palliation to prevention and cure must prevail. The ultimate goal is longevity with well-being.

 Modern medicine must look closely at the claims of alternative and complementary medicine, including yoga, meditation and spirituality. Rather, it must submit their claims to rigorous scientific and experimental scrutiny. Some recent studies in yoga in general are promising in this direction. Studies of meditation as an adjunct to modern medicine deserve special mention here. Some promising leads are in works on Longevity and health through yogic meditation and meditation in general meditative practices for health and their clinical trials.

   Dr N prabhudev

Former Director

Former VC Bangalore university

Former Chairman Karnataka Health commission

[juniperpublishers-oajnn-blog]

Individual Neuronal Apoptosis Provokes DeterminedNecrosis of the Regional Cerebral Infarct in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

Authored by  Lawrence M Agius

Abstract

Interplay pathway dynamics are constitutive agonists in an evolving ischemic focus within the brain that is triggered by apoptotic programmed cell death that is subsequently established as a necrotic focus of infarction within the cerebral cortex of many patients with stroke. The evolutionary dynamics further permit the activation of potentially neuroprotective measures that primarily attempt limitation of involvement of adjacent less injured neurons but subsequently by the establishment of transformed penumbra to a necrotic focus of infarction. Within such contextual transformations, the individual apoptotic neuron determines the characterized infarcted region as necrotic focus formulation. Individual neuronal apoptosis provokes determined necrosis of the regional cerebral infarct in patients with ischemic stroke.

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Introduction

Stroke patients comprise a large number of patients with a highly significant degree of cerebral ischemia that is best exemplified by the transient focal ischemia models in experimental animals such as rat and mouse. Mechanisms include bioenergetic failure and loss of cell homeostasis, and also acidosis, excitotoxicity and disrupted blood-brain barrier [1]. A central issue is the series of set conditioning factors that induce apoptosis of individual neurons within the penumbral region of the cerebral cortex on the one hand and the development if neuronal necrosis on the other. Combined steroid administration inhibits ischemia-induced apoptosis of neutrons through involvement of the intrinsic pathways [2]. It would appear that a combination of both apoptosis and necrosis of neurons evolves in at least some of the patients, and indeed neurons may exhibit features of both these forms of neuronal cell death when electron microscopic studies are combined with molecular and biochemical modes of analysis. Whether necrosis or apoptosis occurs often depends on cell type, cell age and location in the brain. Apoptosis leader to protein crosslinking, DNA fragmentation, ligand expression for phagocytic cell receptors and subsequent phagocytic uptake [3].

Neuroprotection

It is idealized that a set of potentially neuroprotective mechanisms is activated within the penumbral region of an evolving cerebral infarct. Oxidative stress contributes to ischemia/reperfusion with blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation necrosis and apoptosis; Nnclear factor-E2-related factor 2 is central to regulated antioxidant defence and may protect against ischemia-induced neuronal injury [4]. Such coupled phenomena are central to the establishment of the expanding infarct secondary to delayed death of more neurons in the few days following the primary acute infarction of the core lesion. Glycine inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha and protects agains inflammation and gloss in hypoxia-ischemia of neurons [5]. Such considerations are believed to potentiate the possible beneficial attempts at reducing infarct size within the acute dimensions of ischemic injury to neurons.

Glial cells

Glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia are implicated in neuroprotection and indeed the cellular network of gap junctions between individual astrocytes are viewed as supportive elements in neuroprotection. The dimensions of complex control of ion-motive ATPase channels collaborate with the dynamics of possible recovery of related ischemic neurons that implicate a regional characterization and re-characterization of the ischemic injury not only to individual neurons but also to groups and sizeable aggregates of such neurons. Auto-antibodies to apolipoprotein A-1 are associated with poorer clinical recovery and increased brain lesion volume 3months after acute ischemic stroke [6].

Dynamics of ischemic injury

Genetic evidence exists that separates apoptosis from necrosis through different forms of nuclear pyknosis, with conservation of nuclear pyknosis in the propagation of necrosis [7]. Performance dynamics of the acute ischemic focus also implicates microglia that are implicated in removal of ischemic individual neurons following acute ischemic injury. The distributional coherence of integral groups of ischemic neurons is hence mirrored by presumably apoptotic individual neurons undergoing damage primarily to mitochondria and to lipid moieties of the plasma membrane of the cells. In such context, the evolving participation of apoptosis and necrosis would permit the progression of caspase pathway activation and the release of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Also, destabilized cellular calcium homeostasis follows a stereotyped pattern of changes that invokes execution pathways of neuronal cell injury.

The phagocytic receptor CED-1 is activated through interaction with its ligand phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed on the surface of necrotic neutrons; calcium influx activates a neuronal PS-scramblase for PS exposure [8]. A complex array of executing agonists include excitotoxic, oxidative and lipid peroxidation, and metabolic insults such as hypoglycemia participates within contexts of activated apoptotic pathways, as evidenced by the neuroprotective effects of administered caspase inhibitors in the acute phase of ischemic insults. Epigenetic regulatory networks in ischemic stroke may protect against oxidative stress with induced DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs, with affected redox state in neutrons, glia and vascular endothelial cells [9].

Determined pathway events

Determined outcome of the ischemic individual neuron and also of groups of such neurons is affected by "ischemic preconditioning" whereby a mild episode of ischemia generates resistance to a second ischemic episode. Certainly, the panoramic contexts of evolving ischemic injury within neurons is programmed within the pathways primarily dictated by individual cellular responses to ischemia that however originates as a regional focus of groups of ischemic neurons. Platelet- activating factor receptor is expressed on cellular and nuclear membranes of leukocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, neurons and microglia; its deficiency is experimentally associated with prevention of caspase-3 activation and decreased vascular permeability and cerebral edema. Decreased brain levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta and the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 may be crucial in global brain ischemia-reperfusion [10].

Particularly intriguing is the overlap of regional and individual cell ischemic episodes that determine the onset of a core of necrotic cerebral tissue in the first instance and the subsequent creation of a penumbra of regional and partially injured neurons and glial cells. It is further to such phenomena that the ischemic episodes are regional also as evidenced by activated neuroprotective mechanisms such as the action of neurotrophic factors and of some cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1-beta. The PPAR gamma agonist 15d-PGJ2 regulates microglial activation and decreases tumor necrosis factor aha and interleukin-1 expression. Fewer apoptotic cells and less CD68 positive staining in diabetic schema rats [11].

Chaperone dysfunctionality allows for an evolving train of events in the execution of both apoptosis and necrosis within the individually affected neurons and as further portrayed by the dynamics of the expanding penumbral region. 4'-O-beta- D-Glucosyl-5-O-Methylvisamminol, a natural histone H3 phosphorylation epigenetic suppressor is a neuroprotective factor by acting via the PI3K/Akt singling pathway in focal ischemia in rats [12]. It is further to such processes that the integral identity of cell-death phenomena permits the execution of individual cell damage as dictated by regional injuries to the cerebral cortex in particular. pH gradient difference around cerebral foci of ischemia may allow delivery of polyethylene glycol-conjugated urokinase nano gels with effective thrombolysis of the ischemic stroke [13].

Performance attributes

Performance attributes characterize hence the emergence of a necrotic core to the ischemic focus in a manner that potentiates the evolutional progression of the penumbral region of partially injured neurons. MicroRNA-9 is down regulated in mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation neurons, with suppression of neuronal apoptosis on its up regulation [14]. The parameters of acquisition of cellular ischemic injury is mirrored in the evolutionary course dynamics of such events as the emergence of a multitude of agonists that portray the character of primary core necrosis by the penumbral region of conditioned delay of individual cell death within contexts of transforming apoptotic cascades within such individual neurons.

Apoptosis

The ischemic neuron undergoing apoptosis is generally associated with adjacent cells that do not show apoptosis phenotype characteristics and as such this has implicated microglial phagocytosis of the individually damaged neuron. Such a phenomenon however is contrary to the widespread focus of integral ischemic injury to the cerebral cortical region and is also at variance with a presumably programmed response to injury to cellular networks. Tissue necrosis in particular is a conceptual realization of regional fields of perfusion and re-perfusion events arising from compromised individual vessels of supply. Penehyclidine hydrochloride down regulates the phosphorylation of JNK, p38MAPK, and c-Jun and protects neutrons against ischemia/reperfusion [15]. Ongoing phenomena such as the no-reflow events within the vessels of supply allow for complicated series of processes involving neuroprotective measures. Scite;;arom down- regulates expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme and ATI receptor with neuroprotective effects [16]. The activation of heat shock protein such as HSP-70 and increased secretion of glucocorticoids during the acute ischemic episode allows for the emergence of constitutive pathways that on the one hand further injure the neurons and on the other hand actually enhance potential resistance to acute neuronal ischemia.

Apoptosis/necrosis interplay

The apoptotic neurons exhibit characteristic cell body shrinkage and condensation of chromatin that progresses as fragmentation of the DNA and the appearance of single- and double-strand breaks of the DNA molecules. Such events may be related to the cytoskeletal injuries that occur in individual neurons such as those caused by depolymerization of actin filaments by gelsolin. Release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum stores is characterized as an end-pathway that is reflected in individual cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction further correlates with the onset and participation of injurious events as evidenced by programmed cell death pathway activations. Apoptosis of individual ischemic neurons is hence a contextual setting for necrosis of core foci within the lesion as further indicated by the subsequent establishment of a truly necrotic focus of cerebral infarction. The delivery of multi-components would further confirm the derivation of programmed cell death as determining agonist series of pathway events in establishment of further increased injury to individual neurons and regional groups of ischemic neurons. Etanercept, a recombinant TNF receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein, may with repeated administration prevent exacerbation of cerebral ischemic injury in the diabetic state, mainly through anti-inflammatory action [17].

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Conclusion

Dynamics of calcium influx and of calcium release intracellularly include the participation of neuronal programming in cell death that is regionally characterized by dynamics of individual neuronal self-programmed cell death. As is evidenced by such dynamics of processed de-control of agonists such as mitochondrial dysfunction with release of cytochrome c and the lipid peroxidation pathways on the one hand, and of the oxidative end-products primarily affecting membrane lipids and calcium membrane channels, on the other, there evolves a regional/individual cell interplay of integral ischemic and hypoxic elements in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarcts. In such terms, evolutionary dynamics is collaborated pathway event in re-characterized potential neuroprotection of adjacent neurons within the adjacent cerebral cortex in many patients suffering from ischemic stroke. On the other hand, the transforming dimensions of injury to neurons are interplay supportive elements that profile-determine cell apoptosis that, in turn, may lead to potential necrosis of cerebral tissue.

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[inspirenationshow]

How to Change Your Energy to Change Your Life! Shifting Energy and Removing Blocks with Dr. Sue Morter

If you’ve ever wanted to blast-past subconscious blocks, and get your energy flowing again, then do we have the Energy Codes show for you!

Today I’ll be talking with Dr. Sue Morter, international speaker, master of bioenergetic medicine, a quantum field visionary and the author of a brilliant book on energy, The Energy Codes.

And that’s just what I want to talk with her bout today, about how to remove subconscious blocks, and how to change your energy, to change your life!

Key Points Discussed:

Are we all energy and what does that mean? (03:27)

Exploiting our ability to transform the energies around us (04:47)

Teaching people how to build the necessary circuitry to return us to the perfect state that we truly are (06:22)

Letting our system do what it’s built to do and not trying to do something else (09:13)

Receiving some unpleasant news before she got on stage and how she flipped that energy (11:18)

Anchoring ourselves in our core: Who we really are (16:44)

How we can end the cosmic wobble that happens inside of us (22:00)

Finding the other meaning behind the things that we see that is actually in support of us (24:01)

What exactly is subconscious interference and how can we use our breath to change our energy? (25:00)

Building a channel to glow brighter so we can illuminate and change the presence of everything and everyone around us (32:16)

The clearing code and how it allows us to clear subconscious interference that we’re not aware of (34:59)

Some of the things that we can do to exploit the current opportunity for clearing, healing, and transmutation (37:21)

Our failure to thrive diagnosis and the technique that we can use to massage and knead that critical channel to get the energy flowing again (43:52)

The power and impact of learning a bird’s eye point of view with great detail (53:58)

What is the subject-object subject exercise? (56:00)

The meaning of making a front side impact on the world (1:00:17)

The scientific impossibility for someone to be inadequate and how we can have access to the deep ancient wisdom that we are (1:02:04)

Additional Resources:

The Energy Codes By Dr. Sue Morter

www.DrSueMorter.com

Dr. Sue Morter on Facebook

www.InspireNationUniversity.com

www.AutomaticWriting.com

…….

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Check out this episode!

[dreddymd]

Oxygen and Cancer

We can live a long time without food, a couple of days without drinking, but life without breath is measured in minutes. Something so essential deserves our full attention but rarely gets it unless you are a yoga practitioner. Breath is the most important of all the bodily functions and without it we simply are dead. In reality we take O2 for granted and with it our breathing, which most of us do quite badly. And now we even have a huge federal government wanting to make oxygen’s twin into public enemy number one[1] and that is a sin.

Researchers found that an increase of 1.2 metabolic units (oxygen consumption) was related to a decreased risk of cancer death, especially in lung and gastrointestinal cancers.[2]

The makeup of the human body is largely composed of the element oxygen. Oxygen (O2) physiology takes us down to the foundation of life and it is there where we meet up with some other structural substances like water (H2O), carbon, bicarbonate and CO2 (Oxygen’s necessary twin gas), magnesium, sulfur and then a host of other important substances like iodine and selenium and all the basic amino acids and on and on. We need all the basic building blocks of life and even the absence of one vitamin can make us deadly sick. But we need carbon and oxygen every moment of everyday or we will die. We humans are kind of like blow torches or blazing rockets, the flame of our lives are fed second to second from the twin gases of O2 and CO2.

The prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar.

Oxygen levels are sensitive to a myriad of influences. Toxicity, emotional stress, physical trauma, infections, reduction of atmospheric oxygen, nutritional status, lack of exercise and especially improper breathing will affect the oxygen levels in our bodies. Any element that threatens the oxygen carrying capacity of the human body will promote cancer growth. Likewise any therapy that improves the oxygen function can be expected to enhance the body’s defenses against cancer. In order for cancer to ‘establish’ a foothold in the body it has to be deprived of oxygen and become acidic. If these two conditions can be reversed cancer can, not only be slowed down, but it can actually be overturned.

Oxygen is the source of health. Oxygen is essential to the human body, extending effects beyond breathing.

Dr. D. F. Treacher and Dr. R. M. Leach write, “Mammalian life and the bioenergetic processes that maintain cellular integrity depend on a continuous supply of oxygen to sustain aerobic metabolism. Reduced oxygen delivery and failure of cellular use of oxygen occur in various circumstances and if not recognized result in organ dysfunction and death. Prevention, early identification, and correction of tissue hypoxia are essential skills. An understanding of the key steps in oxygen transport within the body is essential to avoid tissue hypoxia. Although oxygen is the substrate that cells use in the greatest quantity and on which aerobic metabolism and cell integrity depend, the tissues have no storage system for oxygen. They rely on a continuous supply at a rate that precisely matches changing metabolic requirements. If this supply fails, even for a few minutes, tissue hypoxaemia may develop resulting in anaerobic metabolism and production of lactate.”[3]

Not enough oxygen to the brain is the main cause of memory loss, inability to find the right words, getting words mixed up and not being able to speak in sentences.

In the 1920s Dr Otto Warburg carried out a great deal of work on cancer’s basic mechanism and was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1932. Warburg’s work clearly demonstrated that cancer is, fundamentally, a relatively simple disease where cell oxygen levels fall to a level sufficiently low enough for the cell to change in nature. Without a dependable supply of oxygen, the cells in our bodies cannot function properly. Nutrients in our diets must have oxygen present to convert their potential energy into usable energy. In order for new cells to be formed, hundreds of amino acids must link together using oxygen as the source of their energy.

All normal body cells meet their energy needs by respiration of oxygen, whereas cancer cells meet their energy needs in great part by fermentation.

Poor oxygenation comes from a buildup of carcinogens and other toxins within and around cells, which blocks and then damages the cellular oxygen respiration mechanism. As more acid wastes back up, and the body slowly stews in its poisonous wastes, a chronically over acidic body pH corrodes body tissue, slowly eating into the 60,000 miles of our veins and arteries like acid eating into marble. Clumping up of red blood cells slows down the bloodstream, and restricts flow of O2 into capillaries, which just adds to the worsening conditions. Even lack of the proper building blocks for cell walls, essential fatty acids and magnesium, restricts oxygen exchange. Cancer needs anaerobic – airless – conditions to grow and spread. What orthodox oncologists don’t see clearly is that cancer is not only human cells, which have changed their nature, but infectious entities that are thriving under these low O2 conditions. Doctors need to consider both the altered cells and the infectious pathogens thriving off these cells as the combined enemy we call cancer.

In 1966, after his efforts had been ignored by the cancer industry for over thirty years, Warburg addressed a group of fellow Nobel Laureates, reiterating his views and concluded, “Nobody today can say that one does not know what cancer and its prime cause be. On the contrary, there is no disease whose prime cause is better known.” Dr Warburg’s work has never been refuted but it certainly has been avoided by orthodox oncology.

So its no surprise on the first day of August 2009 that we find published in the journal Cancer Today a ground-breaking study revealing that injecting oxygen into cancerous tumors significantly boosts the chances of recovery. Scientists at Oxford University found slightly increasing the supply strengthened blood vessels in cancer cells, making chemotherapy more effective.[4] Scientists had previously tried to starve tumors of oxygen, believing a more stable blood supply would only help the cancer spread.

In all serious disease states we find a concomitant low oxygen state. Low oxygen in the body tissuesis a sure indicator for disease. Hypoxia, or lack of oxygen in the tissues, is the fundamental causefor all degenerative disease.– Dr. Stephen Levine Molecular Biologist

Medical scientists are excited to have uncovered what they thought was a brand new approach to cancer treatment. Because they never paid Warburg any attention they thought that by increasing an oxygen supply to tumor cells they would help them grow. But actually by oxygenating the cell they found the opposite and were able to do a better job of killing them. They even found in patients with pancreatic cancer, which is notoriously difficult to treat, that the results were also positive.

A CO2 deficit caused by deep breathing leads to oxygen starvation in the cells of the body. This state is known as hypoxia.

The response of a tumor to chemotherapy or radiation is directly related to the level of tumor hypoxia (low O2) so these researchers from England got excited because they saw their radiation and chemo protocols effectiveness increase. More hypoxia corresponds with greater resistance to treatment as well as increased tendency to metastasize. It is all laid out in front of us now; there is a growing consensus about this universal constant of cancer. Cancer thrives in low oxygen high acid conditions so we are practicing good medicine (appropriate oncology) when we increase total tissue O2 levels.

A healthy cell breathes oxygen for energy. A cancer cell shuns oxygen and ferments sugar instead for its energy requirements.

Because of this difference between healthy cells and cancer cells, Warburg argued, cancer should be interpreted as a type of mitochondrial disease.[5]– Science Daily

Hypoxemia or what might be called “blocked oxidation,” is followed by fermentation of sugar in cells, which then leads to the primary condition upon which cancer, infectious and inflammatory processes feed. Viruses are “anaerobic” creatures which thrive in the absence of oxygen. Yeast, mold and fungus live in an anaerobic environment. Most strains of harmful bacteria (and cancer cells) are anaerobic and are not comfortable in the presence of higher oxygen levels so doctors will find cancer cells easier to kill when oxygen levels are increased. What they did not guess at is that O2 levels can be dramatically increased by the simple administration of sodium bicarbonate. Increasing Co2 levels through the use of sodium bicarbonate is good in cancer treatment because bicarbonate drives up CO2 levels in the blood, which increases oxygenation to the cells. This is discussed fully in the chapter on carbon dioxide.

There are many homeostatic adaptation responses that fight to maintain pH balance but the principle one is using high pH bodily fluids such as water as a solvent to neutralize acid residues. The second greatest resistance the body puts up against dropping pH is pulling bicarbonate from the pancreas and kidneys into the blood as an alkalizing agent. Bicarbonate ions are generated from carbon dioxide and diffuse into the plasma. Then there are other levels of protection but when they are all overwhelmed the end result is accumulated acid residues at the cellular level that drown out oxygen.

Sodium bicarbonate is safe when taken with appropriate caution[6] and knowledge, extremely inexpensive and effective when it comes to reducing cancer tissues. It’s an irresistible chemical, cyanide to cancer cells for it hits the cancer cells with a shock wave of alkalinity, which allows much more oxygen into the cancer cells than they can tolerate. Cancer cells do not survive well in the presence of higher levels of oxygen.

Oncologist Dr. Tullio Simoncini, the founder of the bicarbonate approach to cancer, believes that only several types of cancer can be approached through oral application of bicarbonate. He suggests expensive and hard to get (meaning hardly any physician will do them in any country) medical procedures (placement of catheters) and IVs to get the bicarbonate as close to the tumors as possible. Dr. Simoncini never realized that when bicarbonate is taken orally the full body pH is shifted dramatically higher affecting all tissues including the brain and bones. He does not understand that oral administration is actually a superior method for all cancers because higher pH and oxygen levels can be maintained 24 hours a day constantly wearing down tumors and individual cancer cells wherever they might be. The different in costs between oral and transdermal dosing with bicarbonate and catheters and IVs is enormous with the oral weighing in at pennies a day. That alone can make the difference between life and death for millions of people who could not get and cannot afford expensive treatments. I recommend people contemplating doing the oral method to also use bicarbonate heavily transdermally and to read my book Sodium Bicarbonate – Rich Man’s Poor Man’s Cancer Treatment because one needs to really understand what they are doing. Just as there are many ways to skin a cat there are many important ways to approach cancer and the task of increasing O2 to all the bodies’ tissues. Other doctors have concentrated on hydrogen peroxide, ozone and hyperbaric oxygen chambers. In following sections we address exercise, proper breathing (which is very important) and magnesium supplementation, which are basic elementary approaches available, affordable and legal for all.

Dr. Mark Sircus AC., OMD, DM (P)

References (6)

The element carbon is perhaps the single most important element to life. Virtually every part of our bodies is made with large amounts of this element. The carbon atom is ideal to build big biological molecules. The carbon atom can be thought of as a basic building block. These building blocks can be attached to each other to form long chains, or they can be attached to other elements. This can be difficult to imagine at first, but it may help to think about building with Legos. You can think of carbon as a bunch of red legos attached together to form one long chain of legos. Now, you can imagine sticking yellow, blue and green legos across the tops of the red (carbon) legos. These other colors represent other elements like oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen. As you stick more and more of these yellow, blue and green legos to the red chain, it would start to look like a skeleton of legos with a “spine” of red legos and “bones” of yellow, blue and green legos. This is a lot like the way that big molecules are made in the body. Without carbon, these big molecules could not be built. Now, virtually every part of your body is made up of these big molecules that are based around chains of carbon atoms. This is the reason we are known as “carbon based life forms”. Without carbon, our bodies would just be a big pile of loose atoms with no way to be built into a person.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159225.php

BMJ. 1998 November 7; 317(7168): 1302–1306

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1203600/Injecting- oxygen-cancerous-tumours-improves-chances-recovery.html

Recent research from Boston College and the Washington School of Medicine is reigniting interest in Warburg’s work. (“Nearly a Century Later, New Findings Support Warburg Theory of Cancer”, Science Daily, January 14, 2009) Specifically, they examined mitochondrial lipids in a diverse group of mouse brain tumors and found a significant difference in a complex lipid known as cardiolipin.

Even something as safe as sodium bicarbonate has to be used with caution. Case in point: A 68-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with a severe metabolic alkalosis after ingesting large quantities of baking soda to treat his dyspepsia. His underlying pulmonary disease and a progressively worsening mental status necessitated intubation for respiratory failure. Laboratory studies revealed a hyponatremic, hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. The patient was successfully treated after cessation of the oral bicarbonate, initiation of intravenous hydration, and correction of electrolyte abnormalities. Sodium bicarbonate is an extremely well-known agent that historically has been used for a variety of medical conditions. Despite the widespread use of oral bicarbonate, little documented toxicity has occurred, and the emergency medicine literature contains no reports of toxicity caused by the ingestion of baking soda. Risks of acute and chronic oral bicarbonate ingestion include metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypertension, gastric rupture, hyporeninemia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, intravascular volume depletion, and urinary alkalinization. Abrupt cessation of chronic excessive bicarbonate ingestion may result in hyperkalemia, hypoaldosteronism, volume contraction, and disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The case of a patient with three hospital admissions in 4 months, all the result of excessive oral intake of bicarbonate for symptomatic relief of dyspepsia is reported. Evaluation and treatment of patients with acute bicarbonate ingestion is discussed.

Related Post

Dr. von Ardenne on Cancer, Inflammation and Oxygen

Transdermal Breast Cancer Treatments

Iodine, Metabolism and Oxygen

Iodine Treats and Prevents Cancer

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[taliemsite-blog]

All events in the universe involve energy potential differences. Whether it is the flow of light photons and other electromagnetic energy from the sun through the solar system, a lightning bolt, the bioenergetic proton motive force across the dynamic mitochondrial inner membranes within our cells, or interactions between individuals, energy potential differences drive the creation of order. This phenomenon exists in all health conditions, good and bad, even though it is rarely recognized. This failure too often comes from the rigid silos of academic hubris even when there is considerable consilience between all areas of knowledge. In this volume, we explore these applications for epidemiology and health care. This phenomenon of energy potentials across all aspects of living and nonliving systems at many orders of magnitude merits its place not as an anomaly but as a basic physical principle. In their book on scale invariance in phase transitions , Lesne and Laguës (2012) cited Pierre Curie’s 1895 doctoral thesis, in which Curie keenly observed that, comparing the magnetic state of a metal to the density of an ordinary fluid, the intensity of magnetization I is  proportional to density D, and magnetic field strength H is proportional to pressure P: (1.1) While this relationship remains poorly explained, scientists such as Rene Thom (1972) attempted to understand similarity in patterns across seemingly unrelated processes: a topology of reality. Such similarities rely strongly on basic physical processes that operate on multiple levels. Furthermore, whereas such processes can be measured with high precision in molecules, cells, and tissues, they are far more difficultto evaluate in thinking  beings and in dynamic, complex social systems.

[lopezdorothy70-blog]

Former National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health Scientist Calls Cancer “An Induced Disease of the Twentieth Century”

by Paul Fassa Health Impact News

Health Impact News first introduced the iconoclastic work of cellular biologist, Dr. Mahin Khatami, PhD, in an earlier article entitled HPV Vaccine Scam: NIH Scientist Exposes Corruption in Cancer and Vaccine Industries, which mentioned Dr. Khatami's extensive credentials that put her beyond criticism, though not beyond ignoring. 

The pharmaceutical industry-controlled medical profession won't allow any light to shine on her 2016 white paper Safety concerns and hidden agenda behind HPV vaccines: another generation of drug-dependent society?

It, along with Dr. Khatami's impressive background, can be accessed here. 

Now, Dr. Khatami, a former program director and health scientist administrator at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has published a new white paper exposing the fraud in the cancer industry, claiming that cancer is “an induced disease of the twentieth century.”

Dr. Khatami's Report That Shatters the Mythology of Orthodox Oncology

Dr. Khatami's 2018 white paper is titled Cancer; an induced disease of twentieth century! Induction of tolerance, increased entropy and 'Dark Energy': loss of biorhythms (Anabolism v. Catabolism). The phrase “induced disease” is an essential aspect of her critique on the cancer industry, as she tends to use the phrase “cancer establishment.” 

Dr. Khatami does not avoid confronting the obvious regarding the current state of mainstream oncology. Unlike her somewhat less knowledgeable colleagues who avoid the obvious, Dr. Khatami has the biological molecular biochemical expertise to expertly put all the pieces together and allow the forest to appear despite conventional oncology's focus on the wrong trees.

Under Dr. Khatami's 2018 white paper section titled “Accidental discoveries in 1980s: time course kinetics of inflammation-induced developmental phases of immune dysfunction toward multistep tumorigenesis and angiogenesis” appear the following excerpts: 

[Khatami's earlier] challenging efforts to promote the important role of inflammation in cancer research, diagnosis and therapy initially met with serious oppositions and denials by members of the establishment who rejected the submitted concepts and comprehensive proposals that were an extension of author's original discoveries.

However, the outcomes of reductionist approaches on identifications of hundreds of molecular entities that are used for drug development and claimed as 'targeted' therapy or 'personalized' or 'precision' medicine have been very disappointing, extremely costly and dangerous for patients and society. Majority of expensive projects in cancer research and therapy focus on identification of too many defective molecular species in the landscape of cancer molecular tsunami with little/no efforts to understand what initiate altered immune response profiles that lead to multistep tumorigenesis. 

Later in her paper, Dr. Khatami goes to point out that vaccines and the multitude of environmental toxins introduced over the past six decades are mostly responsible for the proliferation of most diseases, including cancer, despite the “unlucky” random genetic mishap theories offered by some.

…decision makers in cancer establishment has gradually weakened and manipulated the autonomic biological circadian rhythms, the Yin and Yang of effective immunity,  by introducing the public to various pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients, in addition to exposures to exposures to a wide range of environmental hazards and low level carcinogens that made young and old in America sick and drug-dependent.

Analyses of related data suggest that nearly all diseases, to varying degrees, are the results of altered effective immunity or loss of biological circadian rhythms (on-off switches) that adversely influence tissue bioenergetics (mitochondria), the principal generator of energy and electricity (proton pumping) in organ systems.

Dr. Khatami explains the essence of her and her colleagues' earlier studies were demonstrating that the way to defeat cancer is to further explore how to influence immunity, by synchronizing metabolic biorhythms and regulating inflammation, as the better approach to protecting against and healing cancer.

This approach goes against the grain of conventional oncology's focus on each individual tree in the forest to forget the forest even exists. Current attempts at “killing” hundreds of arbitrarily contrived cancer types to involve many chemotherapeutic creations are at a 95 percent failure rate, Dr. Khatami states in this paper. 

But, she adds, they enrich oncologists and the pharmaceutical industry, give work to researchers, and raise money to defeat cancer, instead of discovering ways to prevent or halt the “cancer tsunami.”

Dr. Jason Fung, MD, a fasting autophagy expert, agrees with Dr. Khatami's arguments against the widely held somatic mutation theory (SMT), which depicts the origin of cancer as simply a random collection of spontaneous genetic mutations rather than dietary and environmental epigenetic influences. He  puts the current war on cancer's failure this way:

Despite the world of technology moving on a MagLev bullet train, and the world of medicine moving at a crawl, cancer remains standing still. This, despite billions of research dollars every year, more 'walks for cancer' than you can count, more pink ribbons, more tear-jerker stories on the mass media. Nobody wants to hear the truth, but here it is. The progress on cancer sucks. It really, really sucks. (Source)

Below is a graphic cycle of damaged immunity leading to the origination of a cancer tsunami:

  Throughout the rest of her paper, there are several sections that outline specific metabolic functions and dysfunctions that contribute to the origin of cancer with meticulously detailed scientific data, terminology, and other graphic illustrations.

Dr. Khatami summarizes her lengthy paper, containing 267 published study references, with:

[Earlier and more recent discoveries] suggest that cancer is only one disease. Disorderly growth of cancer cells is the results of loss of autonomic and synchronized balance in tumoricidal (Yin) and tumorigenic (Yang) properties of immunity to arrest cancer cells. Loss of differential bioenergetics in Yin (high energy, tumoricidal) and Yang (low energy, tumorigenic) pathways often leads to 'mild', 'moderate' or 'severe' immune disorders or cancer.

She concludes by explaining her paper as a roadmap that would hopefully lead to further research in the right direction of the various metabolic and immune responses, such as inflammation, that could be clinically influenced. Of course, this is all meant for the wayward cancer industry or establishment.  

You can access Dr. Khatami's complete paper here.

Commentary

It's great that a renowned scientist with a high amount of establishment credentials is pointing out the ineffective, yet lucrative, fallacies and foibles of the cancer industry and is attempting to wake up said industry to diminish the amount of wasted money and destroyed lives caused by their expensive, toxic treatments.

Despite all the “sound and fury, signifying nothing” from and for the cancer industry, there are and have been, for decades longer than the “war on cancer,” several cancer cures discovered, created, and clinically-applied with success rates at/or above 80 percent, without side effects, and all without toxic chemical inventions.

They are not supported with governmental or private non-profit foundation funding, which mainstream oncology receives billions of dollars worth annually. They are not referred to by orthodox oncologists, even though those oncologists' attempts are failing. Many times MDs continue to gain financially from administering their agonizingly harmful procedures, even while their patients are dying. 

The cancer industry denies the existence of “alternative” safe and successful solutions. They are not even noticed, except for the purpose of isolating them, attacking them, and scaring cancer victims away from them or shutting them down. 

It's wiser to keep up with the latest on cancer prevention and alternative cures instead of waiting for those whose lucrative careers depend on not changing their paths to change their minds. 

See also:

Health Impact News Article Archive of Cancer Prevention

Health Impact News Article Archive of Alternative Cancer Cures

The following video of Dr. Mahin Khatami's presentation is from the 4th Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Genomics Conference October 2015 in Philadelphia, PA.

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[serinakemp]

How Aging Affects Mitochondria in Brain Cells and Contributes to Age-Related Diseases

Optimum Products to Support Cardiovascular Health

Looking for top-quality recognized products?  Discover about  these important Certified Vitamins.

By Dr. Mercola

In recent years, it's become increasingly apparent that most of what we refer to as health and disease really links back to the function of your mitochondria — tiny organelles inside your cells that play an important role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), required for all biological functions. If your mitochondria are not functioning well, your risk for chronic degenerative diseases will radically increase. Not surprisingly, optimization of mitochondria is also vital for life extension strategies.

Your brain, being the most energy-dependent organ (consuming up to 20 percent of the energy used by your entire body1), is therefore particularly susceptible to impaired energy production due to faulty mitochondria, and researchers now suggest this appears to be what makes the human brain susceptible to age-related diseases in the first place. As reported by Salk News:2

"Salk researchers used a new method to discover that cells from older individuals had impaired mitochondria — the power stations of cells — and reduced energy production. A better understanding of the effects of aging on mitochondria could reveal more about the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and age-related brain diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's."

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Age-Related Brain Disease

The research3 in question, published in the May issue of Cell Reports, supports "a bioenergetic explanation for the high susceptibility of the brain to aging." With age, your mitochondria tend to decrease both in number and function, and this age-related dysfunction is caused by impaired ATP production and an increase in oxidative damage. According to the authors:

"Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, which is directly linked to a loss of energy generated through the electron transport chain that performs oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); the failure of OXPHOS is believed to set the stage for the development of age-related disorders.

Interestingly, inherited mitochondrial diseases that can be caused by mutations in genes encoded on the nuclear DNA, which encodes the vast majority of mitochondrial genes, or in genes that are encoded in mtDNA are often associated with neurodegenerative phenotypes, indicating a particular vulnerability of brain neurons to mitochondrial defects.

Similarly, the human brain is an organ that is strongly affected by aging, and...

[Read More ...]

Read nore about N . O . and Cardiovascular physical health.

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[sherristockman]

How Aging Affects Mitochondria in Brain Cells and Contributes to Age-Related Diseases Dr. Mercola By Dr. Mercola In recent years, it's become increasingly apparent that most of what we refer to as health and disease really links back to the function of your mitochondria — tiny organelles inside your cells that play an important role in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), required for all biological functions. If your mitochondria are not functioning well, your risk for chronic degenerative diseases will radically increase. Not surprisingly, optimization of mitochondria is also vital for life extension strategies. Your brain, being the most energy-dependent organ (consuming up to 20 percent of the energy used by your entire body1), is therefore particularly susceptible to impaired energy production due to faulty mitochondria, and researchers now suggest this appears to be what makes the human brain susceptible to age-related diseases in the first place. As reported by Salk News:2 "Salk researchers used a new method to discover that cells from older individuals had impaired mitochondria — the power stations of cells — and reduced energy production. A better understanding of the effects of aging on mitochondria could reveal more about the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and age-related brain diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's." Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Age-Related Brain Disease The research3 in question, published in the May issue of Cell Reports, supports "a bioenergetic explanation for the high susceptibility of the brain to aging." With age, your mitochondria tend to decrease both in number and function, and this age-related dysfunction is caused by impaired ATP production and an increase in oxidative damage. According to the authors: "Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, which is directly linked to a loss of energy generated through the electron transport chain that performs oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS); the failure of OXPHOS is believed to set the stage for the development of age-related disorders. Interestingly, inherited mitochondrial diseases that can be caused by mutations in genes encoded on the nuclear DNA, which encodes the vast majority of mitochondrial genes, or in genes that are encoded in mtDNA are often associated with neurodegenerative phenotypes, indicating a particular vulnerability of brain neurons to mitochondrial defects. Similarly, the human brain is an organ that is strongly affected by aging, and advanced age is by far the strongest risk factor for most neurodegenerative disorders." While most investigative methods employ chemical stressors on cells to simulate cellular aging, the Salk group, led by Rusty Gage, a Salk Laboratory of Genetics professor, used a novel method previously developed by Gage that directly converts skin cells into neurons, referred to as "induced neurons" or iNs. These iNs allowed them to observe the effects of natural aging on mitochondria. Mitochondrial Genes Related to Energy Generation Are Turned Off in Older Individuals For the featured study, the team collected skin cells from individuals ranging in age from newborn to 89, and then created iNs from each donor. They then studied the mitochondria within each set, using a variety of different methods. Interestingly, while the mitochondria in the skin cells showed few variations between age groups, once the cells were converted to neurons, significant differences emerged. In the iNs of older individuals, mitochondrial genes related to energy generation were turned down. The mitochondria were also less dense and more fragmented, and generated much lower amounts of energy. The mitochondrial membrane potential was on average 43 percent lower in old iNs compared to young iNs. "Pretty much every area we looked at — functional, genetic and morphological — had defects," Jerome Mertens, a Salk staff scientist and co-corresponding study author said. The authors also noted that the differences in susceptibility to mitochondrial aging between various cell types appears to depend on the level of oxidative phosphorylation the cell in question performs, and that "the metabolic profile of neurons might render them particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial aging." As reported by Salk News: "The researchers hypothesized that the reason the mitochondria of iNs were more impacted by aging than the mitochondria of skin cells was that neurons rely more heavily on mitochondria for their energy needs. 'If you have an old car with a bad engine that sits in your garage every day, it doesn't matter,' Mertens says. 'But if you're commuting with that car, the engine becomes a big problem.' The finding shows how aging can impact organs differently throughout the body. The researchers next want to begin to apply their method to study age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. In the past, mitochondrial defects have been implicated in these diseases. By collecting skin cells from patients and creating iNs, the team can look at how neuronal mitochondria from patients with those diseases are different from neuronal mitochondria from unaffected older individuals." Mitochondrial Function Is Important for Tumor Protection Aside from turning the food you eat into energy, your mitochondria also have other radically important functions. For example, they act as the coordinator for apoptosis, or programmed cell death — an important process that ensures the death of malfunctioning cells that might turn into tumors lest they be cleaned out. Over the course of a cell's life, damage will inevitably occur. Once that damage reaches a certain threshold, signals are sent to the cell with instructions to self-destruct. Your mitochondria determine whether that threshold has been reached, and are the initiators of the subsequent cell suicide program. If your mitochondria are not functioning well, they might not be able to make a proper determination of when the damage threshold has been reached, and/or may not give the damaged cell the signal for apoptosis. The result is obvious: You end up with severely damaged cells hanging around, accumulating and contributing to further dysfunction. Moreover, in order for the apoptosis cascade to happen, energy input is required. So, even if your mitochondria are able to make the determination that the threshold has been reached and are able to signal apoptosis, if there's insufficient energy, defective cells will still survive and multiply. This, in a nutshell, is how dysfunctional mitochondria end up causing cancer. Peroxynitrite Likely Causes Most of the Damage While your mitochondria can be damaged in a number of ways, much of it stems from superoxide free radicals — created when electrons leak out of the electron transport chain (ETC) and react with oxygen. This is a normal and healthy process, but when superoxide is created at higher levels than healthy, it will damage the DNA in your mitochondria. What causes excess leakage of electrons out of the ETC in your mitochondria? In short, not being metabolically flexible and burning a higher percentage of carbohydrate than fat, which leaks far more of these electrons that combine with molecular oxygen to form superoxide. With a name like superoxide, you would think this molecule would be really damaging and dangerous but it is relatively benign. It was thought that its conversion to hydrogen peroxide and combining with iron (Fenton reaction) to form hydroxyl free radical caused most of the damage. However, this view has radically shifted this century. It is now appreciated that while hydroxyl radicals are damaging, they don't travel very far, only the distance of one protein, and their damage is relatively restricted. The major problem with generations of excess superoxide is that it is available to combine with nitric oxide to form what is likely the most dangerous molecule in your body, peroxynitrate. EMF Exposure I just concluded hundreds of hours of reading thousands of pages on this topic and finished writing a 30-page paper for a peer reviewed publication that extensively details the concept of how one can use molecular biology to understand and remediate most chronic disease. I hope to publish it on the site later this year, once it is accepted for journal publication. But briefly, the perfect storm of DNA, cellular protein and membrane destruction is created when you aren't burning fat for fuel and creating excess superoxide and then get exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This causes a radical increase in nitric oxide release that nearly instantaneously combines with superoxide to create enormous levels of peroxynitrate, which triggers a cascade of destructive events to your cellular and mitochondrial DNA, membranes and proteins. Although all biologic damage is of concern, it is the DNA strand breaks that are most concerning as they will lead to a radical increase in inflammation and virtually all degenerative diseases. Thankfully, your body has the ability to repair this damaged DNA with a family of enzymes called PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase). It is a very effective repair system and works wonderfully to repair the damage as long as it has enough fuel. And what is that fuel? It is NAD+ that you might have heard a bit of in the news recently. When excess peroxynitrate activates PARP to repair the DNA damage, it consumes NAD+ and if you run out you can't repair the damage, which is likely the central cause for most of the diseases we are seeing in the modern world now. I have previously written extensively about EMF and how you can mitigate your exposure. The key here is to understand that it is the combination of EMF exposure and the inability to burn fat as a primary fuel that causes the domino cascade of biologic destruction that we are currently observing. NAD+ Is Central to Maintaining Cellular and Mitochondrial Health Improving NAD+ levels is a very complex topic and really requires a book to carefully explain, which I am actually in the process of writing. But optimizing NAD+ levels may be the single most important strategy for improving your mitochondrial health. The first step is to reduce NAD+ consumption by the correct diet, along with EMF avoidance. Then there are inhibitors of inflammatory pathways, like CD38, that consume NAD+ that can also increase NAD+ levels. Finally, there are strategies to convert NADH to NAD+, which is the beneficial form of NAD. There is one simple inexpensive supplemental strategy to increase NAD+ from a biological precursor. There are four primary ones that will not be reviewed here but the least expensive one is simple nontimed-release niacin (vitamin B3) — yes, the same vitamin used to cure pellagra and improve heart disease for the last 50 years. Although niacinamide works, evidence suggests it is not as effective, and additionally suppresses important and beneficial sirtuins. Niacin will cause a flush in virtually everyone using it for the first time at a dose of 300 milligrams (mg), so starting with smaller doses of 25 mg makes far more sense, and working your way up to 200 to 300 mg a few times a day seems prudent. I prefer niacin powder, as it is less expensive and doesn't have any flow agents added like magnesium stearate. Efficient Fat Burning Minimizes Mitochondrial Damage So, hopefully, you are now even more motivated to optimize your diet by what I just shared. The central theme of my book "Fat for Fuel," details strategies aimed at minimizing the production of excess superoxide by teaching your body to burn fat as a primary fuel. What we're now finding is that it's the divergence from our ancestral diet — the massive prevalence of processed, unnatural foods and excessive amounts of added sugars, net carbs and industrial fats — that causes a majority of the damage. High-carb, processed food diets prevent your body from efficiently burning fat as its primary fuel, and burning fats and ketones is far more efficient, inducing far less oxidative stress, than burning carbs. So, a foundational dietary strategy to optimize your mitochondrial health is to eat the right fuel. Once you become an efficient fat burner, you automatically minimize the oxidative stress placed on your mitochondria, which is key. Other effective strategies include calorie restriction (fasting) and exercise (see section below). Meal timing is another important factor. One of the worst things you can do to your mitochondria on a regular basis is eating shortly before going to bed. Ideally, you would eat your last meal at least three hours or more before bedtime. By supplying your body with food at a time when your body needs it the least (since you're sleeping), excessive amounts of free radicals end up being formed, which then spill out and damage mitochondrial DNA. Excess carbohydrates, in particular, result in a backup of electrons that causes the production of superoxide. What's more, should you happen to have high iron levels — which is far more common than low iron — combined with high superoxide, then hydroxyl free radicals are produced, which are among the most harmful. The chemical reaction that creates these hydroxyl free radicals is known as the Fenton reaction. While you certainly need enough iron, having too high an iron level can cause severe damage, and this is one way in which it does that. To learn more about the hazards of high iron, and simple ways to screen for and lower it, please see "Why Managing Your Iron Level Is Crucial to Your Health." Other Practical Strategies to Optimize Your Mitochondrial Function Thanks to living in a toxic environment, feeding your body inappropriate fuel, eating at the wrong time and not exercising enough, most people have less than optimized mitochondria. The good news is there are many ways to improve your mitochondrial function. The two best and most researched ways to optimize mitochondrial function are exercise and calorie restriction. Exercise upregulates genes like PGC-1 alpha and nuclear gene factors like Nrf2. These genes help your mitochondria become more efficient. They also boost mitochondrial growth and division, so that you end up with a larger number of mitochondria. In simplified terms, the reason exercise benefits your mitochondria is because it places an increased energy demand on your cells. In response, free radicals signal that you need more mitochondria. So, over time, your body adapts to higher levels of physical activity by triggering the creation of more mitochondria, and improving their efficiency. As your fitness level improves, each individual mitochondrion is placed under considerably less stress (since there's more of them), and as a result, fewer free radicals are generated. As noted by Dr. Lee Know, author of "Mitochondria and the Future of Medicine," this is "one of the reasons why physically fit individuals have a lower risk of pretty much all degenerative diseases, including cancer, as well as a longer life span." Helpful Supplements In addition to diet, meal timing and exercise, certain dietary supplements can also be useful. The following are particularly beneficial for optimizing mitochondrial function throughout your body:4 Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) or its reduced (and more absorbable) form, ubiquinol, if you’re over 40. CoQ10 is intimately involved in the energy production process, and having an excess amount of CoQ10 is by many considered an effective therapeutic strategy to ensure well-functioning mitochondria. CoQ10 also acts as a signaling molecule and helps protect cell membranes from damage. Quercetin, an antioxidant that belongs to a class of water-soluble plant substances called flavonoids, which are present in certain fruits and vegetables. Aside from antioxidant properties, quercetin is known to have anticarcinogenic and anti-artherogenic capabilities, but for purposes of this discussion in can also increase NAD+ levels. Pau D’Arco has been used for centuries to treat cancer and malaria. It is loaded with flavones, quercetin, alkaloids and other nutrients that can increase NAD+ levels. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a vitamin-like substance and a cousin to CoQ10, helps with mitochondrial biogenesis. The greater number of mitochondria you have, the more energy your cells are able to produce, and the better they function overall. So, having sufficient amounts of PQQ encourages the proliferation of mitochondria. Both animal and human studies using doses between 10 and 20 milligrams (mg) of PQQ shows significant improvement in mental processing and memory. The best results are obtained when you take PQQ in combination with CoQ10. PQQ has also been shown to protect against the development of alpha-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson's disease, and beta-amyloid, associated with Alzheimer's. Berberine also benefits mitochondrial function and is a powerful AMPK activator, thereby stimulating mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and mitochondrial biogenesis. It also helps protect against the type of oxidative stress that leads to Parkinson's disease. Magnesium also plays an important role in the production of ATP, and is a required cofactor in the mitochondrial repair process. To learn more about how magnesium impacts your mitochondrial health, see "Magnesium — A Key Nutrient for Health and Disease Prevention." D-ribose is a five-carbon sugar required by ADP. While being a sugar, it has no impact on your blood glucose, so it's safe to consume even for diabetics. Ribose enters cells and converts into the adenosine base required for the creation of ADP and ATP. While your body produces D-ribose on its own, it's a very slow process. According to Know, D-ribose is often a rate limiting factor in recovery for patients with cardiovascular disease, stroke, heart attack and chronic fatigue. It's nontoxic and is virtually impossible to overdose on, and if you've suffered a stroke, heart attack or struggle with chronic fatigue, it's a really important supplement to include in your regimen. Taking D-ribose prior to cardiac surgery can also help minimize damage associated with reperfusion injury. Since most people have some degree of mitochondrial dysfunction, it may also be helpful for general health, especially if you exercise regularly.