#B. thuringiensis

[pestshopvn]

Thuoc diet nhen trong nha hieu qua tien loi Pest Shop

Công dụng của thuốc diệt nhện trong nhà

Hiện nay, việc sử dụng thuốc diệt nhện trong nhà là giải pháp hiệu quả để đối phó với các loài nhện gây phiền toái trong không gian sống. Các loại thuốc này có nhiều công dụng nổi bật, bao gồm khả năng tiêu diệt nhanh chóng các loài nhện, từ nhện nhà, nhện chân dài cho đến những loài nhện độc như nhện góa phụ đen. Thuốc diệt nhện còn tạo ra lớp bảo vệ dài hạn, giúp xua đuổi nhện và ngăn ngừa chúng quay trở lại sau khi đã được tiêu diệt. Việc sử dụng thuốc giúp giảm nguy cơ nhện sinh sôi trong nhà, đồng thời bảo vệ các thành viên trong gia đình khỏi các vết cắn có thể gây ra kích ứng hoặc ngộ độc, đặc biệt là từ các loài nhện độc.

Ngoài ra, thuốc diệt nhện còn giúp loại bỏ mạng nhện, mang lại không gian sống gọn gàng và sạch sẽ, tránh được tình trạng nhện tơ bám vào các góc nhà, trên tường hay trong các khu vực khó tiếp cận. Đối với những gia đình có trẻ em hoặc vật nuôi, việc kiểm soát nhện một cách hiệu quả là rất quan trọng để tránh các rủi ro liên quan đến sức khỏe.

Các loại thuốc diệt nhện phổ biến hiện nay

Trên thị trường hiện nay có nhiều loại thuốc diệt nhện, cả hóa học lẫn sinh học, phù hợp với nhu cầu và yêu cầu khác nhau của người sử dụng.

Thuốc diệt nhện dạng hóa học

Các loại thuốc diệt nhện dạng hóa học có tác dụng mạnh và nhanh chóng, giúp tiêu diệt nhện hiệu quả. Một số sản phẩm đáng chú ý là Supracide 40EC và Pegasus 500SC. Supracide 40EC có thành phần hoạt chất Methidathion 40%, có khả năng thẩm thấu nhanh và ít trôi khi tiếp xúc với nước, giúp tiêu diệt nhện và ngăn chặn khả năng bám dính của chúng. Đối với thuốc Pegasus 500SC, với hoạt chất Diafenthiuron, khi phun lên các khu vực bị nhện xâm nhập, thuốc này sẽ khiến nhện bị tê liệt và chết sau khoảng 2-5 ngày. Thuốc này không chỉ tiêu diệt nhện trưởng thành mà còn tác động đến trứng và ấu trùng của chúng, giúp tiêu diệt triệt để hơn.

Thuốc diệt nhện dạng sinh học

Nếu bạn tìm kiếm một lựa chọn an toàn hơn, thuốc diệt nhện dạng sinh học có thể là một sự thay thế lý tưởng. Các sản phẩm sinh học như Bio-B và Pylo 08 chứa các vi khuẩn có lợi hoặc vi sinh vật có khả năng tiêu diệt nhện mà không gây hại cho môi trường và sức khỏe con người. Bio-B, ví dụ, sử dụng vi khuẩn Bacillus Thuringiensis, có tác dụng tiêu diệt nhện và các loại sâu bệnh mà không làm ảnh hưởng đến hệ sinh thái xung quanh. Trong khi đó, Pylo 08 sử dụng các loài nấm ký sinh như Metarhizium và Beauveria để tấn công nhện, làm cho chúng chết dần trong vòng 4-7 ngày. Đây là lựa chọn lý tưởng cho các gia đình có trẻ nhỏ hoặc vật nuôi, vì sản phẩm này ít gây nguy hiểm cho sức khỏe người sử dụng.

Hướng dẫn sử dụng thuốc diệt nhện trong nhà đúng cách

Để đạt được hiệu quả tốt nhất khi sử dụng thuốc diệt nhện, bạn cần làm theo hướng dẫn một cách cẩn thận. Đầu tiên, bạn nên xác định khu vực mà nhện thường xuyên xuất hiện trong nhà, như các góc tường, gầm tủ hay các khe hở. Sau khi khoanh vùng xong, hãy làm sạch khu vực đó bằng bàn chải và nước để loại bỏ bụi bẩn và tơ nhện. Tiếp theo, sử dụng thuốc diệt nhện và phun đều lên các khu vực đã làm sạch, đặc biệt là các nơi mà nhện hay trú ngụ.

Sau khi xịt thuốc, bạn cần lau sạch khu vực đã xử lý bằng nước để đảm bảo không còn dư lượng thuốc diệt nhện gây nguy hiểm cho trẻ em và vật nuôi. Quan trọng là phải luôn tuân thủ các chỉ dẫn về liều lượng và thời gian cách ly để đảm bảo an toàn cho mọi người trong gia đình.

Lưu ý quan trọng khi sử dụng thuốc diệt nhện

Khi sử dụng thuốc diệt nhện, có một số lưu ý quan trọng mà bạn cần ghi nhớ. Đầu tiên, hãy chắc chắn rằng bạn sử dụng đúng liều lượng thuốc theo hướng dẫn trên bao bì. Việc sử dụng thuốc quá liều có thể gây hại cho sức khỏe con người và môi trường xung quanh. Trong quá trình phun thuốc, bạn nên trang bị đầy đủ đồ bảo hộ như găng tay và khẩu trang để tránh tiếp xúc trực tiếp với thuốc. Ngoài ra, không nên sử dụng thuốc ở gần các khu vực ăn uống hoặc nấu nướng để tránh làm ô nhiễm thực phẩm.

Bảo quản thuốc diệt nhện ở nơi khô ráo, thoáng mát, tránh ánh nắng trực tiếp và xa tầm tay trẻ em. Sau khi sử dụng, hãy thu gom và tiêu hủy bao bì thuốc đúng cách để tránh gây ô nhiễm môi trường. Ngoài ra, để phòng ngừa nhện xâm nhập, bạn cần duy trì vệ sinh nhà cửa sạch sẽ, bịt kín các khe hở và sử dụng cửa lưới bảo vệ.

Bảng giá tham khảo của thuốc diệt nhện

Giá của thuốc diệt nhện trên thị trường có sự dao động tùy thuộc vào loại sản phẩm và thương hiệu. Ví dụ, Abate 1SG có giá khoảng từ 30.000 đến 40.000 VND cho mỗi gói 100gr, trong khi các sản phẩm như Fendona 10SC hay Dona USA có giá từ 90.000 đến 110.000 VND cho mỗi chai 50ml. Những loại thuốc cao cấp như Super Con 10SC hoặc Map Permethrin có thể có giá từ 590.000 đến 790.000 VND cho mỗi chai lớn. Các mức giá này chỉ mang tính tham khảo, và người tiêu dùng nên liên hệ với các nhà cung cấp uy tín để có báo giá chính xác nhất.

Mua thuốc diệt nhện trong nhà chính hãng tại Pest Shop

Pest Shop là đơn vị phân phối các sản phẩm diệt côn trùng uy tín, bao gồm thuốc diệt nhện trong nhà, với cam kết cung cấp sản phẩm chính hãng từ các thương hiệu nổi tiếng. Khi mua thuốc diệt nhện tại Pest Shop, bạn sẽ nhận được chế độ bảo hành dài hạn, giao hàng nhanh chóng và miễn phí trong bán kính 15km. Pest Shop luôn sẵn sàng tư vấn và cung cấp giải pháp tối ưu cho mọi nhu cầu diệt nhện trong không gian sống của bạn. Hãy liên hệ với Pest Shop qua hotline 0906 537 486 để được hỗ trợ chi tiết và nhận báo giá tốt nhất.

Nguồn tham khảo: https://pestshop.vn/danh-muc/thuoc-diet-nhen/

[stripeconference]

Microbial Biotechnology: Innovations, Applications & Future Trends for a Sustainable World

The Transformative World of Microbial Biotechnology: Innovations, Applications, and Future Prospects

Microbial biotechnology is a rapidly evolving field that leverages microorganisms to address global challenges in healthcare, agriculture, industry, and environmental sustainability. By utilizing the capabilities of bacteria, fungi, algae, and other microorganisms, researchers are driving innovations that impact society profoundly.

microbial biotechnology, sustainable agriculture, industrial microbiology, bioengineering solutions, environmental microbiology.

What is Microbial Biotechnology?

Microbial biotechnology refers to the application of microorganisms to develop beneficial products and processes across various industries. These microorganisms can be naturally occurring or genetically engineered, playing key roles in areas like fermentation, biofuel production, and bioremediation.

what is microbial biotechnology, applications of microbes, biotechnology solutions.

Applications of Microbial Biotechnology

Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals

Microbial biotechnology has revolutionized healthcare by enabling the production of drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tools.

microbial healthcare solutions, pharmaceutical biotechnology.

Antibiotic Production: Penicillin, derived from the fungus Penicillium notatum, marked a significant milestone. Today, microbes produce a broad spectrum of antibiotics.

Biopharmaceuticals: Bacteria like E. coli are genetically engineered to produce insulin, hormones, and monoclonal antibodies.

Vaccines: Microbial systems facilitate the creation of vaccines, such as the hepatitis B vaccine from yeast cells.

Agriculture

Microbes contribute to sustainable agriculture by enhancing productivity and reducing chemical inputs.

microbial biofertilizers, sustainable farming with microbes, biopesticides solutions.

Biofertilizers: Nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium enrich soil fertility sustainably.

Biopesticides: Microbial agents like Bacillus thuringiensis target pests while minimizing environmental impact.

Soil Health: Microbial inoculants improve soil structure and nutrient cycling, leading to healthier crops.

Industrial Applications

Microbial biotechnology drives eco-friendly industrial solutions. industrial microbial enzymes, biofuels production, bioplastics development.

Enzymes: Microbial enzymes like protease and cellulase are utilized in detergents, food processing, and textiles.

Biofuels: Microorganisms such as algae produce bioethanol and biodiesel, offering renewable energy sources.

Bioplastics: Microbial polymers like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) provide sustainable plastic alternatives.

Environmental Biotechnology

Microbes are pivotal in solving environmental challenges. microbial bioremediation, carbon sequestration, waste management microbes.

Bioremediation: Microbes degrade pollutants like oil spills and pesticides, restoring ecosystems.

Waste Management: Anaerobic bacteria in bioreactors convert organic waste into biogas.

Carbon Sequestration: Photosynthetic microbes capture CO2, mitigating climate change.

Emerging Trends in Microbial Biotechnology

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology integrates engineering principles with biology to design novel microbial systems. This field is unlocking applications like synthetic genomes and tailored microbial processes. Keywords: synthetic biology in microbes, engineering microbes.

Metagenomics

By analyzing microbial communities directly in their environments, metagenomics uncovers microbial diversity and enables new biotechnological applications. Keywords: metagenomics research, microbial diversity studies.

CRISPR Technology

CRISPR-Cas systems enable precise genetic editing, advancing microbial research and applications in agriculture and medicine. Keywords: CRISPR in microbial engineering, gene editing microbes.

Microbial Biotechnology and Sustainable Development

This field aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Keywords: sustainable development goals microbes, microbial SDG impact.

Zero Hunger: Boosting crop yields and biofortified foods.

Clean Water: Addressing water pollutants through bioremediation.

Renewable Energy: Developing biofuels and biogas.

Climate Action: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting carbon capture.

Challenges and Ethical Considerations

While microbial biotechnology holds promise, it also presents challenges: ethical issues in biotechnology, challenges in microbial applications.

Biosafety: Mitigating risks of genetically modified organisms on ecosystems.

Regulation: Establishing frameworks to balance innovation and safety.

Public Trust: Addressing ethical concerns about genetic engineering.

The Role of Microbiology Conferences

International microbiology conferences are essential for advancing microbial biotechnology. microbiology conferences, international microbial events, Microbial Community Congress, Microbial Diseases Conference 2025, Microbial Ecology Congress, Microbial Interactions With Animals Congress, Microbial Interactions With Environment Conference, Microbial Interactions With Humans webinar, Microbial Interactions With Plants virtual Event, Microbial Pathogenesis Congress, Microbial Physiology Events, Microbial Biotechnology Summit, Microbial Ecology Summit, Microbial Genetics, Microbial Taxonomy Events, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Conference.

Benefits of Attending Conferences

Networking: Engage with researchers, industry leaders, and policymakers.

Knowledge Exchange: Access the latest research and emerging trends.

Collaboration: Forge partnerships for joint research and innovation.

Skill Development: Participate in workshops and training sessions.

Global Perspective: Understand regional applications and challenges.

Importance of International Events

These conferences facilitate cross-border collaboration, enabling researchers to address global issues such as antibiotic resistance, food security, and climate change. They provide platforms to showcase innovations, seek funding, and influence policy. Global microbiology events, microbial innovation sharing.

FAQs About Microbial Biotechnology

1. What is the difference between microbiology and microbial biotechnology?

Microbiology studies microorganisms, while microbial biotechnology applies this knowledge to develop practical solutions. microbiology vs biotechnology, microbial science applications.

2. How are microbes used in everyday life?

Microbes aid in making bread, yogurt, cheese, medicines, wastewater treatment, and energy generation. daily uses of microbes, microbial everyday applications.

3. What are the risks of microbial biotechnology?

Potential risks include environmental impacts and ethical concerns, which are managed through regulations and safety measures. biotechnology risks, microbial safety concerns.

4. What is the future of microbial biotechnology?

The future includes advancements in synthetic biology, precision medicine, and sustainable manufacturing. future of microbial science, innovations in biotechnology.

5. Why should students attend microbiology conferences?

Students gain exposure to research, network with experts, and explore career opportunities, making conferences invaluable for growth. student benefits microbiology conference networking opportunities.

Conclusion

Microbial biotechnology is a cornerstone of innovation, addressing critical challenges and fostering sustainable solutions. International microbiology conferences play a vital role in promoting collaboration and staying at the forefront of this transformative field. future of microbiology, microbial biotechnology solutions.

[novobacwilting]

Bacillus thuringiensis Nature's Insecticide Unleashed

Introduction to Bacillus thuringiensis

Unveiling Bacillus thuringiensis

Biological pest control has a major revolutionary factor, and it is Bacillus thuringiensis which occurs naturally in the soil. Its revelation and use in agricultural sectors have led to a major breakthrough from chemical pesticides to eco-friendly ones. The story of the transformation from a simple soil inhabitant to an effective bio-insecticide is proof that nature and man can create magic through innovation.

Biological Pest Control Phenomenon.

The emergence of a biocontrol agent reflects the increasing emphasis on eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practices. The fact that it only kills specific pests but not harms human, animal and non target species makes it a favorite for many farmers worldwide. This transition is not only related to environmental issues but also satisfies the growing interest in organic and ecologically aware farming methods.

Bacillus Thuringiensis: The Organic Pesticide by Novobac

A description and advantages of Novobac’s bt products.

Learn about sustainable agriculture with Novobac's micro-based solutions like B. thuringiensis is a reflection of its vision statement towards promoting sustainable agriculture practice. This bio fungicide makes use of the inherent features of Bacillus thuringiensis and provides an eco-friendly option that is also highly effective. It is a testament to Novobac’s pursuit of creative, ecological methods in farming.

Application in Indoor and Outdoor Plant Defense. Bacillus thuringiensis due to its versatility can be used in different settings. Efficacy is the same regardless of whether you are protecting an indoor plant or a bunch of crops in fields. The mechanism of action is based upon toxins that act against certain insect species indirectly affecting their digestive tract and ultimately leading to death. This focused treatment makes it impossible to harm useful insects, thus preserving the ecological balance.

Mode of Action for Bacillus thuringiensis. The Mode of Action for Bacillus thuringiensis Against Pests.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) generates crystal proteins, or toxins, that target specific insect groups such as Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, primarily focusing on Lepidoptera. BTK and BTA, two strains of Bt, produce the main toxins: exotoxin and endotoxin, also known as parasporal crystals, with the latter being the primary toxic agent. Unlike chemical insecticides, the most effective indoor plant insecticide from Bt is highly specific, affecting only certain insect categories. When consumed, Bt proteins disrupt the insect's digestive system, leading to their death. Insects with simpler digestive systems can experience rapid disintegration of their gut walls. This results in immediate cessation of feeding and paralysis within minutes, allowing Bt's vegetative cells to invade and breach the gut wall. The insects eventually die from starvation and infection in their circulatory fluid, or hemolymph. BT powder's effects are not immediate and may start to show up to 2 days post-ingestion. Hence, it's recommended to apply BT powder a few days before using traditional chemical pesticides. The effectiveness is more pronounced during the early developmental stages of the moth.

Practical Applications in Agriculture

Guideline and Benefits for Farming Using Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacillus thuringiensis has many practical applications in agriculture. This biocontrol agent has demonstrated highly encouraging results in improving plant health and yield right from small-scale gardens to large agricultural fields. The Novobac product is readily applicable under soil drench and foliar spray format, with the specific instructions for both methods of application to ensure its effective usage by farmers. The Benefits are as follows:

An efficient pest control solution for agricultural and forestry use, targeting specific pests like Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, especially Lepidoptera.

This insecticide is safe for non-target insects and mammals, offering an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides.

Simple to apply, it can be used as a spray or mixed with seeds before sowing.

Ideal for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, it helps reduce dependence on chemical pesticides through diverse control techniques.

With a prolonged shelf life, it remains effective even after long-term storage.

Suitable for organic farming, it allows pest control in compliance with organic agriculture standards.

Success Stories in Various Crops Numerous case studies demonstrate the success of agricultural settings. From small-scale vegetable farms to large-scale cotton fields,  as shown remarkable results in controlling pest populations and improving crop health.Environmental Impact and Safety

Eco-Friendly Pest Control

One of the most significant advantages of using biocontrol is its minimal environmental footprint. Unlike chemical pesticides, it does not leave harmful residues in the soil or water, making it a safe choice for both the environment and human health. Novobac's product complies with global safety standards, ensuring its safe use in various agricultural settings.

Safety for Non-Target Species and Humans Safety profile extends beyond its target pests. Studies have shown that it poses no significant risk to humans, animals, or beneficial insects, making it a safe choice in pest management strategies.

Bacillus thuringiensis: Nature's Insecticide Unleashed

Comprehensive Overview of Its Role in Agriculture

Bacillus thuringiensis has rightfully earned its title as a workhorse in microbial biocontrol, especially the commercial products NOVOBAC BT THURICIDE. Its versatility and effectiveness in various agricultural settings underscore its potential as a key player in the future of sustainable farming. Novobac's innovative product is a shining example of how this bacterium can be harnessed for the greater good of agriculture and the environment.

Future Prospects in Biocontrol The future of Bacillus thuringiensis in biocontrol looks promising, with emerging research directions and potential in integrated pest management. Bacillus thuringiensis represents a significant advancement in the field of biocontrol. Its ability to prevent and control bacterial and fungal diseases, retrieve soil quality and fertility, and promote plant growth makes it an invaluable tool in the arsenal of sustainable agriculture.

[ijtsrd]

Microbiological and Physico chemical Examination of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil from Awka Anambra State Nigeria

BY Anagboso, M. O. | Orji, M. U. | Ikele, M. O. "Microbiological and Physico-chemical Examination of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil from Awka Anambra State Nigeria"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46442.pdf

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46442/microbiological-and-physicochemical-examination-of-crude-oil-contaminated-soil-from-awka-anambra-state-nigeria/anagboso-m-o

callforpaperphysics, physicsjournal

Crude oil is a complex mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons that causes a variety of risks when released into agricultural and aquatic environment. This oil can alter population dynamics and disrupt tropic integrations and the structure of natural communities within ecosystems during spills. Microbiological and Physico chemical properties of crude oil and pristine soil samples were assessed using standard procedures. Most frequently occurring microbial isolates obtained were identified using molecular typing. Bacteria isolated from the contaminated soil were Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Fungi isolated were Penicillium citrinnum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus stolonifer. The most frequently occurring novel isolates were S. maltophilia, P. sordelli, B. thuringensis, F. solani, C. deightonni, P. citrinnum, and C. bertholletiae. Percentage organic carbon content of the crude oil contaminated soil was 21.50 while the nitrogen content was 0.90 with a pH value of 4.69. This research showed that crude oil contamination of agricultural soil distorts its physico chemical parameters which has consequent toxicity on the soil, thus possibly hampering its fitness for use in crop production. 

[wtf-triassic]

Trematosaurus

By Scott Reid

Etymology: Hole Reptile

First Described By: Burmeister, 1849 

Classification: Biota, Archaea, Proteoarchaeota, Asgardarchaeota, Eukaryota, Neokaryota, Scotokaryota Opimoda, Podiata, Amorphea, Obazoa, Opisthokonta, Holozoa, Filozoa, Choanozoa, Animalia, Eumetazoa, Parahoxozoa, Bilateria, Nephrozoa, Deuterostomia, Chordata, Olfactores, Vertebrata, Craniata, Gnathostomata, Eugnathostomata, Osteichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Rhipidistia, Tetrapodomorpha, Eotetrapodiformes, Elpistostegalia, Stegocephalia, Tetrapoda, Temnospondyli, Eutemnospondyli, Rhachitomi, Erypoiformes, Stereospondylomorpha, Stereospondyli, Trematosauria, Trematosauroidea, Trematosauridae, Trematosaurinae 

Referred Species: T. brauni, T. galae, T. thuringiensis?  

Status: Extinct 

Time and Place: Between 251 and 247 million years ago, in the Olenekian of the Early Triassic

Trematosaurus is found in the Buntsandstein Member of the Solling Formation of Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany; as well as the Lipovskaya Formation in Volgograd, the Yarenskian Formation in Komi, the Gostevskaya Formation in Orenburg, and the Petropavlovskaya Formation in Orenburg, all in Russia.

Physical Description: Trematosaurus was a large, long-headed amphibian that, in general, greatly resembled living crocodilians - but, again, it was an amphibian, and an ocean going one at that. Because the Triassic is always - always - extra. The skull was triangular and fairly long, greatly resembling that of the modern gavial. It had a long, wedge-shaped tail, very short and stubby limbs, and a long and streamlined body. Its feet were probably used as flippers, aiding it in swimming, and the wedge tail would have been extremely useful in propelling the animal forward. As an amphibian, it would have been covered in slippery, slimy skin, rather than scales - which was fine, since it spent all of its time in the water. It had small, sharp teeth, in a skull that was even somewhat hooked - increasing its general crocodile-like appearance. It also had its eyes, very clearly, on the top of its head; its nostrils were at the front of its snout, once again at the top, so it could surface and breathe easily. The skulls of these animals ranged between twenty and forty centimeters long; though the body size is unknown, we could guess somewhere between 2 and 3 meters in length. 

Diet: Trematosaurus was decidedly carnivorous, feeding on a variety of fish and other animals in its aquatic habitat. 

Behavior: This amphibian would have been extremely mobile and active, swimming around in its environment, hunting food, and searching for new places for feeding. The tail would have been useful in helping Trematosaurus to propel itself forward, while the limbs may have been helpful in steering. It probably wouldn’t have gone to land very much - honestly, those legs were small enough to be useless, so if it went on land it was to rest and maybe to mate. It would have laid its eggs in the water, probably close to the shore in secluded and hidden habitats like in flotsam and other murkey areas, as there were many animals that would have enjoyed some tasty squishy amphibian eggs. Whether or not it was social is difficult to tell; it was certainly common, in fact, one of the most common animals of its area, and it may have hunted or traveled in small groups, much like how frogs are usually found in congregations today - as are crocodilians - though they probably would have been loosely formed ones. 

Ecosystem: Trematosaurus lived, in general, in the ocean and near sandy beaches, though it would also venture into aquatic habitats that were more of a mixture of salt and freshwater (ie, brackish water) in river channels and sandy deltas along the sea. This makes sense, as such habitats would have been safer locations for it to lay its eggs. That said, it lived alongside a very wide variety of animals in its norther ocean habitat right after life finally began to recover from the extinction. It lived with the Mastodonsaurid Amphibian Parotosuchus and the giant Lycophyte tree Pleuromeia in the sandy shorelines of Germany. In the oceans of Russia, however, Trematosaurus was surrounded with other animals - sharks such as Hybodus and Lissodus; other fish such as Saurichthys, Watsonulus, Ptychoceratodus, Holophagus, and the lungfish Ceratodus and Arganodus; Parotosuchus again as well as other amphibians like Batrachosuchoides and Dromotectum (a survivor from the Permian); the mystery Synapsid Putillosaurus; and a fun variety of early reptiles. There were tons of Allokotosaurs such as Doniceps, Vitalia, Kapes, Coelodontognathus; the also very crocodile-like but not a crocodile Chasmatosuchus; a Parareptile, Orenburgia; the potential tuataras Scarschangia (which would be one of the oldest tuataras known); a Sauropterygian Tanaisosaurus; the Tanystropheid Augustaburiania; and even ridiculously early Suchians such as Vytshegdosuchus, the Poposaur Bystrowisuchus, and the Rauisuchian Scythosuchus. There were mystery reptiles too, such as the Archosauriform Tsylmosuchus, making the northern oceans of Pangea a fascinating location for the study of the early radiation of Triassic life. Also, indicating that Trematosaurus sure did have a lot to eat - and a lot of competition! 

Other: Trematosaurus is one of the Trematosaurids, a group of amphibians that evolved right after the end-Permian extinction for a high level of adaptation for aquatic life. They honestly look very similar to modern gavials, but were completely marine - living in oceans and seas across the Triassic. Trematosaurus itself actually had a shortner snout than some of its cousins like Wantzosaurus and Cosgriffus, though it still was a very crocodilian-like lad despite being an Amphibian. One could really call the Triassic the Age of Crocodiles - if you weren’t a relative of modern ones (ie, a Pseudosuchian), you were either weird - or trying to be one. And Trematosaurus definitely was trying to be an ocean crocodile. 

~ By Meig Dickson 

Sources Under the Cut

Burmeister, H. 1859. Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem bunten Sandstein bei Bernburg. I. Abtheilung Trematosaurus. Berlin (Reimer). 

Damani, R. 2004. Cranial anatomy and relationships of Microposaurus casei, a temnospondyl from the MiddleTriassic of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3): 533 - 541. 

Ivakhnenko, M. F. 1973. New Cisuralian cotylosaurs. Paleontological Journal 7(2):247-249. 

Maisch, M. W., A. T. Matzke, G. Sun. 2004. A relict trematosauroid (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) from the Middle Jurassic of the Junggar Basin (NW China). Naturwissenschaften 91 (12): 589 - 593. 

Noviov, I. V. 2010. New data on trematosauroid labyrinthodonts of Eastern Europe: 2. Trematosaurus galae sp. nov.: Cranial morphology. Paleontological Journal 44 (4): 457 - 467. 

Schoch, R., and A. R. Milner. 2000. Stereospondyli. Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie - Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology 3B:1-203. 

Schoch, R. R., A. R. Milner, H. Hellrung. 2002. The last trematosaurid amphibian Hyperokynodon keuperinus revisited. Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde B: 321. 

Schoch, R. R. 2011. A trematosauroid temnospondyl from the Middle Triassic of Jordan. The Fossil Record 14 (2): 119 - 127. 

Schoch, R. R. ( 2013): The major clades of temnospondyls: an inclusive phylogenetic analysis. – Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 11: 673–705. 

Schoch, R. R. 2018. The temnospondyl Parotosuchus nasutus (v. Meyer, 1858) from the Early Triassic Middle Buntsandstein of Germany. Palaeodiversity 11:107-126. 

Schoch, R. R. 2019. Osteology of the temnospondyl Trematosaurus brauni Burmeister, 1849 from the Middle Buntsandstein of Bernburg, Germany. Palaeodiversity 12: 41 - 63. 

Spencer, P. S., and G. W. Storrs. 2002. A re-evaluation of small tetrapods from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Formation of Devon, England. Palaeontology 45(3):447-467. 

Steyer, S. J. 2002. The First Articulated Trematosaur 'amphibian' from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar: Implications for the Phylogeny of the Group. Palaeontology 14 (4): 771 - 793. 

Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, M. V. Surkov and M. J. Benton. 2003. Tetrapod localities from the Triassic of the SE of European Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 60(1-2):1-66. 

Watson, D. M. S. 1919. The structure, evolution and origin of the Amphibia.—The "orders" Rachitomi and Stereospondyli. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 209:1-73. 

Werneburg, R. 1993. Trematosaurus (Amphibia) aus dem Mittleren Buntsandstein (Untertrias) von Thüringen. Veröffentlichungen des Naturhistorischen Museums Schleusingen 7/8:17-29. 

[enaykudisi]

I've got fungus gnat larvae in my springtail culture soo I'm doing an experiment

Why I think this will work - Mosquito Bits are chunks of corn that’s covered with a bacteria, B. thuringiensis. This bacteria is only lethal to larvae in the orders  Lepidoptera and Diptera (flies, moths, and butterflies) (source, pg. 6) 

So I’m soaking some of these bits in water, then I’ll pour the water into my spray bottle and give the culture a few sprays. This way I won’t clog up my spray bottle with corn bits. I’m assuming the bacteria die off pretty quickly because the instructions say to reapply every 7-14 days so I’m not concerned with this building up. 

9 hour update: I don't see many wiggles and springtails seem fine 🤞

[dhominis]

:D :D :D worm paper

cut for length, but good host/parasite experimental coevolution paper!

(see also: Jeremy Yoder at molecularecologist discussing the paper)

Caenorhabditis elegans is a really commonly used lab research subject. It’s a small non-parasitic nematode (roundworm) that usually lives in the soil; in the lab, it’s one of the best-studied animals that exists. Mostly it’s used in genetic, developmental, neuro research.

My favorite weird C. elegans research so far comes out of the lab of Levi Morran (Emory University) -- essentially, Morran’s research takes C. elegans and puts it in an environment with one of its natural pathogens, the bacterium Serratia marcescens.

Over many generations, the C. elegans and S. marcescens populations both change -- the worm becomes more resistant to the bacterium, and the bacterium becomes better able to infect the worm. When you look at populations that have been evolving together for a while, it might look like not much has changed in terms of survival rates. But when you conduct time-shifted experiments, in which you let host/pathogen combinations from different points in recent evolutionary history compete, the modern bacterium easily kills the ancestral worm and the modern worm easily resists the ancestral bacterium. They’ve become better-adapted to each other.

(this general pattern is a common thing in evolution, and also Levi Morran is awesome)

Anyway, this paper is not from the Morran lab, but it’s really cool. The authors coevolve C. elegans with its pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, and then analyze the resulting genomic data. I’m quite not enough of a genetics guy to understand this to the depth I’d prefer, but yay!!

highlights:

After coevolution, both the worm and the bacterium have substantially increased fitness (which, like, is expected, but good to confirm)

Genomic analysis suggests that each population’s evolution is reciprocal, dependent on the other population’s current state, not more general. It also suggests that the adaptation likely occurs via antagonistic frequency-dependent selection -- the frequency of a given genetic variant in the population in question appears to explain a lot of the selection occurring, in that less common variants (which the other population is less able to deal with) are selected for.

B. thuringiensis stores many of its virulence factors on a plasmid, and the copy number of that plasmid seems to be under selective pressure during coevolution. And... copy number variation seems to explain much of the variation in pathogen fitness. I am gleeful here

Importantly, the change in cry6B [toxin gene] copy number correlates significantly with the pathogen’s effect on host fitness in the time-shift experiment...Thus, high copy numbers are associated with lowered host fertility, while low copy numbers lead to higher fertility in a host genotype-specific form during the time-shift experiments. This correlation thereby supports the involvement of copy number variation in the pathogen’s temporal adaptation to the coevolving host.

and, like, I’m generally excited about researchers being able to apply newly-affordable whole-genome sequencing techniques to established experimental setups!!

[bloggerthrive]

In the long run, biopesticides will replace chemical pesticides

Anything that kills a pest and is biologically derived as opposed to being created in a lab is considered a biopesticide. The most well-known biopesticide in the potato sector is known as Bt, or Bacillus thuringiensis. An illustration of a microbial biopesticides is this. A soil bacteria called B. thuringiensis is hazardous to many insect larvae. There are a number of Bt products approved for foliar sprays on potatoes, including DiPel, Du-Ter, and Javelin. B. thuringiensis insect-killing genes have been been inserted into the genomes of a number of crops, including potatoes, such as the New Leaf clones of several varieties. Bt has so proven to be the most efficient.

Read More:

https://cmitoc.blogspot.com/2022/08/biopesticides-preferred-over-chemical.html

[oaresearchpaper]

Bacillus thuringiensis for Controlling Plutella xylostella on Mustard Plants

Abstract

Numerous chemical insecticides have been used in order to control pests, which damage for agriculture. While chemical insecticides have knock down effect to the insect pests, they are too expensive in the developing countries and harmful to both human and the environment. One of the most important global problems is protecting crops from insect. For the control insects, synthetic chemical are continuously used. The implementation of integrated pest management aims to suppress adverse effects of the use of synthetic pesticides, plant pest immunity, prevent resurgence, and utilize as much as possible the ability of nature with using environmentally friendly microbio insecticide. Green mustard is a plant widely cultivated farmers in Indonesia, but green mustard plants also contain vitamins and nutrient that are important for health, because of the many cases of low productivity, one pests of caterpillars of causing farmers to suffer losses and the impact on the use of chemical insecticides by semi subsistence for control of caterpillar pests. To cope with the excessive use of chemical insecticides, the uses of microbio insecticide are more environmentally friendly can be applied. This study aimed to determine the mortality of insects, the rapid of time to control caterpillar pests at green mustard plants and to determine the concentration of B. thuringiensis the most effective way to control caterpillar pests on green mustard. In this result of study that it was found that the application of the most influence very real to the intensity of death caterpillar green mustard plants is K1 (Turex WP) with a concentration of 1g per liter. The best concentration and able to kill the caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) amounted to 71.00% within one day of observation after being treated.

Introduction

The mustard plant is included in the leaf vegetable of the Cruciferae family which has economic value. The mustard plant is a plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapsis in the family Brassicaceae. Mustard, any of several herbs belonging to the mustard family of plants, Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), or the condiment made from these plants’ pungent seeds. The leaves and swollen leaf stems of mustard plants are also used, as greens, or potherbs. The principal types are white, or yellow mustard (Sinapis alba), a plant of Mediterranean origin; and brown, or Indian, mustard (Brassica juncea), which is Himalayan origin. The latter species has almost entirely replaced the formerly used black mustard (Brassica nigra) which was unsuitable for mechanized cropping and which new occurs mainly as an introduced weed.

Numerous chemical insecticides have been used in order to control pests, which damage for agriculture. While chemical insecticides have knock down effect to the insect pests, they are too expensive in the developing countries and harmful to both human and the environment. In addition, target insect pests rapidly develop biological resistance especially at higher rates of application. The chemical insecticides are still contributing to human life enormously, but they have been distributed in ecological system of organisms including human beings because of their low specific toxicity to any organism and their low specific toxicity to any organism and their slight decomposition in nature (Ameriana et al., 2000). Therefore, many biological controls of insects have been investigated. Currently, researches on the use pathogenic microorganisms to control insect pests are increasing. Microbial pest control is practiced in different parts of the world though utilization of pathogen likes fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes. Bacterial research causing disease in insects began in the late nineteenth century. It was a study of flacherie of the silkworm, bombx mori (Burges and Hussey, 1971; Burges, 1981). Ishiwata (1901) in this report on the discovery of sotto bacillus, reffered briefly to occurrence of sotto bacillus-like organism, which causes the disease to silkworm larvae.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a gram positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities. It has also been observed to parasitize other moths such as Cadra calidella in laboratory experiments working with C. calidella, many of the moth were diseased due to this parasite.

Source : Bacillus thuringiensis for Controlling Plutella xylostella on Mustard Plants | InformativeBD

[crimson-biotechnology]

Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner: A Key Biological Agent for Sustainable Agriculture _ Crimson Publishers

Bacillus Thuringiensis Berliner: A Key Biological Agent for Sustainable Agriculture by Pakdaman BS in Journal of Biotechnology & Bioresearch

Abstract The increasing population and the resulted problems necessitate the application of ecofriendly and economically acceptable methods in sustainable agriculture. Integrated management of plant diseases and pests is an important part of such a system. Superior strains of the bacterial species, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner can play multiple roles in biological control of plant diseases and pests and promote plant growth and development. Other useful bioactivities of the species, such as bioremediation are not covered in this paper.

Keywords: Control; Disease; Pathogen; Pest; Yield

Introduction The increasing population of the world means further demand for agricultural production while imposes decreased access to irrigation water and agricultural lands. In spite of the hazardous impact of the chemical pesticides announced at least since the publication of the noble-prize winning Silent Spring [1], unfortunately the current rate of water and soil pollution is enough high to testify for the undeniable mismanagement of these invaluable environmental resources. The situation has got more aggravated due to other pollutants from industrial and civil activities. Air pollution due to the increased application of fossil fuels and irresponsible annihilation/use of forests is believed to be the main reason of global warmth. So, finding eco-friendly agrobiologicals replacements for current agrochemicals may be helpful in the reduction of farmers’ reliance on agrochemical products. Among the most appropriate agrobiologicals are those based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, accounting for more than 90% of the global biopesticide employment [2].

The bacterium, about 0.5-1.0 × 2-5μm in size [3], is a cultivable aerobic or anaerobic facultative [4] gram-positive, thick-walled peritrichous species able to chemotactically trace and swim toward plant root exudates or target (micro) organisms [5]. There are strains of the bacterium able to promote plant growth and development and increase its yield [6]. Its antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungi including the mycotoxigenic Fusarium oxysporum is well documented [7]. The bacterium produces and secrets a range of antibacterial (such as bacteriocins) and antifungal metabolites (such as Zwittermicin, fengycin, and hydrogen cyanide) [8,9]. However, the bacterium is more famous because of its capacity for the production of insecticidal crystal proteins and metabolites. Based on flagellar H antigens, host specificity and the presence of plasmids, the species is divided to more than 100 sub-species and varieties divided into 70 serotypes [3]. Also, there are various types of Cry proteins each effective against specific group of insect pests [5]. Some Cry proteins are nematicidal [5]. Other insecticidal proteins produced by B. thuringiensis are vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (VIPs), and cytotoxic proteins (Cyt proteins) [10]. Furthermore, B. thuringiensis produces several classes of other toxins such as alpha-exotoxins, beta-exotoxins, hemolysins, enterotoxins as well as enzymes such as phospholipases, chitinase [11] as well as proteases [12]. The bacterium incites all three hormonal signaling pathways involved in plant systemic resistance to a broad range of plant pathogens and pests [13]. All these characteristics make this species an ideal candidate for integrated plant disease and pest management programs. The endospores are known as the most persistent form of life [14]. It is expectable, that the bacteria will produce endospores receiving the signals of plant senescence at the end of growing season. This is important as more than 90% of world agricultural lands may be classified as conducive soils [15] and the annual increase of the persistent bacterial propagules can lead to a shift in the soil biology from conduciveness to suppression.

The application of a bacterial strain of a sum of abovementioned bioactivities is superior to the chemical treatments that even if they are not pollutant, only affect either plant pathogens or pests. Additionally, the use of the bacterium is preferred to the pre-treatment of plants with plant resistance inducing chemicals (such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, etc.) because such chemical treatments applied prior to the beginning of plant diseases or pest contamination can lead to reduced crop yields due to consumed material and energy for the activation of unnecessary defense pathways in the absence of the disease or pest [16]. The suitable B. thuringiensis can increase plant growth, development, and yield in the absence of the harmful (micro) organisms [6]. Considering the widespread use of cry genes in the biotechnological generation of genetically transformed crops [17], the pretreatment of plants with an appropriate stain(s) of B. thuringiensis does not need economically expensive and technically difficult procedures of genetic engineering, genetic transformation, and tissue culture followed by time-consuming and labor-requiring transformed plant propagation. From the medicinal point of view, B. thuringiensis is a species closely relative to Bacillus spp. (B. cereus, and B. anthracis) pathogenic in human [18]. This means that B. thuringiensis may compete with pathogenic Bacillus spp. And help into hygiene and health in rural environments. However, the carriage of Cry toxin plasmids substantially reduces B. thuringiensis competitive potential in soil [19]. The bacterium can be easily formulated thanks to its constitutive ability to produce persistent endospores [20]. The endospore-based formulations are of prolong shelf-life [21]. The resistant endospores can guarantee the persistence of the soil biology improvement despite of global warmth and harsh changes in the local climate. B. thuringiensis and autochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be applied to improve the physiological traits as well as performance of agronomical crops under drought conditions [22].

Conclusion Bacillus Thuringiensis can be useful in the ecofriendly development of global agriculture and improve the ecology and economy of the developing as well as developed countries affected with agrochemicals and the harmful impact of global warmth.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/jbb/fulltext/JBB.000551.php

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[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid | Fried Rice Syndrome, a Disease of Fast World: Scientific Analysis

Introduction

Fried Rice Syndrome is a food borne disease due to food intoxication by Bacillus cereus, a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, and facultative anaerobic, motile, beta hemolytic bacterium commonly found in soil and food [1]. There are two types of toxins produce by the bacteria which are heat and acid labile enterotoxin and heat resistant emetic toxin [2].The incubation period of diarrhoeal form is 6-24 hours and it is associated with ingestion of proteinaceous foods; the shorter incubation period of emetic form is 1 -6 hours, and is associated with consumption of farinaceous foods such as cook rice. Food poisoning attributed to Bacillus cereus have been reported and associated with cooked rice usually from Chinese restaurants and `take-away’ shops [3]. To prevent further outbreaks, it is suggested that rice should be boiled in smaller quantities on several occasions during the day and reducing the storage time before frying. After boiling the rice, it should be kept at 63°C or cooled quickly and transferred to a refrigerator within 2 hr. of cooking [4].

Species specification of B. Cereus [5]:

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Firmicute

Class: Bacilli

Order: Bacillales

Family: Bacillaceae

Genus: Bacilus

Species: B. cereus

The Bacillus cereus group consists of seven species like B.cereus, B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. cytotoxicus. Bacillus food borne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when food is improperly cooked [5]. Cooking temperatures less than or equal to 100 °C (212 °F) allow some B. cereus spores to survive [5].

History of Outbreaks

Bacillus cereus isolated from air in a cowshed by Frankland and Frankland in 1887. Many outbreaks from a variety of foods including meat and vegetable soups, cooked meat and poultry, fish, milk and ice cream were reported in Europe since 1950. In 1969, it was first well-documented in the USA. B. cereus associated vomiting type poisoning was reported in 1971 representing the nausea and vomiting 1-5 h after consumption of the intoxicated meal. The incubation period may vary from 15-30 minutes or 6-12 hours. It has been proved that all the vomiting type outbreaks were associated with consumption of cooked rice. This type of poisoning resembles with staphylococcal food poisoning [6].

Toxins of B. Cereus

B. cereus is producing one emetic toxin (ETE) and three different enterotoxins. Three pore-forming enterotoxins responsible for the diarrhoeal type of food poisoning are Hemolysin BL (Hbl), Non- haemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), and Cytotoxin K (CytK). Hbl and Nhe each consist of three different protein components, named L2, L1, and B, and NheA, NheB and NheC, respectively, while CytK is a single-component toxin [7].

Factors affecting growth of B. cereus

Conducive temperature for B. Cereus ranges from 7-49°C (44.6- 120.2°F) with a minimum of 4-5°C (39.2-41°F) and a maximum around 48-50°C (118.4-122°F). Spore germination temperature range from 8-30°C (46.4-86°F), pH range for growth pH 4.9-9.3, Minimum water activity 0.91–0.93, Salt concentration as high as 7.5% NaCl. Thermal D value for spores at 100°C around 3 min, but some spores much more resistant. Spores are more resistant to irradiation than vegetative cells. The dose for 90% reduction of spores is 1.25 - 4kGy, and 0.17-0.65 kGy of vegetative cells [6].

Studies Revealed the Bacillus Cereus is associated with Fried Rice Syndrome

One study conducted for identify the exposure pathway of fried rice dishes and evaluation of its microbiological quality from Chinese restaurants. Exposure pathway for fried rice was assessed in terms of time, temperature, and serving size by phases from preparation to consumer consumption. The microbiological quality of 32 samples was evaluated for the levels of Bacillus cereus, aerobic mesophilic plate count (APC), and coliforms. One serving size of fried rice dishes was 352.2 g. The final temperature of fried rice dishes at the consumption point was 66.1°C for cook-to order restaurants, and 59.8°C for reheat-to-cook type restaurants. The prevalence of B. cereus detected in cooked rice at consumption point was 37.5%. Production types, final temperature at cooking, and consumption phases were associated with contamination level of B. cereus (p<0.05) [8].

A case control study suggested that Bacillus cereus food poisoning is a short incubation period, characterized predominantly by sudden onset of nausea and vomiting in some cases and in others by abdominal colic, severe watery diarrhoea and tenesmus. The illness generally persists no longer than 24 hours and is rarely fatal. In February 1996 the Department of Public Health investigated an outbreak of food poisoning involving at least 92 persons among local and foreign guests at a local hotel. B. cereus was implicated as a cause of the outbreak. The study was performed on 61 cases and 80 controls from among hotel residents using a detailed questionnaire. Consumption of rice at a hotel lunch was associated with subsequent development of symptoms (OR =2.97, 95% Cl 1.34 -6.77). The food-specific attack rate for rice was 0.53 (P =0.0034). B. cereus (7.5 x 103 organisms /g) was isolated from leftover samples of boiled rice and from the stools of three patients [9].

Clinical Features of Fried Rice Syndrome

The emetic form presents with vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and occasionally late onset diarrhoea which can resemble S. aureus food poisoning in its symptoms and incubation period. This is usually mild, lasting less than 12 hours. The diarrhoeal form usually presents with abdominal pain, diarrhoea (often watery and profuse) and tenesmus occasionally followed by mild nausea and diarrhoea. Symptoms generally subside after 24 hours. The diarrhoeal form may be difficult to distinguish from Clostridium perfringens foodborne intoxication [10].

Diagnosis of FRS:

1. PCR and immunohistochemistry.

2. CNS tissue examination

3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

4. Multilocus sequence typing (MST)

5. B. cereus biofilms

6. Transcriptome analyses by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)

Preventive measures of Fried Rice Syndrome

1. Processing (cooked thoroughly and cooled rapidly) is one of the easiest ways to prevent foodborne illness associated with Bacillus spp.

2. Cooked foods should be kept at temperature of 145oF or above for a minimum of 15 seconds (2001 Food Code).

3. Hot food should be kept at a temperature of 140oF or higher.

4. Reheating cooked food should be kept to 165oF.

5. Frozen food should remain frozen until it is used.

6. If frozen food is displayed in a refrigerated case and allowed to thaw, the food should remain at 41oF or below.

7. All food operators and consumers should understand the roles of food safety throughout the food chain by incorporating the policy development at the national and international levels.

8. It is needed to address risks of FBDs and ensure food safety. Education and training are needed on prevention of FBDs among food producers, suppliers, handlers and the general public, including women and school children.

9. Steaming under pressure, roasting, frying and grilling foods can destroy the vegetative cells and spores (11).

10. Foods infested with the diarrheal toxin can be inactivated by heating for 5 min at 133 °F [11].

11. Foods infested with the emetic toxin need to be heated to 259 °F for more than 90 min. Reheating foods until they are steaming is not enough to kill the emetic toxin [11].

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume5/fried-rice-syndrome-a-disease-of-fast-world-scientific-analysis.000979.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid | Current Issue

[novobacwilting]

How to Avoid and Remove Gnats From Your Home

Gnats are a small, bothersome bug that, if they get into your house, may rapidly become a problem. Since they frequently congregate around moist, decomposing organic materials, your indoor plants, kitchen and bathroom make excellent breeding grounds. Fortunately, there are practical methods you may use to stop and get rid of gnat infestations in your living spaces.

1. Identify the Culprit: Types of Gnats

It's critical to recognize the precise kind of gnat you're up against before starting your campaign against them. The most typical forms of flies found inside homes include drain flies, fruit flies, and fungus gnats. In moist situations like potted plants, fungus gnats in particular thrive. Fruit flies are drawn to overripe fruits and vegetables, while drain flies breed in moist, organicrich areas such as drains and pipes.

2. Keep Your Environment Clean

Prevention is the first line of defense against gnats. The likelihood of an infestation can be considerably decreased by maintaining a clean and dry environment. Regularly dispose of overripe fruits and vegetables, clean up crumbs, and ensure that your trash cans are tightly sealed. Wipe down surfaces and keep sinks and drains free of debris and standing water.

3. Manage Houseplants

The perfect environment for fungus gnats can be produced by overwatering plants. To prevent this, allow the top inch of soil to dry out before watering again. Consider repotting plants with fresh soil to eliminate gnat larvae. As an additional measure, Beauveria bassiana, a natural fungal insecticide from NovoBac, can be applied to the soil to target and control gnat populations.

4. use organic insecticides

A naturally occurring fungus called Beauveria bassiana parasitizes insects. Gnats are infected and killed by it by sticking to their bodies, which finally results in their death. Gnat infestations may be effectively and sustainably controlled by using treatments containing Beauveria bassiana.

Bacillus thuringiensis is another natural solution offered by NovoBac. This bacterium creates proteins that are poisonous to some insects, such fungus gnats. These proteins cause the larvae to stop feeding, which leads to their eventual death. Gnat numbers can be reduced with the use of Bacillus thuringiensis products without endangering helpful insects, according to a pest management technique.

5. Implement BTI Fungus Gnat Treatment

For a specialized approach to combat fungus gnats, consider using the BTI fungus gnat treatment also available from NovoBac. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, sometimes known as BTI, is a subspecies of B. thuringiensis that targets mosquito and gnat larvae specifically. It comes in a variety of formulations, such as granules and dunks, and can be applied to surfaces like plant saucers and drainage trays where gnat larvae are likely to breed.

6. Seal Entry Points

Examine doors, windows, and other openings for potential gnat access spots before allowing them into your house.

Install window screens, and make sure door sweeps are completely sealed. You can lessen the chance that additional gnats will invade your area by restricting their access. You can efficiently prevent and get rid of these bothersome insects, but dealing with gnats within your home can be stressful. Maintaining a clean environment, managing houseplants, using natural insecticides like Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis, and incorporating specialized treatments like BTI fungus gnat can help you regain control of your living spaces. You can have a gnatfree home environment by doing these things and being watchful.

[ijtsrd]

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus Strains

by Nwozor, N. C | Ogbo, F. C "Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Pullulanase Producing Bacillus Strains"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45051.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/45051/isolation-and-molecular-characterization-of-pullulanase-producing-bacillus-strains/nwozor-n-c

callforpaperbiologicalscience, biologicalsciencejournal

Pullulanase is an extracellular carbohydrase responsible for the hydrolysis of pullulan and amylopectin toproduce maltotriose. The product maltotriose is used in detergent industry, bakery industry and in the production of biotechnological products. In the present investigation pullulanase producing bacillus species were isolated and characterized using different biochemical and molecular methodologies. The isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis respectively.. The pullulanase acivity was higher in Bacillus cereus, 0.62U ml than B. thuringiensis, 0.53 U ml. This research reveals that pullulanase enzyme production from these Bacillus species shows great promise for use in industrial processes. 

[kathleenseiber]

Game-changing GM crop finally planted in Nigeria

After decades of research, Nigeria’s farmers are growing a GM version of their staple legume that will help millions combat hunger and poverty.

Last July, for the first time, subsistence farmers in Nigeria planted a new variety of genetically modified (GM) cowpea – and it promises to bolster food security for over 200 million Nigerians.

This follows a decision made in December 2019, when Nigeria became the first country in the world to approve the commercialisation of GM cowpea.

Cowpeas are a staple food and an important source of protein, mostly grown in West Africa. Credit: CSIRO

The protein-rich cowpea, commonly known as “poor man’s meat”, is the country’s staple legume. This new variety took a team of African and international devotees 40 years to develop: 20 years to improve its traits through traditional breeding and another 20 using genetic engineering to develop resistance to the destructive Maruca pod borer.

Mohammad Ishiyaku, a geneticist and cowpea breeder at Ahmadu Bello University in Northern Nigeria, says the new variety is a game-changer for farmers.

“The demand is outstripping supply,” he says.

Farming families comprise about 70% of the Nigerian population, with most living on half-acre (about 2000 sq m) lots where they grow sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, plantain and – most importantly – cowpea. Most families consume cowpeas daily either boiled and eaten with rice or fermented and cooked in oil to provide a tasty local dish known as akara. The stalks are also nutritious fodder for livestock, and any extra harvest can bring in cash at the local market.

But what farmers grow is what they put on the table and when their crops fail, their families starve. Some 91 million people are considered at risk; most can’t afford fertiliser and chemicals, there’s no irrigation or power, and life has only gotten tougher in recent years due climate change and conflict.

Researchers expect that the GM cowpea will not only increase food security, but also give farming families a leg up out of poverty. Ishiyaku estimates that by lowering their spending on pesticides and raising yields, the crop could enhance farmers’ income by close to 30%.

The new variety should also help the country’s bank balance. While Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of cowpea, it still needs to import 500,000 tonnes per year.

The long road to GM cowpea

Cowpea is a hardy legume, well adapted to the dry conditions and poor soils of the tropical savannah. But while handed down the generations from farmer to farmer, it had been left behind by the breeding programs that dramatically improved the yield of staples like rice, corn or wheat.

Improving cowpea has long been the holy grail for Nigerian plant breeders.

Read more: Gene-edited plants aid food security

Their journey began in 1979 when plant breeder B B Singh joined Nigeria’s International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Singh was known as ‘Mr Soybean’, for breeding high-yielding soybean varieties in the US and introducing them to India. In Nigeria he was soon to become ‘Mr Cowpea’.

Dr BB Singh in the greenhouse with cowpea plants at Texas A&M University in College Station. Credit: Texas A&M AgriLife photo

Like a racehorse breeder, Singh appraised the traits of 15,000 varieties of cowpea from around the world, plying his art to mix and match desired traits. When he began farmed varieties of cowpea sprawled along the ground using up precious space and took five months to ripen their pods. Sixteen years later his ‘racehorse’ variety grew upright so more could be packed into the farmer’s field. Their time to ripen was shortened to two months, safeguarding a harvest if seasonal rains failed, an increasingly common occurrence. And to top it off, he bred in resistance to thrip, aphids, bruchids and striga – a pretty pink parasitic weed.

After 16 years Singh’s efforts increased the yield of cowpea grown in the greenhouse from 0.2 tons per hectare to over two tons per hectare.

But out in the fields, those gains could be obliterated by a little brown and white moth: Maruca, whose caterpillars routinely devour between 20% and 80% of the crop.

For the die-hard cowpea breeders, it was a call to arms.

The only weapon was spraying with pesticides up to eight times over the growing period. But besides being prohibitively expensive for farmers living on $1.50 per day, spraying was dangerous for those unfamiliar with pesticide use and lacking protective gear.

Pod borer moths lay their eggs on cowpea plants and the emerging caterpillars feed on the plant, drastically reducing yield. Credit: Carl Davies

Singh knew that the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis offered an organic solution to the Maruca problem. When the bacterium infects caterpillars, it kills them because one of its genes bores a hole into the caterpillar’s stomach. Organic farmers spray the bacterial soup directly onto crops. It’s ecologically friendly because bees and other insects are unaffected. But sprays don’t reach caterpillars inside pea pods. The most effective approach was to supply the plant with an inbuilt version of the bacterium’s gut-boring gene through genetic engineering.

The bacterial gene, commonly referred to as Bt, had been successfully introduced to soybeans, corn and cotton, but success in cowpea had been elusive. Singh’s comrade-in-arms in the Maruca wars, entomologist Larry Murdock at Purdue University, Indiana, had tried for years. But Murdock knew a scientist from Australia’s national research agency, CSIRO, who might succeed. “Higgins was my secret weapon,” he says. Murdock arranged a conference in Senegal in 2001 and invited T J Higgins as keynote speaker.

Higgins was famous for having used genetic engineering to improve legumes for the benefit of sheep. Unaware of the reason for being honoured as keynote speaker, Higgins regaled his audience with his feat of improving livestock fodder. His audience was singularly unimpressed. When they asked him to turn his efforts to improving ‘poor man’s meat’, Higgins, the son of a poor Irish farmer, could not refuse.

He took up the punishing task of introducing the bacterial gene into cowpea. It relied on hijacking the operations of yet another soil bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which induces gnarly tumours around the roots of plants. It does this by sneaking its own DNA into plant cells to turn them into factories for producing its preferred nutrients.

But while Agrobacterium readily infects roses and fruit trees, it shows little inclination for grains and legumes. To infect them requires tissue culture. That means mincing plant tissue into clumps of cells, incubating them in a cocktail of Agrobacterium, plant hormones and nutrients, selecting out plant cells that had taken up the bacterial genes and then trying to generate a complete plant from those cells.

Every step of the procedure is “hit and miss” and success is often hard to replicate.

Large companies like US agricultural and chemicals company Monsanto (acquired by German company Bayer in 2018) ultimately succeeded for soybeans, cotton, canola and corn – the huge investment justified by the profits.

TJ Higgins with African colleagues. Credit: AAAS

But Higgins was a public sector scientist – his day job was deputy head of CSIRO Plant Industry – and he was on a modest budget.

At first it was a night-time affair. While CSIRO space and infrastructure was allotted for the African cause, Higgins had to get grants from the Rockefeller Foundation and then USAID in order to fund manpower and material.

By 2006, the team had their first success at coaxing the reluctant cowpea to accept new genes from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It was a slow quest – only one in a thousand baby plants accepted the new gene.

By 2009, Nigerian scientists were testing GM plants in the field at Ahmadu Bello University. Compared to non-GM plants, they were highly protected against Maruca.

The plants are ready – but the public isn’t

Developing the GM cowpea in Higgin’s lab took a decade. Carrying out the necessary safety studies – along with navigating Nigeria’s biosafety regulatory hoops – took another.

In most African and Asian countries, campaigns led by anti-GM groups have blocked genetically modified crops from being approved. This is despite more than 30 years of testing by the world’s food safety regulators, which has consistently found that the consumption of genetically modified crops such as corn, soybeans, rice or papaya to be as safe as consuming conventional crops.

Arguably, GM crops are safer because of the stringent testing required. GM produce must be tested for potential allergenic or inflammatory effects. But while traditional breeding or organic farming can produce foods with harmful health effects, neither are subject to the same high bar of safety testing.

Watch: Cosmos Briefing: The Future of Food

Testing GM foods is based on a commonsense approach, explains Don MacKenzie, head of the not-for-profit Institute for International Crop Improvement at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center in St Louis, Missouri, which contributed to the testing of GM cowpea.

MacKenzie illustrates the basic logic of food safety testing with a simple question: “Is there a study that’s looked at the safety of rice?”

The cowpea. Credit: Gabriel Vergani / EyeEm

(There isn’t.)

“It’s impossible to prove absolute safety,” MacKenzie says. “All you can do is show the GM food is as safe as the food that we have a long history and familiarity with.

“Our mission is to do what we can do to shorten the time it takes to put good safe technology in the hands of smallholder farmers. The number of hungry people in the world is going up.”

Testing focuses on the known differences between the traditional variety and the GM version. These differences are the protein products of the introduced genes. GM plants are tested for their effects on human or animal health, as well as their performance in the field to see if the inserted genes affect the plant’s growth. There are also ecological tests, to assess the risk of whether a GM plant might interbreed with another variety to create a super weed, or take over from wild varieties reducing biodiversity.

The GM cowpea variety produced by the Higgins group passed all these tests. They showed that the insertion of the foreign genes in the cowpea did not result in a toxic or allergenic effect. Neither did the genes alter the growth or nutritional composition of the plant. Hundreds of studies with other crops (including those organically grown) attest to the safety of the Bt protein for human and animal consumption. And finally, tests showed that the GM plant was unlikely to interbreed. As a self-pollinator, cowpea keeps its genes to itself.

Finally, after a decade of testing, in December 2019 Nigeria became the first country to approve the commercialisation of GM cowpea.

Cowpea of the future

Over the last year, the seeds (which go by the trade name SAMPEA 20-T) have been multiplied by three certified local growers and sold to farmers across the country.

“The cost is on par with traditional varieties,” says Ishiyaku.

Farmers are free to re-sew their seeds just as they do with traditional varieties. 

At the end of July this year, Ishiyaku says almost all the stock of GM cowpea had gone and farmers were clamouring for more.

“They are excited by what they have seen in planted demonstrations in the north and southwest,” he says.

Scientist Kafayat Falana tries to test the viability of cowpea germinated seed in the laboratory at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, in 2017. Credit:TAFP PHOTO / PIUS UTOMI EKPEI / Getty Images.

Plans are being made to increase the supply of the seed for the next season.

Improved seed can make a real difference to subsistence farmers, just as it did in Asia, when high yielding wheat and rice varieties lifted millions out of poverty during the Green Revolution of the 1970s.

According to a recent estimate, Nigeria’s producers and consumers could gain US$350 million (AUD480 million) over 25 years if 15–45% of farmers take up GM cowpea. If adopted at 100% in Nigeria, Niger and Benin, the gain would be at least US$840 million (AUD1.15 billion) per year across the three countries.

For the cowpea scientists, this is their dream. But it is not yet complete.

B B Singh continues his work on improving the traits of the cowpea, splitting his time between Texas A&M University and G B Pant University in northern India.

Meanwhile Higgins is working on an upgrade to fortify the cowpea in its battle against Maruca.

The arms race between plants and pests is never-ending and sooner or later Maruca is likely to develop resistance to the Bt gene in the cowpea.

Jose Barrero, Higgins’ heir apparent for the CSIRO cowpea project, is now leading the effort to equip cowpeas with two different types of Bt resistance genes – a hurdle that will be much harder for Maruca to overcome.

“We’re working like crazy,” says Higgins. He expects it will be ready in another five years.

And then, says the 77-year-old, “I can retire.”

Game-changing GM crop finally planted in Nigeria published first on https://triviaqaweb.weebly.com/

[bsfsmartfarm]

Dinh Dưỡng Cho Lan Vượt Trội - Vườn Lan Nào Cũng Nên Có

Không phải ngẫu nhiên mà hoa lan lại có giá bán rất cao, hẳn là điều này tùy thuộc vào quá trình chăm sóc nó từ khi nảy mầm cho đến lúc trổ hoa vô cùng vất vả và kỹ lưỡng. Để giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về điều này, hãy cùng chúng tôi tìm hiểu về tổng hợp các chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan thiết yếu nhất qua bài viết dưới đây của BSF Smart Farm.

9 chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan thiết yếu nhất

1. Hoa lan cần chất gì trong quá trình sinh trưởng phát triển Để sinh trưởng và phát triển thật tốt, hoa lan cần được chăm sóc tưới nước bón phân kỹ lưỡng. Những chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan có thể kể đến như: Đạm, Lân, Kali, Canxi, Magie, Lưu huỳnh, các khoáng chất và Vitamin, các chất điều hòa sinh trưởng, phân hữu cơ, Bo,… Mỗi chất đều đóng một vai trò khác nhau trong toàn bộ quá trình lớn lên của cây. Còn vai trò cụ thể của chúng như thế nào, mời bạn tham khảo nội dung tiếp theo. 2. Vai trò của chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan

Có 9 chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan thiết yếu nhất. Mỗi chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan đều có một vai trò quan trọng nào đó đối với sự phát triển của hoa. Cụ thể như sau: 2.1. Đạm Đạm là chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết nhất đối với thực vật nói chung và đối với hoa lan cũng vậy. Đạm là chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan quan trọng bậc nhất, là nguyên tố giúp tăng trưởng ở lá, giúp cây phát triển mạnh hơn và tạo điều kiện để cây có thể hút các chất dinh dưỡng khác như K2O và P2O5. Nếu thừa đạm ở giai đoạn đầu, cây sinh trưởng tốt, lá to, thân cao nhưng mầm thì yếu, sức đề kháng kém dễ sinh bệnh, ra hoa chậm hoặc không ra hoa đối với loài khó ra hoa.  Nếu cây thừa đạm thì cần hạn chế tưới đạm cho lan mà bổ sung các loại phân nhiều P2O5. Lúc này, cây sẽ khỏe lại và tăng cường sức đề kháng, cây sẽ ra hoa.  Nếu thiếu đạm thì hiển nhiên cây sẽ không thể n��o phát triển được, ốm yếu, lá nhỏ, thân nhỏ và chậm phát triển, chậm ra hoa. Có thể nói thiếu đạm như thiếu cả nguồn sống của cây, vì thế bắt buộc bạn phải bổ sung đạm cho cây ngay lập tức. 2.2. Lân Sau đạm thì lân được xếp số 2 trong số các chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan. Siêu lân cho hoa lan có vai trò quan trọng trong việc tổng hợp protein, điều hòa các hoạt động sinh lý như nảy mầm, ra hoa, ra rễ.  Nếu cây bị thừa Lân sẽ ra hoa rất sớm, lá ngắn. Còn khi thiếu lân thì cây bị nhỏ, sức đề kháng yếu, lá có màu xanh thẫm hoặc xanh tím, ít ra rễ hoặc ra chậm, hoa cũng ra chậm, khó đậu quả, hạt bị lép và tỷ lệ nảy mầm rất kém

2.3. Kali Vai trò chính của Kali là thúc đẩy cho cây lan hút đạm, giúp cây phát triển những chồi mới đọt mới. K còn giúp tăng cường các hoạt động vận chuyển nước và dinh dưỡng cho cây. Đồng thời tăng cường dự trữ chất dinh dưỡng cho cây trong thời điểm cây lan ngủ nghỉ, tăng sức đề kháng sâu bệnh. Đặc biệt, Kali còn hỗ trợ ra hoa nhiều, màu sắc của hoa đẹp.  Khi bón Kali cho lan bị thừa chúng ta sẽ thấy triệu chứng lá non không bị đổi màu nhưng lại héo úa, còn lá già thì vàng nâu rồi cháy khô.  Đặc biệt, cây lan thiếu Bo và giảm năng suất cây trồng khi thừa kali. Bởi vì Kali là nguyên tố đối kháng với Bo. Vi lượng Bo đóng vai trò cần thiết cho quá trình phân chia tế bào và thụ phấn của cây. Bo giúp hình thành và phân hóa mầm hoa, tăng cường sức sống hạt phấn, giúp giảm rụng hoa lan. Nếu gặp phải điều này, bạn nên dừng bón phân có chứa Kali và tăng cường bổ sung thêm các loại phân có chứa Canxi.  Khi thiếu Kali, cây lan sẽ khô dần rồi chết. Nếu đang ở thời kỳ phát triển, cây lan thiếu Kali sẽ ngừng phát triển, lá ở ngọn thun lại, thân cây lùn đi, lá vàng và nhanh rụng, hạt lép và kém nảy mầm. 2.4. Canxi Canxi có vai trò trong việc tạo lập thành tế bào, giúp tế bào hoạt động một cách điều hòa. Canxi có tác dụng giúp cho cây cứng cáp và tăng cường phát triển bộ rễ.  Nếu cây bị thừa canxi, sẽ có màu xanh đậm khác thường. Lúc này, bạn cần điều chỉnh lượng nước tưới, vì trong nước cứng thì có hàm lượng canxi cao. Nếu cây thiếu canxi, rễ chậm phát triển, cây èo ụt, lá nhỏ.  2.5. Magie Magiê có vai trò trong việc cấu tạo nên diệp lục, giúp cây phát triển cân đối và điều hòa các hoạt động phát triển của cây. Nếu thừa Magie, thì lá cây lan bị nhạt màu, khi bị nắng chiếu vào ngọn sẽ héo khô. Nếu thiếu Magie thì bộ rễ rất to nhưng thân lại yếu. 2.6. Lưu huỳnh

Lưu huỳnh là một trong các chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan có vai trò trong việc tạo nên nguyên sinh chất trong tế bào sinh trưởng. Nếu cây lan bị thiếu Lưu huỳnh thì sẽ cằn cỗi, lá vàng và viền lá dễ bị thối. lá nhỏ so với bình thường.  2.7. Vitamin – chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan Phun B1 cho phong lan nhằm kích thích mọc rễ, Vitamin C giúp cây tăng trưởng tốt. Đặc biệt là nước dừa có chứa nhiều dưỡng chất như: muối khoáng, gluxit 3%, lipit 1%, protit 0.21%, B1, Biotin, B6. Những chất này cực kỳ bổ dưỡng đối với sự phát triển của lan. Cách pha nước dừa tưới cho lan bao gồm 150 – 200 ml nước dừa, 800-850 ml nước, 2gam nấm Trichoderma và 2 gam vi khuẩn Pseudomonas. Trộn chung tất cả lại, lắc đều và phun lên mọi bộ phận của cây lan. 2.8. Các chất điều hòa sinh trưởng Các chất điều hòa sinh trường như axít indolaxetic  (IAA),  axit naptalenaxetic (NAA) và axit indolbutiric (AIB) và 2,4 – D, sinh tố B1 có vai trò kích thích tạo rễ.  Citokinin với nồng độ 5ppm có tác dụng kích thích tạo chồi. Chất chống auxin hiệu quả đối với một số loại lan không chịu tác động của Citokinin, giúp làm gia tăng nhanh chóng số lượng chồi mọc lên. Nước trà có tác dụng diệt khuẩn vượt trội, tăng cường sức đề kháng cho cây lan, chống lại các loại nấm bệnh bên ngoài. 2.9. Phân hữu cơ – chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan

Phân hữu cơ hay còn gọi là phân động vật trâu bò, chó, gà, chim; xác bã động vật: xác tôm, cá (nước ngọt), gia súc, gà, vịt, lòng mề; Bánh dầu phộng; trùn quế thủy phân, phân hữu cơ từ rong biển. Những loại này chủ yếu chứa Đạm, Lân và Kali. Tỷ lệ dinh dưỡng trong phân động vật khá thấp nhưng lại rất hiệu quả khi bón cho lan, giúp cây tăng trưởng và phát triển mạnh mẽ. Đây là một nguồn cung cấp chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan hiệu quả, có sẵn ở quanh ta, ở rác thải nhà bếp… Khi bón phân hữu cơ cần tạo sự thông thoáng cho đáy chậu, không nên dùng phân sống trực tiếp mà phải ngâm cho rã rục rồi lấy nước để dùng. Bạn nên tưới phân hữu cơ vào buổi sáng để nhờ hỗ trợ của ánh nắng giúp hạn chế mầm bệnh. Nếu tưới phân thì nên kết hợp với tưới thuốc cùng lúc để phòng bệnh cho hoa lan.  3. Lưu ý khi cung cấp các chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan

Khi cung cấp hoặc bón các chất dinh dưỡng cho hoa lan cần chú ý một số yếu tố sau: Tìm hiểu thật kỹ cây thiếu chất gì thì bổ sung chất đó, đừng bổ sung tổng hợp các chất không cần thiết. Không nên bón quá nhiều phân với tư tưởng càng nhiều càng tốt. Vì thừa hay thiếu đều mang lại hại nhiều hơn lợi.  Phân bón cho lan cần được pha loãng 1 muỗng cà phê phân bón các loại với ít nhất 4 lít nước. Tuyệt đối không nên dùng nồng độ phân bón 1 gam/1 lít nước. Tưới phân nhiều lần với liều lượng thấp thay vì tưới phân 1 lần với liều lượng nhiều Nên bón phân dưới dạng phun sương hoặc xịt toàn bộ cây sẽ giúp cây hấp thụ dinh dưỡng tốt nhất Nên chọn bón phân cho cây vào buổi sớm mai, lúc mặt trời vừa mọc thì hiệu quả hấp thụ cũng như chống lại mầm bệnh hiệu quả hơn rất nhiều.

Chế Phẩm Vi Sinh Bón Lá Cho Lan Toàn Diện

Để tiết kiệm thời gian cũng như công sức cho việc chăm lan. BSF Smart Farm chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu và phát triển thành công một dòng chế phẩm dành riêng cho lan. Được sản xuất với công nghệ hiện đại siêu thẩm thấu qua lá. Chế phẩm vi sinh bón lá cho Lan này có gì nội trội hãy bớt chút thời gian để tìm hiểu nhé bạn.  Bổ sung các vi sinh vật có lợi cho Lan

Thành phần của phân bón cho lan BIO SO được tạo nên bởi 5 chủng vi sinh vật hữu ích: - Bacillus Thuringiensis - Beauveria  - Streptomyces - Trichoderma  - Metarhizium  Với các vi sinh vật cực kỳ có lời này sẽ giúp cây làn của bạn: Tấn công vào bên trong loài nấm gây hại biến chúng thành thức ăn và tạo nên những hữu cơ có lợi. Phòng trừ các loại vi sinh vật có hại cho cây gây nên các bệnh như thối rễ, thối nhũn…. Cải tạo và cố định các chất dinh dưỡng, đồng thời ngăn sâu bệnh hại phát triển làm hại cây lan của bạn.  Cải tạo giá thể, chuyển hóa các chất khó hấp thụ thành chất dễ hấp thụ cho lan.  Bổ sung các chất dinh dưỡng có lợi cho Lan

Cây làn nào hay giống lan nào cũng cần bổ sung các chất dinh dưỡng thì lan mới có thể phát triển vượt bậc, ra hoa, bật mầm, phun rễ đẻ nhánh. Và để làm được điều đó thì là cần cung cấp các chất dinh dưỡng cho lan một cách tối ưu. Nhưng có một nhược điểm khi bón phân cho lan là chúng ta cứ nghĩ bón nhiều là tốt gây nên tồn dư chất khoáng và phân trên cây lan quá nhiều gây cho cây lan bị Stress hay còn gọi là ngộ độc. Với thành phần là các chất khoáng và dinh dưỡng có độ thẩm thấu cao qua lá, thân, rễ. Chế phẩm vi sinh bón lá cho lan BIO SO của BSF Smart Farm tự hào mang đến một giải pháp chăm lan vượt trội siêu dễ dàng.  Bằng tổ hợp các chất dinh dưỡng có trong BIO SO giúp lan của bạn: - Giải độc cho lan, phục hồi cho lan khi vận chuyển và chuyển giá thể khi trồng.  - Kích thích cây ra nhiều mầm gốc, ra keiki tối đa, bật mầm, mầm to khỏe….  - Kích rễ phát triển cực mạnh bám chắc vào giá thể.  - Giúp hoa sai, hoa lớn, thắm màu, đượm hương tự nhiên, giữ hoa lâu tàn.  - Tăng sức đề kháng, giúp lan chống lại các điều kiện bất lợi của thời tiết. Bổ sung các vitamin cần thiết cho Lan:

Chế phẩm vi sinh bón lá BIO SO dành riêng cho lan được bổ sung thêm các Vitamin nhóm B với nồng độ cao thẩm thấu nhanh và giúp cho Lan phát triển cực mạnh và giải trừ độc tố một cách nhanh nhất. Tại Sao Lựa Chọn Chế phẩm vi sinh bón lá cho lan BIO SO Giảm công sức chăm bón lan vì phân bón đã gồm hầu như gần hết các nhu cầu chăm bón lan của bạn như: giải độc, trừ sâu, kích rễ kích mầm, kích hoa….. Sử dụng để bón qua lá hiệu quả nhanh, rõ rệt và dễ dàng sử dụng.  Giá thành phải chăng, sử dụng được lâu dài.  Không gây tồn dư các chất khoáng, và dinh dưỡng dẫn đến ngộ độc cho cây. Giữ được cây lan đẹp, khỏe, phát triển mạnh mà không mất công tìm hiểu các chăm sóc quá phức tạp. Chỉ cần pha và phun cực tiện lợi.  Có tài liệu hướng dẫn kỹ thuật phong phú và hệ thống đặt hàng giao hàng tiện lợi mùa covid. Không cần đi lại nhiều vẫn có vườn lan đẹp. Cam Kết Của BSF Smart Farm

Sản phẩm được sản xuất công nghệ hiện đại, kiểm định nghiêm ngặt. Sản phẩm được sử dụng và thành công tại nhiều trại lan lớn và siêu lớn. Vận chuyển hàng đến tận nơi cho khách hàng.  Thanh toán thuận tiện, khách hàng có thể thanh toán qua nhiều hình thức như ship cod, thanh toán qua thẻ ngân hàng, chuyển khoản và cả mã QR và thẻ tín dụng. Dễ dàng mua hàng trực tuyến với hệ thống gian hàng tự động và thông minh giúp bạn lựa chọn dễ dàng sản phẩm như ý muốn. Có hệ thống website, kênh youtube, fanpage và app di động để tư vấn cũng như để đặt hàng và học tập trực tuyến với nguồn tư liệu phong phú. Chăm lan không khó khi đã có BSF Smart Farm. Làm sao để mua hàng? Đặt hàng trực tiếp qua hotline: 0961 079 879 Đặt hàng trên trang chủ của BSF Smart Farm Đặt hàng trên trang fanpage của BSF Smart Farm Đặt hàng trên app ứng dụng BSF Smart Farm Đặt hàng trên các gian hàng tại sàn thương mại điện tử của BSF Smart Farm trên lazada, shopee, tiki, sendo…..

Vậy là BSF Smart Farm cũng đã cung cấp thông tin và kiến thức giúp bạn chăm lan được tốt hơn và thêm vào đó, BSF cũng giới thiệu cho bạn một sản phẩm rất tuyệt dành riêng cho lan và những người yêu lan trong việc chăm lan. Còn chần chừ gì mà không mua ngay sản phẩm để trải nghiệm một vườn lan tuyệt đẹp của riêng bạn.   Read the full article