#Alliance of Biodiversity International

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17 September 2024

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Amazon Indigenous groups launch alliance at COP16

Key priorities include legal security for Indigenous territories and direct financing mechanisms for Amazonian Indigenous peoples

Indigenous organizations from nine Amazonian countries have formed an alliance in Cali, Colombia, representing 511 groups dedicated to defending the Amazon rainforest, traditional peoples, biodiversity, and the global climate. Their primary demand is to be recognized as climate authorities, a notion reflected in their coalition’s name, the Indigenous Amazon G9.

“We want the COPs to acknowledge the demarcation and recognition of indigenous lands as climate and biodiversity policies,” said Angela Amanakwa Kaxuyana, a leader from the Kahyana people in northern Pará, bordering Suriname.

“Another point is for indigenous peoples to be recognized as biodiversity and climate authorities,” Ms. Kaxuyana told Valor. “We are often mentioned as guardians of the forest and essential for climate balance, but not as authorities.”

The alliance was announced over the weekend at COP16, the biodiversity conference running until November 1. “It’s an agenda for collaboration among nine Amazon basin countries aimed at international influence leading up to COP30 in Belém,” she added.

Continue reading.

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Environment & Natural Disasters

As we've all noticed with increasing alarm, natural disasters are occurring with more violence and regularity. The following organizations focus on responding to the climate crisis and protecting the planet as well as groups impacted by climate issues.

For more information on donation methods and accepted currencies, please refer to our list of organizations page.

Clean Air Task Force

As we've seen for a long time now but especially this year with constant natural disasters and alarming news from all over the world, climate change is real and we need to do something about it. Over the past 25 years, CATF, a group of climate and energy experts who think outside the box to solve the climate crisis, has pushed for technology innovations, legal advocacy, research, and policy changes. Their goal is to achieve a zero-emissions, high-energy planet at an affordable cost.

Coalition for Rainforest Nations

Boasting a voluntary membership of over 50 rainforest nations, CORN provides a single voice to countries that didn’t cause the climate emergency but nevertheless feel the brunt of it daily. CORN originated the global conservation mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) to stop deforestation. REDD+ was successfully mandated in the Paris Climate Agreement (2015) and covers 90% of the world’s tropical rainforests.  

Good Food Institute 

Environmental advocates have long said that the use of animal proteins is one of the least sustainable parts of our food system and mass meat production and consumption put a large burden on the planet. GFI works to create sustainable food sources worldwide, specifically alternative protein sources such as plant-based, cultivated, and fermentation-derived meats. Through their innovation, scientific research, policy advocacy, and public and corporate education, they aim to mitigate the environmental impact of our food system, decrease the risk of zoonotic disease, and ultimately feed more people with fewer resources. 

International Rescue Committee 

Founded in 1933, the IRC is a long-standing trusted partner in supporting those whose lives have been upended by sudden violence, political or natural. They are no stranger to areas of disaster and conflict throughout the world as they currently work in 40 countries. The IRC provides emergency aid and long-term assistance, including refugee settlement, and focuses on health, education, economic well-being, empowerment, and safety. 

Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF)

Odds are you’ve heard of MSF, the global organization that sends trained medical professionals to the places they’re needed most. MSF has been working globally for over 50 years, providing medical assistance to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from healthcare—no matter what. They’re guided by principles of independence, impartiality, and neutrality to global political policies or movements. 

Oceana

Oceana is the largest international advocacy organization for ocean conservation. To protect and restore the world’s oceans, they campaign globally for policies that stop overfishing and plastic pollution, protect habitats and the climate, and increase biodiversity. Oceana conducts its own scientific research and expeditions, is engaged in grassroots activism, and is involved in recommending and supporting policies and litigation.

Waterkeeper Alliance

In 1966, this movement was started by a band of blue-collar fishermen pushing back against industrial polluters, and their tough spirit remains intact through the 300+ local community groups that make up the global Waterkeeper Alliance today. The Alliance works to ensure, preserve, and protect clean and abundant water for all people and creatures. Their programs are diverse, spanning from patrolling waterways against polluters to advocating for environmental laws in courtrooms and town halls and educating in classrooms.

World Central Kitchen

Started by Chef José Andrés, WCK makes sure that people are fed in the wake of humanitarian, climate, and community crises. Their programs advance human and environmental health, offer access to professional culinary training, create jobs, and improve food security. WCK also teaches food safety and cooking classes to native people who live where disasters have occurred, so they may open restaurants and support the local economy more permanently. You can follow where WCK is currently on the ground assisting and feeding people affected by natural and man-made crises here.

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A Male Saiga Antelope in Russia's Black Land National Park. These highly social antelope live in herds. Photograph By Valeriy Malee/Nature Picture Library

This Floppy-Nosed Antelope Was Nearly Gone. 20 Years Later, It’s Thriving.

Less than a decade ago, more than half of the world’s saiga antelope were lost to a mysterious disease. Its comeback is a rare and phenomenal conservation success.

— By Jason Bittel | December 14, 2023

Just two decades ago, it seemed as if we might need to write a eulogy for the saiga antelope.

Cut down by widespread poaching and waves of disease, by 2003, just 6 percent of the floppy-nosed ungulates remained in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, and Uzbekistan.

But today, scientists are rejoicing at the saiga’s unlikely rebound.

There are now 1.9 million saiga antelope across Eurasia, according to the most recent estimates released this week. So many saiga, in fact, that the International Union for Conservation of Nature is upgrading the Red List status for the species from critically endangered to near threatened.

“There's a lot of conservation doom and gloom, and there isn't very much attention paid to conservation successes,” says E.J. Milner-Gulland, a conservation scientist at the University of Oxford and co-founder of the U.K-based Saiga Conservation Alliance. “It’s quite a vindication of 20 years of hard work by lots of people.”

To get a sense of just how far this species has come, in 2015, more than half of the worldwide population of saiga antelope were lost to a mysterious blood disease.

“This is phenomenal news,” says Joel Berger, an ecologist at Colorado State University and a senior scientist at the Wildlife Conservation Society, in an email.

“At a time when so many species and populations are in deep swan dives, to witness the recovery of saiga—a species deserving of more recognition in its own right—is something we all need to celebrate,” he says.

Male Saiga Antelope Battle in Black Lands National Park. Males and their horns are a specific target of poachers. Photograph By Valeriy Malee/Nature Picture Library

The Saiga’s Downward Spiral

Those who have been paying attention to the saiga’s saga know that it’s been a wild ride.

“Twenty years ago, it had the fastest increase in threat status of any mammal,” says Milner-Gulland. “The population had plummeted by more than 90 percent over a really short time of a few years, so it went straight in at critically endangered.”

As for what happened, Milner-Gulland explains that the saiga’s downfall can be attributed to several factors. For starters, saiga horn has great value in China, Singapore, Vietnam, and Malaysia as a component in traditional medicine. And this demand, coupled with the breakup of the Soviet Union, led to a dramatic rise in hunting.

It’s a Symbol of the Wild Steppe, of Independence and Freedom.

— E.J. Milner-Gulland, Conservation Scientist at the University of Oxford

“The economies of these countries basically collapsed,” she says. “And they were living in very harsh conditions on the steppe. So they turned to poaching.”

Fencing along the border between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan also put a barrier in the middle of the saiga’s migratory route, while infrastructure development cut into saiga habitat. Finally, an unknown trigger turned a naturally occurring microbe in the saiga’s characteristic nose into a virulent pathogen, leading to the mass die-offs.

It’s for all these reasons that the IUCN has chosen not to de-list the saiga completely.

“The near threatened category is right for the saiga, because we know that at any time, we could just get large numbers of them dropping dead again,” says Milner-Gulland. “They are very vulnerable.”

A Path to Recovery

Just as the threats to the saiga were multi-faceted, so too have been the efforts to protect the species, which are important seed dispersers and grazers that contribute to plant biodiversity.

For instance, an international collaboration between countries where saigas roam, countries that traditionally consume saiga products, and other stakeholder nations, including the United States, led to a memorandum of understanding in 2006 to conserve the species, restore its habitat, and restrict harvest to a sustainable level.

For its part, Kazakhstan’s government focused on stronger anti-poaching measures, including law enforcement to prevent saiga hunting. The Saiga Conservation Alliance supplied financing for gasoline, uniforms, motorbikes, and shelters for those rangers, who live in the harsh, windswept grasslands. Customs agents also improved detection of saiga products leaving the country as part of the illicit wildlife trade. Lastly, the country designated multiple protected areas totaling more than 12 million acres of saiga antelope habitat.

Now that economic conditions have leveled out and local people don’t have to choose between their own survival and saving saiga, there has also been a dramatic shift in support for the species.

“The thing about saiga is the local people really love it,” says Milner-Gulland. “It’s a symbol of the wild steppe, of independence and freedom.”

Saiga (Drinking on Southern Russia's Astrakhan Steppe) can migrate up to 600 miles over summer and winter. Photograph By Valeriy Malee/Nature Picture Library

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29.12.2023 | Petitions for the environment and climate change.

Please read, share wherever you can, talk about them and if you can afford it, please, please, please donate - consider taking up a collection among your friends.

Actions.eko.com: Nestlé and P&G: Stop setting Indonesia’s rainforests on fire

Indonesia’s forests are burning – a thick toxic haze suffocates half of the country, keeping children out of school and forcing people and animals to relocate. But it didn’t happen by accident and we know who the arsonists are. Together, we will hold them accountable. Nestlé and Procter & Gamble are doing business with rogue palm oil and paper producers who recklessly burn precious rainforests to the ground to expand their monocultures, steal Indigenous lands, and drive orangutans, rhinos, and elephants closer to the brink of extinction. (keep reading)

Rainforest Action Network - RAN: This one is for donating, they need 100,00$ by December 31!

We urgently need your help to fight for the world's last rainforests in 2024 by making any size donation today. Those who believe they can change the world are the ones that do. Donate now.

Help us challenge mega-corporations like Liberty Mutual, Bank of America, Procter & Gamble, Nestlé and Mondelēz. Their thirst for endless profits contributes to the widespread destruction of irreplaceable rainforests like the Leuser Ecosystem of North Sumatra and the Amazon rainforest and fuels the expansion of dangerous fossil fuel projects that choke the life out of the planet. For a small organization, RAN's significant impact is only possible because of dedicated supporters like YOU. Your generous donation today makes a world of difference.

Rainforest Rescue: DRC: Do not sacrifice Congo's rainforests to the oil industry!

The DRC government in Kinshasa is nearing a point of no return: President Tshisekedi wants to sacrifice vast areas of Congo rainforest and peatland for oil. This would be an unmitigated disaster for the climate, biodiversity and local people. Together with our African partner organizations, we can put a stop to these plans. The rainforests of the Congo Basin are home to millions of people and countless animal and plant species, including chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. They are a treasure trove of biodiversity and crucial to the fight against climate change. Despite this, the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) began auctioning 27 oil and 3 gas blocks in late July. The blocks cover some of the last remaining intact forests on Earth. Three of the blocks overlap the Cuvette Centrale peatlands, which are estimated to store 30 billion tons of carbon, the equivalent to one years’ worth of global emissions. The peatlands are so vast and remote that little is known about the biodiversity at stake there. Nine oil blocks overlap protected areas. More than half of the Congo Basin's peatlands and 60 percent of its rainforest are in the DRC, the country plays a key role in the fight against the climate crisis. The science is clear: the governments of the world must cut carbon emissions in half within the next eight years. In his speech at the UN's COP26 conference in Glasgow, President Tshisekedi promoted the vital role of the Congo Basin forests in regulating the global climate and his intention to enhance DRC’s energy mix by "combining several types of energy: biomass, hydro, solar." The cost of not doing so, he said, would be a climate crisis. The world cannot afford any further expansion of oil and gas. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), an immediate end to new investment in fossil fuel supply projects is the first step to keep global warming below 1.5°C and achieve global net zero emissions by 2050. In an alliance of environmentalists from Africa and around the world, we want to keep the oil in the ground and the fossil fuel industry out of the Congo Basin. Please sign our joint petition!

DR Congo: Stop the destruction by miners and loggers in Tshopo!

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to the second largest area of rainforest on Earth. Defending it is crucial to the fight against climate change and the extinction crisis. Yet miners are polluting rivers and loggers clearing forests in Tshopo province. In the small town of Basoko, local people are fighting back. The people of the small town of Basoko fear for their health and livelihoods: the Aruwimi River, a tributary of the Congo, has been polluted ever since the Chinese mining company Xiang Jiang Mining began dredging for gold there. Some species of fish have disappeared completely. Skin diseases are on the rise. "We say NO to mining in Aruwimi, which is destroying our ecosystem in an anarchic way," states a memorandum to the county government read during a demonstration. On March 11, 2022, residents of the region protested on land and with boats against the trashing of their environment. Mining is not the only threat to nature in Tshopo province: companies such as FODECO, Congo Futur and SOFORMA are reportedly logging at a breakneck pace near Basoko. "They are systematically plundering the forests without any benefit to local people," says Jean-François Mombia Atuku, chairman of the environmental protection organization RIAO-RDC. "Anyone who demands accountability is silenced," he said, adding that workers are "kept like slaves" in the forest. "Human rights are not relevant for these companies." The grievances regarding mining have been heard in the capital Kinshasa: In January 2022, Environment Minister Eve Bazaiba called on Xiang Jiang Mining to cease operations by February 25, 2022. However, nothing has changed since then – the company is still operating, apparently unimpressed. "What we need now is international pressure," says Jean-François Mombia Atuku. It must be brought to bear on President Tshisekedi, who positioned his country as a heavyweight in the fight against the climate crisis during the COP26 climate conference. It’s time to apply that international pressure – please sign our petition.

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"'The island was in such a dreadful state that everyone thought it was going to need an awfully long time to recover,' says Jenny Daltry, Caribbean alliance director for the NGOs Re:wild and Fauna & Flora International. 'But we were seeing changes really fast.'"

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Nations agree on ‘world-changing’ deal to protect ocean life

More than 190 countries have reached a landmark deal for protecting the biodiversity of the world’s oceans, agreeing for the first time on a common framework for establishing new protected areas in international waters.

The treaty, whose text was finalized Saturday night by diplomats at the U.N. headquartersafter years of stalled talks, will help safeguard the high seas, which lie beyond national boundaries and make up two-thirds of Earth’s ocean surface. Member states have been trying to agree on the long-awaited treaty for almost 20 years.

Environmental advocacy groups heralded the finalized text — which still needs to be ratified by the United Nations — as a new chapter for Earth’s high seas. Just 1.2 percent of them are currently environmentally protected, exposing the vast array of marine species that teem beneath the surface — from tiny plankton to giant whales — to threats such as pollution, overfishing, shipping and deep-sea mining.

“Two-thirds of the ocean has just been exposed to the will and want of all,” said Rebecca Hubbard, the director of the High Seas Alliance consortium of nongovernmental organizations that participated in the negotiations, in a telephone interview Sunday. “We have never been able to protect and manage marine life in the ocean beyond countries’ jurisdictions,” she said. “This is absolutely world-changing.”

Despite U.N. members agreeing to a final version of the text, it is expected to take years for the treaty to be formally adopted by member states and come into force. The United States, in particular, is often slow to ratify environmental treaties — and often will decline to approve them at all.

Read the article: https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/05/un-ocean-treaty-high-seas/

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The Potential Implications of Greenland's Incorporation as a U.S. Territory

The notion of Greenland becoming a territory of the United States has gained traction in recent years, particularly following historical discussions and contemporary geopolitical interests. This essay presents a concise examination of the historical context, potential benefits and challenges of such a transition, and the broader implications for international relations and indigenous rights.

Historical Context

Greenland, the world's largest island, has a complex history of colonization and autonomy. Initially inhabited by indigenous Inuit peoples, the island became a territory of Denmark in the 18th century. Over time, it has evolved into a self-governing entity with the Home Rule Act of 1979 and the Self-Government Act of 2009, granting it a degree of autonomy while remaining under the Danish monarchy's sovereignty. The United States has long had a strategic interest in Greenland, epitomized by the 1946 proposal to purchase the island for $100 million, which was ultimately rejected by Denmark. The geopolitical landscape has shifted dramatically in the 21st century, with concerns over climate change and Arctic resource exploitation leading to renewed discussions about Greenland's future.

Geopolitical Interests

The strategic significance of Greenland has come to the forefront as the Arctic region becomes increasingly accessible due to melting ice caps. The United States views Greenland as a potential site for military bases, owing to its proximity to Russia and the Arctic Circle, where geopolitical tensions are escalating. Control over Greenland could enhance U.S. capabilities in surveillance, missile defense, and overall regional influence. Moreover, the island is rich in natural resources, including rare earth minerals, oil, and gas, making it a valuable asset for energy independence and economic growth.

Benefits of Incorporation

Incorporating Greenland as a U.S. territory could bring about several benefits. For the U.S., enhanced military presence could ensure greater security in the Arctic and strengthen alliances with other nations. Economically, it could open new avenues for resource exploration and extraction, contributing to the U.S. economy and energy diversification.

For Greenland, the incorporation could provide financial support and infrastructure development not readily available under Danish rule. Increased investment from the U.S. could lead to improved living standards, healthcare, and education for Greenlanders. Moreover, U.S. citizenship could offer residents greater opportunities and access to the global economy.

Challenges and Concerns

However, the potential incorporation of Greenland raises significant challenges and ethical concerns. The fundamental right to self-determination for Greenland's indigenous population must be respected. The majority of Greenlanders identify as Inuit and possess deep cultural ties to their land. Any decision regarding their sovereignty should prioritize their voices and aspirations, rather than being driven solely by external strategic interests.

Moreover, the legal and political implications of such a transition are complex. The process of altering Greenland's status would require negotiations involving not only the U.S. and Denmark but also the Greenlandic government and its populace. There is potential for significant backlash from Denmark, and the implications for international law concerning territorial claims must be carefully navigated.

Environmental Considerations

One of the critical aspects of any discussion regarding Greenland’s status is the environmental impact of increased U.S. presence and resource extraction. The Arctic is a fragile ecosystem, and reckless exploitation could lead to irreversible damage. With climate change already exacerbating environmental challenges in the region, careful consideration of sustainable practices and preservation of biodiversity must be paramount in any agreements.

International Relations

The implications of Greenland becoming a U.S. territory would extend beyond its borders, reshaping international relations in the Arctic and beyond. Countries such as Russia and China are also vying for influence in the region, and U.S. control could incite tensions that might destabilize existing equilibriums. Furthermore, neighboring countries, including Canada and Denmark, might view this transition as a challenge to their claims and interests, leading to potential diplomatic conflicts.

The Bottom Lines

The question of Greenland becoming a territory of the United States encompasses a myriad of complex issues. While there are potential benefits from a strategic and economic standpoint, the challenges surrounding indigenous rights, environmental preservation, and international relations cannot be overlooked. A successful transition requires careful deliberation, respect for the voices of Greenland’s inhabitants, and a commitment to sustainable practices. Ultimately, any decision regarding Greenland's future must reflect the aspirations of its people and ensure a balance between geopolitical interests and ethical considerations.

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PEFC vs. FSC: A Comparative Analysis of Forest Certification Standards| FSC & PEFC

Article Summary

This article dives into the basics of PEFC certification in UAE highlighting its importance in the European Great Deal. It also touches the edge of FSC while comparing it with PEFC to better demonstrate the needs and key attributes of both these certifications to provide an easier comprehension for the organizations while choosing certifications to implement.

Introduction

In an era where sustainability and environmental responsibility are at the forefront of global business practices, forest certification standards have become crucial in ensuring that forest products, such as timber, paper, and furniture, are sourced responsibly. Two of the most prominent forest certification systems are the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Both organizations work to promote sustainable forest management, but they differ in their approach, scope, and operational principles. This article presents a comparative analysis of PEFC and FSC certification standards, shedding light on their similarities, differences, and their respective impacts on the environment, economy, and industry.

1. Overview of PEFC and FSC

Both PEFC and FSC are non-governmental organizations that focus on the sustainable management of forests. However, they have distinct origins and structures:

FSC: Founded in 1993, the Forest Stewardship Council is an international organization that sets global standards for forest management. FSC operates through a rigorous, independent certification process and emphasizes the involvement of various stakeholders, including environmental organizations, social groups, and forest industry professionals. FSC is widely known for its strict standards, especially concerning environmental protection, indigenous rights, and social justice.

PEFC: Established in 1999, the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification is a global alliance of national forest certification systems. PEFC’s primary goal is to promote sustainable forest management by accrediting national certification programs that meet PEFC’s international standards. Unlike FSC, which uses a single global standard, PEFC allows for flexibility, tailoring certifications to local conditions and needs.

2. Certification Standards and Processes

The most significant distinction between PEFC and FSC lies in their certification frameworks. Both organizations set criteria for sustainable forest management, but the scope and processes differ.

FSC Certification: FSC sets specific standards for forest management, covering environmental, social, and economic criteria. FSC certification is based on ten principles that address key issues such as biodiversity conservation, forest health, workers’ rights, and the protection of indigenous peoples' rights. FSC is widely recognized for its stringent approach to environmental protection and social equity. The process involves third-party audits by accredited certifying bodies, and the certification is maintained through regular surveillance audits.

PEFC Certification: Unlike FSC, PEFC does not operate its own certification standards but endorses national forest certification programs that comply with PEFC’s overarching criteria. These national standards must align with PEFC’s sustainable forest management principles, which focus on maintaining biodiversity, protecting ecosystems, ensuring social responsibility, and fostering economic viability. PEFC is generally considered to offer more flexibility in terms of regional adaptation, allowing certification to reflect local practices and conditions. The PEFC process also involves third-party certification bodies and periodic audits.

3. Environmental and Social Criteria

Both PEFC and FSC emphasize the importance of environmental and social responsibility, but they approach these criteria in different ways:

Environmental Impact: Both the FSC and PEFC prioritize the protection of forests and biodiversity, but the FSC tends to have more stringent requirements related to environmental conservation. For instance, FSC certification often involves stricter limitations on pesticide use, forest clearing, and logging practices. FSC also tends to prioritize the conservation of high conservation value forests (HCVFs), which are areas with exceptional biodiversity, ecosystem services, or cultural importance. PEFC’s standards are more flexible, allowing for adaptation to local environmental conditions and practices.

Social Responsibility: FSC has a strong focus on social criteria, including workers’ rights, community engagement, and the protection of indigenous peoples’ land rights. The organization is often considered more proactive in addressing issues related to social equity and justice. PEFC also includes social criteria, but its standards tend to focus more on broad principles of community engagement and social development, with less emphasis on specific social issues compared to FSC.

4. Market Reach and Recognition

Both PEFC and FSC certification are internationally recognized and respected, but they have varying levels of market penetration and recognition.

FSC: The FSC certification is widely recognized, particularly in Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Many major retailers, including IKEA, Home Depot, and Staples, actively source FSC-certified products. In addition to its reputation for rigorous standards, FSC has a strong consumer-facing brand, often used by companies to differentiate their products as environmentally friendly. This wide recognition has made FSC the preferred certification for many consumers and businesses, especially in markets that prioritize sustainability.

PEFC: PEFC, while also globally recognized, tends to be more prominent in regions with strong national forest certification systems, such as Europe and parts of Asia. In countries like Finland, Sweden, and Canada, PEFC is the dominant certification system. PEFC’s decentralized approach, with its network of national certification programs, has enabled it to gain broader acceptance in certain markets, especially in the timber and paper industries. While PEFC may not have the same level of consumer recognition as FSC, it is highly regarded in the forest products industry, particularly for its flexibility and local adaptation.

5. Economic Considerations

Economic factors are critical in the decision-making process for companies choosing between PEFC and FSC certification, especially when considering the cost of certification and the potential business benefits.

Cost of Certification: The cost of certification can vary depending on the size of the company, the number of sites, and the complexity of the certification process. Generally, FSC certification is perceived as more expensive due to its stricter requirements and the extensive auditing process. PEFC, with its flexible, decentralized model, tends to offer a more cost-effective solution for businesses, particularly smaller companies or those operating in regions with existing PEFC-approved certification systems.

Market Access: Both certifications provide access to markets that demand sustainable sourcing, but FSC is often seen as the preferred certification for companies targeting consumers in high-demand markets for sustainably sourced products. PEFC may offer more economic benefits for businesses in regions where the certification is more recognized, especially in the timber and paper sectors.

6. Which Certification Is Better?

There is no clear-cut answer to which certification is better, as both PEFC and FSC have strengths and weaknesses depending on the business’s needs, location, and target market. For companies that prioritize strict environmental and social standards, especially in markets where consumers are highly aware of sustainability, FSC may be the preferred choice. On the other hand, businesses looking for a flexible and cost-effective certification that can be adapted to local conditions may find PEFC to be a better fit.

7. Conclusion

Both PEFC and FSC play critical roles in promoting sustainable forest management, with each offering a unique set of advantages. While FSC is known for its stringent environmental and social standards, PEFC provides flexibility through its network of national certification systems, which can be more accessible and affordable for many businesses. Ultimately, the choice between PEFC and FSC certification depends on the specific needs of the business, its target market, and its commitment to sustainability. Regardless of the certification chosen, both systems contribute significantly to the responsible management of the world’s forests, ensuring that future generations can benefit from the resources they provide.

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Red Cross Amazon Alliance aims to safeguard lives and strengthen community resilience

Press Release – 16/12/2024 Volunteers from the Morona Santiago branch of the Ecuadorian Red Cross visited family gardens being developed in the Amazonian Shuar community of Santa Isabel.Photo: Ecuadorian Red Cross Panama/Geneva, 16 December – In response to escalating threats posed by the climate crisis, increasing disasters and biodiversity loss, the International Federation of Red Cross and…

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Evolving Landscape of International Law: Navigating Global Challenges

International law, the set of legal frameworks that governs relations between nations, plays an increasingly vital role in our interconnected world. Addressing issues from human rights to environmental sustainability, international law adapts to emerging challenges posed by rapid technological advancement, global trade complexities, and shifting political alliances. This article explores some pressing areas of international law and offers insights from legal expert Gaurav Mohindra on the legal strategies needed to address the evolving global landscape.

The Role and Scope of International Law

International law has traditionally focused on relations between states, including treaties, peace agreements, and conventions. Today, it has expanded to include non-state actors, international organizations, and private entities, especially in areas such as environmental protection, human rights, and cybersecurity. This widening scope reflects the increased complexity of global issues and the necessity for cooperative governance structures that promote accountability and sustainability.

Gaurav Mohindra, a legal expert with extensive experience in international law, highlights the importance of adaptability within these frameworks. “As global issues evolve, international law must be agile enough to address them effectively,” he states. “We’re dealing with challenges that are more complex and interconnected than ever, requiring innovative solutions and the engagement of multiple stakeholders, from governments to corporations.”

This complexity is especially apparent in fields like environmental law and digital privacy, where traditional boundaries of jurisdiction often do not apply, and unilateral actions by one state can impact regions far beyond its borders. As a result, international legal systems must balance the respect for state sovereignty with a growing need for cross-border collaboration.

Environmental Law: Responding to Climate Change

Environmental issues, especially climate change, are central to the development of contemporary international law. The effects of climate change are felt across national boundaries, with rising sea levels, extreme weather patterns, and biodiversity loss threatening communities and economies worldwide. Environmental law seeks to address these issues through agreements like the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming and promote sustainable practices across countries.

Despite such initiatives, enforcing international environmental standards remains challenging. Some nations prioritize economic growth over environmental protection, while others lack the resources to implement these standards fully. Gaurav Mohindra observes, “Environmental law exemplifies the need for balance. Countries need to pursue economic development, but this must be tempered with an understanding of environmental impact. Effective environmental policies should encourage nations to cooperate rather than compete.”

Mohindra’s perspective underscores a critical aspect of international environmental law: ensuring equitable frameworks that allow both developed and developing nations to participate in sustainable practices. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” is key, as it acknowledges that while all states are responsible for environmental protection, some bear a heavier burden due to historical emissions and greater economic capacity.

Human Rights and the Challenge of Enforcement

Human rights protections are a cornerstone of international law, enshrined in documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various international treaties. These protections cover a broad spectrum of rights, including civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. However, human rights enforcement is complex, as it often requires intervention in domestic matters, which can be perceived as undermining state sovereignty.

Countries with strong legal systems and commitments to human rights are generally better equipped to enforce these protections. However, in regions with limited resources or unstable governments, protecting human rights can be more challenging. Mohindra addresses this complexity, stating, “Human rights law requires both strong international oversight and respect for national contexts. It’s a delicate balance that demands cultural sensitivity and a commitment to universal standards.”

One of the biggest obstacles in human rights law is holding violators accountable. While organizations like the International Criminal Court (ICC) work to prosecute human rights abuses, their jurisdiction is limited, and not all countries are ICC members. Additionally, enforcing judgments remains challenging when political resistance or lack of cooperation impedes investigations. As a result, international law faces limitations in achieving universal human rights protections, especially when conflicting political interests are involved.

Cybersecurity and Data Privacy in an Increasingly Digital World

As the world becomes more digitalized, cybersecurity and data privacy have emerged as pressing concerns in international law. Cyber threats, including hacking, cyber espionage, and ransomware attacks, pose risks to national security and economic stability. Furthermore, data privacy issues—compounded by vast amounts of personal information collected by private and public entities—require new frameworks to protect individual rights.

The transnational nature of cyberspace makes enforcing cybersecurity laws challenging. Attacks can originate from one country, target another, and involve multiple jurisdictions, complicating the task of identifying and prosecuting perpetrators. Gaurav Mohindra emphasizes the importance of international cooperation in this field, noting, “Cybersecurity law is one of the most complex areas of international law. To tackle cyber threats effectively, countries must work together, sharing resources, intelligence, and expertise to strengthen global defenses.”

One initiative aimed at addressing these challenges is the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, an international treaty focused on harmonizing cybercrime laws across borders. While it is a step forward, the convention faces limitations, as major cyber powers, including China and Russia, are not signatories. This lack of universal adoption underscores the challenges of creating cohesive cybersecurity policies that account for the diverse political interests of different nations.

Trade and Investment Law: Navigating Global Markets

Trade and investment law has long been a central focus of international law, with treaties and organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) guiding the conduct of international trade. Globalization has further interconnected economies, but it has also introduced new challenges, including disputes over tariffs, market access, and regulatory standards. Trade conflicts can arise when countries implement policies to protect domestic industries, which can sometimes violate trade agreements and lead to retaliatory measures.

Gaurav Mohindra explains the need for clear, enforceable trade laws that allow for flexibility while promoting fair practices. “International trade law must strike a balance between protecting national interests and promoting global commerce. This involves creating policies that are adaptable and respect the economic realities of both developed and developing nations.”

The WTO’s dispute resolution mechanism is one of the most effective tools for managing trade disputes. It allows countries to address grievances through negotiation and arbitration rather than resorting to economic retaliation. However, the system has limitations, particularly as global trade becomes more complex with issues like e-commerce and digital services. Updating trade agreements to reflect these changes and ensuring that developing nations can compete on an equal footing remain ongoing challenges.

Conclusion: The Future of International Law

As global issues continue to evolve, the scope and application of international law will need to adapt. New technologies, environmental concerns, human rights challenges, and economic fluctuations demand innovative approaches and strong international cooperation. While international law provides a framework for addressing these issues, enforcement and compliance depend on the willingness of countries to collaborate and uphold agreed-upon standards.

Gaurav Mohindra summarizes this sentiment, stating, “International law provides the foundation, but it’s the commitment of nations to respect and build upon this foundation that truly shapes global stability and progress. Effective international law is built on mutual respect, cooperation, and a shared vision for the future.”

In conclusion, international law remains an essential tool for managing global issues. Its success depends on the ability of nations to collaborate, recognize shared interests, and create legal frameworks that reflect the realities of an interconnected world. As the landscape of international relations continues to shift, international law will play an increasingly pivotal role in promoting peace, security, and justice across borders.

Originally Posted: https://gauravmohindrachicago.com/evolving-landscape-of-international-law-navigating-global-challenges/

[allthebrazilianpolitics]

Lula drops Milei a hint as the Argentine is the last leader to join the Global Anti-Poverty Alliance

Brazilian president spoke about Argentinian diplomacy at G20 Summit in Rio

At the opening of the second session of speeches at the G20 Leaders' Summit on Monday (18), the host president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, sent a few messages, especially to the far right, represented at the meeting by the Argentine president, Javier Milei. "It's no surprise that inequality fosters hatred, extremism, and violence. Nor that democracy is under threat. Neoliberal globalization has failed," he said.  

Lula also mentioned impasses created by the Argentine government around multilateral discussions such as the climate crisis. "Recent impasses around the Pandemic Treaty, the Pact for the Future, and the COP on biodiversity in Cali show that diplomacy is losing ground to intransigence," said the president.  

On the session's subject, Lula said that "the world stability depends on more representative institutions" and defended multipolarity as the path to peace. In this sense, he criticized the United Nations Security Council and the "indiscriminate use of the veto."  

"The Security Council's failure to act has itself been a threat to international peace and security. The indiscriminate use of the veto makes the body hostage to the five permanent members. From Iraq to Ukraine, from Bosnia to Gaza, the perception is growing that not every territory deserves to have its integrity respected and not every life has the same value. Disastrous interventions have overturned order in Afghanistan and Libya. Indifference has relegated Sudan and Haiti to oblivion. Unilateral sanctions produce suffering and hit the most vulnerable," said the president, in front of heads of government from countries that are or have been involved in the wars mentioned.

Continue reading.

[remembering-the-future]

Scientists Sound Alarm: Gallinaceous Birds and Sorbs Decline, Climate Crisis Cascades Across Ecosystems

In a somber report from the International Biodiversity Research Alliance (IBRA), scientists have declared the rapid decline of gallinaceous birds—a diverse group that includes grouse, pheasants, and quail—and sorb trees, such as rowans and whitebeams, as urgent indicators of Earth's worsening climate crisis. Over the past few decades, these species have dwindled to the point of potential extinction in many regions, an alarming development with serious implications for ecosystem stability. Once thriving in diverse habitats, these plants and animals now face stress from unprecedented droughts, extreme temperature fluctuations, and habitat fragmentation driven by human activity. “Their struggle is a red flag,” noted Dr. Emilia Castro, lead ecologist on the report. “If these resilient species are struggling, we’re failing to understand the true depth of the climate crisis on life itself.”

The IBRA report highlights the interconnected relationship between gallinaceous birds and sorbs, a complex web that has sustained forest and woodland ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere for millennia. Sorbs provide crucial sustenance to gallinaceous birds in the form of berries, particularly during harsher seasons, while the birds aid in the trees' seed dispersal, ensuring both species’ survival. As rising temperatures reduce sorb populations, the birds are forced to migrate to higher altitudes or latitudes where food sources remain more stable, while others face starvation. In the absence of gallinaceous birds, sorbs have lost a key partner in natural propagation, resulting in declining regeneration rates that weaken forest ecosystems. Dr. Castro emphasized that “the collapse of this symbiotic relationship could lead to unpredictable consequences across food webs reliant on both these species for stability.”

Ultimately, the plight of gallinaceous birds and sorbs serves as a microcosm of Earth’s deteriorating ecosystems under climate change. As habitats continue to destabilize, the cascading impacts extend far beyond individual species, threatening biodiversity at a scale not fully appreciated by the global community. Scientists warn that if efforts to curb emissions and restore damaged habitats are not prioritized, the complex interdependencies sustaining life will continue to unravel. The IBRA’s report calls for immediate action, lest humanity watch as ecosystems deteriorate irreparably, leading to a future where the diversity of life on Earth exists only as a memory.

[len1nb]

Journal 5

Pachamama Alliance- Awakening the Dreamer Project

The Challenges Facing the Environment section talked about how the increasing population is causing us to use more resources than what the Earth currently has and provides. The Earth is now viewed as a credit card. The amount of Earths we use and our ecological footprint is more than 1 Earth in North America, Europe, China, the Middle East & Central Asia. 80% of the world's original forests are eliminated. 90% of all large fish are gone from the oceans. Global warming and climate change is Earth's biggest threat.

The Delving into Social Justice and Spiritual Fulfillment section discusses how millions still suffer from environmental injustice, oppression, and racism today. Environmental justice is the belief that no community should have to bear the brunt of disproportionate environmental burdens. Women are the first to suffer from these issues. They are denied basic legal rights. Racism is a part of every part of our environment, which is unfortunate. Money doesn't help with spiritual fulfillment. The importance of spiritual fulfillment is connecting with our environment, people, and the environment itself. A lot of animals are on the verge of extinction.

Examining our Worldview and assumptions is the section that talks about how did we get here? An important point was made that we give all the rights to the world to humans but not the natural world. This section pointed out something important, stating that we don't think about the true cost of the product we buy. The things we buy are not from the businesses themselves, but instead from the clean air and other resources. Racism has a cost to every human on Earth, and it has dehumanized us all. They're assumptions that we as a society are throwaway species, humans, resources. Disposables are the items that cause us to lose connection with our Earth.

A New Story and the Illusion of Separation is a section that talks about the significance of the land being us and not doing things to the land that destroys us. We are all one, and we are all connected, we all come from the same source. We are the universe in the form of a human. We are all related in all factors. The reflection of my feeling connected is that it is something that can't really be put into words unless you're living that moment and sensation. It is a one-of-a-kind experience and a relaxing feeling of wanting that feeling every chance you can get. The times I feel disconnected are the worst because I get thoughts in my mind like, "Do I belong?" or "What is my purpose" and why am I going through this or feeling like this all you can do is hope for change and create it.

There are several inspiring trends in environmental activism today that inspired me and things I noticed, starting off with youth activism, the Young people are leading movements emphasizing the importance of the need for climate action. The innovative technologies help with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which are becoming more affordable and impactful. Corporations show responsibility by committing to sustainable practices and carbon neutrality in response to consumer demand. Biodiversity restoration focuses on rewilding and habitat restoration, which are gaining momentum to help combat climate change. Also, some governments are enacting stronger environmental policies and participating in international agreements like the Paris Accord. Community engagement worldwide has shown the importance of urban gardening and clean-ups, empowering individuals to make a difference.

When I envisioned an environmentally sustainable, spiritually fulfilling, socially just human presence on this planet, I saw a world that cares deeply about our Earth and one that is sustainable for an infinite amount of years. The thing that surprised me in this vision was the amount of people connecting deeply with our world in a positive matter. The number of people I envisioned walking to the beach and environmental places instead of driving was surprising, and the car parking lot looked close to empty, helping save the carbon footprint of our planet.

"I am committed to bringing forth an environmentally sustainable, spiritually fulfilling, socially just human presence on this planet."

The wow moment of this course was just how deep the issue of sustainability of the environment was throughout the world. It provided deep details on what is affected and what needs to be changed. I learned a lot throughout this course.

The Awakening The Dreamer course was a good course for people to get educated of our Earth and the issues that is it facing. I would recommend it to people who aren't as educated to go through it to have a change in heart and be educated more about the problems the Earth faces and things we as humans can do to change it in ways we can control to have our only living planet last an infinite amount of time.

[esgagile]

The Main Advantages of Choosing Sustainability to Improve the Future

We as a Sustainability Report Consultant in Agile Advisors, Sustainability entails balancing economic growth, environmental stewardship, and social equality to guarantee that future generations prosper. By implementing sustainable methods, we conserve the Earth, increase public health, promote economic efficiency, and cultivate social well-being. One of the primary environmental benefits is the decrease of our carbon footprint through using renewable energy, waste reduction, and the protection of natural resources. These activities help prevent climate change, protect biodiversity, and promote a better ecosystem for all living species. Sustainability promotes energy-efficient technology and generates new opportunities in environmentally friendly industries like sustainable agriculture and renewable energy, in addition to protecting the environment. It also saves money for both organizations and consumers by conserving energy and using resources more efficiently.

Agile Advisors provides Sustainability Reporting Consultant In UAE, sustainable practices enhance public health by lowering pollutants and increasing access to healthier food alternatives. Sustainability is becoming more than just a catchphrase; it's an essential strategy for ensuring that coming generations can live in a healthy world. It looks at social, economic, and environmental issues to find long-term solutions that benefit the Earth and its people. The preservation of natural resources is among sustainability's most evident advantages. We can lessen pollution and slow climate change by boosting renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and hydropower and minimizing our dependency on non-renewable resources like fossil fuels. In addition, sustainable practices emphasize water conservation, biodiversity preservation, and deforestation reduction—all of which are vital to the upkeep of Earth's ecosystems.

As a Sustainability Report Consultant In UAE, Governments also provide incentives for environmentally friendly practices and technologies, which can lead to job creation in sectors such as sustainable agriculture and renewable energy. While sustainability is often seen as a costly endeavor, it can actually drive economic growth through innovation, efficiency, and long-term cost savings. Both individuals and businesses can reduce their operating costs by investing in energy-efficient equipment. Moreover, socially conscious consumers are increasingly drawn to sustainable businesses, creating new markets and growth opportunities. Less pollution means better public health, and sustainability plays a crucial role in achieving this. By reducing emissions from waste, vehicles, and factories, we can improve the quality of our air and water, thereby reducing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

In our role as Sustainability Report Consultant, Sustainable agriculture, with its focus on organic farming and reduced use of toxic chemicals, also leads to healthier food choices and less exposure to contaminants. Communities may more effectively handle these difficulties and lessen their susceptibility to unanticipated disasters by adopting sustainable practices, including resource-efficient agriculture, disaster preparedness, and infrastructure adaptable to climate change. Sustainable development aims to reduce inequality by ensuring that everyone has access to essentials like clean water, food, and shelter. It also advocates for fair wages, safe working conditions, and educational opportunities, ensuring that disadvantaged groups share in the benefits of economic development and environmental preservation.

Being a Sustainability Reporting Consultant In UAE, Sustainability fosters a sense of shared responsibility and community. Collaboration among people, corporations, and governmental bodies to address environmental issues fortifies regional and international alliances. The advantages of sustainability are numerous and critical to our planet's and civilization's long-term health. Adopting sustainable practices may help us save the environment, advance economic expansion, enhance public health, and build a more fair and just society. Every move toward sustainability, whether in the form of large-scale projects or little individual activities, is a step toward a better future for all.

[kgsupsccourses]

Daily Current Affairs for UPSC - Stay Updated with KGS IAS

Staying updated with daily current affairs is essential for cracking the UPSC examination. With KGS IAS, we provide a streamlined approach to help you stay on top of the most relevant topics. Here’s a breakdown of today’s significant events that you need to know.

National News Highlights

The Indian government recently introduced a new economic policy aimed at strengthening the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector. This policy focuses on providing financial aid and infrastructure support to SMEs, promoting entrepreneurship. Candidates preparing for UPSC should focus on the potential impacts this policy might have on employment and economic growth.

In addition, the Supreme Court of India passed a landmark judgment on environmental protection, emphasizing stricter regulations for industries to reduce pollution levels. This is crucial for the Environment and Ecology portion of the UPSC syllabus.

International Relations Update

India and Japan held a bilateral meeting to discuss regional security and economic cooperation. The growing partnership between these two nations is pivotal for maintaining stability in the Indo-Pacific region. UPSC aspirants should pay attention to the strategic importance of this alliance and its relevance to India’s foreign policy.

The UN General Assembly also adopted a resolution on climate change, which India supported. This move underscores the country's commitment to global climate efforts. Understanding India's role in international organizations is vital for aspirants.

Economic Affairs and Finance

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) recently made adjustments to the repo rate to control inflation. Monitoring the trends in India’s monetary policies will provide insights into the Indian Economy segment of the UPSC exam.

Additionally, a new report highlights that India's GDP growth is expected to rise in the coming quarter due to increased foreign investments. Aspirants should focus on understanding how these trends influence government spending and fiscal policies.

Science and Technology Developments

India successfully launched a new satellite aimed at improving communication networks across the country. The launch is significant for the advancement of telecommunication and digital services, which have been areas of major focus for the government.

For Science and Technology in UPSC, keep track of such technological advancements, especially those related to space exploration and digital transformation.

Environment and Ecology

The Ministry of Environment announced new conservation projects for endangered species in the Western Ghats. This initiative will focus on preserving biodiversity while promoting sustainable development in the region.

Understanding the balance between conservation efforts and development is critical for the Environment and Ecology section of the UPSC syllabus.

Conclusion

Daily current affairs play an essential role in shaping your preparation for the UPSC exam. By focusing on relevant national, international, economic, and environmental news, you can stay updated and ensure a comprehensive understanding of critical issues. Rely on KGS IAS for a detailed breakdown of daily news and events to boost your preparation and achieve success in the UPSC.