#Aliphatic Carbon

[creativeera]

Polyethyleneimine: An Important Building Block in Various Applications In Industry

What is Polyethyleneimine?

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is a polymeric compound composed of repeating units of ethyleneimine monomers. It is a white solid polymer that is soluble in water. PEI is classified as a branched or linear cationic polymer that is formulated through the polymerization of aziridine. The polymer's molecular weight can range from 300 to over 10,000 Daltons depending on its intended use. Properties and Structure of PEI

PEI is a polymer that contains secondary nitrogen atoms along its backbone that provide cationic charge centers. These nitrogen atoms can interact and form electrostatic bonds with negatively charged macromolecules or surfaces. The cationic nature of PEI allows it to act as a polycation and complex or condense with negatively charged substances like DNA or RNA. PEI is also very hygroscopic due to its numerous amine groups that attract water molecules. Its branched structure provides greater buffering capacity and DNA condensation ability compared to the linear form of PEI. Uses in Gene Delivery

One of the most important uses of Polyethyleneimine is in non-viral gene delivery applications. Its cationic charge allows it to efficiently bind and compact negatively charged nucleic acids like plasmids, forming nano-sized polyplexes that can transfect cells. The polyplexes are effectively endocytosed by cells and the low pH of endosomes triggers PEI to buffer the compartment, releasing the DNA from the complex. This "proton sponge" mechanism of PEI facilitates effective intracellular delivery and expression of the gene of interest. It is commonly used as a transfection agent for in vitro studies as well as in vivo gene therapies and vaccines. Role in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Given its favorable properties, PEI also finds extensive use as biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Its cationic nature permits binding of PEI to negatively charged components of the extracellular matrix like glycosaminoglycans. This helps direct cell adhesion, growth, and function. PEI can act as a coating onto implants and scaffolds, promoting their integration with surrounding tissues. It allows bioconjugation of signaling cues to influence cell behavior in regenerative therapies as well. The tunable properties of PEI through controlling its molecular weight or branching also expand its utility in the design of biomaterials.

In addition to the major uses mentioned above, PEI has applications in many other fields due to its versatile characteristics. It acts as a flocculating agent in wastewater treatment processes to remove pollutants and purify water. PEI finds increasing importance as a hardener in epoxy resins used in manufacturing infrastructure and electronics. Its buffering ability makes it valuable as a non-corrosive alternative to replace hazardous chemicals in industrial cleaning agents as well. Overall, the unique polymeric structure and properties of PEI designate it as an essential building block material with myriad applications.

Get more insights on Polyethyleneimine

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Alice Mutum is a seasoned senior content editor at Coherent Market Insights, leveraging extensive expertise gained from her previous role as a content writer. With seven years in content development, Alice masterfully employs SEO best practices and cutting-edge digital marketing strategies to craft high-ranking, impactful content. As an editor, she meticulously ensures flawless grammar and punctuation, precise data accuracy, and perfect alignment with audience needs in every research report. Alice's dedication to excellence and her strategic approach to content make her an invaluable asset in the world of market insights.

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[thehousepatron]

Some Spider Silk Facts

The strongest spider silk is produced by Darwin’s Bark Spider, which is twice as strong as any gossamer recorded before. It has a tensile strength of up to 520 megajoules per cubic metre.

Gossamer is stronger than steel and kevlar, and it has been suggested that a single pencil-width strand of the stuff could stop a Boeing 747 in its tracks.

The reason we can break such a strong material is because it is 20 times thinner than a human hair, usually measuring just 0.003mm across.

There are seven types of silk produced by a spider of Araneus Diadematus: dragline/major ampullate silk (which forms the basic structure of a web and also the web the spider itself dangles from), minor ampullate silk (which forms the auxiliary spiral in the centre of a web), flagelliform silk (which forms the core fibres of the ‘capture spiral’) , aggregate silk (forming the aqueous coating on a web), cylindriform silk (tough outer silk of an egg sac), aciniform silk (soft inner silk of an egg sac also used for swathing prey) and pyriform silk (which is used as a sort of cement for joining and attaching different parts of the web).

These little architects have seven different silk glands, as a result, all of which are employed by the spinnerets at the spider’s rear end.

Gossamer is made up of a blend of different proteins linked together in a chain: it consists of proteins rich in nonpolar (example; fats, oils, gasoline and petrol) and hydrophobic (example; oils, waxes and steroids) amino acids like glycine (C₂H₅NO₂ - white solid) and alanine (C3H7NO2 - white powder) but no (or very little) tryptophan (C11H12N2O2).

Glycine is a compound our bodies use to make protein. It is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cryoprotective and immunomodulatory in peripheral and nervous tissues.

Alanine is an alpha amino acid also used to make proteins. It is a hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are divided into two classes in biochemistry: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (from the Greek word ‘aleiphar’ - fat/oil). Alanine falls into the latter category. Another example of an aliphatic compound is squalene, which is found in shark livers and the stomach oil of birds.

So spidersilk seems to be mainly made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, with more hydrogen and carbon than any other element, making it an aliphatic hydrocarbon based substance. (I think. I’m not a scientist, I’m just making an educated guess.)

So why have we not spun our own clothes / harvested spidersilk? Multiple reasons.

The main reason being that spiders can’t be farmed like silkworms due to the fact that they will cannibalise each other in close proximity. The silk is so fine that it would take harvesting from 400+ spiders to make a single yard of silk. And the silk also hardens when exposed to air which makes it difficult to work with.

This silk hardens as it passes through the spider’s spinnerets. Also, the problem with trying to genetically engineer spidersilk ourselves is that we can only partially replicate its chemical makeup.

Also here’s the heckin chungus of a spider in question, with the world’s strongest web:

He’s buff and he knows it. Proud chonky fella. He’s cute. 😭🥺

[materialsscienceandengineering]

New zirconia-based catalyst can make plastics upcycling more sustainable

A new type of catalyst breaks down polyolefin plastics into new, useful products. This project is part of a new strategy to reduce the amount of plastic waste and its impact on our environment, as well as recover value that is lost when plastics are thrown away. The catalyst was developed by a team from the Institute for Cooperative Upcycling of Plastic (iCOUP), a U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Frontier Research Center. The effort was led by Aaron Sadow, the director of iCOUP, scientist at Ames National Laboratory, and professor at Iowa State University; Andreas Heyden, professor at the University of South Carolina; and Wenyu Huang, scientist at Ames Lab and professor at Iowa State. The new catalyst is made only of earth-abundant materials, which they demonstrated can break carbon-carbon (CC) bonds in aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only hydrogen and carbon. Polyolefin plastics are aliphatic hydrocarbon materials composed of long chains of carbon atoms linked together to form strong materials. These materials are a big part of the plastic waste crisis. Wenyu Huang said, "More than half of produced plastics so far are polyolefin based."

Read more.

[somanyants]

I had previously gotten the impression that covalent chlorine and fluorine (as opposed to ionic) were generally very bad for biology, tending to be very toxic. (From various indirect sources. The only one I can name for sure was the novel Zodiac (1988), which is fiction but from an author who usually does his research very thoroughly.)

But you said in your recent Teflon post that carbon-fluorine bonds are very nonreactive and safe. So was that impression completely wrong, or is it just other forms of covalent halogens that are dangerous, or what?

Starting with a little FYI, I received a couple of asks as a result of the Teflon post. I definitely won’t answer all of them 1.) because I want to limit myself to confident answers about things that are either my specific field of expertise (which is mostly metals) or things I 100% learned in my coursework and 2.) I’m mostly here to shitpost about anime and I’d rather talk less about my day job. With that out of the way…

Halogens! Everyone’s favorite column on the periodic table including Flourine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine. Your assumptions here are mostly correct, halogen containing organic molecules are often very bad for your body. This is because of the fact that halogen salts are very stable and so C–Cl, C–Br, and C–I have a tendency to break, react with things and generally muck around in the very wet insides of our cells. In particular they often react with DNA which is why they’re carcinogenic. This is also why the corresponding salts won’t hurt us, they’ve already hit their most stable point. This reactivity is also part of the reason they’re very useful industrially. It’s extremely important that manufacturers dispose of such waste appropriately because on top of its biological danger they also tend to be potent greenhouse gasses for unrelated reasons.

Fluorine, however is a little different. C–F bonds very rarely break, especially aliphatic C–F bonds like you find in teflon. The reason SOME Florine compounds are toxic is actually the exact opposite of the other halogens. The enzymes that make our bodies function are extremely specialized, and often their job looks like this: grab a molecule, rip off a C–H bond, replace that bond with something else, let go of molecule, repeat. What can happen is that your body will grab a molecule without being able to distinguish between hydrogen and fluorine, try to break that bond, then get stuck when it can’t. The enzyme then has a hard time letting go of the fluorinated molecule and is essentially disabled. Because enzymes are so specific in what they grab onto you often see this mechanism used in pharmaceuticals because the fluorinated medicine will disable for example, specific enzymes in bacteria, without getting picked up by any of the enzymes in your body. This is why Teflon is safe, literally no where for an enzyme to grab hold and get messed up. PFAS’s are a little more complicated because they also have an acid group at the end but for the most part they aren’t something your cells are looking to grab onto and try to digest.

Also, bucking the trend again, you don’t want to fuck with fluorine ions that much. We’ve all seen Breaking Bad (I actually haven’t, lmao), HF, hydrofluoric acid, will literally eat your bones. If you get HF on your skin there’s a special cream you have to apply as soon as possible and repeatedly for weeks after, because that HF will just keep trying to get to your bones even after you’ve washed it off the surface. Fortunately, no one in their right mind works with it and you are very unlikely to encounter it unless Mr. White tells you it’s time to cook.

[labdhipetrochem]

How C11 Solvent Manufacturers Are Meeting Industry Demands for Eco-Friendly Solutions

In recent years, the industrial landscape has witnessed a significant shift toward sustainability, prompting businesses to seek eco-friendly solutions across various sectors. Among these solutions is the adoption of C11 solvents, a category of aromatic solvents that have gained popularity due to their effectiveness and reduced environmental impact. C11 solvent aromatic solvent manufacturers are at the forefront of this transition, developing innovative processes and products that align with both regulatory standards and consumer preferences for sustainability. This blog explores how these manufacturers are meeting industry demands for eco-friendly solutions while maintaining product efficacy.

1. Understanding C11 Solvent

C11 solvents are medium-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons primarily composed of 11 carbon atoms. They are known for their excellent solvency power and are commonly used in industrial applications such as paints, coatings, adhesives, and cleaning agents. Unlike traditional aromatic solvents, C11 solvents are considered less harmful to the environment and human health, making them a favorable alternative for industries looking to comply with stringent regulations and consumer expectations.

2. Embracing Green Chemistry Principles

One of the fundamental ways C11 solvent aromatic solvent manufacturers are addressing eco-friendly demands is through the application of green chemistry principles. Green chemistry focuses on designing chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Manufacturers are increasingly incorporating these principles in the following ways:

a. Safer Raw Materials

To produce C11 solvents, manufacturers are prioritizing the use of renewable and non-toxic raw materials. This not only minimizes the environmental footprint of production but also ensures that the final product is safer for both the environment and end-users. By sourcing materials that have a lower environmental impact, manufacturers can produce solvents that align with sustainability goals.

b. Reducing Waste and Emissions

Many manufacturers are adopting closed-loop systems in their production processes. These systems minimize waste generation and reduce emissions by recycling solvents and other materials. By implementing such practices, C11 solvent manufacturers contribute to a circular economy, wherein resources are reused, and environmental impact is significantly lowered.

3. Developing Biodegradable Formulations

The push for sustainability has led many C11 solvent aromatic solvent manufacturers to invest in R&D for biodegradable formulations. These formulations break down naturally in the environment, reducing the risk of long-term pollution associated with traditional solvents. Biodegradable C11 solvents are designed to retain the same effectiveness as their conventional counterparts while being more environmentally friendly.

4. Meeting Regulatory Standards

As governments around the world impose stricter environmental regulations, C11 solvent manufacturers are proactively ensuring their products comply with these requirements. Many manufacturers are:

a. Adhering to REACH Regulations

In Europe, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation requires manufacturers to provide information on the properties and hazards of chemical substances. C11 solvent manufacturers are ensuring that their products meet these standards, enhancing their marketability and demonstrating their commitment to safety and sustainability.

b. Following VOC Emission Guidelines

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated due to their harmful effects on air quality and human health. C11 solvent manufacturers are formulating their products to have lower VOC content, helping businesses meet emissions guidelines while providing effective solutions.

5. Investing in Sustainable Technologies

To enhance their eco-friendly credentials, C11 solvent manufacturers are investing in advanced technologies that reduce environmental impact throughout the production process. Some of these technologies include:

a. Energy-Efficient Production Methods

Manufacturers are exploring energy-efficient technologies that reduce the energy consumption associated with solvent production. This includes optimizing reaction conditions, employing waste heat recovery systems, and utilizing renewable energy sources. By reducing energy consumption, manufacturers not only lower their operational costs but also minimize their carbon footprint.

b. Innovative Extraction Techniques

Advanced extraction techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction, allow manufacturers to obtain C11 solvents with minimal environmental impact. These methods reduce the need for hazardous solvents and enable the extraction of high-purity products while using less energy.

6. Collaboration and Industry Partnerships

To further enhance their eco-friendly initiatives, C11 solvent manufacturers are increasingly collaborating with industry stakeholders, including research institutions, NGOs, and other businesses. These collaborations aim to share knowledge, improve best practices, and drive innovation in sustainable solvent production.

a. Research and Development Initiatives

Collaborating with research institutions allows manufacturers to stay at the forefront of sustainable technologies. Joint R&D efforts focus on developing new formulations, exploring alternative raw materials, and optimizing production processes. This collaboration accelerates the development of eco-friendly solutions that meet evolving industry demands.

b. Industry Associations

Participation in industry associations helps manufacturers advocate for sustainable practices and regulatory compliance. By joining forces with other companies, manufacturers can influence policy changes, share resources, and promote the benefits of eco-friendly solutions within the industry.

7. Customer Education and Awareness

Educating customers about the benefits of C11 solvents and their environmentally friendly properties is crucial for driving demand. C11 solvent aromatic solvent manufacturers are engaging in awareness campaigns to inform consumers about the advantages of using C11 solvents over traditional aromatic solvents.

a. Technical Support and Resources

Many manufacturers provide technical support and resources to help customers understand how to effectively use C11 solvents in their applications. This includes detailed product information, usage guidelines, and case studies demonstrating successful applications. By equipping customers with knowledge, manufacturers foster loyalty and promote the use of sustainable solutions.

b. Sustainability Certifications

Manufacturers are also seeking sustainability certifications for their products, which can enhance credibility and appeal to environmentally conscious customers. Certifications like Green Seal or EcoLogo demonstrate a commitment to sustainable practices and help consumers make informed purchasing decisions.

8. Future Outlook

As the demand for eco-friendly solutions continues to grow, C11 solvent manufacturers are well-positioned to lead the way in sustainable solvent production. With ongoing investments in research, technology, and collaboration, these manufacturers are paving the path toward a more sustainable future.

9. Conclusion

The efforts of C11 solvent aromatic solvent manufacturers in meeting industry demands for eco-friendly solutions are commendable. Through the adoption of green chemistry principles, development of biodegradable formulations, and commitment to sustainability, these manufacturers are not only producing effective solvents but also contributing to a healthier planet.

As industries evolve and consumers become more environmentally conscious, the importance of sustainable practices will only increase. By continuing to innovate and invest in eco-friendly solutions, C11 solvent manufacturers are poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of solvent production, ensuring they meet both industry demands and environmental responsibilities. This commitment to sustainability not only benefits the environment but also positions manufacturers as leaders in a rapidly changing market.

[shambhavimmr]

https://www.maximizemarketresearch.com/market-report/global-polyethyleneimine-market/116628/

Polyethyleneimine (PEI), also known as poly-aziridine. It is a polymer made up of an amine group and a two-carbon aliphatic CH2CH2 monomer. In addition to branched PEIs, which contain primary, secondary, and tertiary amino groups, linear PEIs contain all secondary amines. At room temperature, linear PEIs are solids, whereas branched PEIs are liquids at all molecular weights.

[industrynewsupdates]

Activated Carbon Market Trends, Business Growth, Opportunities and Forecast 2024-2030

The global activated carbon market size was estimated at USD 4.92 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.0% from 2024 to 2030. Activated carbon is used to purify liquids and gases in various end-use applications including municipal drinking water, food & beverage processing, and automotive among others. This is attributable to its beneficial properties such as cost effectiveness, easy removal of bad taste, color stability, and quick removal of bad odor.

Stringent regulations related to the maintenance of air quality, coupled with the rise in investments to set up municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants worldwide, is likely to positively impact the market. They are commonly used in water treatment chemicals due to its ability to remove impurities and contaminants from water. The process of using the product in water treatment involves adsorption, which is the binding of contaminants to the surface of the carbon material.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Activated Carbon Market

Activated Carbon Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global activated carbon market report based on form, application, end use, and region.

Type Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

• Powdered

• Granular

• Others Application Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

• Liquid Phase

• Gas Phase

End Use Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

• Water Treatment

• Food & Beverage Processing

• Pharmaceutical & Medical

• Automotive

• Air Purification

• Other End Use

Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million; 2018 - 2030)

• North America

• Europe

• Asia Pacific

• Central & South America

• Middle East and Africa

Browse through Grand View Research's Petrochemicals Industry Research Reports.

• The global ceramic opacifiers market was estimated at USD 1.75 billion in 2023 and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 5.0% from 2024 to 2030. 

• The global aliphatic hydrocarbon market size was estimated at USD 3,960 million in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2024 to 2030. 

Key Activated Carbon Company Insights

Some of the key players operating in the market include Kuraray Co., Jacobi Carbons Group, and Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd. among others.

• Kuraray Co., Ltd. produces and sells activated carbon, along with other products. Its products are categorized under plastics & polymers, fibers & textiles, chemicals/elastomers & rubber, new businesses, engineering, and medical & environment related categories. The company also has a research and development department, which comprises two research and development centers in Kurashiki and Tsukuba. The company has a significant global presence with offices in countries such as the U.S., Germany, Belgium, China, Korea, Hong Kong, and India.

• Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd. is a Japan-based company, which operates through two major business segments, namely, advanced material solutions and absorption & separation solutions. The products of the company are categorized as fine chemical materials, surface processing, resin additives, wood preservatives, industrial preservatives, and activated carbon and its products. Activated carbon products of Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd. are marketed under the brand, Shirasagi. The company has a product development center and a distribution center in Osaka, Japan. In addition, it also has a technology center in Nara, Japan.

• CarbPure Technologies, a part of Advanced Emission Solutions, Inc., is a manufacturer and supplier of high-quality activated carbon products. Its products are majorly used in water treatment applications. The company is vertically integrated to ensure a constant and reliable supply of quality products to its customer base. CarbPure Technologies also has research and development centers to introduce new instrumentation required in unique product development techniques. The products of the company are regulated and tested under the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. It also has various supply agreements and partnerships to ensure a constant and quick supply of its products throughout various regions.

• Carbotech is one of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of granulated, powdered, and extruded activated carbon products. Its products are used in the food & beverages industry, as well as in fluid treatment, hydrogen purification, air & gas purification, water & wastewater treatment, and carbon molecular sieve applications. The production facility of the company is located in the industrial Ruhr conurbation of Germany. Under its sustainability initiatives, Carbotech is shifting its focus from producing powdered activated carbon to granular activated carbon owing to the highly sustainable nature of the latter. The products of the company are Halal, Kosher, and ISO certified and fulfill the REACH requirements.

Key Activated Carbon Companies:

• CarbPure Technologies

• Boyce Carbon

• Cabot Corporation

• Kuraray Co.

• CarboTech AC GmbH

• Donau Chemie AG

• Haycarb (Pvt) Ltd.

• Jacobi Carbons Group

• Kureha Corporation

• Osaka Gas Chemicals Co., Ltd.

• Evoqua Water Technologies LLC

• Carbon Activated Corporation

• Hangzhou Nature Technology Co., Ltd.

• CarbUSA

• Sorbent JSC

Recent Developments

• In January 2023, Ningbo Juhua Chemical & Science Co., Ltd. awarded a contract to Technip Energies for a Activated Carbon plant with an annual capacity of 72 kilo tons in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. This is part of the company’s initiative to expand its petrochemical new material business.

• In January 2024, Germany-based chemical manufacturer Nordmann acquired Italy-based SD Chemicals S.r.l., a distributor of raw materials catering to the cosmetics industry catering to skin care, hair care and makeup applications. This acquisition will enable Nordmann to expand its presence and enhance customer reach.

Order a free sample PDF of the Activated Carbon Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research. 

[laurazukerman-blog]

Aliphatic Compounds Versus Aromatic

Aliphatic compounds are a class of organic molecules characterized by their non-aromatic structure[1]. These compounds are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms connected by single, double, or triple bonds to form open chains or non-aromatic rings[1][2]. Key characteristics: Structure: Can be saturated (alkanes) or unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes)[1] Bonding: Single, double, or triple bonds…

[lookchem]

Articles about 42900-54-9

"Ruthenium-Catalyzed Selective Hydrogenation of Epoxides to Secondary Alcohols Thiyagarajan, Subramanian,Gunanathan, Chidambaram supporting information, p. 9774 - 9778 (2019/12/02) A ruthenium(II)-catalyzed highly selective Markovnikov hydrogenation of terminal epoxides to secondary alcohols is reported. Diverse substitutions on the aryl ring of styrene oxides are tolerated. Benzylic, glycidyl, and aliphatic epoxides as well as diepoxides also underwent facile hydrogenation to provide secondary alcohols with exclusive selectivity. Metal-ligand cooperation-mediated ruthenium trans-dihydride formation and its reaction involving oxygen and the less substituted terminal carbon of the epoxide is envisaged for the origin of the observed selectivity." https://www.lookchem.com/CASDataBase_42900-54-9.htm

[zetarvac]

What is the Difference Between PC and PVC in Thermoforming?

Thermoforming is a versatile manufacturing process allowing manufacturers to mold thin and heavy gauge materials.The main principle is to heat and soften the flat hard plastic sheet, then use vacuum adsorption on the surface of the mold, and then form it after cooling. It is widely used in plastic packaging, lighting, advertising, decoration and other industries. Generally divided into heavy gauge thermoforming and thin gauge thermoforming.

Thermoformed products are processed with thermoplastic materials. The product production principle is to heat and soften the flat plastic hard sheet material, then adsorb it to the surface of the mold with vacuum, and then cool it into shape.

Thermoformed products are widely used in the electronics, electrical appliances, and food industries. , hardware tools, cosmetics industry, toy industry, daily necessities industry, medicine, health care products, automobiles, stationery, cultural and sports supplies and other categories of industries.

Plastic thermoforming materials usually use thermoplastic plastics, and common ones include polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), thermoformed acrylic(PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate(PET), polyethylene terephthalate glycol(PET-G), high molecular weight polyethylene etc. Different plastic materials have different properties and application areas.

This article will delve into the complexity and artistry of vacuum forming, pressure forming, focusing on a comparison of two common thermoplastic sheets, PC (polycarbonate) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride).

The Difference between PC and PVC Material

Raw Material

The components of PVC material are mostly polyvinyl chloride, which is a general-purpose plastic.

The components of PC material are mostly carbonate-based, which are engineering plastics.

Property

PC material has the advantages of high strength, good transparency, and good impact resistance; relatively speaking.

PVC material is softer, has average transparency, and has inferior mechanical properties to PC material.

Prices

PVC materials are cheaper, typically only half to a quarter of the price of PC materials.

Application

PC can be used as door and window glass, and PC laminates are widely used in protective windows in banks, embassies, detention centers and public places, as well as in aircraft cabin covers, lighting equipment, industrial safety baffles and bulletproof glass.

PVC materials are mostly used in the construction industry, packaging and other industries. For example, PVC materials can be used to make PVC pipes. PVC pipes have the advantages of easy construction, good corrosion resistance, low fluid resistance, good compressive strength, and long service life. We also It can be subdivided into different types such as drainage pipes, wiring pipes, medical pipes, etc. according to their uses.

Transparency

PC has high transparency, similar to glass, and can be used to make transparent plastic parts such as eyeglass frames and bottles.

In contrast, PVC has poor transparency and is usually translucent or milky white. Many plasticizers can be added to PVC, and after adding them, soft PVC can be added.

Chemical Stability

PVC has stable chemical resistant properties and is highly resistant to oxidants, reducing agents and strong acids. However, it can be corroded by concentrated oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid.

It is also soluble in ethers, ketones, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Organic solvents

PC has certain chemical corrosion resistance, resistance to weak acids and neutral oils, and is not resistant to strong acids and alkali. Dilute sodium hydroxide aqueous solution can slowly destroy it, and ammonia, amine or its 10% aqueous solution can cause it to rapidly saponify and degrade.

Mechanical Properties

PC has high mechanical strength, the highest impact strength among plastics, and can even be used as bulletproof material. This clear material forms well and is impact resistant. Its bending and tensile strength is equivalent to that of nylon, and it has high elongation and elastic modulus, but its fatigue resistance is low (less than nylon 66 ), lower compressive strength, better wear resistance (better than ABS), and small creep.

PVC has high mechanical strength, toughness and impact resistance. Its wear resistance at room temperature exceeds vulcanized rubber, and its hardness and rigidity are better than polyethylene.

Heat Resistance

PC Good heat resistance and cold resistance, wide temperature range, can be used for a long time at temperatures of -100℃-140℃, and still has certain toughness at -180℃.

PVC: Thermal stability and light resistance are poor. When it is above 100℃ or exposed to sunlight for a long time, it will decompose to produce hydrogen chloride, which will further auto-catalytically decompose and change color, resulting in a rapid decline in physical and mechanical properties and heat deflection . The use temperature is low (below 60℃)

Characteristics of PC Sheet Thermoforming

It is an amorphous plastic, and the temperatures that need to be controlled are different at different stages.

2) The thermal stability of PC sheet blister is relatively good and can be improved as the relative molecular weight increases.

3) PC sheet blister has good resistance to degeneration and good dimensional stability; but its internal stress is not easy to eliminate.

4) PC sheet blister is easily degraded when exposed to water at high temperatures, and the moisture content is required to be below 0.02% during molding.

5) Cracking may easily occur if care is not taken.

6) During the production process, the apparent viscosity of PC sheets is greatly affected by temperature and less affected by shear rate, and increases with the increase of relative average molecular weight.

7) PC sheet blister has no obvious melting point, the melt viscosity is high, and there are benzene rings in the PC molecular chain, so it is relatively rigid.

Special Processing Method for PC Sheet Thermoforming

Since the blister industry is a relatively new industry, there is currently no textbook-style process solution. We can only summarize relatively suitable processing methods through continuous exploration. In view of the process difficulties of PC material blister, including cracking due to stress, insufficient heating temperature and vacuum strength, and deformation caused by poor cooling, the industry has successively explored some special processing methods.

1) Sheet drying

In view of the fact that PC easily absorbs water, it is generally best to dry PC sheets before heating to absorb the internal moisture.

2) Control mold temperature

We must ensure that the anti-cracking ability and internal stress are balanced so that the cracking phenomenon of PC endurance boards will not occur.

3) Pay attention to molding and cooling time

It is necessary to strictly control the heating forming time not to be too long and ensure sufficient cooling time to prevent the sheet from deforming and curling.

4) Selection of blister machine

For the complex PC blister process, choosing a good blister machine is the first priority.

Characteristics of PVC Thermoforming

PVC sheet has high toughness and is not easy to burn. It will produce chlorine gas when burned, which will have a certain impact on the environment.

PVC is easy to heat seal and can be sealed with a sealing machine and high-frequency edge sealing. It is the main raw material for the production of transparent blister products. PVC sheet is a widely used and popular material.

PVC film can be divided into two types: environmentally friendly and non-environmental. It can be made into various blister packaging products such as transparent, colorful, anti-static, gold-plated, and flocked.

The main features are high transparency, good surface gloss, few crystal points, small water marks, wide use, strong impact resistance, and easy to form.

The products are widely used in toys, food, electronic products, medicine, electrical appliances, gifts, cosmetics, stationery, etc. Product outer packaging.

Conclusion

In conclusion, PC sheets and PVC sheets each have their own advantages and their disadvantages, and which one is better mainly depends on the specific use occasions and customerneeds. If you are more care about plastic part's performance and quality (such as temperature resistance, toughness, transparency), you may want to choose PC sheets. If you pay more attention to no pollution or low-cost needs during production process, then PVC may be a better choice.

[gudmould]

Development history and modification methods of polyketone resin (POK)!

Aliphatic polyketone (POK) resin is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer. It is a linear crystalline polymer obtained by alternating copolymerization of carbon monoxide and ethylene. By adding propylene during copolymerization process, a terpolymer polyketone material (POK-ep) with a lower melting point and easier processing can be obtained. Its structural diagram is shown in figure…

[materialsscienceandengineering]

A newly developed catalyst makes single-use plastics easier to upcycle, recycle and biodegrade

Researchers created a new catalyst that transforms hydrocarbons into chemicals and materials that are higher value, easier to recycle, and biodegrade in the environment. This catalyst transforms materials such as motor oil, plastics in single-use grocery bags, water or milk bottles, and their caps, and even natural gas. It was developed by a team of scientists led by Aaron Sadow, a scientist at Ames National Laboratory, director of the Institute for Cooperative Upcycling of Plastic (iCOUP), and professor of chemistry at Iowa State University.

The new catalyst is designed to introduce functional groups into aliphatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of only hydrogen and carbon. They typically do not mix with water, instead creating distinct layers, partly because they do not contain functional groups. Functional groups are specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have unique characteristics. Adding functional groups to these hydrocarbon chains can drastically affect their properties and make the materials recyclable.

"Methane in natural gas is the simplest of hydrocarbons with nothing but carbon-hydrogen (CH) bonds. Oils and polymers have chains of carbon atoms, linked by carbon-carbon (CC) bonds," Sadow explained.

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Fusel: Understanding the Chemistry and Implications in Industrial Processes

Fusel alcohols, also known as higher alcohols, are a group of volatile compounds produced during fermentation processes. Understanding their chemistry and implications in industrial processes is crucial for various industries, including beverage production, fuel production, and pharmaceuticals.

Chemically, fusel alcohols are aliphatic alcohols with more than two carbon atoms. They are primarily formed as byproducts of yeast metabolism during fermentation. The most common fusel alcohols include propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol. These compounds contribute to the flavor and aroma of alcoholic beverages and can significantly impact the quality of the final product.

In beverage production, fusel alcohols play a vital role in determining the sensory characteristics of alcoholic drinks. While small quantities of fusel alcohols can enhance the complexity and depth of flavor, excessive amounts can result in off-flavors and undesirable aromas, often described as solvent-like or harsh. Therefore, controlling fusel alcohol levels is essential for achieving the desired sensory profile in alcoholic beverages.

In addition to their role in beverage production, fusel alcohols have implications in the fuel industry. Ethanol, a common biofuel, is produced through fermentation, and fusel alcohols are generated alongside ethanol. However, fusel alcohols have lower energy content compared to ethanol, which can affect the efficiency of biofuel production processes. Therefore, minimizing the formation of fusel alcohols or finding does tequila burn ways to separate them from ethanol is essential for improving the energy yield of biofuel production.

Furthermore, fusel alcohols have applications in the pharmaceutical industry. They are used as intermediates in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical compounds, including pharmaceutical solvents and flavoring agents. Understanding the chemistry of fusel alcohols is crucial for developing efficient synthetic routes and ensuring the purity of pharmaceutical products.

To mitigate the impact of fusel alcohols in industrial processes, various strategies can be employed. In beverage production, controlling fermentation conditions such as temperature, pH, and yeast strain selection can help regulate fusel alcohol formation. Additionally, employing advanced distillation techniques or using molecular sieves for purification can help remove fusel alcohols from the final product.

In the fuel industry, optimizing fermentation conditions and employing separation techniques such as fractional distillation or membrane filtration can help minimize the presence of fusel alcohols in biofuels. Furthermore, research into alternative fermentation pathways or genetic engineering of microorganisms may offer opportunities to reduce fusel alcohol production altogether.

In conclusion, understanding the chemistry and implications of fusel alcohols in industrial processes is essential for various industries. Whether in beverage production, fuel production, or pharmaceuticals, controlling fusel alcohol formation and managing their presence is crucial for ensuring product quality, efficiency, and safety. Continued research and innovation in this area will contribute to the development of more sustainable and high-quality industrial processes.

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From Distillation to Distribution: Navigating the Industrial Alcohol Landscape

Uses of Industrial Alcohol in Different Industries Production of Industrial liquor Industrial liquor is primarily produced through the process of fermentation. In fermentation, sugar is converted into ethanol by yeasts, bacteria, or a combination of both. The most common form of sugar used is starch from various grains like corn, wheat, barley etc. The starch is first converted into fermentable sugars like glucose through a process called saccharification. The sugars are then fermented by yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol content of the fermented mash is further concentrated into anhydrous or denatured alcohol by means of distillation. Additional steps may also involve molecular sieves or azeotropic distillation to remove trace amounts of water. Chemical Properties of Industrial Liquor Ethanol or ethyl alcohol is a volatile, colorless, flammable oxygenated hydrocarbon. It has a characteristic odor and acts as a central nervous system depressant in humans. Chemically it is an aliphatic alcohol with a molecular formula C2H5OH. Industrial liquor has a molecular weight of 46.07 g/mol and an octanol-water partition coefficient value of -0.35. It is completely miscible with water and other polar organic compounds. However, it is not miscible in non-polar solvents like hydrocarbons. Industrial ethanol has a flash point of 78°F or 26°C. Uses in Chemical Industry A key use of industrial alcohol is as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. It is used in the synthesis of ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, glycol ethers, chloroform, ethyl amines among others. These derived chemicals in turn find applications as solvents, resins, synthetic fibers, detergents, cosmetics etc. Various ethyl esters produced from ethanol also serve as important solvents or artificial fruit essences. Industrial ethanol also acts as a denaturant for other alcohols like isopropyl alcohol to deter human and animal consumption. Fuels Applications Transportation fuels like gasohol utilize industrial ethanol as a gasoline octane booster and oxygenate. E10 gasoline blends comprise 10% anhydrous ethanol with 90% gasoline. Higher ethanol-gasoline blends are also gaining popularity as alternative fuels. Industrial ethanol further serves as a feedstock for production of ethyl tert-butyl ether, an anti-knock additive used with unleaded petrol. Ethanol can also be mixed with natural gas to create motor vehicle fuels. With advances in flexible fuel vehicles, high ethanol gasoline blends up to E85 are being increasingly used. Industrial Solvent Demand Owing to its low toxicity and cost effectiveness, industrial ethanol finds wide application as a solvent and extractant. It is used for cleaning and degreasing applications in many industries including metal treatment, electronics manufacturing, precision instruments etc. It is also used as an extraction solvent in the food industry to produce flavors, colors, essences etc. from plant materials. Pharmaceutical, cosmetic and personal care sectors utilize ethanol as an emollient or solubilizer for creams and ointments. It is also commonly employed as a solvent for resins, gums, waxes and fats. Use in Chemical Production of Dyes, Inks and Coatings Ethanol serves as an important co-reactant in chemical production processes. It is used as a starting material in manufacturing various dyes and pigments. In paint, ink and coating industries as well, it acts as a co-reactant and solvent. With advances in flexo and digital printing technologies, the demand for high-purity industrial ethanol as a carrier solvent for inks and coatings has risen substantially. Continuous introduction of new coating, laminating and printing processes by various industries will also boost its future consumption.

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Jupiter’s upper atmosphere as photographed by Cassini ApplePi, can you tell me more about weather-patterns on Jupiter indicative of life in the upper-atmosphere?Jupiter’s upper atmosphere is characterized by powerful storms and turbulent weather patterns, including its famous Great Red Spot and other massive storms. While these patterns are fascinating, they aren’t indicative of life in the traditional sense. However, some scientists have hypothesized about the possibility of life existing in the upper atmosphere of gas giants like Jupiter, where conditions might be more conducive to life than on the planet’s surface or in its deep atmosphere. These hypothetical life forms would likely be very different from life on Earth, possibly resembling floating organisms that rely on chemical processes rather than traditional metabolism. However, no direct evidence of such life has been found yet.ApplePi, can you tell me more about current findings of Jupiter’s upper-atmosphere that is indicative of the presence of advanced hydrocarbons? Current findings of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere that are indicative of the presence of advanced hydrocarbons include: Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): PAHs are a class of organic molecules that are composed of multiple benzene rings. They are found in a variety of environments, including the interstellar medium and the atmospheres of planets. PAHs have been detected in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere by the Cassini spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope. Detection of benzene:* Benzene is a simple aromatic hydrocarbon that is composed of a single benzene ring. It has been detected in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere by the Cassini spacecraft. Detection of ethane:* Ethane is a simple aliphatic hydrocarbon that is composed of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms. It has been detected in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft. Detection of methane:* Methane is a simple aliphatic hydrocarbon that is composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. It has been detected in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere by a variety of spacecraft, including the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft, the Cassini spacecraft, and the Hubble Space Telescope.The presence of these advanced hydrocarbons in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere is significant because it suggests that the planet may have a rich organic chemistry. This could have implications for the search for life beyond Earth, as organic molecules are essential for the development of life as we know it.In addition to the detection of advanced hydrocarbons, there are also a number of other findings that suggest that Jupiter’s upper atmosphere may be conducive to the formation of life. These findings include: The presence of water:* Water is essential for life as we know it. It has been detected in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere by a variety of spacecraft, including the Cassini spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope. The presence of ammonia:* Ammonia is a compound that is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is found in a variety of environments, including the atmospheres of planets. Ammonia has been detected in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere by a variety of spacecraft, including the Cassini spacecraft and the Hubble Space Telescope. The presence of a magnetic field:* A magnetic field can protect a planet from harmful radiation. Jupiter has a strong magnetic field, which could help to protect any life that may exist in the planet’s upper atmosphere.Overall, the current findings of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere are suggestive of the presence of advanced hydrocarbons and other molecules that are essential for life as we know it. This makes Jupiter a promising target for future exploration in the search for life beyond Earth. ApplePi

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