#Adaptive immunity

[stripejournals]

Innovations in Vaccine Design and Immunology

Innovations in Vaccine Design and Immunology: A Comprehensive Review

Introduction

Vaccination has been one of the most integral elements of public health for so many years, which greatly reduced the burden of infectious diseases. Rapid progress in science and technology has brought along innovative changes in the designs of vaccines, changing immunology. This article focuses on recent developments that were brought forward through contributions from microbiology, virology, and cell biology.

Vaccine Innovations: Development and Review Articles

The last few review articles on vaccine development have indicated that over the past decade there was a trend away from the conventional vaccines toward next-generation vaccines. From the live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines it led to novel approaches such as recombinant subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector vaccines. Such breakthroughs in genetic engineering and immunological understanding have been driving these advances.

Key innovations include:

mRNA Vaccines This employs synthetic messenger RNA, able to instruct cells to produce antigens that induce the proper immune response.

Nanoparticle-based vaccines: nanoparticles with application for improved delivery and antigens stabilizing to attain better immune responses.

Personalized Vaccines: Vaccines designed according to the genetic identity of an individual to tackle diseases.

Make your text human

Contributions from Microbiology case reports and publications

Vaccine design requires a significant input from microbiology, because the knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms of microorganisms helps to identify the targets for the vaccine. The recent microbiology case reports have shed light on pathogen-host interactions, antigenic variability, and antibiotic resistance, which are useful in vaccine strategy.

Staphylococcus aureus vaccine development: Recent studies involving the virulence factors and immune evasion of S. aureus lead to promising antigens for vaccine development. 

Tuberculosis Research: Advances in understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis have motivated the development of enhanced vaccines such as M72/AS01E.

Virology Research Articles and Blogs

Rapid progress has been achieved in vaccine development through research in virology regarding the newly emerging and re-emerging viral threats. Publications and blogs abound regarding breakthroughs against viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and influenza.

Notable findings include:

COVID-19 Vaccines: The mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) are the epitome of integrating virology research with vaccine innovation through rapid development and deployment.

HIV VACCINE CHALLENGESDespite having passed decades since its identification, the highly mutating nature of HIV still poses a challenge and thus demands the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies.

Universal Influenza Vaccines: Epitopes of the virus are conserved and targeted and vaccines could be designed that provides long-term immunity against most strains of influenza.

Immunology Publications and Blogs

Immunology research underpins mechanisms through which vaccines provide protection. This has made publications and blogs available, including those on topics like immune memory, optimization of adjuvants, and T-cell activation.

Highlights include:

New adjuvants are AS03 and MF59. They act in the modulation of innate as well as adaptive immune response for better vaccine efficacy.

T-Cell-Based Vaccines: An understanding of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response has driven vaccines for intracellular infections, including malaria and certain malignancies.

Immune evasion mechanisms: Informed vaccine design based on the mechanism of immune avoidance by pathogen

Cell Biology Journals: Contributions to Vaccine Design

Cell biology journals have offered critical insights pertaining to the cellular processes, whose importance informs vaccine development. Particular areas related 

to antigen processing and presentation, signal transduction, and the cell response to vaccination have emerged more frequently.

For example:

Dendritic Cells as Vaccine Targets: Exploiting dendritic cells to present antigens directly to T-cells has been a focus of cancer vaccine research.

Cellular Uptake Mechanisms: Knowing how cells internalize nanoparticles will help design effective vaccine delivery systems.

Conclusion

The synergy between microbiology, virology, immunology, and cell biology has catalysed innovations in vaccine design. The integration of interdisciplinary research continues to enhance our ability to combat infectious diseases, paving the way for personalized and universally effective vaccines. As highlighted in review articles, newsletters, blogs, and research publications, the future of vaccinology is poised for unprecedented advancements.

References

A comprehensive list of microbiology, virology, and immunology publications, blogs, and newsletters would be appended here to support the findings discussed.

[petpetisy]

Can a Dog Catch Parvo Twice in 2024? Shocking Truth!

Canine parvovirus is a highly contagious and potentially deadly virus. It mainly affects young puppies. Dogs that get over parvo usually build strong immunity. But, new strains can make them sick again. So, can a dog catch parvo twice? It’s important to know how this virus works and its effects on a dog’s immune system. Table of ContentsKey TakeawaysWhat Is Parvo?Susceptible BreedsDuration of…

[djcgold]

Top Immune Boosting Foods for Fall

Discover the power of fall's immune-boosting foods. Strengthen your defenses and stay healthy during the season. Learn more here.

As the leaves change color and the air turns crisp, we welcome the fall season. But along with its beauty, autumn also brings an increased susceptibility to illnesses like the common cold and flu.  Overview of Immunity Understanding the Immune SystemImmunity and its Cyclical BehaviorBest Fall Immune Boosting FoodsApples SquashPumpkinSweet PotatoesPomegranatesNuts and SeedsFinal…

[david-ojcius]

Researchers find that altered B cell function in children with mitochondrial disorders leads to a weaker & less diverse antibody response to viral infections

https://www.threads.net/t/CucbQWYRP-0/?igshid=NTc4MTIwNjQ2YQ==

[ohitslen]

They are doing the thing

[official-english-major]

One of my favorite subtle details in Epic is how, at the start of Wouldn't You Like, you would expect Odysseus to be on his absolute highest guard after all the unexpected hardships throughout the trip and the conversation he just had with Eury. And yet when a mysterious voice from the trees says "I must say, what a brilliant speech you gave," you can practically HEAR the smirk in Odysseus's voice as he asks "who goes there?"

Bro is exploring a strange island while his crews' lives are in danger, but he also LOVES receiving a compliment on his yapping skills

[clannfearrunt]

U can look into sea cucumber toxins but watch out. You might shatter some crucial underlying assumptions you were making with regards to fantasy cephalopod society epidemiology

[girlishwhimsies]

i love looking at hot takes and realizing that some outsiders fans don’t realize that fandom is something fun. nothing is truly that serious at the end of the day.

[reineyday]

finished watching netflix atla! i think the hate is unjustified lol like all that hate seems a little too intense for what i think the show missed. it didn't hit all the same notes as the original show, yeah, so i'm not sure it quite succeeds as an adaptation, but as a standalone show it's pretty good. and i might have some gripes with the characterization, but there was love in the casting and in the costumes and the world, and that goes a long way for me.

[ruvviks]

coming up with zombie apocalypse stories is always fun because you can just say whatever and people will just have to take your word for it

[sunshinechay]

15 Day BL Challenge! Part 2!

Day 19: If you could turn any Non-BL show into a BL, which would you choose?

Part 1 Part 2

I’m going to have to quietly admit that I haven’t watched a whole lot that wasn’t BL or a douyin drama in last year haha. This year has not been good for my brain and so the lower brain power shows tend to be what I go for most often.

However after thinking about it for a while, I did think of a few that I would love to see a BL version of it.

The first one is a Chinese short drama called Forever Love

A very short summary is a woman became blind following an incident that also killed her father. She is left to pick up the pieces of both her life and her father’s company, all the while completely unaware that her fiancée and best friend are having an affair (and also are the ones who killed her dad). She wants to figure out who killed her father and her new bodyguard decides to help her with that. Bodyguard was also there the night her father died but she doesn’t realize that until after she recovers her eyesight. A very convoluted but fun (imo) plot ensures and ends happily with girl and bodyguard getting together and fiancée and best friend dealt with. It’s very soap opera esque and I would kind of love a gl version. Please give me hot lady bodyguard and heiress falling in love please haha.

Another is an old one but I still have the urge to see it turned into a BL

Itazura na Kiss: Love In Tokyo is a show that I love despite how kind of bad is. (The Japanese version is the best one. I will die on this hill). I think it would be an interesting thing to adapt, not just as a BL but in a more present twist (the age of social media would make Kotoko’s life even worse istg). Yes I know their relationship is very toxic but have you meet me? I like my BLs like I like my nuclear waste. Toxic and fucked up.

There are probably a lot of older Shojo mange/anime/shows that would be fun and also better if made into BL or GLs honestly (stares very pointedly at Boys Over Flowers. It would be better as a BL, I said what I said!).

[quirkfics]

For the flashbang, could I request Mina and match? Ya said all the requests were male so I think we’d all enjoy this lovely lady

You breathe out, uncurling your fingers from your palm when her grip on your wrist gentles. What's the harm in letting her try? For all the fright she initially gave you, golden irises gleaming in the twisted branches overhead, she's been... Thoughtful. Kind enough to consider that your humanity might make things difficult for you here.

"What will happen, then?" You press, wanting to trust her, to believe that she won’t turn on you. "What happens if we match?"

Mina's pink fingers are trembling, eyes tracking your face even as she turns your palm upwards, tracing the whorls on your fingertips. "Don't you believe in happily-ever-after?" She whispers, and a strange sensation sweeps through the bones in your hand, speeding your pulse. Her touch is almost hot on your palm now, like the ache of a developing sunburn. Her lips twitch, like she's fighting a grimace, or a smile, even as the ache grows stronger and you hiss.

"I might if- if I knew whether the, the pain-" The heat jumps sharply, and you shudder out a slow breath, thankful when it begins to ebb.

She gasps, and for a moment all you can see is her tears - but then she's smiling. "You're still standing. If you make it-"

"Make it?!"

The heat in your hand is suddenly searing, but the kiss she steals drives every thought from your head.

[evil-jennifer-hamilton-wb]

Learning about Eukaryotic operons, clunky and limited as they are. Yet another prokaryote W!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! C. elegans dreams of directly chained genes regulated by a single promoter, it dreams of easily accessable ribosome binding sites, it dreams of cas-like operon mediated adaptive immunity (I actually know nothing about C. elegans immune system idk what it's operons do)

[bestadaptationtournament]

I wanna talk a bit about my thoughts about adaptations.

So first, I think there's a difference between a faithful adaptation and an accurate one. Just like translation, content often needs to change when going from one medium to another, and a lot of work goes into making a story fit its medium beyond transcribing the plot and dialogues line by line. This is why adaptations needs rewriting and are often credited with new writers.

Take some of the visual novel adaptations listed. If Fate Stay Night or Idolish7 gets transcribed into anime line by line, you'd just have characters talking at each other for 200 episodes straight with brief action/music scenes interjected in between. Do you know how long VNs are?? Can you imagine?

I think a faithful adaptation is one that adapts the work in spirit and not to the letter. Does it capture the theme? The essence of the characters? An adaptation can add a lot of element beyond following the story. Atmosphere. A sense of place. Magic. (HP and LOTR were excluded in this tournament for different reasons, but it'd be remiss not to bring them up for how much the world really came to life in the movies.)

I also think some works are written in a way that makes them exciting to adapt into the visual mediums. (Neil Gaiman's works appeared the most on the nomination list.) And some novels are written in a way that translate really well to a screenplay. (Neil Gaiman is also a TV writer.)

Incidentally, this is one of the reasons I didn't let in manga to anime adaptations that are 1:1, since... well... most popular (shonen) animes are 1:1 adaptations. (At least, until they started condensing the guts out of everything in the past few years.) Like, if I were to ask people if the Naruto anime is a better adaptation than the Bleach anime, well... you'd just vote for your preferred series instead. They're just... adaptations. You're meant to be able to consume the anime and manga interchangeably.

It is also going from one visual episodic medium to another visual episodic medium, so changes are not always necessary the way it often is from words to screen. (Except for many cases like FMA 2003, where the anime had to wrap up before the manga, forcing it to create an OG ending.)

I also don't think faithfulness is necessarily the only metrics you can go by when assessing an adaptation. I never even knew Jurrasic Park had a novel, for example. An adaptation can elevate a mediocre work to an iconic one.

No nuance TLDR: Adaption changes are necessary and good goddammit!!!

Anyway... That's my thoughts. I think people should still vote by their own metrics. I do think the idea of pitching one adaptation against another is kind of silly because ultimately the only thing each adaptations needs to measure up to is its own source material. But... This gives y'all a good opportunity to gush about your favorite adaptations, which are most often harshly criticized and under appreciated.

[castametric]

the highest honor I can bestow upon a work of fiction is “metaphor for the immune system”