#5th century bc

[blueiscoool]

Ancient Celtic Bronze Head of a Bull 5th Century BC

[mapsontheweb]

The Peloponnesian War, 431 - 404 BCE

by undevicesimus/deviantart

[queenfredegund]

Women in History Month (insp) | Week 4: Dynastic Daughters

[ltwilliammowett]

Oil lamp in shape of a greek warship, end of the 5th cent. BC

The oil lamp with the inscription ΙΕΡΟΝ ΤΗΣ ΑΘΗΝΑΣ (Sanctuary of Athena) was discovered inside the Erechtheion, Acropolis. Its form is linked to the celebration of the Panathenaia and the worship of Athena Polias, whose wooden cultic statue (xoanon) was kept in the eastern part of the Erechtheion.

During the last day of the celebration, the Athenians offered to the xoanon a new peplos, which, after the victory at Salamis, was transported hung like a sail on the mast of a warship -most possibly on one of the victorious triremes of the naval battle– which moved on wheels. The lamp possibly reproduces the features of this ship.

[courtingwonder]

Comparison of Various Clothing Fashions of Ancient Greece (c. 480-450 BC)

[yaellaharpe-blog]

Detail of a magnificent Attic red-figure lekythos from Taranto (Magna Graecia), dating to 470 BC.

(English / Español / Italiano)

It depicts the goddess Athena commanding Theseus to abandon Ariadne, who is asleep and seemingly dreaming of something pleasant, judging by her smile.

Perhaps she is traveling somewhere in her dream, as indicated by her soul depicted in the top left, appearing as though it wishes to go somewhere. On her head sits Hypnos, ensuring she does not wake before her time and her new fate—becoming the eternal companion of the god Dionysus, who pleaded with the other gods to make her immortal. At her feet lies a mysterious figure of a young man.

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Detalle de un magnífico lekythos ático de figuras rojas procedente de Tarento (Magna Grecia), fechado en el 470 a.C. Representa a la diosa Atenea ordenando a Teseo que abandone a Ariadna, que duerme y parece soñar con algo agradable, a juzgar por su sonrisa.

Tal vez esté viajando a algún lugar en su sueño, como indica su alma representada en la parte superior izquierda, que parece querer ir a alguna parte. Sobre su cabeza se sienta Hypnos, que se asegura de que no despierte antes de tiempo y de su nuevo destino: convertirse en la eterna compañera del dios Dioniso, que suplicó a los demás dioses que la hicieran inmortal. A sus pies, la misteriosa figura de un joven.

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Particolare di una magnifica lekythos attica a figure rosse proveniente da Taranto (Magna Grecia), risalente al 470 a.C. Raffigura la dea Atena che ordina a Teseo di abbandonare Arianna, che sta dormendo e sembra sognare qualcosa di piacevole, a giudicare dal suo sorriso.

Forse sta viaggiando da qualche parte nel suo sogno, come indica la sua anima raffigurata in alto a sinistra, che sembra voler andare da qualche parte. Sulla sua testa siede Hypnos, che si assicura che non si svegli prima del tempo e del suo nuovo destino: diventare l'eterna compagna del dio Dioniso, che ha pregato gli altri dei di renderla immortale. Ai suoi piedi giace la misteriosa figura di un giovane uomo.

Source: The Archaeologist

[depressedhistorian]

Presentation

So, my name is Sky, my pronouns are she/her. I'm a history student, and a procrastinor with probably/ maybe an executive dysfunction. So, I'm trying to get myself to really revise my classes by doing a post once I really know something.

So, if you're interested, the main timelines I'm working on in my history classes are :

Ancient -> classical Greece and the Peloponnesian war Medieval -> the Merovingians (so it's more focused on the France/ German territory, mostly bc I'm French) Modern -> XVIIth and XVIIIth century around Europe, and half of it focused on England Contemporary -> Central and Eastern Europe (like, Poland, Serbia, and the countries around) during the XIXth century

But I also have political sciences classes that are :

International Relationships in the XXth century American Foreign Politic from the beginning of the USA to nowadays History of the European Construction (who doesn't talk about the construction, but anyways, the teacher's an homophobic shit, so yk)

And last but not least:

Medieval art history, it's about illuminated books (real pretty) and Flemish painters

And then, it's all! Have fun if you like this kind of things :)))

[nancydrewwouldnever]

Attributed to Kallimachos, found in the Kerameikos Cemetery, Funerary Stele of Hegeso, ca. 410-400 BCE, Classical, marble (National Archaeological Museum, Athens)

[blueiscoool]

Greek Helmet of Chalcidian Type 5th century BC

Decorated with stylised eye-brows and fixed paddle-shaped cheek guards. The thin band of discoloration along the edge is where a textile lining was once secured. H. 19.5 cm.

[mapsontheweb]

Birth and spread of Buddhism, 5th century BC.

by LegendesCarto

[thatshowthingstarted]

A Greek archaic red-figured alabaster depicting musicians, 

Greece, late 6th-early 5th century BC.

Red Glazed terracotta, H. 12 cm

The decoration has tongues on the shoulder, on the body, on each side separated by palmettes in a vertical frieze; an aula musician dressed in a chiton and a himation, with in the field a flute case and another musician dancing and playing the rattlesnake, in the field a belt. At the bottom of the belly, decoration of bands, palmettes and lotus flower in frieze. The background, rosette decoration.

Courtesy: HVMC

[ltwilliammowett]

Artemisia I - King Xerxes female Admiral

Artemisia I of Caria was a daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus and on her mother's side she was of Cretan descent. After the death of her husband, whose name is unknown, she took over the government of Halicarnassus, Kos, Nisyros and Kalydna before 480 BC - as guardian of her young son Pisindelis. In doing so, she was subject to the suzerainty of the Persian king.

The Battle of Salamis with Artemisia all in white in the middle, by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805-1874) (x) 

Without external coercion, the extremely daring Artemisia took part in Xerxes I's campaign against Greece in 480 BC and, during the expedition, was in charge of the five ships she contributed, which, according to the historian Herodotus (7,99), "were the most excellent in the whole fleet after Sidon". Herodotus rightly praises her determination and wisdom as well as her influence with the Great King, but some of her actions are anecdotally embellished or even completely invented, which is why her existence is also discussed in research.

First, Artemisia fought in the naval battle at Cape Artemision (August or September, 480 BC) on the Greek island of Euboea. According to Herodotus' account, she was the only one who advised Xerxes not to attack the Greeks in the strait between Attica and Salamis, where the Greek fleet had retreated. All the other war councillors and allies of Xerxes, on the other hand, had advocated the implementation of the naval battle of Salamis. To justify her position, Artemisia stated that the Greek fleet was superior to the Persian one; moreover, the entire Persian land army would also suffer if the fleet were destroyed by the enemies. Instead, Xerxes should move quickly with his land army to the Peloponnese; the Greeks, who lacked provisions at Salamis anyway, would then disperse, abandon Athens and return to their home towns. Apparently, Herodotus is not reproducing an authentic speech by Artemisias here, but his own assessment of the military situation. According to Herodotus (8,68-69), Xerxes was impressed by Artemisia's speech, but nevertheless decided to risk the naval battle against her advice.

Artemisia I, Dynastin of Halicarnassus in the 5th century BC at the Battle of Salamis, by Ferdi[and] Dietz 1881 (x)

Artemisia then took part in the battle of Salamis, September, 480 BC, and is said to have performed great deeds. According to Plutarch, she was able to recover the body of Xerxes' brother and Admiral Ariamenes or Ariabignes, how Herodotus (7,97) called him and bring it back to the Great King. The Athenian fleet commanders had been ordered to capture Artemisia without fail; the one who succeeded was to receive a reward of 10,000 drachmas. The Athenians were outraged that a woman dared to fight against them.

Later in the battle, which was extremely unfortunate for Xerxes, Artemisia was able to evade pursuit by the Athenian Ameinias by sinking an allied ship commanded by Damasithymos, the king of Kalynda, which blocked her escape route. The latter concluded from Artemisia's action that the crew of her ship must be either Greeks or Persian deserters, so he turned away and attacked other ships. Thus Artemisia managed to escape. Xerxes observed the incident and believed she had sunk an enemy ship. He is said to have then noticed that his men behaved like women and his women like men. Herodotus (8,88) 

Similarly, Polyainos describes the ruse used in the naval battle of Salamis: when the Persians were already fleeing from the Greeks' ships, Artemisia ordered her sea soldiers, when they were almost caught up, to take down the Persian flags and hoist the Greek ones. By which Polyenus in his work Strategemata c. 100 AD even portrays her as a cowardly pirate (8,53,4).  However, she ordered her helmsman to attack one of her own passing Persian ships. This made the Greeks think it was an allied ship, so they turned away and faced other ships. Artemisia, however, having escaped the danger, quickly sailed home.

After the lost battle, Mardonios, a leading Persian military commander, recommended to the Persian Great King that he attempt a new attack on the Peloponnese. Either he should lead this campaign personally or leave it to him, Mardonios, and retreat himself. Before Xerxes made his decision, however, he again asked Artemisia for advice, who firmly advised the king to return home. Herodotus (8,101) While Xerxes marched overland to the Hellespont and then continued to Sardis, she sailed to Ephesus with several of the king's illegitimate sons on board, according to Herodotus (8,103). Plutarch (De Herodoti malignitate, 38), on the other hand, thinks that Xerxes would have brought women from Susa in case his son needed female companions. As we can already see here, we do not know exactly what became of her. And so her story was presumably simply re-spun, because the further statements about her life do not appear until the 1st century AD.

Thus it becomes very dramatic in the story told by Ptolemy Chennos in the 1st century AD that Artemisia gouged out the eyes of her lover Dardanos from Abydos, who had spurned her, in her sleep and then threw herself from the Lucadian rock into the Aegean Sea because of this unhappy love. Her son Pisindelis followed her in the government.

[tenth-sentence]

In 525 B.C., however, the fall of Egypt to Persia clearly heightened the dangers besetting Greece.

"The Stars in their Courses" - Isaac Asimov

[courtingwonder]

"It is harder to fight against pleasure than against anger." —Heraclitus (Greek Philosopher, c. 535 BC - 475 BC)

[yaellaharpe-blog]

Statuette depicting a Spartan woman engaged in running, 5th century BC

Estatuilla que representa a una mujer espartana corriendo, siglo V a.C.

Statuetta che ritrae una donna spartana impegnata nella corsa, V sec. aC

(English / Español / Italiano)

Ridiculous and ungainly, women who do not stay at home, in the gynaeceum, but walk around in skimpy clothes, this is how the Athenian men considered Spartan women, the only free ones in ancient Greece.

Girls with strong calves or 'show thighs' were a scandal for the Greeks: they ran, threw the javelin and participated in sports games. Even as children, Spartan women were encouraged to play sports to strengthen their physiques and thus produce stronger children: in fact, these masculine women were the most fertile in ancient Greece and, in the words of one of them, the only ones capable of producing real men.

Whatever one thinks of a very particular society like the Spartan one, the condition of women in Sparta was an extraordinary exception: to prevent girls from dying in childbirth, they were forbidden to marry too early, polyandry, i.e. having more than one man, and 'enjoying love' was encouraged. A woman who died in childbirth was considered to be on a par with a man who died a hero's death in war: she was buried with great ceremonies and her name was engraved on her tomb, contrary to what was done for all Spartans who considered themselves equal, homoioi, among themselves.

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Ridículas y desgarbadas, mujeres que no se quedan en casa, en el gineceo, sino que se pasean con poca ropa, así consideraban los hombres atenienses a las mujeres espartanas, las únicas libres de la antigua Grecia.

Las chicas con pantorrillas fuertes o "muslos de exhibición" eran un escándalo para los griegos: corrían, lanzaban la jabalina y participaban en juegos deportivos. Incluso de niñas, se animaba a las mujeres espartanas a practicar deportes para fortalecer su físico y producir así hijos más fuertes: de hecho, estas mujeres masculinas eran las más fértiles de la antigua Grecia y, en palabras de una de ellas, las únicas capaces de producir hombres de verdad.

Se piense lo que se piense de una sociedad tan particular como la espartana, la condición de la mujer en Esparta era una excepción extraordinaria: para evitar que las muchachas murieran al dar a luz, se les prohibía casarse demasiado pronto, se fomentaba la poliandria, es decir, tener más de un hombre, y "disfrutar del amor". Una mujer que moría de parto era considerada al mismo nivel que un hombre que moría como un héroe en la guerra: se la enterraba con grandes ceremonias y, al contrario de lo que se hacía con todos los espartanos que se consideraban iguales, homoioi, entre sí, se grababa su nombre en la tumba.

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Ridicole e sgraziate, donne che non stanno in casa, nel gineceo, ma girano in abiti succinti, così gli Ateniesi uomini consideravano le donne Spartane, le uniche libere nell’antica Grecia.

Le ragazze dai polpacci robusti o le « mostra cosce » erano uno scandalo per i greci: correvano, lanciavano il giavellotto e partecipavano ai giochi sportivi. Sin da bambine le donne spartane erano incoraggiate a fare sport per irrobustire il fisico e generare così figli più forti: in realtà queste donne mascoline erano le più fertili dell’antica Grecia, nonché, sono parole di una di loro, le uniche in grado di generare veri uomini.

Comunque la si pensi di una società particolarissima come quella spartana la condizione della donna era a Sparta una straordinaria eccezione: per evitare che le ragazze morissero di parto veniva loro proibito di sposarsi troppo presto, veniva incoraggiata la poliandria, avere cioè più uomini, e il « godersi l’amore ». La donna poi che fosse morta di parto era considerata al pari di un uomo che moriva in guerra da eroe: veniva seppellita con grandi cerimonie e sulla sua tomba, contrariamente a ciò che veniva fatto per tutti gli spartani che tra loro si consideravano uguali, homoioi,, veniva inciso il nome.

[emmikay]

AROACE BOTTLE

Perfume bottle, late 6th century BC-5th century BC, Greece.