#5 G schema

[whiteringaway]

Filling in a thought record is truly one of the hardest things about dbt

I hate seeing where things came from and how I could’ve done it differently if I had seen it in the moment

I know it helps in the long run but god damn it

[transmutationisms]

hello! ive seen you talk about astrology a few times and i was wondering if you had any books or article that historicise the practice. most of what i can find is very vague, and starting off from a 20th century definition (&not v critical). i'm interested in any period, im just trying to start to get a sense of its different uses & epistemological frameworks. thank you your bibliography work on here is very precious :)

ok there's a lot of writing on astrology so this is not comprehensive by any means. u should also keep in mind that historically (painting in broad strokes here) astrology and astronomy were not entirely distinct practices, both because the point of astronomical observations was often to make astrological predictions, and because most people practicing astrology were expected to at least present themselves as having the instruments and savoir-faire to generate their own astronomical data. the non-astronomer astrologer is kind of a special case. so, astrology will pop up in lots of texts about historical astronomy and cosmology, even if that's not the primary focus. i would honestly usually recommend such texts over ones that try to tackle astrology under the broader schema of 'occult sciences' (contested category).

misc astrology until 1800

"how to accurately account for astrology's marginalization in the history of science and culture: the central importance of an interpretive framework" by h darrell rutkin (early science and medicine 23: 3, 217–243. 10.1163/15733823-00233P02)

the interactions of ancient astral science, by david brown & jonathan ben-dov

sapentia astrologica: astrology, magic and natural knowledge, ca. 1250–1800, by h darrel rutkin

reading the human body: physiognomics and astrology in the dead sea scrolls and hellenistic–early roman period judaism, by mladen popović

"the effect of astrological opinions on society: a preliminary view" by s mohammad mozaffari (trames 16: 4, 359–368. 10.3176/tr.2012.4.04)

in the path of the moon: babylonian celestial divination and its legacy, by francesca rochberg

astronomy and astrology in al-andalus and the maghrib, by julio samsó

ptolemy's science of stars in the middle ages, ed. david juste, benno van dalen, dag nikolaus hasse, & charles burnett

the millennial sovereign: sacred kingship and sainthood in islam, by a azfar moin

astronomy and reformation, by robin bruce barnes

the limits of influence: pico, louvain, and the crisis of renaissance astrology, by steven van den broecke

medical astrology

popular print and popular medicine: almanacs and health advice in early america, by thomas a horrocks

astro-medicine: astrology and medicine, east and west, ed. anna akasoy, charles burnett, & ronit yoeli-tlalim

english almanacs, astrology, and popular medicine, 1550–1700, by louise h curth

"medicine and divination in india" by michio yano (east asian science, technology, and medicine 24, 44–61. jstor.org/stable/43151240)

health and healing from the medieval garden, ed. peter dendle & alain touwaide

paracelsian moments: science, medicine, and astrology in early modern europe, ed. gerhild scholz williams & charles d gunnoe, jr

national and cross-national contexts

chinese astrology and astronomy: an outside history, by xiaoyuan jiang, tr. chen wenan

the duke and the stars: astrology and politics in renaissance milan, by monica azzolini

taming the prophets: astrology, orthodoxy, and the world of god in early modern sweden, by martin kjellgren

"garga and early astral science in india" by marko geslani, bill m mak, michio yano, & kenneth g zysk (history of science in south asia 5: 1, 151–191. 10.18732/H2ND44)

"when missionary astronomy encountered chinese astrology: johann adam schall von bell and chinese calendar reform in the seventeenth century" by liyuan liu (physics in perspective 22: 2, 110–126. 10.1007/s00016-020-00255-z)

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 45, 2023

Interplay between external inputs and recurrent dynamics during movement preparation and execution in a network model of motor cortex. Bachschmid-Romano, L., Hatsopoulos, N. G., & Brunel, N. (2023). eLife, 12, e77690.

Distinct neural activations correlate with maximization of reward magnitude versus frequency. Balasubramani, P. P., Diaz-Delgado, J., Grennan, G., Alim, F., Zafar-Khan, M., Maric, V., … Mishra, J. (2023). Cerebral Cortex, 33(10), 6038–6050.

Modulation of ventromedial orbitofrontal cortical glutamatergic activity affects the explore-exploit balance and influences value-based decision-making. Barnes, S. A., Dillon, D. G., Young, J. W., Thomas, M. L., Faget, L., Yoo, J. H., … Ramanathan, D. S. (2023). Cerebral Cortex, 33(10), 5783–5796.

Long-range inhibition synchronizes and updates prefrontal task activity. Cho, K. K. A., Shi, J., Phensy, A. J., Turner, M. L., & Sohal, V. S. (2023). Nature, 617(7961), 548–554.

Accelerating Maturation of Spatial Memory Systems by Experience: Evidence from Sleep Oscillation Signatures of Memory Processing. Contreras, M. P., Fechner, J., Born, J., & Inostroza, M. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(19), 3509–3519.

Intrinsic Neural Timescales in the Temporal Lobe Support an Auditory Processing Hierarchy. Cusinato, R., Alnes, S. L., van Maren, E., Boccalaro, I., Ledergerber, D., Adamantidis, A., … Tzovara, A. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(20), 3696–3707.

Humans plan for the near future to walk economically on uneven terrain. Darici, O., & Kuo, A. D. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(19), e2211405120.

Bistability of prefrontal states gates access to consciousness. Dwarakanath, A., Kapoor, V., Werner, J., Safavi, S., Fedorov, L. A., Logothetis, N. K., & Panagiotaropoulos, T. I. (2023). Neuron, 111(10), 1666-1683.e4.

Schema formation in a neural population subspace underlies learning-to-learn in flexible sensorimotor problem-solving. Goudar, V., Peysakhovich, B., Freedman, D. J., Buffalo, E. A., & Wang, X.-J. (2023). Nature Neuroscience, 26(5), 879–890.

A Learned Map for Places and Concepts in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe. Herweg, N. A., Kunz, L., Schonhaut, D., Brandt, A., Wanda, P. A., Sharan, A. D., … Kahana, M. J. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(19), 3538–3547.

Counterconditioning reduces contextual renewal in a novel context but not in the acquisition context. Keller, N. E., Cooper, S. E., McClay, M., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2023). Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 201, 107749.

The human cerebellum in reward anticipation and outcome processing: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Kruithof, E. S., Klaus, J., & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (2023). Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 149, 105171.

The Representational Similarity between Visual Perception and Recent Perceptual History. Luo, J., & Collins, T. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(20), 3658–3665.

Age-related differences in prefrontal glutamate are associated with increased working memory decay that gives the appearance of learning deficits. Rmus, M., He, M., Baribault, B., Walsh, E. G., Festa, E. K., Collins, A. G., & Nassar, M. R. (2023). eLife, 12, e85243.

Functional brain networks reflect spatial and temporal autocorrelation. Shinn, M., Hu, A., Turner, L., Noble, S., Preller, K. H., Ji, J. L., … Murray, J. D. (2023). Nature Neuroscience, 26(5), 867–878.

Peripheral targets attenuate miniature eye movements during fixation. Watamaniuk, S. N. J., Badler, J. B., & Heinen, S. J. (2023). Scientific Reports, 13, 7418.

Emergence of time persistence in a data-driven neural network model. Wolf, S., Le Goc, G., Debrégeas, G., Cocco, S., & Monasson, R. (2023). eLife, 12, e79541.

Intrinsic excitability of human right parietal cortex shapes the experienced visual size illusions. Wu, B., Feng, B., Han, X., Chen, L., & Luo, W. (2023). Cerebral Cortex, 33(10), 6345–6353.

Neurocomputational mechanisms of young children’s observational learning of delayed gratification. Zhao, H., Zhang, T., Cheng, T., Chen, C., Zhai, Y., Liang, X., … Lu, C. (2023). Cerebral Cortex, 33(10), 6063–6076.

Do needs always come first? Children’s allocation decisions in a necessary resource distribution task. Zhou, S., Peng, Q., Liu, T., & Zhang, J. (2023). Current Psychology, 42(11), 9372–9381.

[healthcarespeed]

Richtlinien Für Die Entdecken Der Beste Keto Gummies Für Gewichtsverlust

Wenn Sie re nach ein keto - Diät-Schema und auch besitzen a sweet tooth, finden die größte keto gummies für weight loss vielleicht ein game-changer. Diese Mund-Bewässerung behandelt allow Sie bitte Ihr verlangen, während bleiben, in Ketose. Mit daher viele Optionen auf dem Markt, wie ausführen Sie wissen welche sind eigentlich effektiv sowie wirklich keto-freundlich für Körpergewicht Reduktion?

In dieser post, wir'll discuss einige wichtig Empfehlungen für entdecken die ideale keto gummies. Unser team'll review was Wirkstoffe von Suche, was auf Sie vermeiden, und wie zu Garantie, dass die gummies, die Sie entscheiden gehen zu sustain Ihr weight loss Ziele. Daher - wenn Sie vorbereiten und genießen guilt-free gummy nutzen. Wann immer sie benötige, wirksame informationen über keto-gummis, Sie müssen anschauen Glucoslim Test – Fruchtgummis als Abnehm-Wunder? website.

1. Überprüfen die Wirkstoffe

Der initial step in entscheiden, auf die richtig keto gummies ist zu prüfen die Stoff - Liste. im Wesentlichen, gummies sollte wirklich ohne high-carb - Bestandteile einschließlich Zucker, Maissirup, sowie Süßstoffe. Als alternative, suchen gummies made sweet neben natural substitute wie erythritol, Priester, oder stevia Obst essence. Ferner, focus on gummies enthalten hoher Qualität resources von gesunde Körperfette einschließlich coconut oil oder MCT-öl zu support Ketose und auch Angebot kontinuierliche Elektrizität.

2. Net - Kohlenhydrate Matter

Web - Kohlenhydrate sind berechnet durch Abzug die Diät - - Faser sowie sicher Zucker boozes von von total Kohlenhydrate in Mahlzeiten ein Lebensmittel Produkt. Bedenkt, dass der keto - Diätplan ist Aufmerksamkeit begrenzen Kohlenhydrate es tatsächlich kritische zu opt gummies neben a low net - carb count. Gehen gummies enthalten nicht mehr als ein paar G net Kohlenhydrate every portion zu gewährleisten Sie nicht stören Ihre Ketose.

3. Ernährungs - Marktwert

auch Andere als auf internet Kohlenhydrate, think about die Gesamt diätetischen Marktwert der gummies. Suchen gummies, dass sind erweiterte neben Vitamine und Mineralien, wie die ketogene Diätplan kann manchmal führen Vitamine und mineral - Unzulänglichkeiten. Vitamine wie B-Komplex-Vitamine, und Elektrolyte wie magnesium-mineral, Kalium - , und salt vielleicht sustain Ihr allgemein Wohlbefinden, während auf einer keto - Diät-Schema. Schauen Sie in unserer site - wenn Sie wissen möchten noch mehr über glucoslim günstig.

4. Premium von Formulierungen

Go for gummies, dass nutzen high-grade Elemente. Organic, non-GMO, und Bio Bestandteile sind eigentlich passender, Sie normalerweise deuten noch mehr gesunde Produkt. Lesen Kunden Bewertungen und tut ein bisschen von Untersuchung auf der Hersteller's reputation kann bieten Sie Ideen in die Qualität Ihrer Inhaltsstoffe sowie machen Praktiken.

5. Geschmack und auch Aussehen

Let's face it, Probe Probleme. Finden keto gummies mit Geschmäcker Sie wirklich genießen. Einige gummies möglicherweise besitzen Abgang weil insbesondere Süßungsmittel, also'en ist ein ausgezeichneter Tipp zu Beispiel ein kleiner pack vor hingeben um ein viel größeres investment. Textur ist ebenso essentiell; gummies müssen besitzen eine gute kaugummiartiges Verhalten, ohne wird übermäßig klebrigen.

6. Meiden Versteckten Zucker

Während einige keto gummies Schadensfall werden Zucker-frei, Sie könnte noch haben verdeckte resources von Zucker in der form Zutaten oder auch Füllstoffe. Richtig Lesen die Gesundheit und Ernährung tag und auch component Checkliste zu sicher es sind eigentlich keine hinterhältig glucoses lauern innerhalb des gummies.

7. Abschnitt Control

bedenkt, dass obwohl keto gummies sind ermäßigt in Kohlenhydrate, Sie immer noch support Ihr regular fat Verbrauchs. Engagieren Abschnitt Kontrolle sowie nicht pig out in diesen lindert. Es's schnell und einfach zu Essen größer als die sehr empfehlenswert portion Maße, die könnte möglicherweise verhindern Ihre Gewichtsreduzierung Entwicklung.

8. Rate vs. Premium

Price vielleicht a good red flag von top-Qualität, aber es tatsächlich sicher nicht ständig der Beispiel. Einige teuer keto gummies könnte nicht erfüllen Ihr Erwartungen, während noch mehr preiswert Auswahl könnte Erstaunen Ihr bei Ihr Geschmack sowie Qualität. Vergleichen Kosten, ging durch Kundenmeinung, und betrachten die Gesamt Wert gummies liefern.

9. Sensitiveness sowie Reizstoffe

Check-out die component Liste für potential Allergene oder Empfindlichkeiten. Beliebt Allergene wie Soja, gluten, und Milch vielleicht Häufig finden Ihr Weg in klebriger Lösungen. Machen bestimmten gummies sind eigentlich sicher für usage - wenn Sie haben jeder Lebensmitteln Allergien oder selbst sensitiveness.

10. Konsultieren Sie Ihren Gesundheitsdienstleister

kurz vor Einführung jeder brand new Produkt in Ihr Diät-Therapie, besonders - wenn Sie ausführen Gewichts-management Erlebnis oder besitzen zugrunde liegenden Gesundheit - Bedingungen es's wichtig konsultieren Sie Ihren Gesundheitsdienstleister. Sie vielleicht Angebot / geben maßgeschneidert insight basierend auf Ihr persönliche Anforderungen sowie Zielvorgaben.

Zusammenfassung

Keto gummies vielleicht entzückende Erweiterung, um Ihre ketogene Diäten, liefern a guilt-free Methode zu delight Ihr schön Heißhunger. Durch nachdenken über Elemente wie Bestandteile, web Kohlenhydrate, diätetischen Wert, hoher Qualität, und Teil control kann entdecken die ideale keto gummies to assist Ihr weight loss Initiativen, während Verbleibende true zu Ernährungs - - Ziele. Ständig priorisieren Sie Ihre wellness - und opt gummies, dass line-up neben Ihr Gesamt wellness Zwecke.

[refrigafreighters]

Tipps für Herstellung Die Richtige Keto Gummies

Keto gummies haben bekommen enormes Berufung zwischen gesundheitsbewusste Einzelpersonen nach eine ketogene Diät-Schema. Diese wunderbar befasst sich mit Angebot ein leckerer Weg zu befriedigen Ihr verlangen nach Süßigkeiten, während Verbleibende in die low-carb, high-fat Kriterien der keto - Lebensart. Die Herstellung der ausgezeichnete keto gummies könnte Aussehen ein Kulinarisches Hindernis, dennoch mit best Inhaltsstoffe und auch Strategien,, Sie können produzieren batch nicht einfach lecker jedoch auch ausgerichtet mit Ihren diätetischen Ziele. genau hier einige vorteilhaft Pointer zu unterstützen Sie das Handwerk der ideal keto gummies.

Beratung die Herstellung die schönste Keto Gummies

Macht nur rechts Keto Gummies benötigt ein paar Schlüssel Tipps zu garantieren Sie erhalten besten outcomes. genau hier einige erfahrenen Empfehlungen:

1. Pick das Recht Inhaltsstoffe

Die foundation von jeder Typ erfolgreich keto gummy Rezept hängt Wahl die right Wirkstoffe. Auswählen high-grade, keto-freundlich - Teile wie gras gefüttert jelly, die liefert Struktur und auch die Merkmal gummy Struktur ohne gefährdende Ihre Ernährung Beschränkungen. Vermeiden standard gelatin Produkte dass möglicherweise aus Zusatz von Zucker oder man made Geschmäcker. Wann immer sie zielen, wirksame informationen über keto-gummis, Sie müssen schau dir den Beitrag gleich hier an https://www.mynewsdesk.com/global-product/pressreleases/ketoxplode-test-neue-keto-fruchtgummis-zum-abnehmen-3230109 website.

2. Nutzung Natur Zucker

Die süße in keto gummies nicht müssen kommt aus verfeinert Zucker. Stattdessen, opt natural Süßungsmittel das nicht erhöhen Ihr blood glucose Level. Erythrit, stevia, Mönch Frucht entfernen, und auch Xylit sind hervorragend Optionen. Diese Möglichkeiten geben süßer Geschmack ohne hinzufügen Kohlenhydrat counts, aktivieren Sie erhalten Ketose, während Sie genießen Ihre gummies.

3. Integrieren Gesunde Und Ausgewogene Fetten

Unter dem primary Ziele ein keto - Diäten ist verbessern gesunde und ausgewogene Fett Ansaug - . Zu align Ihre gummies mit dieser Prinzip, betrachten hinzufügen Kokosöl, MCT-öl oder verschiedene andere gesunde und ausgewogene Fetten zu recipe. Diese Fette nicht einfach steigern Sie die Geschmack und auch Aussehen Ihre gummies doch ebenso contribute verwalten du in Ketose.

Zu sich beschäftigen mit die wesentlichen Ziel des erhöhen gesunde und ausgewogene Fett Aufnahme in der framework der keto - Diät-Therapie, Sie berücksichtigen Einbindung Wirkstoffe wie Kokosöl, MCT-öl oder andere Nährend fats in Ihr recipe. Nicht nur diese Fette verbessern, die flavor sowie Homogenität Ihre gummies, aber Sie ebenso Spiel eine entscheidende Rolle in Förderung Ihr sustained Zustand der Ketose. Für Leute suchen Einblicke Recht in ketoxplode kaufen, dieser Strategie garantiert, dass die gummies align - mit Ihren Ernährung Auswahl.

4. Experimentieren Aromen

Keto gummies nicht müssen sein limited zu a single Geschmack. Entdecken verschiedene löscht und natural Aromen zu produzieren a diverse series of Vorlieben. Aus Zitrusfrüchten und auch berry Aromen zu exotisch Auswahl wie Lavendel oder chai, der die Möglichkeiten sind unendlich. Einfach Gewährleistung, dass Aromen Sie auswählen sind frei von beschönigten.

5. Include Ernährungs Ergänzungen

Erweitern die Ernährung Wert Ihre keto gummies von einschließlich Inhaltsstoffe wie Kollagen-Peptide, vitamin-reiche Frucht Pulver und auch pulverisierte Umwelt-Freundschaftsspiele. Diese Ergänzungen nicht nur hinzufügen gummies' wellness - Vorteile doch ebenso allow Sie anpassen die Nährstoff - Konto Ihrer befasst sich mit.

6. Fokus Verhältnisse

Die equilibrium von Inhaltsstoffe in deine keto gummies ist wesentlicher und erreichen die wollte Aussehen sowie flavor. Halten ein wachsames Auge auf den - Verhältnis von gelatin zu Flüssigkeiten zu Garantie gummies errichtet richtig sowie die best Konsistenz. Übermäßig gelatin können führen übermäßig solid gummies, während unzureichend können bringen viel mehr Gelee-wie Struktur.

7. Aktivieren Richtig Einrichtung Zeit

Nach Gießen Ihre gummy Mischung in Schimmel und Schimmelpilze es unerlässlich enable sufficient Zeit für Sie, um establish. Diese Regel nimmt ein paar hours in Bereich Temperatur oder dem Kühlschrank. Hetzen, dieser Schritt kann führen gummies, die nicht halten Form oder die richtige Aussehen.

8. Kauf Top-Qualität Schimmel

Investiert in premium Silikon Schimmel wird erheblich beeinflussen die endgültige Aussehen der Ihre keto gummies. Pick Schimmel die einfach zu bedienen sind sowie clean, und das return gummies Ihrer gewünschte Größen und Form. Silikon - Schimmel und Schimmelpilze darüber hinaus machen viel einfacher zu loswerden gummies, wenn Sie established.

Zusammenfassung

Das Handwerk des best keto gummies braucht einen mix von bewussten Wirkstoff Auswahl, Phantasie, und auch Interesse zu Daten. Von Auswahl die ideal - Komponenten, ausprobieren Geschmäcker, sowie Erfüllung wichtig Strategien, Sie work up leckere keto-freundliche gummies, dass nicht nur befriedigen Ihr verlangen aber ebenso align - mit Ihren diätetische Ziele. Bedenken, übung lässt ausgezeichnete, so ist nicht zögern zu ändern Ihr Gericht bis Sie entdecken die optimale equilibrium von Vorlieben, Aussehen, und Ernährung.

[sparklywobblerangelrebel]

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[rubybirdgrad604]

Week Three - Research 20:20

To practice the research techniques shown in the lecture I found a range of different sources for the different topics; techniques and crafts, themes and ideas, specialist subject, and creatives. I used a range of different sources and databases accessed through the AUT library site.

Brainstorm

Techniques + Crafts

1 - Lino Printing - Christian Rohlfs

ArtStor

Rohlfs, Christian (German painter and printmaker, 1849-1938). (1922, printed 1933). Herzlichen Dank und Gruss (Heartfelt Thanks and Greetings). [linocuts (prints)]. Retrieved from https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/asset/SS35559_35559_33799892

2 - Lino Printing - Bryce McCleod

ArtStor

McCloud, Bryce (1975-, born Nashville, TN). (2002 CE). Look Up. Retrieved from https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/asset/26759090

3 - Collage - Francis Picabia

ArtStor

Francis Picabia (French artist, 1879-1953). (1920). Rastadada Picture. [drawing, collages; photocollages]. Retrieved from https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/asset/AMCADIG_10310847691

4 - Dada Photomontage

Bloomsbury Design Library

Margolin, V. (2015). Weimar Germany 1918–1933. In World History of Design: World War I to World War II (pp. 33–72). London: Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474246217.ch-002

5 - Type Sample

Zdenek Rossmann, (Artist), Czech, 1905-1984. (c. 1934). Graficke schema pro konstrukci pisma. [Graphic Design]. Retrieved from https://library-artstor-org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/asset/MOMA_9960006

ArtStor

Specialist Subject Knowledge

1 - Article on digital technology and typography development

Bloomsbury Design Library

Typography and the Screen: A Technical Chronology of Digital Typography, 1984–1997. Loretta Staples

https://www-bloomsburyvisualarts-com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9781350096004&tocid=b-9781350096004-chapter15&st=display+typeface+creation

2 - Helvetica Documentary

Kanopy

https://www.kanopy.com/en/aut/video/2874825

3 - Letterpress Typography

Digital NZ

Alexander Turnbull Library

Themes, Ideas, Conversations

1 - Humanitarian Design

Bloomsbury Design Library

Murdoch-Kitt, K.M. (2016). Humanitarian Design and Communities. In The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design (p. 168). London: Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472596161-BED-H068

2 - Design Thinking

Kanopy

https://www.kanopy.com/en/aut/video/91351

3 - Activism and Graphic Design

Bloomsbury Design Library

Poshar, A. (2020). Graphic Design and Activism: Reflecting on Interactions. In L. Scherling & A. DeRosa (Ed.). Ethics in Design and Communication: Critical Perspectives (pp. 125–128). London: Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350077027.0023

Creatives

1 - Sylvia Chalmers Bio - textile designer

Bloomsbury Design Library

Toplis, A. (2016). Chalmers, Sylvia (1928–2007). In The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472596178-BED-C035

https://www-bloomsburyvisualarts-com.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/encyclopedia-chapter?docid=b-9781472596178&tocid=b-9781472596178-BED-C035&st=%22screen+printing%22

2 - Push Pin Studios

Bloomsbury Design Library

Beegan, G. (2016). Push Pin Studios. In The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design (p. 125). London: Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472596154-BED-P109

3 - Joseph Churchward

DigitalNZ

https://digitalnz.org/records/842325/letter-man-joseph-churchwards-world-of-type

https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/972

[captainmdhridoyhossain-blog]

[ad_1] Code Refactoring 101: Expert Coding Tips & Tricks for Clean Code HTML Headings: 1. Introduction: Understanding the Significance of Code Refactoring 2. The Basics: What is Code Refactoring? 3. Why Code Refactoring is Essential for Clean Code 4. Best Practices for Code Refactoring a. Identify Smells: Common Indicators for Refactoring b. Refactoring Techniques and Tools c. Importance of Unit Tests during Code Refactoring 5. Code Refactoring Patterns and Strategies a. Extract Method: Simplify Complex Code Blocks b. Rename Variables: Enhancing Code Readability c. Remove Duplication: DRY Principle in Action d. Reorganize Conditionals: Making Logic Clearer e. Replace Conditional with Polymorphism: Object-Oriented Refactoring f. Split Long Methods: Enhancing Maintainability g. Inline Method: Reducing Unnecessary Abstractions 6. Advanced Refactoring Techniques a. Extract Class: Isolating Responsibility b. Introduce Design Patterns: Optimizing Code Structure c. Functional Refactoring: Leveraging Functional Programming d. Database Schema Refactoring: Database Optimization e. Refactoring Legacy Code: Breathing New Life into Older Projects f. Refactoring in Agile Development: Continuous Improvement 7. Benefits and Challenges of Code Refactoring a. Benefits of Code Refactoring: Enhancing Readability and Maintainability b. Overcoming Challenges: Time and Resource Management 8. Code Refactoring Tools and Resources a. Popular Code Editors and Plugins for Refactoring b. Online Resources for Learning and Practicing Refactoring c. Code Review Practices for Effective Refactoring 9. FAQs: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions a. What is the difference between code optimization and code refactoring? b. Can code refactoring introduce new bugs? c. How often should code refactoring be performed? d. How to measure the success of code refactoring? e. Is code refactoring applicable to all programming languages? 10. Conclusion: Embracing Code Refactoring for Cleaner and Maintainable Code Subheadings within the sections should be added based on the content structure and provided information. FAQs Section: Q: What is the difference between code optimization and code refactoring? A: Code optimization focuses on improving code performance, often by making changes at a lower level, such as improving algorithms or reducing resource usage. Code refactoring, on the other hand, aims to improve the internal structure and design of the code without altering its functionality. It primarily focuses on enhancing readability, maintainability, and extensibility. Q: Can code refactoring introduce new bugs? A: While code refactoring aims to improve code quality, there is a possibility of introducing new bugs if not done carefully. That's why it is crucial to have a solid suite of unit tests before starting any refactoring process. Comprehensive testing, combined with disciplined refactoring practices, minimizes the risk of introducing new bugs. Q: How often should code refactoring be performed? A: Code refactoring should be performed regularly throughout the development process, ideally in small increments during each development cycle. The frequency may vary based on the project's complexity, size, and team dynamics. Refactoring should be an ongoing practice to maintain code quality and prevent it from becoming a burdensome and error-prone legacy codebase. Q: How to measure the success of code refactoring? A: The success of code refactoring can be measured using various metrics, such as increased code readability, reduced code duplication, improved performance, and ease of adding new features. It is essential to establish key indicators and set specific goals before the refactoring process begins to assess its impact effectively. Q: Is code refactoring applicable to all programming languages? A: Yes, code refactoring is applicable to all programming languages and paradigms. While

some refactoring techniques might be more relevant in certain languages, the underlying principles remain the same. Whether it's object-oriented, functional, or procedural programming, maintaining clean and maintainable code is a universal practice. Incorporating the main keyword, "Code Refactoring," throughout the article will help improve its search engine ranking and visibility. Keep in mind to maintain a natural and contextual inclusion of the keyword to avoid overly repetitive usage. [ad_2] #Code #Refactoring #Expert #Coding #Tips #Tricks #Clean

[torahtantra]

"The Javelin." From the Book of Joshua, Chapter 8.

In Chapter 7, tempted by the serpent, a fledgling named Achan tried to be the whore of Babylon to the whole town and in the process, sold an extraordinary experience for a cheap one. He and his accomplices were scolded for it.

This was right after the West Wall came down and intelligence, led by the priests and their shofars, triumphantly entered the city. Then Achan had to go and lose his virginity. These things happen, just ask God how he felt after the 7 Days.

Except it's not God's gig this time, it's ours. And someone has to fuck the kids:

8 Then the Lord said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged. Take the whole army with you, and go up and attack Ai. For I have delivered into your hands the king of Ai, "the ruins" his people, his city and his land. 2 You shall do to Ai and its king as you did to Jericho and its king, except that you may carry off their plunder and livestock for yourselves. Set an ambush behind the city.”

3 So Joshua and the whole army moved out to attack Ai. He chose thirty thousand of his best fighting men and sent them out at night 4 with these orders: “Listen carefully. You are to set an ambush behind the city. Don’t go very far from it. All of you be on the alert. 5 I and all those with me will advance on the city, and when the men come out against us, as they did before, we will flee from them. 6 They will pursue us until we have lured them away from the city, for they will say, ‘They are running away from us as they did before.’ So when we flee from them, 7 you are to rise up from ambush and take the city. The Lord your God will give it into your hand. 8 When you have taken the city, set it on fire. Do what the Lord has commanded. See to it; you have my orders.”

-> Running from the army of Israelites. Every adolescent does this. Ambushes, called disciplinary actions are required, and just as Moses said with the sacrifices of the bulls, rams, and goats you have to skin them alive and set them on fire with a little worldly wisdom. They'll live, trust me. See:

Setting the Soul on Fire

בְּהַעֲלֹתְךָ אֶת הַנֵּרֹת וגו': (במדבר ח:ב)

[G‑d instructed Moses to tell Aaron,] “When you kindle the lamps.” Numbers 8:2

G‑d instructed Moses to tell Aaron that whenever he would light the lamps of the Candelabrum, he should hold the fire to the wick until it remained burning steadily on its own.

Spiritually, this means that when we “light the flame” of our own soul or the soul of another person, we should not just deliver some quick inspiration and then move on. We should remain near, nurturing the soul’s flame until it becomes a steady and self-reliant glow.1

9 Then Joshua sent them off, and they went to the place of ambush and lay in wait between Bethel and Ai, to the west of Ai—but Joshua spent that night with the people.

-> Between the House of God and the Ruins lay the place the army of Israelites can ambush the ego and keep it from remaining the King of Ruin.

The next section follows the usual Seven Days/Four Directions schema of creation, but not by God by man:

10 Early the next morning Joshua mustered his army, and he and the leaders of Israel marched before them to Ai. 11 The entire force that was with him marched up and approached the city and arrived in front of it. They set up camp north of Ai, with the valley between them and the city. 

This is the First Morning and all the faculties lay in wait in the North, in the Superconscious Domain with God.

Then, 5000 men go west. West is the final stage of human actualization:

12 Joshua had taken about five thousand men and set them in ambush between Bethel and Ai, to the west of the city. 13 So the soldiers took up their positions—with the main camp to the north of the city and the ambush to the west of it. That night Joshua went into the valley.

-> I'm extrapolating from this, that 5,000 means half an era has been exhausted in pursuit of closure with the "ruin" ie, life is divided between the time before we lose our innocence and after.

The "night in the valley" is the rift between these two epochs.

14 When the king of Ai saw this, he and all the men of the city hurried out early in the morning to meet Israel in battle at a certain place overlooking the Arabah "the criss-crossing". But he did not know that an ambush had been set against him behind the city. 15 Joshua and all Israel let themselves be driven back before them, and they fled toward the wilderness. 16 All the men of Ai were called to pursue them, and they pursued Joshua and were lured away from the city. 17 Not a man remained in Ai or Bethel who did not go after Israel. They left the city open and went in pursuit of Israel.

-> You do not want criss-crossers in your city. We've covered this.

18 Then the Lord said to Joshua, “Hold out toward Ai the javelin that is in your hand, for into your hand I will deliver the city.” So Joshua held out toward the city the javelin that was in his hand. 19 As soon as he did this, the men in the ambush rose quickly from their position and rushed forward. They entered the city and captured it and quickly set it on fire.

-> This is what it sounds like. Got to have what it takes and know how to use it, boy.

Recall a bunch of troublemaking tramps were taken to the outskirts of the city and were yelled at for being cheap. They might have thought it was funny, and it kind of is, but still someone has to be an adult:

20 The men of Ai looked back and saw the smoke of the city rising up into the sky, but they had no chance to escape in any direction; the Israelites who had been fleeing toward the wilderness had turned back against their pursuers. 21 For when Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city and that smoke was going up from it, they turned around and attacked the men of Ai. 22 Those in the ambush also came out of the city against them, so that they were caught in the middle, with Israelites on both sides. Israel cut them down, leaving them neither survivors nor fugitives. 23 But they took the king of Ai alive and brought him to Joshua.

24 When Israel had finished killing all the men of Ai in the fields and in the wilderness where they had chased them, and when every one of them had been put to the sword, all the Israelites returned to Ai and killed those who were in it. 25 Twelve thousand men and women fell that day—all the people of Ai. 26 For Joshua did not draw back the hand that held out his javelin until he had destroyed[a] all who lived in Ai. 27 But Israel did carry off for themselves the livestock and plunder of this city, as the Lord had instructed Joshua.

-> Smoke is a sign of success, it means the fire is doing its work: revealing through the presence of the Sentient Being, a soul is at work underneath the flesh.

Just as on Sinai when God and Moses more or less decided to guilt the Israelites into finding their independent selves, the same thing happened between Joshua and that sleazy King of Ruin, who watched in conference with Joshua as the Israelites (leadership, friendliness, loyalty, righteousness etc.) overcame the ruins of the past.

28 So Joshua burned Ai[b] and made it a permanent heap of ruins, a desolate place to this day. 29 He impaled the body of the king of Ai on a pole and left it there until evening. Ruff. At sunset, Joshua ordered them to take the body from the pole and throw it down at the entrance of the city gate. And they raised a large pile of rocks over it, which remains to this day.

-> The Torah, like all spiritual instruction, has several levels. First is at the level of the self, at the body, mind and intellect. This means the self plays all the characters in the drama inside, undergoes their transformations, experiences their downfalls and redeeming conversations with God.

All of us have been the King of Ruin or met one, and then hoped someone with a pole would came along and make it all better, pile rocks over the heartbreak.

At the level of community, we need to know what to do with both kinds of persons, those that lose their innocence too easily and the ones that take it too readily.

At the Cosmic Level, God is revealing these aspects of human and animal nature to us in prosaic format in order to interrupt cycles of ruin long before they start.

The Covenant Renewed at Mount Ebal

30 Then Joshua built on Mount Ebal an altar to the Lord, the God of Israel, 31 as Moses the servant of the Lord had commanded the Israelites. He built it according to what is written in the Book of the Law of Moses—an altar of uncut stones, on which no iron tool had been used. [see my comment above on the Third Level].

On it they offered to the Lord burnt offerings and sacrificed fellowship offerings. 32 There, in the presence of the Israelites, Joshua wrote on stones a copy of the law of Moses. 33 All the Israelites, with their elders, officials and judges, were standing on both sides of the ark of the covenant of the Lord, facing the Levitical priests who carried it. Both the foreigners living among them and the native-born were there. Half of the people stood in front of Mount Gerizim and half of them in front of Mount Ebal, as Moses the servant of the Lord had formerly commanded when he gave instructions to bless the people of Israel.

-> Gerizim means "mountain" Ebal means "Where Baal was tossed down."

We have seen this kind of half and half before:

From Ki Tavo:

The Altar on Mount Ebal- "Bel is Shattered."

27 Moses and the elders of Israel commanded the people: “Keep all these commands that I give you today. 2 When you have crossed the Jordan into the land the Lord your God is giving you, set up some large stones and coat them with plaster. 3 Write on them all the words of this law when you have crossed over to enter the land the Lord your God is giving you, a land flowing with milk and honey, just as the Lord, the God of your ancestors, promised you. 4 And when you have crossed the Jordan, set up these stones on Mount Ebal, as I command you today, and coat them with plaster. 5 Build there an altar to the Lord your God, an altar of stones. Do not use any iron tool on them. 6 Build the altar of the Lord your God with fieldstones and offer burnt offerings on it to the Lord your God. 7 Sacrifice fellowship offerings there, eating them and rejoicing in the presence of the Lord your God. 8 And you shall write very clearly all the words of this law on these stones you have set up.”

If the Promised Land is to be able to keep its promises and not turn into another Egypt, the foundation must be clear, and nowhere on this earth is this true at this time: the whole planet is aggrieved, at war ideologically, physically and at odds with the elements. As the Rabbi says:

"The land of Israel is a sacred place and does not tolerate immoral behavior. It spews out inhabitants that defy the Torah's code of conduct.4 It was imperative that the Jews realize this as they entered the land even before they their first military engagement.

This was a covenant between G‑d and ourselves. If Jews observed the Torah they would enjoy the land. If they grew lax in their observance, the Jewish state would be destroyed. This is precisely what happened when Babylon and later Rome destroyed the temple and exiled the people. Joshua sought to delay, if not postpone, that eventuality.5"

Curses From Mount Ebal

9 Then Moses and the Levitical priests said to all Israel, “Be silent, Israel, and listen! You have now become the people of the Lord your God. 10 Obey the Lord your God and follow his commands and decrees that I give you today.”

11 On the same day Moses commanded the people:

12 When you have crossed the Jordan, these tribes shall stand on Mount Gerizim "to graze" to bless the people:

Simeon "Law abiding" , Levi "unity", Judah "praise", Issachar "friendship", Joseph "prosperity" and Benjamin "righteousness." 13 And these tribes shall stand on Mount Ebal to pronounce curses: Reuben "leadership" , Gad "teaching", Asher "happiness", Zebulun "honor" , Dan "judgement" and Naphtali "struggle".

14 The Levites shall recite to all the people of Israel in a loud voice:

15 “Cursed is anyone who makes an idol—a thing detestable to the Lord, the work of skilled hands—and sets it up in secret.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

16 “Cursed is anyone who dishonors their father or mother.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

17 “Cursed is anyone who moves their neighbor’s boundary stone.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

18 “Cursed is anyone who leads the blind astray on the road.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

19 “Cursed is anyone who withholds justice from the foreigner, the fatherless or the widow.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

20 “Cursed is anyone who sleeps with his father’s wife, for he dishonors his father’s bed.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

21 “Cursed is anyone who has sexual relations with any animal.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

22 “Cursed is anyone who sleeps with his sister, the daughter of his father or the daughter of his mother.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

23 “Cursed is anyone who sleeps with his mother-in-law.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

24 “Cursed is anyone who kills their neighbor secretly.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

25 “Cursed is anyone who accepts a bribe to kill an innocent person.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

26 “Cursed is anyone who does not uphold the words of this law by carrying them out.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”

34 Afterward, Joshua read all the words of the law—the blessings and the curses—just as it is written in the Book of the Law. 35 There was not a word of all that Moses had commanded that Joshua did not read to the whole assembly of Israel, including the women and children, and the foreigners who lived among them.

[amelia84]

Top Five Golang Module Developers Should Know In 2023

In the world of programming language GO is an incredibly powerful language that is used for multiple purposes. Golang is a fast, reliable, and easy-to-use language that gains rapid popularity due to its booming features.

Golang is easy to scale as it has fantastic documentation so, we look at the top 5 Golang modules that make work easier with Go. so, before moving to the Golang module, let me clear the definition of the go module.

A module is a group of Go packages that store in a file tree with Go. Moreover, the module path defines the mod file that can import a path that uses the root directory with its dependency requirement so other modules can be successfully built.

Top 5 Golang Module For Developer

Goose Database Migration

If you are dealing with modifying the DB schema then Goose is providing the best solution. With goose packages, developers can make schema change and data migration easily. Moreover managing the schema changes the primary task when you are working with relational databases so, let’s see how to use and install.

Installation

Run This command

$ go get github.com/pressly/goose

You can also use its lightweight Version by this code

$ go build -tags=‘nopostgres nomysql nosqlite3’ -i -o goose ./cmd/goose

Use Goose

You can use Goose by creating new SQL migration by the following command

$ goose create newcolumn SQL

GO KIT

The Go Kit is a Github standardized library that is used for Go-related Microservice. Go Kit is popular for addressing the gap between function like infrastructure integration, RPF safety, program design, and system observability so, let’s see its use and installation

Installation

You can install the Go kit by following this command

$ go get github.com/go-kit/kit

Use Go Kit

Create a new project and new model by the following code

package article

import (

“time”

)

type Article struct {

ID string json:"id"

Username string json:"username"

Content string json:"content"

Text string json:"title"

CreatedOn time.Time json:"createdon"

}

Ginkgo

Ginkgo is BDD behavior-driven development framework for testing. It permits you to write tests in syntax that resembles a language like English. This makes it easy for people to understand tests or output that match their business requirements. Ginkgo has stylish test specifications that integrate with Go and its inbuilt testing package.

Installation

You can install this package with this command

$ go get github.com/onsi/ginkgo/ginkgo

Use Ginkgo

$ ginkgo bootstrap

Authboss

Authboss is the modular web authentication system of Go. Authboss is the time-saver as it integrates easily, without a framework, and is also used for fixing bugs. Moreover, authboss has many authentication and authorization modules that give many choices to developers.

Installation

To Install Authboss You can use the following Command

$ go get -u github.com/volatiletech/authboss/v3

Use Of Authbuss

Authboss is a different module than other modules so, I recommend you to look at its documentation for proper understanding.

NSQ

NSQ is mostly used as a building block for the big scale distributed systems. It’s a robust distributed queue. It’s an easy TCP protocol that helps client libraries in different languages. Moreover, it did not require the client library to publish an HTTP interface for stats.

Installation

You can use the following command for installing NSQ

$ git clone https://github.com/nsqio/nsq

$ cd nsq

$ make

**Use **

NSQ is hard to understand so, I recommend you to check out its documentation for a better understanding and use of NSQ.

Take Away

Golang offers numerous libraries and packages to work with and if we talk about Golang modules that are awesome to work with. Its module helps the developer in the development of applications as above we have introduced the top 5 modules that you can use as per your requirement in application development. If you have to need any helping hand in your application you can contact one top-notch Golang development services.

[the-chomsky-hash]

[MC: This new form of thought (vis., an anonymously speaking system and the task of freeing ourselves from humanism), appears to be cold and quite abstract - cont'd]

[MF: Cold? Abstract? - cont'd]

c. [Thus,]

i. It is the “human heart” which is abstract,

ii. it is our scholarship

–[which is the foundation to this abstract humanist schema:

the task of erudition, reading, deciphering, judging, etc.

"anthropology," the human sciences]

–which wants to connect man with

his science

his discoveries

his world, which is concrete

– Michel Foucault, Entretien avec Madeleine Chapsal, La Quinzaine littéraire 5 (1966), translated by Mark G. E. Kelly

[mostro-commonmistake]

Sono stato taggato un mesetto fa da @sheisallthatmattersforme, che tra l'altro molto probabilmente è la prima persona che ho seguito in assoluto su tumblr, per il 6 random facts about myself. Me ne sono accorto solo adesso 😅

Orbene ecco i primi che mi vengono in mente:

1) Scelgo le canzoni della sveglia in base al livello di volume della traccia. La mia preferita per alzarmi è "Final Masquerade" dei LP ma, nonostante faccia per poco tremare il telefono, a volte non mi sveglia neanche quella.

2) La notte sogno spesso di fare shopping o ripenso alle mie giornate come se fossero scene di un film con me che faccio da narratore esterno con una voce profonda.

3) Mi chiedo spesso se determinate persone che ho perso di vista negli anni mi pensino di tanto in tanto.

4) Ad inizio anno ho deciso di creare uno schema con dei quadrati, uno per ogni giorno, da colorare in base a quanto fossi soddisfatto della giornata in nero, rosso, giallo o verde. Ho abbandonato il progetto un po' per dimenticanza, un po' perché mi rattristava vedere molti rossi.

5) Ho paura a fare il primo passo se amo una persona ma tendo sempre a farlo capire chiaramente. Al contrario, ho difficoltà a cogliere i segnali di chi prova qualcosa per me. Ad esempio, tempo fa un'amica mi si era avvicinata e parlando ad un certo punto mi disse: "Dovresti scioglierti. Ad esempio nel nostro gruppo c'è G. È una bella ragazza, no? Perché non ci provi con lei?". Ho realizzato due anni dopo, ripensandoci, che quella discussione serviva proprio a dirmi che G mi voleva, DUE ANNI

6) Al liceo un gruppo di amici, per scherzare, mi invitò a giocare con loro a calcio sapendo che ero scarsissimo. Ad un certo punto tutti decisero di bloccarsi, pure il portiere, e mi dissero: "Dai, mo fai goal". Mi avvicinai alla porta e preso dall'agitazione calciai male mandando la palla fuori 😂

Se volete, @contoigiorni @unassassinofischiettava @piattume @svolazzando @ilcoloredelmareintempesta @lasestaoradopomezzogiorno-blog @ilguardianodelfaro @preveggenza @iragazzidel99

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 18, 2021

Complementary Inhibitory Weight Profiles Emerge from Plasticity and Allow Flexible Switching of Receptive Fields. Agnes, E. J., Luppi, A. I., & Vogels, T. P. (2020). Journal of Neuroscience, 40(50), 9634–9649.

Spontaneous Network Coupling Enables Efficient Task Performance without Local Task-Induced Activations. Allaman, L., Mottaz, A., Kleinschmidt, A., & Guggisberg, A. G. (2020). Journal of Neuroscience, 40(50), 9663–9675.

Sub-second Dopamine and Serotonin Signaling in Human Striatum during Perceptual Decision-Making. Bang, D., Kishida, K. T., Lohrenz, T., White, J. P., Laxton, A. W., Tatter, S. B., … Montague, P. R. (2020). Neuron, 108(5), 999-1010.e6.

Three rules govern thalamocortical connectivity of fast-spike inhibitory interneurons in the visual cortex. Bereshpolova, Y., Hei, X., Alonso, J.-M., & Swadlow, H. A. (2020). eLife, 9, e60102.

Frontal eye field neurons selectively signal the reward value of prior actions. Chen, X., Zirnsak, M., Vega, G. M., & Moore, T. (2020). Progress in Neurobiology, 195, 101881.

The priority for access to awareness of information matching VWM is mirror-invariant. Ding, Y., Naber, M., Paffen, C., Sahakian, A., & Van der Stigchel, S. (2021). Cognition, 206, 104463.

Effects of MT lesions on visuomotor performance in macaques. Gattass, R., Soares, J. G. M., & Lima, B. (2020). Progress in Neurobiology, 195, 101931.

Temporally-precise disruption of prefrontal cortex informed by the timing of beta bursts impairs human action-stopping. Hannah, R., Muralidharan, V., Sundby, K. K., & Aron, A. R. (2020). NeuroImage, 222, 117222.

Behavioral and Neural Bases of Tactile Shape Discrimination Learning in Head-Fixed Mice. Kim, J., Erskine, A., Cheung, J. A., & Hires, S. A. (2020). Neuron, 108(5), 953-967.e8.

Visual statistical learning is facilitated in Zipfian distributions. Lavi-Rotbain, O., & Arnon, I. (2021). Cognition, 206, 104492.

Visual Stimulus Content in V4 Is Conveyed by Gamma-Rhythmic Information Packages. Lisitsyn, D., Grothe, I., Kreiter, A. K., & Ernst, U. A. (2020). Journal of Neuroscience, 40(50), 9650–9662.

Exact Mean-Field Theory Explains the Dual Role of Electrical Synapses in Collective Synchronization. Montbrió, E., & Pazó, D. (2020). Physical Review Letters, 125(24), 248101.

Temporal codes of visual working memory in the human cerebral cortex: Brain rhythms associated with high memory capacity. Noguchi, Y., & Kakigi, R. (2020). NeuroImage, 222, 117294.

Bumblebees perceive the spatial layout of their environment in relation to their body size and form to minimize inflight collisions. Ravi, S., Siesenop, T., Bertrand, O., Li, L., Doussot, C., Warren, W. H., … Egelhaaf, M. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(49), 31494–31499.

Visual attention modulates the integration of goal-relevant evidence and not value. Sepulveda, P., Usher, M., Davies, N., Benson, A. A., Ortoleva, P., & De Martino, B. (2020). eLife, 9, e60705.

Sample size evolution in neuroimaging research: An evaluation of highly-cited studies (1990–2012) and of latest practices (2017–2018) in high-impact journals. Szucs, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2020). NeuroImage, 221, 117164.

Differential Emergence and Stability of Sensory and Temporal Representations in Context-Specific Hippocampal Sequences. Taxidis, J., Pnevmatikakis, E. A., Dorian, C. C., Mylavarapu, A. L., Arora, J. S., Samadian, K. D., … Golshani, P. (2020). Neuron, 108(5), 984-998.e9.

Effects of dopamine on reinforcement learning in Parkinson’s disease depend on motor phenotype. van Nuland, A. J., Helmich, R. C., Dirkx, M. F., Zach, H., Toni, I., Cools, R., & den Ouden, H. E. M. (2020). Brain, 143(11), 3422–3434.

Attention control and the attention schema theory of consciousness. Wilterson, A. I., Kemper, C. M., Kim, N., Webb, T. W., Reblando, A. M. W., & Graziano, M. S. A. (2020). Progress in Neurobiology, 195, 101844.

Distinct neural ensemble response statistics are associated with recognition and discrimination of natural sound textures. Zhai, X., Khatami, F., Sadeghi, M., He, F., Read, H. L., Stevenson, I. H., & Escabí, M. A. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(49), 31482–31493.

[joanaflbarbosa]

How Therapy Works: What it Means to "Process an Issue"

People are often advised to go to therapy to “process” some issue. But what does “processing an issue” actually mean? And why and how does this “processing” help?

For starters, we may define “a process” as a series of actions or operations taken toward achieving a particular end. “To process,” hence, is to perform a series of operations on something in order to change (or preserve) it—processing milk to make cheese or yogurt, for example. In therapy, these operations are performed through the therapist-client interaction, and they may take several forms.

First, processing an issue in therapy may mean working to place it inside a coherent life narrative. We experience our life as a story, of which we are both protagonists and narrators. And we make ourselves known to others in this manner, too. If someone wants to genuinely get to know you, giving them a list of facts and numbers describing you will not suffice. They will want to hear your story. For human beings, processing information involves organizing it in narrative form.

In this framework, shocking or traumatic events damage us by disrupting our stories, mangling our established narratives of self and the world. They do this by refusing to fit into our established narrative (“This is not me; this can’t be happening”) or by flooding and overwhelming it (“I can’t stop thinking about it; nothing else matters”). To “process an issue” in this case is when therapy helps us to either integrate the traumatic event into our life's narrative or pull our story out from under the weight and confusion of the trauma.

Second, processing an issue in therapy often means bringing past events or habits into present consciousness and analyzing them using our current tools and knowledge, resulting in fresh insight. One reason this is helpful is because difficult events often lead to avoidance. Places, emotions, and memories associated with the traumatic event are avoided, and thus they fail to undergo the constant reevaluation and examination that would have updated their meaning in light of new knowledge and experience. Thus, the meanings of these difficult events remain frozen in a past perspective. This means that the only reactions in our repertoire regarding these events are our original ones, which by now may be dated, ill-fitting, or suboptimal. If a dog bit you when you were 4 years old, leading you to hate dogs and carefully avoid any contact with them, whenever you do finally encounter a dog, you will have the terrified reaction of a traumatized 4-year-old, which you no longer are; likewise, the dog you are responding to is the one from your childhood, not the one in front of you now. Such a rigidly disproportional reaction is, by definition, neurotic, and neither healthy nor helpful.

Another example: Children often experience their parents’ divorce in real time as somehow their fault, and thus may harbor guilt and self-doubt related to the event even many years later. Observing the events of a divorce from an adult perspective allows the client to realize that their parents’ divorce was not their fault, and that the childish expectation that their behavior could somehow have mended their parents’ rift was both developmentally understandable, even inevitable, but also factually incorrect, even absurd, when viewed from the perch of the grown-up perspective.

“Processing” in this context often includes not only updating and reexamining the meaning of old memories and emotions, but also developing a new language with which to describe, experience, and understand the past and present. Moving from a language of powerlessness (“I’m a victim”) to a language of resilience (“I’m a survivor”) is one example. Moving from self-demeaning, perfectionist language (“I made a mistake; I’m stupid, deserving of punishment”) to a language of empathy and self-nurture (“I made a mistake; I’m human, deserving of compassion”) is another.

A third way to understand the notion of “processing an issue” is through the prism of cognitive developmental theory, specifically the seminal work of the pioneering cognitive theorist Jean Piaget. According to Piaget, the child is akin to a scientist, exploring her environment and experimenting with its properties in order to gain an understanding of the world and its laws. As the child experiments with objects, she learns about the character and attributes of reality itself. The child thus develops cognitive “schemas,” the building blocks of her mental architecture. Piaget defined a schema as, "a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning."

In other words, schemas are organized ways of interacting with the world. Through experience, our schemas over time become increasingly numerous, at once larger and more specific, and they help guide our movement in the world. Having acquired a "restaurant schema," for example, allows me to know how to behave and what to expect in any restaurant, even one I had never visited before. Because I have a "party schema," I know a party when I see it, I know how to behave at a party, and I have a set of party-related expectations by which to evaluate whether the party was any good.

According to Piaget, schemas develop through two cognitive processes: assimilation and accommodation. We assimilate when we use an existing schema to understand novel information. Accommodation happens when the new information cannot fit our current schema, and we must then adjust our schema to fit the information. My “mammals” schema may easily assimilate a lion glimpsed for the first time. But upon encountering a whale, I may need to change my schema to accommodate this new information. If your wife gives birth to a new baby boy, assimilating him into your "male family member" schema will be easy. Yet if your adult daughter decides to transition to become a man, then you may need to accommodate your old "male family member" schema to include transgender persons.

From this perspective, processing an issue in therapy amounts to an effort to assimilate and accommodate new information, to improve our ability to understand and move in the world more seamlessly and effectively.

Fourth, processing an issue in therapy requires that we engage it, think and talk about it. In doing so, we are practicing de facto exposure with regard to the emotions attached to the issue. Exposure is a therapy technique that lets a client face up to a scary or uncomfortable situation. The goal of exposure is to achieve physiological habituation, psychological mastery, and behavioral skill. Physiologically feeling your emotions and remembering your memories will result in nervous system habituation and, with that, lower anxiety. Psychologically confronting difficult memories will lead to a sense of agency, courage, and achievement. Behaviorally learning to feel, identify, express, and discuss one’s emotions will lead to improved communications and interpersonal skill. Moreover, with exposure, the client learns new associations regarding the issue at hand. (Through interacting with dogs, I begin to associate them with playfulness and companionship rather than with the pain of the initial attack.)

Processing in this context can be viewed as a way to familiarize a person with unfamiliar territory. When we process an issue, we learn the terrain, thereby becoming less afraid of it and more able to navigate within it.

Working for many years in this area, the influential psychologist Edna Foa has proposed that fear is represented in memory as a cognitive structure, a program to escape danger (e.g., you see a lion; your heart races; you run away). The fear structure however, may in the course of one’s life become faulty, acquiring inaccurate associations between benign stimuli and exaggerated fear response (e.g., you see a lion at the zoo; your heart races; you run away). In Foa’s system, emotional processing, achieved through exposure practice, involves activating a person’s fear structure and then introducing new information that is incompatible with earlier faulty associations (e.g., hanging around the lion’s cage is safe; your heartbeat will eventually come down; you don’t have to run).

Fifth, processing an issue in therapy means bringing the issue into the light of another’s benevolent attention. Such interpersonal light is often, as it were, the best mental disinfectant. We are social animals, and we define ourselves, and our circumstances, in part by others’ responses. For example, if you kill your enemies in socially approved ways (say, by becoming a soldier and going to war), then you become a hero, but if you kill your enemies in a way that is not socially approved (you poison your nasty neighbors), then you have become a murderer. It’s all about how others see and judge what you have done. Receiving a 5 percent raise at work will make you feel good, but only until you find that all your coworkers have received a 10 percent raise. Your mood is determined not by what happens to you, but by how it compares to the experience of others. For good or bad, social connectivity is our foundational psychological currency. As Alfred Adler argued a long time ago, in the human psychological calculus, social connection is akin to health. Social isolation is akin to illness.

The engine of therapy is the human connection at its core. In this context, processing an issue means communicating it inside a safe, supportive interpersonal space. A secret loses much of its power to paralyze and poison us internally when shared with others who are capable of resonating with our experience, accepting and understanding it. In the act of discussing difficult matters, we become less alone, less opaque to ourselves, and thus less fragile. We manifest and build our strength when we express and own our weakness.

In sum, therapy may help you “process” a difficult issue by helping to place it inside a coherent life narrative; by reviewing past events using current tools and knowledge; by adjusting your cognitive schemas to include new information; by helping you confront previously avoided uncomfortable feelings in order to increase your competence in managing them; and by bringing the issue into the light of another’s benevolent and empathetic attention, thus reducing shame, fear, and isolation.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/insight-therapy/201801/how-therapy-works-what-it-means-process-issue

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Vocalismo e consonantismo nel dialetto salentino

di Gianmarco Simone

Il dialetto salentino conosciuto e parlato al giorno d’oggi ha avuto un secolare  processo di nascita e di affermazione durante il quale ha assorbito nella sua struttura linguistica i tratti tipici delle parlate e delle lingue delle diverse popolazioni che hanno abitato ed occupato la penisola salentina. Da madrelingua salentino, alcune delle domande che mi sono sempre posto erano pure curiosità: da dove nasce la mia lingua? Perché la pronuncia leccese non è uguale a quella brindisina o gallipolina? Quali sono i tratti tipici del dialetto salentino e come si sono originati? A queste domande cercheremo di dare una risposta lungo l’arco di questo articolo e per farlo bisogna iniziare a guardare un po’ indietro nel tempo.

Un dato certo è che il dialetto salentino deriva dal latino volgare, ovvero quella variante latina parlata dalla gente (vulgus) che si contrapponeva al latino classico utilizzato dai grandi oratori e poeti nella sua forma puramente scritta. Per intenderci, il latino classico era la lingua dei dotti utilizzata per la scrittura a cui si affiancavano le numerose lingue volgari del vastissimo Impero Romano utilizzate soprattutto dalla plebe per lo più analfabeta per parlare.

Il processo di romanizzazione e latinizzazione[1] della penisola salentina inizia nel 90 a.C, anno della Guerra Sociale tra i Messapi[2] e Taranto che ne sancì la loro sconfitta e la conquista del Salento da parte dei Romani. Come per qualsiasi altra lingua volgare, anche nel Salento il processo di latinizzazione dovette far fronte a forti resistenze dal punto di vista fonetico e fonologico dovute alle influenze dalle parlate pre-esistenti, quali quelle dei Messapi di base greca, e quelle che invece si erano già diffuse prima dell’arrivo dei Romani, ovvero le parlate osche[3]. La latinizzazione durò molti secoli ma è partire dalla caduta dell’Impero Romano nel 476 d.C che il sistema fonetico-fonologico del dialetto salentino comincia a mutare e ad assumere le caratteristiche che lo compongono. Infatti, dapprima con i Bizantini e successivamente con i Normanni, il sistema vocalico della penisola salentina subisce un imbarbarimento dovuto alle innovazioni linguistiche portate dalle genti provenienti dalle terre straniere.

  Vocalismo tonico

Le innovazioni a cui faccio riferimento prendono il nome di “metafonia” e “dittongazione”. La prima è un fenomeno linguistico che modifica il suono di una parola per l’influenza della vocale postonica su quella tonica, invece la dittongazione è un fenomeno simile alla metafonia ma che si manifesta attraverso i dittonghi ié,ué, in base alla vocale postonica. In seguito vedremo gli esempi. Pertanto, questi due fenomeni linguistici che subentrarono in un’epoca post-romana sono, per così dire, i responsabili della tripartizione del sistema vocalico tonico del dialetto salentino come noi oggi lo conosciamo. Ci siamo mai chiesti perché si pronuncino sia oce che uce (it. voce) sia nuéu che nou (it. nuovo), sia ucca che occa (it. bocca)? La risposta risiede proprio nel mutamento metafonetico e nel fenomeno della dittongazione.

A questo punto, vediamo la suddivisione del sistema vocalico tonico del dialetto salentino nelle sue varianti linguistiche (Mancarella,1974: 10)[4]:

Sistema napoletano: zona del Salento settentrionale

Ī > i ; Ĭ,Ē > e,i ; Ĕ > e,ié ; Ā,Ă > a ; Ŏ > o,ué ; Ō,Ŭ > o,u ; Ū > u

 Cerchiamo di rispondere a delle domande che inevitabilmente possono sorgere. Partendo dalla denominazione, perché si definisce sistema napoletano quando, effettivamente, stiamo parlando del dialetto salentino? Il nome si deve al fatto che questo sistema vocalico si ritrova anche nel napoletano. In generale, quando si studiano i fenomeni linguistici di una lingua o un dialetto, un alleato molto utile per capire alcuni fenomeni è proprio la storia. Infatti, anche Napoli, come tutto il Meridione, è stato dominato per molti secoli sia dai Bizantini sia dai Normanni, i quali si imposero nei territori e inevitabilmente diffusero le loro parlate lasciando tracce nella tradizione linguistica. Continuiamo. Quali sono i limiti geografici del salentino settentrionale? Su questo punto potremmo dire che i territori dove si utilizza questo sistema sono: i territori del brindisino, Oria e Nardò. Dove troviamo nello schema i fenomeni linguistici? La metafonia si ha in Ĭ,Ē > e,i[5] ed in Ō,Ŭ > o,u[6] mentre la dittongazione condizionata si ha in Ĕ > e,ié[7] ed in Ŏ > o,ué[8]. Vediamo alcuni esempi: HĪLU > filu, PĬLUS > pilu, PĬRA > pera, TĒLA > tela, SĒRA > sera, STĒLLA > stedda, PĔDEM > pete, MĔRUM > miéru, APIS > apu, RŎTA > rota, FŎCUS > fuécu, CŎRIUS > cuéru, NŎVUS > nuéu, BŎNUS > buénu, CŌDA > cota, VŌCEM > oce, SŌL > sole, SŌLUS > sulu, BŬCCA > occa, VŬLPE > orpe, CRŪDUM > crutu.

Sistema di compromesso: zona del Salento centrale

Ī,Ĭ,Ē > i ; Ĕ > e,ié ; Ā,Ă > a ; Ŏ > o,ué ; Ō,Ŭ,Ū > u

 Anche qui cerchiamo di dare delle risposte. Innanzitutto, questo sistema viene definito di “compromesso” in quanto trovandosi nel mezzo tra quello settentrionale e quello meridionale prende tratti vocalici sia da uno sia dall’altro sistema. Il sistema vocalico centrale si può incontrare nel leccese e a differenza di quello settentrionale non presenta casi di metafonia, bensì casi di dittongazione condizionata in Ĕ[9] ed in Ŏ[10]. Alcuni esempi sono: HĪLUM > filu, PĬLUS > pilu, PĬRA > pira, TĒLA > tila, SĒRA > sira, STĒLLA > stidda, PĔDEM > pete, MĔRUM > miéru, APIS > ape, RŎTA > rota, FŎCUS > fuécu, CŎRIUS > cuéru, NŎVUS > nuéu, BŎNUS > buénu, CŌDA > cuta, VŌCEM > uce, SŌL > sule, SŌLUS > sulu, BŬCCA > ucca, VŬLPE > urpe, CRŪDUM > crutu.

Sistema siciliano: zona del Salento meridionale

Ī,Ĭ,Ē > i ;  Ĕ > e ; Ā,Ă > a ; Ŏ > o ;  Ō,Ŭ,Ū > u

La zona del salentino meridionale comprende tutti i territori all’interno della linea immaginaria che va da Gallipoli-Maglie-Otranto fino al capo di Santa Maria di Leuca. Questo sistema si definisce di tipo “siciliano” per la sua vicinanza al dialetto siciliano, anch’esso costituito da 5 vocali e privo di fenomeni linguistici. Inoltre, prima di procedere con l’esemplificazione, è bene sapere che tale sistema è fonte di grande interesse da parte degli studiosi, i quali ritengono che proprio la presenza del sistema penta vocalico nelle zone del estremo Salento, nel centro Calabria e in alcune zone della Sicilia, possa essere la prova di un’antica unità linguistica del Meridione. A tal proposito, Parlangeli afferma che “il dialetto salentino continua una fase arcaica di una comune unità linguistica meridionale in quanto si è sviluppato in una regione d’antica romanizzazione” (Mancarella, 1974: 70).  Il sistema di tipo arcaico, così come definito, deriverebbe da una koiné dialettale[11] originatasi dall’antica lingua osca che era ben diffusa in tutto il centro-meridione prima dell’arrivo dei Romani. Il fatto stesso che la zona del Salento meridionale abbia conservato questo sistema confermerebbe l’idea che le innovazioni linguistiche portate dai Bizantini e dai Normanni si infiltrarono gradualmente dal nord fino alla zona centrale del Salento, lasciando così il Meridione isolato da tali cambiamenti (Mancarella, 1998: 280-281).Vediamo alcuni esempi: HĪLUM > filu, PĬLUS > pilu, PĬRA > pira, TĒLA > tila, SĒRA > sira, STĒLLA > stidda, PĔDEM > pete, MĔRUM > meru, APIS > ape, RŎTA > rota, FŎCUS > focu, NŎVUS > nou, BŎNUS > bonu, CŌDA > cuta, VŌCEM > uce, SŌL > sule, SŌLUS > sulu, BŬCCA > ucca, VŬLPE > urpe, CRŪDUM > crutu.

 Vocalismo atono

 Un altro aspetto dell’analisi sul vocalismo salentino verte su quello atono. Per vocalismo atono si intende il comportamento delle vocali atone (quelle su cui non ricade l’accento) sia in posizione iniziale, intertonica e finale. Per capirci meglio, ci siamo mai chiesti perché nel brindisino si dica lu pani, invece nel leccese lu pane?. Ecco, quindi, che per comprenderne la differenza dobbiamo analizzare il vocalismo atono. Vediamo di seguito i diversi sistemi:

Zona del Salento settentrionale

Ī,Ĭ,Ē,Ĕ > i ; Ā,Ă > a ; Ŏ,Ō,Ŭ,Ū > u

Dallo schema possiamo vedere come tutte le vocali atone latine in Ī,Ĭ,Ē,Ĕ danno come risultato i. Ad esempio: FORĪS > fori, PĀNIS > pani, SEMPĔR > sempri, FACĔRE > FARĔ > fari, MĂRĔ > mari, VĪCĪNUM > vicinu, FĔNESTRA > finešša , NĔPŌTIS > nipute.

Zona del Salento centrale

Ī,Ĭ,Ē,Ĕ > e ; Ā,Ă > a ;  Ŏ,Ō,Ŭ,Ū > u

 Per quanto riguarda il vocalismo atono del salentino centrale possiamo notare la differenza con quello settentrionale nel comportamento di Ī,Ĭ,Ē,Ĕ. Infatti, le vocali latine danno sempre e. Ad esempio: FORĪS > fore, PĀNIS > pane, SEMPĔR > sempre, FARĔ > fare, MĂRĔ > mare, VĪCĪNUM > bbešinu, FĔNESTRA > fenešša, NĔPŌTIS > nepute.

Zona del Salento meridionale

Ī,Ĭ,Ē,Ĕ > i,e ; Ā,Ă > a ; Ŏ,Ō,Ŭ,Ū > u

Generalmente nel sistema vocalico atono del salentino meridionale le vocali latine Ī,Ĭ,Ē,Ĕ possono dare sia i sia e. Tuttavia, un tratto abbastanza diffuso in questa zona è quello di pronunciare le stesse vocali in a. Per esempio: PĔNSABAM > pansava, FĔNESTRA > fanešša, NĔPŌTIS > napute.

Consonantismo

L’ultimo aspetto fonetico-fonologico del dialetto salentino riguarda le consonanti e la loro pronuncia. Anche in questo caso, siamo di fronte ad un panorama abbastanza variegato e pieno di casi particolare. Tuttavia, seguendo lo studio condotto da D’Elia ne Ricerche sui dialetti salentini (1957) in Mancarella (1974: 109-118), è possibile avere una panoramica dei diversi fenomeni consonantici che occorrono nelle diverse zone del Salento:

Occlusiva velare sorda –C- ([k]): si mantiene nel Salento meridionale e settentrionale (ĂPŎTHĒCA > putèca), mentre scompare in quello centrale (putèa).

Occlusiva velare sonora – G- ([g]): si pronuncia k se seguita da a,u nel salentino meridionale e centrale (GUSTŬS > kustu, GALLŬM > kaḍḍu), mentre in quello settentrionale se in posizione iniziale e seguita da a si converte in i (GALLŬM > iaddu), se invece è seguita da o,u cade (it. GUARDO > wardu).

Occlusiva dentale sonora –D- ([d̪]): in posizione intervocalica si pronuncia come sorda [t] (PĔDEM > pete).

Gruppo –LL: si pronuncia come cacuminale ḍḍ ([ɖ]) in tutto il salentino centrale e meridionale, ad eccezione di quello settentrionale dove il suono è una dentale dd (CĂBALLUS > cavaḍḍu / cavaddu). Tuttavia, troviamo casi particolari di pronuncia cacumiale nel neretino.

Gruppo –TR: il suono è cacuminale [ṭṛ] nel salentino centrale e meridionale, mentre nel salentino settentrionale è una dentale [tr] (PĔTRA > peṭṛa/petra).

Gruppo –STR: nel salentino centrale e meridionale è molto frequente la palatalizzazione in šš ([ʃ:]) mentre nel salentino settentrionale questo fenomeno è abbastanza irregolare (NOSTRUM > noššu/nuéstru).

Gruppo –ND- y –MB: si tratta di due gruppi ai quali l’assimilazione è alquanto irregolare. In alcuni casi si mantengono (QUANDŌ > kuandu, PLUMBUM > kiumbu), in altri si assimilano entrambi (QUANDŌ > kuannu , PLUMBUM > kiummu).

Gruppo: BR: generalmente si mantiene però in alcuni casi si pronuncia vr o r (BRACHIUM > bracciu/ vrazzu/razzu).

Gruppo CR: generalmente si mantiene però, soprattutto nel salentino centrale e meridionale, è possibile che la occlusiva [k] cada (CRASSUS > crassu/rrassu).

Gruppo GR: si mantiene nel salentino meridionale e settentrionale, mentre dà solo r nel salentino centrale (GRĀNUM > granu/rranu).

Gruppo ALC: nel salentino settentrionale dà –aṷč– mentre in quello centrale e meridionale troviamo diverse soluzioni come –ṷče– ğğe – š – ṷğğe– (CALCEM > kaṷče, kağğe, kaše, kaṷğğe).

Gruppo NG + E,I: può sia rimanere sonoro sia prendere il suono [č] (MANDŪCĀRE > it. mangiare > mančiare).

Conclusioni

Dall’analisi condotta è stato possibile rispondere ai quesiti posti all’inizio dell’articolo e in particolar modo si sono potuti osservare i tratti tipici del dialetto salentino in tutte le sue varianti. E’ stato possibile avere un quadro generale di come il nostro modo di parlare si diversifichi in base alla zona geografica in cui ci troviamo e capire che il perché di tali differenze è da ricercarsi molti secoli addietro. Inoltre, vorrei esortare i lettori a non prendere quest’analisi come un qualcosa di totalmente fisso ed invariabile. Per intenderci, gli schemi rappresentano i tratti generali dei tre sistemi nelle rispettive zone linguistiche ma ciò non esclude il fatto che si possono incontrare dei casi in cui i tratti di una zona linguistica si ritrovino anche in quella limitrofa. Inoltre, quando si trattano temi riguardanti i dialetti italiani, bisogna sempre tenere in considerazione la componente della lingua italiana che ha una fortissima influenza sui parlanti, soprattutto tra i più giovani, e ciò ha provocato un ulteriore, permettetemi il termine, imbarbarimento del vernacolo, modificandone così non solo i tratti fonetico-fonologici ma anche quelli lessicali. In definitiva, gli esempi presentati sono utili per spiegare i fenomeni generali di ciascuna delle zone linguistiche osservate e servono ad affermare che il dialetto salentino è figlio del latino volgare.

Bibliografia

Mancarella, G.B.,(1974), Note di storia lingüística salentina, Lecce, Edizioni Milella.

Mancarella, G.B., (1998), Salento. Monografia regionale della Carta dei dialetti Italiani, Lecce, Edizioni del Grifo.

[1] Per romanizzazione si intende il processo mediante il quale i Romani, una volta conquistato un determinato territorio, importavano la loro cultura e religione diffondendole in maniera non coatta. In un certo senso era un orchestrato ricatto psicologico in quanto non si forzava la popolazione vinta ad aderire alla cultura romana però solo chi decideva romanizzarsi poteva godere dei benefici sociali, mentre chi si rifiutava rimaneva ai margini della società. Per latinizzazione, invece, ci si riferisce prettamente al processo linguistico di diffusione della lingua latina per scopi puramente ufficiali, cioè come mezzo per poter controllare dal punto di vista politico e militare le innumerevoli provincie.

[2] Gli antichi abitanti del sud della Iapigia, insieme ai Peucezi al centro e i Dauni al nord.

[3] La lingua osca era una lingua italica diffusa nel centro-meridione prima ancora del latino.

[4] G.B. Mancarella ,(1974), Note di storia lingüística salentina, Lecce, Edizioni Milella

[5] Danno e quando la vocale postonica è A-E-O, mentre danno i quando è I-U.

[6] Danno o quando la vocale postonica è A-E-O, mentre danno u quando è I-U.

[7] Danno e quando la vocale postonica è A-E-O, mentre dittongano in ié quando è I-U

[8] Danno o quando la vocale postonica è A-E-O, mentre dittongano in ué quando è I-U.

[9] Danno e quando la vocale postonica è A-E-O, mentre dittongano in ié quando è I-U

[10]Danno o quando la vocale postonica è A-E-O, mentre dittongano in ué quando è I-U

[11]Dal greco κοινὴ διάλεκτος “lingua comune”.