#301CE

[whencyclopedia]

Roman Education

Roman education had its first 'primary schools' in the 3rd century BCE, but they were not compulsory and depended entirely on tuition fees. There were no official schools in Rome, nor were there buildings used specifically for the purpose. Wealthy families employed private tutors to teach their children at home, while less well-off children were taught in groups.

Schools

Teaching conditions for teachers could differ greatly. A tutor who taught in a wealthy family did so in comfort and with facilities; some of these tutors could have been brought to Rome as slaves having been captured during war times, and they may have been highly educated. Other teachers, employed by the less well-off rented a room to hold classes or set up a school in the extended area of a shop, which the Roman historian, Suetonius (69 to c. 130/140 CE) refers to as a pergula (Gram.18.1). It was not uncommon for poorer teachers to hold classes for their students in outdoor public places – the trivium – the corner of the street, or in the piazzas. Classes began at dawn and continued until noon. The Roman poet, Martial (38/41-103 CE), complained about being woken at dawn by the booming voice of a teacher and his outdoor class: "Before the crested rooster has crowed you shatter the silence with your harsh words..." (Ep. 9.68).

Schools were privately operated by teachers and therefore dependent on tuition fees. Teachers were of relatively low status, and throughout antiquity, the profession was seen as a humble one. Schoolteaching was seen as a trade, in the servile commercial sense, and it paid poorly.

Parents paid the school fees in instalments at the end of each term, however, this was not a certainty; they did not always pay due to not having the money to do so, or because they were unhappy with the progress of their child, and as a result, teachers often found themselves in difficult financial positions. In the education hierarchy, the litterator (primary teacher), who required no special qualifications, was on the lowest level of income. In 301 CE, the salary for a primary teacher was 50 denarii a month per pupil; a bushel (c. 35 l) of wheat was 30 denarii. The grammaticus, a more prestigious position as an advanced educator is recorded in 301 CE as receiving a salary of 200 denarii per pupil per month. The rhetor, the teacher of rhetoric, required greater skills and expertise, and as a result, there were opportunities for achieving a good salary.

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[whencyclopedia]

Roman Education

Roman education had its first 'primary schools' in the 3rd century BCE, but they were not compulsory and depended entirely on tuition fees. There were no official schools in Rome, nor were there buildings used specifically for the purpose. Wealthy families employed private tutors to teach their children at home, while less well-off children were taught in groups.

Schools

Teaching conditions for teachers could differ greatly. A tutor who taught in a wealthy family did so in comfort and with facilities; some of these tutors could have been brought to Rome as slaves having been captured during war times, and they may have been highly educated. Other teachers, employed by the less well-off rented a room to hold classes or set up a school in the extended area of a shop, which the Roman historian, Suetonius (69 to c. 130/140 CE) refers to as a pergula (Gram.18.1). It was not uncommon for poorer teachers to hold classes for their students in outdoor public places – the trivium – the corner of the street, or in the piazzas. Classes began at dawn and continued until noon. The Roman poet, Martial (38/41-103 CE), complained about being woken at dawn by the booming voice of a teacher and his outdoor class: "Before the crested rooster has crowed you shatter the silence with your harsh words..." (Ep. 9.68).

Schools were privately operated by teachers and therefore dependent on tuition fees. Teachers were of relatively low status, and throughout antiquity, the profession was seen as a humble one. Schoolteaching was seen as a trade, in the servile commercial sense, and it paid poorly.

Parents paid the school fees in instalments at the end of each term, however, this was not a certainty; they did not always pay due to not having the money to do so, or because they were unhappy with the progress of their child, and as a result, teachers often found themselves in difficult financial positions. In the education hierarchy, the litterator (primary teacher), who required no special qualifications, was on the lowest level of income. In 301 CE, the salary for a primary teacher was 50 denarii a month per pupil; a bushel (c. 35 l) of wheat was 30 denarii. The grammaticus, a more prestigious position as an advanced educator is recorded in 301 CE as receiving a salary of 200 denarii per pupil per month. The rhetor, the teacher of rhetoric, required greater skills and expertise, and as a result, there were opportunities for achieving a good salary.

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[whencyclopedia]

The Roman Toga

The toga was an item of clothing worn by men who were citizens of Rome. The toga consisted of a single length of wool cloth cut in a semicircle and wrapped around the body of the wearer without any fastenings. The Roman toga was a clearly identifiable status symbol.

While most togas were white, some indicated a person's rank or specific role in the community. These different togas were coloured or included a stripe, notably the purple one which indicated the wearer was a member of the Roman Senate. The toga has, thanks to film and literature, become the quintessential male garment of antiquity but the view is not far wrong as even the Romans themselves described themselves as the togati or 'people of the toga.'

What were the Origins of the Toga?

As in many other facets of their culture, the Romans were influenced by their predecessors the Greeks and the Etruscans. Greek men and women wore draped clothing which was made of a single piece of cloth wrapped around the wearer and held in place using only folds and the minimal use of pins and ties. The Greek enkyklon was a toga-like garment, but it was not given the social significance the Romans added to their toga. The Etruscan tebenna was another forerunner of the Roman toga, although it was shorter and wrapped much more simply with a fold going over the shoulder and hanging down the front of the wearer (as indicated by tomb paintings dated to the 6th century BCE and 5th-century BCE bronze statuettes). The toga seems not to have had a social distinction in Etruscan society and even lowly musicians are seen wearing them in tomb paintings. Finally, the Romans themselves had an early version of the toga, the similar but shorter trabea which was associated with the early Roman kings.

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