#(1815-1902)

[mineralsrocksandfossiltalks]

Monday Musings: The Ring of Fire

Not gonna lie, every time I think about the Pacific Ring of Fire, this song gets stuck in my head (and I love this song so play away).

The Pacific Ring of Fire is a ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Plate Subduction zones.

It is about 25,000 miles long (40,000km) and it contains somewhere between 750-915 active and dormant volcanoes. This is about 2/3 or the world's total volcanoes!

It is also where about 90% of the world's earthquakes occur as well. Speaking of which, if you didn't hear there was an earthquake that happened on December 5th just off the coast of northern California. The recording will be posted on my Patreon so go join and check it out!

Now, this ring of fire is a complex system. I remember being taught as a kid that the Pacific Plate is subducting below like four different plates but that just isn't right. It's actually several plates interacting with each other. Let's zoom in.

We usually only hear about the large plates but there are tons of smaller ones around the globe. For instance, all the ones in this map. The red is the Philippine Plate which is subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. As you can sea, the Pacific Plate is further out. Not subducting.

The Pacific Plate is subducting under parts of North America, but so is the smaller, older Juan de Fuca and Cocos Plates.

The Nazca Plate is being subducted along the west coast of South America as well as part of the Antarctic Plate. Just for funsies, the map below shows how much has been subducted and what the depth is.

The Ring of Fire has existed for a little over 35 million years. That means subduction of these plates began in the Late Eocene Epoch.

The largest volcanic eruptions in human history occurred in the Ring of Fire. We will start with the 1902 Santa Maria eruption in Guatamala. The volcano is estimated to have started erupting about 103,000 years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch. However, by 102 it was considered dormant. The 1902 eruption had a VEI (Volcanic Explosive Index) of 6 (the highest being a 7) which makes it "colossal".

Mt. Pinatubo activity began about 1.1 million years ago (known as Ancestral Pinatubo). The modern Pinatubo began erupting about 79,000 BC. It's eruption in 1991 is the most famous though. It was the second largest eruption in the 20th century but a lot more devastating. It was also rated a 6 on the VEI and it ejected about 10 cubic km worth of material (10 times larger than the Mt St Helen eruption a decade earlier).

Before and after shot of the river valley near Pinatubo.

Lake Pinatubo now fills the crater left behind by the eruption.

One of the most famous is the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. It's eruption was so violent that it was heard in Perth Australia nearly 2,000 miles away.

It caused a massive pressure wave that was recorded on barographs around the world (in some cases, the wave was recorded 7 times!). It created devastating tsunamis and killed at least 36,000 people. The eruption lasted from May until October peaking in August when nearly the entire island collapsed into a caldera. Ash fell over approximately 1500 squares miles and the eruption caused a volcanic winter. This one is also categorized as a 6 VEI.

The largest eruption in the Holocene was that of Mt. Tambora in 1815. The volcano had been dormant for centuries caused by gradual cooling of hydrous magma in its closed magma chamber. At depths of abot 5,000-15,000 ft, the exsolution began to form causing an over-pressurization in the chamber (about 58,000-73,000 psi) with temps ranging between 700-850 degrees Celsius (1,290-1,560 degrees F). It is thought that the explosions from the initial eruption could be heard clear over in Thailand over 2,000 miles away.

Pyroclastic flows wiped out the village of Tambora and 13 ft tsunamis hit many Indonesian islands. The explosion had an estimated VEI of 7 with an estimated 10 cubic miles (41 cubic km) of ejecta weighing 10 billion tonnes. The caldera left behind is about3-4.5 miles across and nearly 2300ft (700m) deep. The eruption released the amount of energy equivalent to 33 gigatons of TNT. This was such a large eruption that it caused the Year Without A Summer in the northern hemisphere. The dramatic cooling directly and indirectly killed 90,000 people. Way to go Tambora.

The largest earthquakes on Earth as well including the Sumatra earthquake in 2004 whose 100ft high tsunami killed over 200,000 people in 14 countries the day after Christmas.

There is also the Greta Chilean Earthquake in 1960 estimated at a magnitude 9.4 on the moment magnitude scale. An 82ft tsunami battered the Chilean shores and effected Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia and the Aleutian Islands.

All in all, the Ring of Fire is a deadly mix in geologic terms and insanely fascinating as it gives a spectacular look into the inner workings of our planet.

Tune in tomorrow for some volcanic trivia! Fossilize you later!

[uwmspeccoll]

Milestone Monday

Emma’s Entanglements

On this date, December 23 in 1815, John Murray first published Emma by Jane Austen (anonymously) in London, although the title page is dated 1816. Murray offered her 450 pounds for the copyright to the novel, plus the copyrights to Mansfield Park and Sense and Sensibility, which she refused. Instead, she published 2,000 copies of the novel at her own expense and retained the copyright, paying Murray a 10% commission on sales of the edition. 

The story revolves around Emma Woodhouse, a young woman who fancies herself a matchmaker and is determined to oversee the romantic lives of those around her, often with humorous and unintended consequences. 

The novel explores themes of social class, relationships, and the complexities of human behavior, showcasing Austen's keen observations of character and society. Emma is notable for its use of free indirect speech, a narrative style that allows readers to get inside a character's thoughts while maintaining a third-person perspective. 

Often praised for its wit and character development, Emma is considered one of Austen's most accomplished works and has inspired numerous adaptations and reinterpretations in various media.

The images shown here come from Jane Austen’s Emma, with a preface by English author and poet Stella Gibbons (1902-1989) and illustrations in photogravure by the German American artist and designer Fritz Kredel (1900-1973), printed for the Limited Editions Club at the Thistle Press in New York in 1964 and limited to an edition of 1500 signed by the artist.

-View more of our Milestone Monday posts here.

-Melissa, Special Collections Graduate Intern

[thefugitivesaint]

George Dalziel (1815-1902) & Edward Dalziel (1817-1905), 'Doctor Donkey', ''Little Buttercup's Picture Book'', 1881 Source

[ltwilliammowett]

Evading Impressment

Escaping from a pressgang was not an easy thing to do. You might manage to escape a crimper and not take his shilling. And maybe you were even exempt from pressment, which meant that you had a letter from the admiralty (rather from the sick and hurt board) exempting you from service because of a serious health problem. However, this was dissolved in 1803 because there were simply too few men and so those who were considered unfit were allowed to be forced back into service. This process was called Hot Press.

The Neglected Tar, c. 1800, evokes the effects of impressment on a seaman's family and home. (x) 

But now we come to how you could actively escape a pressgang and you had to be very creative, because the men could not be tricked so easily. As in this case from Cork, where a desperate man tried to fake his own escape to avoid being caught by the active pressgang of a local warship. However, the poor soul had not reckoned with the Lieutenant on duty. He had gone so far as to go into the church and, surrounded by all the mourners, open the coffin and pull the not-so-dead man out of it and take him with him. Bell, an already experienced sailor from Newcastle, was caught in 1813 and briefly stored in a room of a government building while the press gang went on with their business. Bell almost ended up back in the Navy if it weren't for his sister. She had managed to gain access to him and was there with him to tase the clothes. Now a rather tall and much stronger woman than before left the building and disappeared. A little later it came out what had happened and since women were not allowed to be pressed, she was released.

The liberty of the subject, by James Gillray, 1779 (x)  

 Thanks to a jack trick, a young sailor who had just been discharged from the navy escaped a press gang in 1815. They picked him up in London and just as they were about to take him away, he slipped out of his jacket and ran away. Of course, the press gang ran after him and right into the arms of a group of workers who had placed themselves protectively in front of the fleeing man. Eventually, a big brawl broke out and both groups parted badly battered. The victim himself managed to escape and was not seen again.

 The Pressgang, by George Morland, 1790 (x) 

Another type of rescue was the fictitious arrest. The pressed one was accused by his friends of having committed a minor crime or another minor offense against them, which required a trial and thus took him out of the press gang. It quickly turned out that there was no evidence against him and so he was released, hoping that the press gang had already moved on. But of course they were not stupid and some lieutenants were so smart and just waited in front of the prison to collect the seemingly lost loot. Out of about 10 fictitious arrests, about 5 were recaptured.

The press gang seizing a waterman of Tower Hill on the morning of his marriage day. Illustration from The Comprehensive History of England (Gresham Publishing, 1902) (x) 

Another method was to sign in as a fisherman. There were agents and lawyers who drew up these papers and were in contact with fishermen who earned some money with each new crew member, even if the member never showed up for duty. But this way the men were protected from serving in the Navy.

[josefavomjaaga]

Marshal Ney in Galicia

In 1902, an author named comte de la Bédoyère (I do not know if and how related to the la Bédoyère executed in 1815) wrote a book about Marshal Michel Ney, mostly about his trial and execution. But the appendix also contains several other documents, among them excerpts from the memoirs of a certain general Béchet, Ney's aide-de-camp. The part I translated is about the first months of 1809, Ney's time in Galicia, after Napoleon in January 1809 had quit Spain for France and had left the task of conquering Portugal to his subordinates.

Marshal Soult was put in charge of this operation, in which he was to be assisted by Marshal Ney. The Marshal had sent me to Marshal Soult to discuss with him the positions which the troops of our corps would occupy as his troops moved towards Portugal. I found him near the place of Ferrol, which had not yet been surrendered (it was surrendered the next day). He didn't receive me too well, not because he resented me or even knew me, but because he wasn't on very good terms with my patron. I thought I would starve to death in that unfortunate town of Ferrol, where I had great difficulty in getting a bite to eat, as Marshal Soult had not invited me to dine with his officers.

Bad Soult! Don't kill the messenger (or in this case, don't let him starve) just because it's a messenger from Ney...

I'm unsure what the two marshals had agreed upon with regards to the placement of Ney's troops, who, as Béchet says himself, had the task to support and thus to stay in contact with Soult's corps in Portugal. However, given the two marshals were "not on very good terms" with each other, Ney probably followed a primal instinct and tried to get as much distance between himself and Soult as possible, in going north to La Coruna, while Soult went south into Portugal. Communications soon were interrupted not only with Soult's expedition corps but also with Madrid. But it seems Ney & C. did not mind too much:

Our stay in this town was not without its pleasures. Sometimes we played whist at the marshal's house at one napoleon a card. One evening I lost twenty cards, I didn't have such a large sum with me and I asked the Marshal to give me credit; he sometimes demanded them back from me in jest, I replied in the same tone, and I ended up not paying him. The Marshal, who had only rare relations with King Joseph because the roads were interrupted by the guerillas, was regarded by the Spaniards as the viceroy of the province and had all the powers.

To which I have two remarks: 1) Some people were accused of wanting to make themselves king whenever they found themselves in a similar position. Just saying. And 2) Ney and his aides were not alone in regarding the interruption of communication by guerillas as a given, and to pay little attention to it. Joseph and Jourdan in Madrid, too, waited for an explicit order from an exasperated Napoleon before sending Kellermann to reopen communications with Ney in Galicia (with Soult in Portugal there was no contact at all).

And now comes a rather ... interesting story about what "viceroy" Ney was up to in this new domain of his:

He had the idea of visiting all the women's convents, and there were many, and of telling the nuns and novices that all those who had entered them against their will could leave if they wished. It was playing the role of the tempter, but such was the spirit of the time, and we thought we were doing a meritorious work by acting in this way.

I'm sure you did, you little prick...

In a convent where the nuns had the reputation of being very fanatical, a young novice, with a charming face, threw herself crying at the feet of the Marshal and addressed him in Spanish in a speech that we still only barely understood. Our hearts went out to her, and already more than one gallant knight was offering her his services, ...

Uh-huh...

... but our interpreter told us that, on the contrary, she announced to the Marshal that the Virgin had appeared to her that night, and warned her that that very day she would obtain the dispensation of age necessary to make her vows, and that she had no doubt that the Marshal was the envoy from heaven who had come to grant her the grace she was seeking. The Marshal replied that it did not depend on him, but that he would write to the court. So much for our tender feelings. In fact, I seem to recall that only one of these ladies took advantage of the freedom offered to her; she left the convent to marry an officer who took her back to France with him.

Must have been quite a blow to the self-esteem of all those "gallant knights" trying to free poor enslaved women, for utterly unselfish reasons, of course.

[dailyanarchistposts]

Footnotes, part 12 (final)

[990] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767, book 1, chapter 8.

[991] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767, book 1, chapter 20.

[992] Simonde de Sismondi, J. C. L., “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 3.

[993] Simonde de Sismondi, J. C. L., “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 6.

[994] Senior, Nassau William, “Three Lectures on the Rate of Wages,” of Magdalen College, A.M.; delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter Term 1830, Late Professor of Political Economy, The Second Edition, London; John Murray, Albemarle Street, MDCCXXXI, LONDON: Printed by William Clowks, Stamford Street, lecture 1.

[995] Lloyd, Henry Demarest, “Lords of Industry,” 1910.

[996] Robinson, Margaret Blake, Editor of the Herald Light, “Among the Coal-Miners,” Missionary Review 1902, Vol. 25, pp. 835–39.

[997] Van Kleeck, Mary, “Working Hours of Women in Factories,” Charities and Commons 17 (1906–07), 13–21.

[998] “The Enslavement of American Labor,” by George S. Boutwell. Address Delivered in Faneuil Hall, January 22, 1902, Under the Auspices of the Boston Central Labor Union, (Boston: New England Anti-Imperialist League, 1902).

[999] “Lords of Industry,” by Henry Demarest Lloyd, 1910, chapter 10.

[1000] “Letter From a Birmingham Jail,” written while in jail by Martin Luther King Jr, 1963. Quoted from The Portable Sixties Reader, edited by Ann Charters, a Penguin Classics, page 28.

[1001] “Ideology of the Cuban Revolution,” by Ernesto Che Guevara.

[1002] “Communism and Anarchy,” by Peter Kropotkin, Freedom: July (p30)/August (p38) 1901.

[1003] “Agrarian Justice,” by Thomas Paine.

[1004] “Eight Hours Must Come,” by Robert Green Ingersoll, 1877.

[1005] “A New View of Society,” by Robert Owen, Essay 3, 1816.

[1006] “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties,” 1848.

[eucanthos]

Thomas Thornycroft (UK, 1815 - 1885)

Triumphant Boudica with Doughters on Chariot, 1856-85. Bronze positioned near Westminster Bridge in 1902.

Boudica (also written as Boadicea), Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-ka 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as Buddug.

After a Roman occupation force flogged her and raped her daughters, Celtic Queen Boudicca, led a revolt against Romans in 60 or 61 A.D., took London and finally defeated in 62 AD. Queen Victoria revived the forgotten legendary name.

eucanthos' img edit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica

https://www.history.com/news/who-was-boudica

https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertlz/1308260558

https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/boudica-warrior-queen-iceni-facts

https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2016/05/gettyimages-157905252-2.jpg

[haggishlyhagging]

In 1855, seven years after the first woman's rights convention in the United States (Seneca Falls, 1848), Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and Frances Dana Gage (1808-84) were obliged to defend the women's movement against the accusation of failure, made by one Gerrit Smith.

If this strategy of declaring the women's movement to be 'over' sounds familiar, so too does the feminist stance taken by Stanton and Gage, who in the repudiation of the charge, raised virtually every issue that concerns the modern women's movement. This similarity between the past and the present is not just an interesting coincidence, for what we need to know - and what we have been diverted from discovering - is that this pattern of accusation (and response) has recurred again and again over the last 130 years.

When we are informed today (as many of us are) that the women's movement has run its course and has been unsuccessful in achieving its aims (and it has even been put to me that it has been downhill all the way since 1977, although the precise date was not volunteered), then we are being little short of self-destructive if we treat such declarations seriously. But we are beyond being intimidated - and perhaps even being demoralised - if we treat such statements with the dismissal they deserve, and instead of apologising for our supposed failures, instead of feeling guilty and resolving to change ourselves and to try harder we securely assert that this is but a tired old technique which hasn't worked before and isn’t going to work now. This was the advice of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1855 and when she gave it she drew on the advice and counsel of her foremothers, women such as Mary Astell, 'Sophia' and Frances Wright, who all insisted that women must examine the source and the purpose of these ideas, and must remember that men have a lot to gain if women begin to believe that they are powerless and incapable of changing the social arrangements.

-Dale Spender, Women of Ideas and What Men Have Done to Them

[vintageviewmaster]

Brand: View-Master Company: Sawyer's Inc. Packet Title: Holland Packet Subtitle: N/A Packet Type: souvenir pak Packet Number: B 190 Packet Style: S5 Booklet: Included Reel Numbers: B 1901, B 1902, B 1903 Reel Edition: N/A Date: Undated Copyright: Sawyer's Inc.

souvenir pak Descriptions: Wien Neerlandsch Bloed - National Anthem of Holland

the story of Holland The 57½ million square miles of the earth would seem to most people a generous enough gift of nature and they would be content to leave it at that--but not the Dutch. With some ten million people crowded into an area no larger than tiny Massachusetts and Connecticut combined, they have boldly taken over where nature left off. With the aid of dikes and barriers of sand dunes they have added several million more acres of land to their country. More than half of the nation's population lives below sea level.

The earliest history of these people begins in about 55 B.C. when Julius Caesar, during his campaigns, found this area populated with Celtic and Germanic tribes such as the Belgai, Batavi, Frisians and Saxons. In 15 B.C. under Augustus, the territory was brought under Roman rule. During the third century a powerful Frankish tribe conquered many of the earlier tribes and the Frankish language (the official Dutch language now spoken in Holland) was generally adopted. The Franks accepted Christianity, but it remained for Charlemagne (742-814) to subdue the Frisians and Saxons and force them to accept this new religion.

Under feudal rule cities arose and petty disputes among the rulers enabled these cities to establish some measure of home rule. In the 15th century under Burgundian rule The Netherlands (which until 1830 included Belgium and Luxemburg) gained "The Great Privilege," a charter which greatly curtailed the sovereign's power in local matters. Then by marriage the country came under Spanish rule. The people rebelled and the long war which the Dutch waged against Spain (1468-1648) finally brought financial ruin to the Spaniards. Having freed themselves of Spanish restrictions, the Dutch grew rich with trade during the 17th century and acquired colonial holdings. But a century of decay followed and Holland lost much of its trade and some of its colonies.

In 1795 the country was conquered by the French. In 1815, following Napoleon's downfall, The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed at the Congress of Vienna. The southern provinces, dissatisfied with this union, revolted, and to avoid a general conflict the great powers allowed them to form the separate Kingdom of Belgium. Luxemburg was lost when Queen Wilhelmina came to the throne in 1890 because its law did not then permit female rule.

During World War I the country remained neutral, but in World War II the Germans invaded Holland. Queen Wilhelmina fled to England to carry on the government-in-exile. Dutch resistance lasted only five days, but the German wholesale, systematic destruction of the country left Holland in ruin. The recovery of this country from the war has been remarkable. The government of Holland, now with Queen Juliana as its sovereign, is a constitutional monarchy. Amsterdam is the constitutional capital, but the actual seat of government is in The Hague. The kingdom includes the Netherlands Antilles, Surinam and the western half of New Guinea. Rotterdam, located at the mouths of the two great rivers, the Rhine and the Meuse, is the biggest port in the world next to New York. Amsterdam, the largest city in Holland, rivals Antwerp as diamond-cutting center of the world. A network of 50 canals carves the country into hundreds of tiny islands which are connected by 400 bridges. Bicycles are the major form of transportation and outnumber cars about six to one. This low, flat land has a maritime climate—cool and damp—and strong winds blow steadily from the North Sea. Holland's natural resources are limited and the country imports many raw materials which are processed into finished products for export. Because of its geographical position and excellent harbor, Holland has developed into a great trading, transporting, and brokerage nation.

To foreigners Holland is symbolized by tulips, windmills, picturesque costumes and the quaint story of a boy with his finger in the dike. Tulips they have (and hyacinths) in countless numbers and the sale of bulbs is a serious and thriving business. The windmills are gradually being replaced by steam or electrically driven pumps. There are towns where local costumes are worn, but for the most part the Dutch are as up to date in their dress and ideas as any country on earth. As for the fanciful, fictional tale of the boy who held his finger in the dike all one night and saved his people from the sea, the Dutch--out of politeness to tourists—have erected a statue in his honor. But, as one official puts it, "Polite we are but quaint we ain't."

Population: 11,389,000 Basic Language: Dutch Capital City: The Hague Form of Government: Kingdom Best Known Industry: Raising flower bulbs, manufacture of textiles, clothing, shipbuilding and shoes Comparative Size: Approximately the size of the State of Maryland (13,025 sq. mi.)

[gwendolynlerman]

Separatist and irredentist movements in the world

Martinique

Proposed state: Republic of Martinique

Region: Martinique, France

Ethnic group: Martinicans

Goal: independence

Date: 1950s

Political parties: Martinican Independence Movement

Militant organizations/advocacy groups: -

Current status: inactive

History

1st century - Arawak settlements

11th century - Carib arrival

1502 - Christopher Columbus lands in Martinique

1635 - French claim over the islands

1636, 1658 - the Caribs rise against the settlers

1674 - Dutch conquest attempt

1693, 1759, 1762, 1779, 1794-1815 - British occupation/attacks

1815 - France regains control over the island

1789, 1815, 1822 - slave rebellions

1848 - end of slavery

1902 - volcanic eruption

1946 - Martinique becomes an overseas department

1962 - foundation of the Anticolonial Youth Organization of Martinique

1970s - greater autonomy

1978 - creation of the Martinican Independence Movement

2009 - French Caribbean general strikes

2023 - adoption of the Martinican flag

The French settled in Martinique in the 17th century and had to face many skirmishes and revolts from the indigenous inhabitants, most of whom were killed or expelled.

The island served as a home port for French pirates and was under British occupation on several occasions. Martinique was the first French overseas territory in which slavery was abolished.

In 1902, a volcanic eruption destroyed the former capital city of St. Pierre. The campaign for full independence began in the 1950s, during which several riots broke out. After the general strike, the French president ruled out independence but offered a referendum and more autonomy.

Guadeloupeans

The majority of the population is Afro-Caribbean (80%), but there are also Chinese, European, Indian, Lebanese, and Syrian minorities.

The official language is French, but Martinican Creole is widely spoken. Catholicism is the main religion (91.6%), but there are also Baháʼí, Hindu, and Muslim communities.

Vocabulary

(French - Martinican Creole - English)

Martinique - Matinik/Matnik - Martinique

Mouvement Indépendantiste Martiniquais - Mouvman endépandantis matinitjé/matiniké - Martinican Independence Movement

Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique - ? -   Anticolonial Youth Organization of Martinique

[koleengalang]

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS

“Peopling the Philippines II” shows how the Austronesian / Malayo-Polynesian migrations developed into the different ethnic cultures of the Philippines. Aside from using photographic reference from the late 1900s to the present, De Pio also uses images from the boxer codex, one of the first ethnographic documentations of the different Philippine people, done in 1590. De Pio also writes the names of the native groups both in roman letters, as well as in the traditional script, called baybayin.

“Pre-Hispanic Philippines” is a black and white imagining of life along the coastal kingdoms such as that of Maynila, Namayan, Tondo, Cebu, Butuan, and Sulu. Whereas many of these kingdoms were converted to Islam, their cultures still were strongly a hybrid of older cultures, as well as Chinese influences, whom these chiefdoms had been trading with as early as 900 AD. Other trade relations were also developed with the Siamese, the Viet, the Javanese Majapahit Empire, and the Bornean Srivijaya Empire, among others.

“Galleon Trade” presents the flourishing trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico, between 1565 to 1815. The need to explore Asia, which led to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, was driven by the Europeans’ demand for spices, specifically in India. Although the Spanish did not find India or similar spices in the Philippine archipelago, the wealth of local gold and access to Chinese products proved justification for colonization. The Spaniards spread through the country via the sword, Catholic evangelization, and diplomacy; the latter is best exemplified with the Blood Compact between the conquistador Miguel de Legaspi and Rajah Sikatuna, of Bohol. 

“Breaking Colonial Ties II” relates the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1898), where General Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) took over the revolutionary government, now called the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Finally there is Aguinaldo’s declaration of Philippine Independence, in June 1898, where he formally unfurled the Philippine Flag in Kawit, Cavite, which was made by Marcela Mariño Agoncillo, aided by her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa Natividad.

“Re-asserting Independence” presents the battles between the Filipino forces against the Americans, who had snatched victory from the Philippine revolutionaries in 1898. After a brief respite, the Filipinos, under President Emilio Aguinaldo, fought bravely but unsuccessfully during the Philippine-American War of 1899 to 1902. Two of the leading the Filipino commanders of that time were General Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (1866-1899) and General Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y Sempio (1875-1899).

IN CONCLUSION

The exploration of the Philippines' rich history reveals a complex tapestry of cultural evolution, trade, and resistance. From the early Austronesian migrations that laid the foundation for diverse ethnic cultures to the flourishing maritime trade routes established during the Galleon Trade, the Philippines has always been a convergence point of various influences. The interactions with neighboring regions, including China and Southeast Asia, significantly shaped the local cultures, as evidenced by the hybrid identities formed in pre-Hispanic kingdoms. Furthermore, the documentation of these early peoples through works like the Boxer Codex highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage and acknowledging the roots of Filipino identity. The struggle for independence, as illustrated in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and the subsequent conflicts with American forces, underscores the resilience and determination of the Filipino people. Figures such as General Emilio Aguinaldo and his commanders exemplify the spirit of resistance against colonial powers, marking a significant chapter in the quest for self-determination. The declaration of Philippine Independence in 1898, coupled with the ongoing fight during the Philippine-American War, illustrates the challenges faced by a nation striving to assert its sovereignty. Ultimately, this historical journey reflects not only the complexities of colonial legacies but also the enduring strength of Filipino identity and the continuous struggle for autonomy and recognition in the face of external pressures.

written by: Manaloto, Stephanie Shane Y. & Galang, Koleen M.

[itsurshine]

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS

“Peopling the Philippines II” shows how the Austronesian / Malayo-Polynesian migrations developed into the different ethnic cultures of the Philippines. Aside from using photographic reference from the late 1900s to the present, De Pio also uses images from the boxer codex, one of the first ethnographic documentations of the different Philippine people, done in 1590. De Pio also writes the names of the native groups both in roman letters, as well as in the traditional script, called baybayin.

“Pre-Hispanic Philippines” is a black and white imagining of life along the coastal kingdoms such as that of Maynila, Namayan, Tondo, Cebu, Butuan, and Sulu. Whereas many of these kingdoms were converted to Islam, their cultures still were strongly a hybrid of older cultures, as well as Chinese influences, whom these chiefdoms had been trading with as early as 900 AD. Other trade relations were also developed with the Siamese, the Viet, the Javanese Majapahit Empire, and the Bornean Srivijaya Empire, among others.

“Galleon Trade” presents the flourishing trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico, between 1565 to 1815. The need to explore Asia, which led to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, was driven by the Europeans’ demand for spices, specifically in India. Although the Spanish did not find India or similar spices in the Philippine archipelago, the wealth of local gold and access to Chinese products proved justification for colonization. The Spaniards spread through the country via the sword, Catholic evangelization, and diplomacy; the latter is best exemplified with the Blood Compact between the conquistador Miguel de Legaspi and Rajah Sikatuna, of Bohol. 

“Breaking Colonial Ties II” relates the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1898), where General Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) took over the revolutionary government, now called the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Finally there is Aguinaldo’s declaration of Philippine Independence, in June 1898, where he formally unfurled the Philippine Flag in Kawit, Cavite, which was made by Marcela Mariño Agoncillo, aided by her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa Natividad.

“Re-asserting Independence” presents the battles between the Filipino forces against the Americans, who had snatched victory from the Philippine revolutionaries in 1898. After a brief respite, the Filipinos, under President Emilio Aguinaldo, fought bravely but unsuccessfully during the Philippine-American War of 1899 to 1902. Two of the leading the Filipino commanders of that time were General Antonio Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta (1866-1899) and General Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y Sempio (1875-1899).

IN CONCLUSION

The exploration of the Philippines' rich history reveals a complex tapestry of cultural evolution, trade, and resistance. From the early Austronesian migrations that laid the foundation for diverse ethnic cultures to the flourishing maritime trade routes established during the Galleon Trade, the Philippines has always been a convergence point of various influences. The interactions with neighboring regions, including China and Southeast Asia, significantly shaped the local cultures, as evidenced by the hybrid identities formed in pre-Hispanic kingdoms. Furthermore, the documentation of these early peoples through works like the Boxer Codex highlights the importance of preserving cultural heritage and acknowledging the roots of Filipino identity. The struggle for independence, as illustrated in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and the subsequent conflicts with American forces, underscores the resilience and determination of the Filipino people. Figures such as General Emilio Aguinaldo and his commanders exemplify the spirit of resistance against colonial powers, marking a significant chapter in the quest for self-determination. The declaration of Philippine Independence in 1898, coupled with the ongoing fight during the Philippine-American War, illustrates the challenges faced by a nation striving to assert its sovereignty. Ultimately, this historical journey reflects not only the complexities of colonial legacies but also the enduring strength of Filipino identity and the continuous struggle for autonomy and recognition in the face of external pressures.

written by: Manaloto, Stephanie Shane Y. & Galang, Koleen M.

[uwmspeccoll]

A Feathursday of Wood-Engraved Parrots

This week we showcase some Psittaciformes engraved in wood by the Brothers Dalziel from the Birds volume of The Illustrated Natural History by English natural history writer John George Wood (1827-1889), published in London by George Routledge & Sons in 1865.

J. G. Wood was not a professional zoologist, but rather an ordained priest who relinquished his pastoral duties to become one of the most well-known parson-naturalists of the Victorian era, especially for his numerous publications and his famous public lectures both in Great Britain and America.

The Brothers Dalziel was a prominent family wood-engraving business founded in 1839 by George Dalziel (1815-1902), and composed of four brothers and one sister. The engravings shown here were made from illustrations by several artists, including William Stephen Coleman, Harrison Weir, and T. W. Wood.

View another post with illustrations engraved by the Brothers Dalziel.

View more Feathursday posts.

View moreposts with wood engravings!

[the-mandolorian]

Classic illustrating

“O for the Owl.”

The child's coloured gift book : with one hundred illustrations

By Edward Dalziel, 1817-1905 and George Dalziel, 1815-1902

[aki1975]

Berlin - Hotel Adlon (Berlins kleine Schweiz) - 1907

1740 - 1786: Friedrich der Große. “Preußen war keine Armee mit einem Staat, sondern ein Staat mit einer Armee“

1786 - 1797: Friedrich Wilhelm II.

1797–1840: Friedrich Wilhelm III.

1815: Wiener Kongress. Preußen erhält wichtige Gebiete (Rheinland, Westfalen).

1834: Gründung des Deutschen Zollvereins. Preußen führt eine wirtschaftliche Union ein, die viele deutsche Staaten umfasst, was die wirtschaftliche Integration Deutschlands fördert.

1840–1861: Friedrich Wilhelm IV.

1848: Im Jahr 1848 schrieben Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels das Kommunistische Manifest. Die sozialistischen Ideen wurden politisch bedeutend mit dem Wachstum der SPD in Deutschland, die später einen weniger bedeutenden Anteil am Wähleranteil repräsentierte.

1861–1888: Wilhelm I.

1862: Otto von Bismarck wird Ministerpräsident Preußens.

1866: Sadowa. Der Deutsche Bund wird aufgelöst, und Preußen gründet den Norddeutschen Bund. Der krieg fand statt durch die Uneinigkeit über die Verwaltung der Herzogtümer Schleswig und Holstein nach dem Deutsch-Dänischen Krieg (1864) ausgelöst.

1888–1918: Wilhelm II.

1870: Sedan. Nach dem Sieg erklären die deutschen Fürsten im Spiegelsaal von Versailles Wilhelm I. von Preußen zum Deutschen Kaiser.

1887: Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland wurde größtenteils durch staatliche Aufträge an private Unternehmen wie die Krupp-Stahlwerke vorangetrieben. Als Alfred Krupp im Jahr 1887 starb, wurde der Trauerzug vom deutschen König Wilhelm II. angeführt.

1890: Kaiser Wilhelm II. entlässt Bismarck und übernimmt selbst die Kontrolle über die Politik.

1905: Marokkokrise. Der deutsche Kaiser Wilhelm II. reiste nach Tanger, um die Unabhängigkeit Marokkos zu betonen und Frankreichs Einfluss zu untergraben. Die Krise führte zu erheblichen Spannungen zwischen Frankreich und Deutschland.

1908: in der britischen Zeitung „The Daily Telegraph“ Wilhelm II. stellte sich als großer Freund Englands dar und behauptete, er habe sich während des Burenkriegs (1899–1902) für die britische Sache eingesetzt, obwohl die öffentliche Meinung in Deutschland die Buren unterstützte. Der Kaiser kritisierte mehrere europäische Staaten, insbesondere Frankreich und Russland.

1914: Attentat von Sarajevo. Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs. Die Kriegspläne der deutschen Führung sahen vor, Frankreich durch das neutrale Belgien anzugreifen. Diese Entscheidung führte dazu, dass Großbritannien in den Krieg eintrat.

1916: Schlacht um Verdun. Die längste und blutigste Schlacht an der Westfront.

1917: Die USA erklären Deutschland den Krieg als Reaktion auf den U-Boot-Krieg.

1918: Frieden von Brest-Litowsk: Russland scheidet aus dem Krieg aus. Abdankung von der Kaiser Wilhelm II nach der Novemberrevolution.

1919: Versailler Vertrag. Die Weimarer Republik wurde nach dem Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs und der Abdankung von Kaiser Wilhelm II. gegründet, litt jedoch unter hoher Inflation und hohen Kriegsausgaben.

1925: Hindenburg wird Reichspräsident

1929: Weltwirtschaftskrise

1933: Hitler wird Reichskanzler

1938: Der „Anschluss“ Österreichs an das Deutsche Reich geschah im 1938 jahr.

1939: Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Im Jahr 1938 annektierte das Dritte Reich Österreich durch den sogenannten ‚Anschluss‘ und besetzte später das Sudetenland in der Tschechoslowakei. 1939 folgte die vollständige Besetzung der Tschechoslowakei und der Überfall auf Polen, der den Zweiten Weltkrieg auslöste. Die deutschen Streitkräfte waren zu stark für diese Staaten. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde Danzig durch den Versailler Vertrag zu einer Freien Stadt. Der Krieg begann mit einem deutschen Angriff auf die Westerplatte, ein polnischer Militärposten nahe Danzig. Später, im Jahr 1940, marschierte Deutschland in Belgien, die Niederlande und Frankreich ein. Der Molotow-Ribbentrop-Pakt wurde am 23. August 1939 unterzeichnet.

1940: Blitzkrieg in Westeuropa. Deutschland startet die Offensive gegen Frankreich, Belgien und die Niederlande. Nach der Besetzung Frankreichs begann die Luftschlacht um England (Battle of Britain), die erste direkte militärische Konfrontation zwischen Deutschland und Großbritannien. Die britische Luftwaffe widersteht der deutschen Offensive.

1941: Unternehmen Barbarossa (Lebensraum). Rudolf Hess, einer von Hitlers engsten Vertrauten, flog 1941 eigenmächtig nach Großbritannien, um einen Friedensvorschlag zu überbringen. Die britische Regierung unter Winston Churchill lehnte diese Angebote entschieden ab, da Churchill Hitler als unzuverlässig und gefährlich betrachtete. Pearl Harbor

1942: El Alamein. In Nordafrika kämpften deutsche und italienische Truppen unter Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel gegen die britischen Streitkräfte unter Bernard Montgomery. Die Alliierten unter dem britischen General Bernard Montgomery gewannen die Initiative und fügten den Achsenmächten eine entscheidende Niederlage zu. Der Suezkanal war eine der wichtigsten Nachschublinien der Alliierten, insbesondere für britische Verbindungen nach Indien und Australien. Die Schlacht fiel mit der Operation Torch zusammen, bei der amerikanische und britische Truppen in Nordafrika landeten. Dies zeigte die zunehmende Zusammenarbeit der Alliierten. In der Schlacht um Midway zerstörten die USA vier japanische Flugzeugträger.

1943: Kapitulation in Stalingrad. Deutschland verliert die Kontrolle über Nordafrika. Mussolini wurde am 25. Juli 1943 vom italienischen König Viktor Emanuel III. abgesetzt.

1944: Operation Walküre. D-Day

1945: Die Rote Armee erobert Berlin. Hitler begeht Selbstmord, und Deutschland kapituliert. Atombombe auf Hiroshima

[genealogyrus]

Родословная киноактёра Брэда Питта. ✅ Уильям Брэдли Питт (англ. William Bradley Pitt; род. 18 декабря 1963, Шони, Оклахома, США) — американский актёр и кинопродюсер. Лауреат двух премий «Золотой глобус», двух премий Американской Гильдии киноактёров и двух наград Британской киноакадемии. Обладатель премии «Оскар» как один из продюсеров фильма «12 лет рабства» — победителя в категории «Лучший фильм» на церемонии 2014 года — и за лучшую мужскую роль второго плана в картине «Однажды в Голливуде» (2020). До этого пять раз номинировался на премию «Оскар» (трижды — как актёр и два раза — как продюсер). ✅ Уильям Брэдли Питт родился 18 декабря 1963 года в городе Шони (штат Оклахома, США), вырос в очень религиозной американской семье. Его отец, Уильям Питт, работал менеджером в компании, занимавшейся грузоперевозками, мать, Джейн Этта Хиллхаус — психологом-консультантом в местной школе. Он, его брат Даг Питт и сестра Джулия Питт росли в Спрингфилде (штат Миссури), куда семья переехала вскоре после его рождения. В школе Питт занимался спортом, состоял в дебатном клубе, музыкальной секции и участвовал в студенческом самоуправлении. После школы Уильям поступил в университет Миссури — Колумбия, где изучал журналистику и рекламное дело. Однако после окончания университета по профессии работать он не пошёл, а отправился в Голливуд с целью начать актёрскую карьеру. Там он сменил своё имя на «Брэд Питт». Родословная Брэда Питта 1-е поколение 1. Уильям Брэдли «Брэд» Питт (1963–) 2-е поколение 2. Уильям Элвин «Билл» Питт (ок. 1940–) 3. Джейн Этта Хиллхаус (ок. 1942–) 3-е поколение 4. Элвин Монро Питт (1913–1959) 5. Элизабет Джин «Бетти» Браун (ок. 1922–) 6. Хэл Нокс Хиллхаус (1911–1976) 7. Клара Мэй Белл (1910–2003) 4-е поколение 8. Оливер Браун Питт (1891–1973) 9. Розали «Рози» Доррис (1893–1973) 10. Лестер Б. Браун (1902–1942) 11. Уна Валери Кокер (1903–1997) 12. Эмери А. Хиллхаус (1882–1965) 13. Этта Коулман Уильямс (1888–1982) 14. Финис Алонсо Белл (1867–1918) 15. Ленора Джейн «Нора» Хаммер (1871–1942) 5-е поколение 16. Томас М. Питт (ок. 1849–) 17. Белл Рэй (1854–1936) 18. Джордж У. Доррис (ок. 1852–ок. 1910) 19. Розали Смит (1857–) 20. Джордж У. Браун (ок. 1873–ок. 1940) 21. Синтия Мартин (ок. 1874–) 22. Ричард Огл Кокер (1872–1932) 23. Лора Троттер (1873–1952) 24. Элайджа Бойд Хиллхаус-младший (1843–1909) 25. Малинда Баррел Моррис (1848–1930) 26. Генри Томас «Хай» Уильямс (1864–1947) 27. Ида Мэй Исбелл (1866–1969) 28. Уильям С. Белл (1820–1879) 29. Сара Элизабет «Лиззи» Нис (1836–1910) 30. Феликс Эмери Хаммер (1845–1926) 31. Сара Анджелина Паркер (1845–1926) 6-е поколение 32. Уильям Питт (ок. 1818–) 33. Синтия —-— (ок. 1819–) 34. Уильям Рэй 35. Красавица —--- 44. Джеймс Уильям Харви Кокер (1847–1911) 45. Матильда Огл (1848–1913). 46. ​​Джон М. Троттер (1831–1889) 47. Трифена Флинн (1831–1901) 48. Элайджа Бойд Хиллхаус (1813–1899) 49. Энн Гибсон (1817–1859) 50. Джордан Эмброуз Моррис (1811–1859) 51. Мэри Энн Баттон (1817–1854) 52. —-— Уильямс 53. Сара Г. —--- 54. Томас Райли Исбелл (1835–1922) 55. Мик Энн Хардин Дэвис (1838–1896). 58. Харди Х. Нис (1815–1895) 59. Элис С. Смолл (1821–1908) 60. Энох Лейн Хаммер (1809–1864) 61. Сьюзанна Картрайт Ньюби (1811–1860) 62. Джон Паркер (ок. 1814–1859) 63. Марта Джейн Черри (ок. 1814–1857) 7-е поколение 90. Элайджа Дж. П. Огл (ок. 1822–) 91. Элизабет Коннер (ок. 1824–) 94. Джордж Флинн (ок. 1801–) 96. Джордж Х. Хиллхаус 98. Джеймс Х. Гибсон (1792–1872) 99. Джейн Энн Даудл (1795–1879) 102. Элиас Баттон (1783–1823) 103. Нэнси Сеттл (1791–1852) 110. Уильям Райли Дэвис (1817–1899) 111. Кристина Аделина Хикман (1816–1872) 116. (вероятно) Джон Нис (ок. 1781–1842) 117. (вероятно) Махулда Эллис (ок. 1786–1861) 120. Аарон Хаммер (ок. 1778–ок. 1856) 121. Хестер Лейн (1780–1819) 122. Джеймс Уэйли Ньюби 123. Орфа Фрэнсис Хопкинс 8-е поколение 192. Джеймс Хиллхаус 196. Джордж Гибсон (1763–) 197. Энн Нокс 198. Джеймс Даудл (ок. 1778–ок. 1808) 199. Энн Пикенс (ок. 1776–1841) 204. Харман Баттон (ок. 1753–1822) 205. Сара Фишбек (около 1753–1821). 206. Уильям Сеттл (1770–1808) 207. Элизабет Хоффман (ок. 1772–ок. 1808) 222. Эллиот Хикман (1783–) 223. Нэнси Исбелл (1787–1870) 234. Джеймс Эллис (1758–1817) 235. Сара Риггс (ок. 1760–ок. 1845) 240. Элиша Хаммер 241. Элизабет —--- 9-е поколение 384. Уильям Хиллхаус 396. Роберт Даудл (ок. 1744–1820) 397. Мэри Гивенс (–1823) 398. Джозеф Уильям Пикенс (1737–1781) 399. Элеонора Баскин Пикенс (1746–1803) 408. Джон Баттон-младший (–ок. 1785) 409. Сюзанна Хоппер (–стр. 1781) 410. Джон Фредерик Фишбек (ок. 1716–1782) 411. Энн Элизабет Хольцкло (ок. 1725–ок. 1759) 412. Джордж Сеттл (ок. 1735–1820) 413. Мэри Морган (ок. 1736–) 414. Тильман Хоффман (1744–1815) 415. Маргарет —-— (–стр. 1810) 444. Эдвин Хикман (1762–1857) 445. Пэтси Энн Исбелл (1762–1850) 10-е поколение 796. Эндрю Пикенс (–ок. 1756) 797. Нэнси Энн Дэвис (–около 1760 г.). 798. Джон Пикенс (–ок. 1773) 799. Элеонора —-— (–стр. 1773) 816. Джон Баттон (–ок. 1770) 818. Томас Хоппер (–ок. 1809) 819. Мэри Энн Джордж (–стр. 1803) 820. Иоганнес Фишбах (1691–1733). 821. Агнес Катарина Хэгер (1697–1725). 822. Ганс Якоб Хольцкло (около 1683–1760). 823. Анна Маргарета Оттербах (1686–1730) 824. Айзек Сеттл (ок. 1700–ок. 1752) 825. Черити Браун 826. Уильям Морган 827. Мэри Дункан 828. Ганс Генрих Хофманн (ок. 1712–ок. 1783) 829. Анна Маргарет Хюттенхен (1713–1793). 888. Эдвин Хикман 889. Фиби Истман 11-е поколение 1592. Уильям Генри Пикенс 1593. Маргарет —--- 1596. Уильям Генри Пикенс — То же, что и #1592 1597. Маргарет —-— — То же, что и #1593 1632. Роберт Баттон 1638. Уильям Джордж (–ок. 1783) 1640. Филип Фишбах (1661–) 1641. Элизабет Хаймбах (ок. 1662–) 1642. Иоганн Генрих Хегер (1644–1737). 1643. Анна Катерина Фризенхаген (1663–стр. 1733) 1644. Ганс Генрих Хольцкло (ок. 1647–1711) 1645. Гертрут —-— (–a1692) 1646. Герман Оттербах (ок. 1664–ок. 1724) 1647. Элизабет Хаймбах (1662–1724). 1648. Джон Сеттл (ок. 1660–ок. 1738) 1649. Мэри Стротер 1650. Максфилд Браун 1654. Джон Дункан 1656. Ганс Генрих Хофман (1680–) 1657. Анна Маргарета Мюллер 1658. Петер Иоганн Хюттенхен (1675–1738). 1659. Анна Элизабет Шпильман (1675–1751) 1776. Эдвин Хикман (–ок. 1769) 1777. Элеонора Эллиотт 12-е поколение 3184. Роберт Андре Пикон 3185. Эстер Жанна Бонно 3192. Робер Андре Пикон — То же, что №3184. 3193. Эстер Жанна Бонно — То же, что №3185. 3280. Иоганнес Фишбах (1631–) 3281. Катарина Хаймбах (1630–1685). 3282. Иоганнес Хаймбах (1632–1683). 3283. Клара —--- 3284. Генри Хегер (ок. 1595–) 3285. Гуда —--- 3286. Якоб Фризенхаген (ок. 1629–ок. 1675) 3287. Анна Мария Дреслер (1637–1675). 3288. Иоганн Хольцкло (ок. 1609–стр. 1664) 3289. Хебель —--- 3292. Иоганнес Оттербах (1622–1696) 3293. Анна Сталл (1629–1698). 3294. Филипп Хаймбах (около 1634–1685). 3295. Мария Катерина Фишбах (1640–1677). 3296. Фрэнсис Сеттл (ок. 1635–ок. 1708) 3297. Элизабет —--- 3298. Уильям Стротер (–a1687) 3300. Уильям Браун (–стр. 1676) 3301. Элизабет —--- 3312. Иоганн Генрих Хофман (ок. 1653–) 3313. Анна Катарина Орндорф 3314. Эберхард Мюллер 3316. Иоганн Хюттенхен (около 1638–1719). 3317. Агнес Клапперт (1641–1705). 3318. Иоганнес Шпильман (1641–1713). 3319. Анна —-— (–стр. 1675) 3552. Томас Хикман 3553. Марта Такер 13-е поколение 6560. Йохан Фишбах (ок. 1600–1672). 6561. Лисс —-— (–стр. 1631) 6562. Георг Хаймбах (ок. 1610–1672) 6563. Элизабет —--- 6564. Иоганнес Хаймбах (ок.1611–1637). 6565. Элизабет —--- 6572. Вильгельм Фризенхаген (около 1595–1648). 6573. Анна Эльза Эгер (–1646). 6574. Якоб Дреслер 6576. Вильгельм Хольцклау (ок. 1573–ок. 1636) 6577. Флендер —--- 6584. Иоганнес Оттербах (ок. 1590–1624) 6585. Оттилия Шнайдер (–p1656) 6586. Йост Стюэлл (ок. 1595–ок. 1666) 6587. Эла Бер (–a1666) 6588. Георг Хаймбах (ок. 1610–1672) 6589. Элизабет —--- 6590. Иоганн Фишбах (около 1605–1679). 6591. Гела —--- 6624. Хен или Иоганн Хофман 6625. Анна Катарина Брук 6626. Йоханнес Орндорф 6632. Иоганн Хюттенхен (около 1605–) 6633. Эльза Хайндж (–1666) 6636. Иоганнес Шпильман (ок. 1595–1670). 6637. Агнес Кни (c1609–p1665). 7106. Генри Такер 7107. Элтонхед Конвей 14-е поколение 13120. Вильгельм Фишбах (c1565–p1630) 13124. Йост Хаймбах (около 1585–1666). 13128. Иоганн Хаймбах (ок. 1573–1636). 13144. Корнелиус Фризенхаген (ок. 1555–ок. 1612) 13145. Катарина Зибель (–p1618) 13146. Иоганн Эге 13152. Франц Хольцклау (ок. 1550–) 13168. Иоганнес Оттербах (ок. 1560–ок. 1599) 13169. Демут —--- 13172. Ганс Стюэлл (ок.1575–ок.1624). 13173. Ной —--- 13174. Якоб Бер (ок. 1570–стр. 1629) 13176. Йост Хаймбах (около 1585–1666). 13180. Иоганн Фишбах (около 1565–1641). 13181. —-— Люк (–a1624) 13248. Иоганнес Хофман (ок.1593–ок.1648). 13250. Эберхардт Брук 13264. Йоханнес Хюттенхен (около 1575–) 13265. Гертруда Буш 13266. Ханнес Хайнге 13272. Антон Шпильман (ок. 1580–1627). 14214. Эдвин Конвей (ок. 1610–ок. 1660/61) 14215. Марта Элтонхед (ок. 1613–стр. 1653/54) 15-е поколение 26240. Вильгельм Фишбах (около 1540–) 26288. Томас Фризенхаген (ок. 1515–) 26304. Иоганн Хольцклау (ок. 1525–1578) 26305. Ох —--- 26344. Ганс Стюэлл (около 1535–1599). 26345. Гертруда —-— (–a1591) 26348. Пиво Goebel (ок. 1540–1599) 26360. Тайсс Фишбах (около 1515–1565 гг.) 26361. Трейна —--- 26362. Петер Люк 26528. Йоханнес Хюттенхен (около 1550–) 26530. Йоханнес Буш 26544. Иоганн Шпильман (около 1553–) 28430. Ричард Элтонхед (1580/81–1664) 28431. Энн Саттон (1590–1654). 16-е поколение 52480. Тайсс Фишбах (c1515–c1565) — то же, что #26360. 52481. Трейна —-— — То же, что #26361. 52608. Хайт Гримм 52720. Иоганн Фишбах (около 1468–1543 гг.) 52721. Нессе —-— (–стр. 1563) 53056. Тильманн Хюттенхен (около 1530–) 53088. Готхард Шпильман (около 1526–1588 гг.) 56860. Уильям Элтонхед 56861. Энн Бауэрс 56862. Эдвард Саттон (–стр. 1607) 56863. 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