#(1815-1902)

[thefugitivesaint]

George Dalziel (1815-1902) & Edward Dalziel (1817-1905), 'Doctor Donkey', ''Little Buttercup's Picture Book'', 1881 Source

[ltwilliammowett]

Evading Impressment

Escaping from a pressgang was not an easy thing to do. You might manage to escape a crimper and not take his shilling. And maybe you were even exempt from pressment, which meant that you had a letter from the admiralty (rather from the sick and hurt board) exempting you from service because of a serious health problem. However, this was dissolved in 1803 because there were simply too few men and so those who were considered unfit were allowed to be forced back into service. This process was called Hot Press.

The Neglected Tar, c. 1800, evokes the effects of impressment on a seaman's family and home. (x) 

But now we come to how you could actively escape a pressgang and you had to be very creative, because the men could not be tricked so easily. As in this case from Cork, where a desperate man tried to fake his own escape to avoid being caught by the active pressgang of a local warship. However, the poor soul had not reckoned with the Lieutenant on duty. He had gone so far as to go into the church and, surrounded by all the mourners, open the coffin and pull the not-so-dead man out of it and take him with him. Bell, an already experienced sailor from Newcastle, was caught in 1813 and briefly stored in a room of a government building while the press gang went on with their business. Bell almost ended up back in the Navy if it weren't for his sister. She had managed to gain access to him and was there with him to tase the clothes. Now a rather tall and much stronger woman than before left the building and disappeared. A little later it came out what had happened and since women were not allowed to be pressed, she was released.

The liberty of the subject, by James Gillray, 1779 (x)  

 Thanks to a jack trick, a young sailor who had just been discharged from the navy escaped a press gang in 1815. They picked him up in London and just as they were about to take him away, he slipped out of his jacket and ran away. Of course, the press gang ran after him and right into the arms of a group of workers who had placed themselves protectively in front of the fleeing man. Eventually, a big brawl broke out and both groups parted badly battered. The victim himself managed to escape and was not seen again.

 The Pressgang, by George Morland, 1790 (x) 

Another type of rescue was the fictitious arrest. The pressed one was accused by his friends of having committed a minor crime or another minor offense against them, which required a trial and thus took him out of the press gang. It quickly turned out that there was no evidence against him and so he was released, hoping that the press gang had already moved on. But of course they were not stupid and some lieutenants were so smart and just waited in front of the prison to collect the seemingly lost loot. Out of about 10 fictitious arrests, about 5 were recaptured.

The press gang seizing a waterman of Tower Hill on the morning of his marriage day. Illustration from The Comprehensive History of England (Gresham Publishing, 1902) (x) 

Another method was to sign in as a fisherman. There were agents and lawyers who drew up these papers and were in contact with fishermen who earned some money with each new crew member, even if the member never showed up for duty. But this way the men were protected from serving in the Navy.

[uwmspeccoll]

A Feathursday of Wood-Engraved Parrots

This week we showcase some Psittaciformes engraved in wood by the Brothers Dalziel from the Birds volume of The Illustrated Natural History by English natural history writer John George Wood (1827-1889), published in London by George Routledge & Sons in 1865.

J. G. Wood was not a professional zoologist, but rather an ordained priest who relinquished his pastoral duties to become one of the most well-known parson-naturalists of the Victorian era, especially for his numerous publications and his famous public lectures both in Great Britain and America.

The Brothers Dalziel was a prominent family wood-engraving business founded in 1839 by George Dalziel (1815-1902), and composed of four brothers and one sister. The engravings shown here were made from illustrations by several artists, including William Stephen Coleman, Harrison Weir, and T. W. Wood.

View another post with illustrations engraved by the Brothers Dalziel.

View more Feathursday posts.

View moreposts with wood engravings!

[josefavomjaaga]

Marshal Ney in Galicia

In 1902, an author named comte de la Bédoyère (I do not know if and how related to the la Bédoyère executed in 1815) wrote a book about Marshal Michel Ney, mostly about his trial and execution. But the appendix also contains several other documents, among them excerpts from the memoirs of a certain general Béchet, Ney's aide-de-camp. The part I translated is about the first months of 1809, Ney's time in Galicia, after Napoleon in January 1809 had quit Spain for France and had left the task of conquering Portugal to his subordinates.

Marshal Soult was put in charge of this operation, in which he was to be assisted by Marshal Ney. The Marshal had sent me to Marshal Soult to discuss with him the positions which the troops of our corps would occupy as his troops moved towards Portugal. I found him near the place of Ferrol, which had not yet been surrendered (it was surrendered the next day). He didn't receive me too well, not because he resented me or even knew me, but because he wasn't on very good terms with my patron. I thought I would starve to death in that unfortunate town of Ferrol, where I had great difficulty in getting a bite to eat, as Marshal Soult had not invited me to dine with his officers.

Bad Soult! Don't kill the messenger (or in this case, don't let him starve) just because it's a messenger from Ney...

I'm unsure what the two marshals had agreed upon with regards to the placement of Ney's troops, who, as Béchet says himself, had the task to support and thus to stay in contact with Soult's corps in Portugal. However, given the two marshals were "not on very good terms" with each other, Ney probably followed a primal instinct and tried to get as much distance between himself and Soult as possible, in going north to La Coruna, while Soult went south into Portugal. Communications soon were interrupted not only with Soult's expedition corps but also with Madrid. But it seems Ney & C. did not mind too much:

Our stay in this town was not without its pleasures. Sometimes we played whist at the marshal's house at one napoleon a card. One evening I lost twenty cards, I didn't have such a large sum with me and I asked the Marshal to give me credit; he sometimes demanded them back from me in jest, I replied in the same tone, and I ended up not paying him. The Marshal, who had only rare relations with King Joseph because the roads were interrupted by the guerillas, was regarded by the Spaniards as the viceroy of the province and had all the powers.

To which I have two remarks: 1) Some people were accused of wanting to make themselves king whenever they found themselves in a similar position. Just saying. And 2) Ney and his aides were not alone in regarding the interruption of communication by guerillas as a given, and to pay little attention to it. Joseph and Jourdan in Madrid, too, waited for an explicit order from an exasperated Napoleon before sending Kellermann to reopen communications with Ney in Galicia (with Soult in Portugal there was no contact at all).

And now comes a rather ... interesting story about what "viceroy" Ney was up to in this new domain of his:

He had the idea of visiting all the women's convents, and there were many, and of telling the nuns and novices that all those who had entered them against their will could leave if they wished. It was playing the role of the tempter, but such was the spirit of the time, and we thought we were doing a meritorious work by acting in this way.

I'm sure you did, you little prick...

In a convent where the nuns had the reputation of being very fanatical, a young novice, with a charming face, threw herself crying at the feet of the Marshal and addressed him in Spanish in a speech that we still only barely understood. Our hearts went out to her, and already more than one gallant knight was offering her his services, ...

Uh-huh...

... but our interpreter told us that, on the contrary, she announced to the Marshal that the Virgin had appeared to her that night, and warned her that that very day she would obtain the dispensation of age necessary to make her vows, and that she had no doubt that the Marshal was the envoy from heaven who had come to grant her the grace she was seeking. The Marshal replied that it did not depend on him, but that he would write to the court. So much for our tender feelings. In fact, I seem to recall that only one of these ladies took advantage of the freedom offered to her; she left the convent to marry an officer who took her back to France with him.

Must have been quite a blow to the self-esteem of all those "gallant knights" trying to free poor enslaved women, for utterly unselfish reasons, of course.

[dailyanarchistposts]

Footnotes, part 1

[1] Barbon, Nicholas, “A Discourse on Trade,” 1690, Section: “Of the Value and Price of Wares.”

[2] Hale, Matthew, “A Discourse Touching Provision for the Poor,” 1683. Chapter 3.

[3] Barbon, Nicholas, “A Discourse on Trade,” 1690, Section: “Of the Use and Benefit of Trade.”

[4] Petty, William, “Political Arithmetick,” 1690, chapter 1.

[5] Petty, William, “Political Arithmetick,” 1690, chapter 1.

[6] Petty, William, “Political Arithmetick,” 1690, chapter 1.

[7] Petty, William, “Political Arithmetick,” 1690, chapter 1.

[8] Hume, David, “Of Commerce,” Date Unknown.

[9] Paine, Thomas, “Agrarian Justice,” Date Unknown.

[10] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 4.

[11] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 5.

[12] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 10.

[13] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 10.

[14] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 16.

[15] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 19.

[16] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 20.

[17] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” 1767, chapter 3.

[18] Malthus, Thomas, “The Grounds of an Opinion on the Policy of Restricting the Importation of Foreign Corn,” 1815.

[19] Malthus, Thomas, “The Grounds of an Opinion on the Policy of Restricting the Importation of Foreign Corn,” 1815.

[20] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 2

[21] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 3

[22] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 7

[23] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 7

[24] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 2

[25] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 4

[26] Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Leonard Simonde de, “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 4

[27] Hodgskin, Thomas, “Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital,” 1825.

[28] Hodgskin, Thomas, “Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital,” 1825.

[29] Hodgskin, Thomas, “Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital,” 1825.

[30] Hodgskin, Thomas, “Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital,” 1825.

[31] Senior, Nassau, “Three Lectures on the Rate of Wages,” 1830, lecture 3.

[32] Senior, Nassau, “Three Lectures on the Rate of Wages,” 1830, lecture 3.

[33] Marx, Karl, “Wage Labour and Capital,” 1847, chapter 5.

[34] Marx, Karl, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” 1848, section: Bourgeois and Proletarians.

[35] Engels, Friedrich, “The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man,” May-June 1876.

[36] Veblen, Thorstein, “The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor,” American Journal of Sociology, volume 4 (1898–99).

[37] McDowell, John, “The Life of a Coal Miner,” 1902.

[38] Lloyd, Henry Demarest, “Lords of Industry,” 1910, chapter 9.

[39] Giblin, L.F., “Australia, 1930,” 1930.

[40] Food mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 311.

[41] Beverage & tobacco product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 312.

[42] Textile mills. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 313.

[43] Textile product mills. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 314.

[44] Apparel mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 315.

[45] Leather & allied product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 316.

[46] Wood product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 321.

[47] Paper mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 322.

[48] Printing & related support activities. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 323.

[49] Petroleum & coal products mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 324.

[50] Chemical mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 325.

[51] Plastics & rubber products mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 326.

[52] Nonmetallic mineral product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 327.

[53] Primary metal mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 331.

[54] Fabricated metal product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 332.

[55] Machinery mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 333.

[56] Computer & electronic product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 334.

[57] Electrical equip, appliance & component mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 335.

[58] Transportation equipment mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 336.

[59] Furniture & related product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 337.

[60] Miscellaneous mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 339.

[61] Based on the information of all major manufacturing industries. Food mfg (NAICS 311), Beverage & tobacco product mfg (NAICS 312), Textile mills (NAICS 313), Textile product mills (NAICS 314), Apparel mfg (NAICS 315), Leather & allied product mfg (NAICS 316), Wood product mfg (NAICS 321), Paper mfg (NAICS 322), Printing & related support activities (NAICS 323), Petroleum & coal products mfg (NAICS 324), Chemical mfg (NAICS 325), Plastics & rubber products mfg (NAICS 326), Nonmetallic mineral product mfg (NAICS 327), Primary metal mfg (NAICS 331), Fabricated metal product mfg (NAICS 332), Machinery mfg (NAICS 333), Computer & electronic product mfg (NAICS 334), Electrical equip, appliance & component mfg (NAICS 335), Transportation equipment mfg (NAICS 336), Furniture & related product mfg (NAICS 337), Miscellaneous mfg (NAICS 339). U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration.

[62] Computer & electronic product mfg. U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census; International Trade Administration. NAICS 334.

[63] Gervaise, Isaac, “The System or Theory of the Trade of the World,” 1720. London, Printed by H. Woodfall; and Sold by J. Roberts, near the Oxford-Arms in Warwick-Lane, MDCCXX, (Price Sixpence). Section: Of Gold and Silver, or Real Denominator.

[64] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 1.

[65] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 4.

[66] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 11.

[67] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 18.

[68] Simonde de Sismondi, J. C. L., “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 2.

[69] Leslie, T. E. Cliffe, “The Love of Money,” published in November, 1862, in a periodical which has ceased to exist.

[70] Jevons, William Stanley, “Brief Account of a General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy,” published by The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, XXIX (June 1866), pp. 282–87. Section F of the British Association, 1862.

[71] Chicago Daily Tribune, “Protest of Labor: Mass Meeting Held to Denounce the Sweat Shops,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 February 1893, pages 1–2.

[72] Stevenson, Robert Alston, “The Poor in Summer,” Scribner’s Magazine, XXX, (September 1901): 259–277.

[73] Schumpeter, Joseph, “On the Concept of Social Value,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, volume 23, 1908–9. Pp. 213–232. Section I.

[74] Lloyd, Henry Demarest, “Lords of Industry,” 1910, chapter 2.

[75] Knight, Frank H., “Ethics and the Economic Interpretation,” originally published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics 36 (May 1922): 454–81; reprinted in The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935), 19–40.

[76] Knight, Frank H., “Ethics and the Economic Interpretation,” originally published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics 36 (May 1922): 454–81; reprinted in The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935), 19–40.

[77] Knight, Frank H., “Ethics and the Economic Interpretation,” originally published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics 36 (May 1922): 454–81; reprinted in The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935), 19–40.

[78] North, Dudley, “Discourses Upon Trade; Principally Directed to the Cases of the Interest, Coynage, Clipping, Increase of Money,” London: Printed for Tho. Basset, at the George in Fleet Street, 1691. Section: A Discourse Concerning Abatement of Interest, part III.

[79] North, Dudley, “Discourses Upon Trade; Principally Directed to the Cases of the Interest, Coynage, Clipping, Increase of Money,” London: Printed for Tho. Basset, at the George in Fleet Street, 1691. Section: A Discourse of Coyned Money.

[80] Beccaria Bonesaria, Marqui Caesar, “A Discourse on Public Economy and Commerce,” Date Unknown.

[81] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, preface.

[82] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 7.

[83] Simonde de Sismondi, J. C. L., “Political Economy,” 1815, chapter 2.

[84] Jevons, William Stanley, “Brief Account of a General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy,” published by The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, XXIX (June 1866), pp. 282–87. Section F of the British Association, 1862.

[85] Jevons, William Stanley, “Brief Account of a General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy,” published by The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, XXIX (June 1866), pp. 282–87. Section F of the British Association, 1862.

[86] Morgan, T. J., “Report by Mrs. T. J. Morgan,” Report of the Committee on Manufactures on the Sweating System (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1893), page 92.

[87] Veblen, Thorstein, “The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor,” American Journal of Sociology, volume 4 (1898–99).

[88] Veblen, Thorstein, “The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor,” American Journal of Sociology, volume 4 (1898–99).

[89] Veblen, Thorstein, “The Instinct of Workmanship and the Irksomeness of Labor,” American Journal of Sociology, volume 4 (1898–99).

[90] Schumpeter, Joseph, “On the Concept of Social Value,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, volume 23, 1908–9. Pp. 213–232, section I.

[91] Knight, Frank H., “Ethics and the Economic Interpretation,” originally published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics 36 (May 1922): 454–81; reprinted in The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935), 19–40.

[92] Smith, Adam, “Wealth of Nations,” book 1, chapter 2.

[93] North, Dudley, “Discourses Upon Trade; Principally Directed to the Cases of the Interest, Coynage, Clipping, Increase of Money,” London: Printed for Tho. Basset, at the George in Fleet Street, 1691. Section: A Discourse Concerning Abatement of Interest, part III.

[94] North, Dudley, “Discourses Upon Trade; Principally Directed to the Cases of the Interest, Coynage, Clipping, Increase of Money,” London: Printed for Tho. Basset, at the George in Fleet Street, 1691. Section: A Discourse Concerning Abatement of Interest, part III.

[95] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 12.

[96] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 20.

[97] Steuart, James, “An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy,” London: Printed for A. Millar, and T. Cadell, in the Strand., 1767. Book 1, chapter 10.

[98] Marx, Karl, “Wage Labour and Capital,” delivered December 1847, published in an 1891 pamphlet that was edited and translated by Frederick Engels, first published (in German) in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 5–8 and 11, 1849. Chapter 3.

[99] Kelley, Florence, “The Sweating System of Chicago,” Bureau of Statistics of Labor of Illinois [Florence Kelley], part II in Seventh Biennial Report 1892 (Springfield, Ill.: H.K. Rokker, 1893), pp. 378–379, 396.

[100] Gould, E. R. L., “The Housing Problem in Great Cities,” Quarterly Review of Economics 14 (1899–1900), 378–393.

[eucanthos]

Thomas Thornycroft (UK, 1815 - 1885)

Triumphant Boudica with Doughters on Chariot, 1856-85. Bronze positioned near Westminster Bridge in 1902.

Boudica (also written as Boadicea), Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-ka 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as Buddug.

After a Roman occupation force flogged her and raped her daughters, Celtic Queen Boudicca, led a revolt against Romans in 60 or 61 A.D., took London and finally defeated in 62 AD. Queen Victoria revived the forgotten legendary name.

eucanthos' img edit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica

https://www.history.com/news/who-was-boudica

https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertlz/1308260558

https://www.mentalfloss.com/posts/boudica-warrior-queen-iceni-facts

https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2016/05/gettyimages-157905252-2.jpg

[eldritchboop]

18 Lost Alchemy and Occult Science Books Works Of Sir George Ripley

The Lost Book Project charges $9 for this collection. If you found this roundup useful, please consider donating to the Internet Archive instead.

The Magus: A Complete System of Occult Philosophy (1801)

Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery by M. A. Atwood (1850)

Alchemy - Rediscovered and Restored by Archibold Cockren (1914)

Ancient Cures, Charms, and Usages of Ireland: Contributions to Irish Lore by L. Wilde (1890)

Aphorismi Urbigerani by B. Urbigerus (1690)

Works Of Sir George Ripley #######

Chymische Hochzeit by C. Rosencreutz (1616)

Collectanea Chemica: Being Certain Select Treatises on Alchemy and Hermetic Medicine by Arthur Waite (1893)

Atalanta Fugiens by Michael Maiers (1617)

Dictionnaire Mytho-Hermétique - A-J. Pernety (1758)

Evphrates -  T. Vaughan (1655) Geschichte der Alchemie - K. C. Schmeider (1832)

Hercules Piochymicus - P. J. Fabre (1634)

The Alchemical Writings of Edward Kelly - E. Kelly (1893) The Lives of Alchemystical Philosophers by F. Barrett (1815)

The Mystery and Romance of Alchemy and Pharmacy by C. J. S. Thompson (1897)

The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry - M. M. P. Muir (1902)

The Turba Philosophorum by E. A. Waite (1896)

[haggishlyhagging]

In 1855, seven years after the first woman's rights convention in the United States (Seneca Falls, 1848), Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) and Frances Dana Gage (1808-84) were obliged to defend the women's movement against the accusation of failure, made by one Gerrit Smith.

If this strategy of declaring the women's movement to be 'over' sounds familiar, so too does the feminist stance taken by Stanton and Gage, who in the repudiation of the charge, raised virtually every issue that concerns the modern women's movement. This similarity between the past and the present is not just an interesting coincidence, for what we need to know - and what we have been diverted from discovering - is that this pattern of accusation (and response) has recurred again and again over the last 130 years.

When we are informed today (as many of us are) that the women's movement has run its course and has been unsuccessful in achieving its aims (and it has even been put to me that it has been downhill all the way since 1977, although the precise date was not volunteered), then we are being little short of self-destructive if we treat such declarations seriously. But we are beyond being intimidated - and perhaps even being demoralised - if we treat such statements with the dismissal they deserve, and instead of apologising for our supposed failures, instead of feeling guilty and resolving to change ourselves and to try harder we securely assert that this is but a tired old technique which hasn't worked before and isn’t going to work now. This was the advice of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1855 and when she gave it she drew on the advice and counsel of her foremothers, women such as Mary Astell, 'Sophia' and Frances Wright, who all insisted that women must examine the source and the purpose of these ideas, and must remember that men have a lot to gain if women begin to believe that they are powerless and incapable of changing the social arrangements.

-Dale Spender, Women of Ideas and What Men Have Done to Them

[impetuous-impulse]

Ney’s Execution; Victor’s Remorse

If, in the year of 1815, all eyes are turned to Luxembourg, it is not to admire the Haute Chambre itself, but because a resounding event took place there: Ney first appeared before a council of war that declared itself incompetent; according to his own wishes, he is brought before the Chamber of Peers constituting a Court of Justice. A climate of revenge permeates royalist circles, excepting the King, a fine politician, who would have done without a lynching. His entourage, however, burns to make an example, a sort of expiatory sacrifice. On 4 December [1815], the Peers meet and debate for two days. The result is without appeal: one single Peer, the duke of Broglie, speaks with courage against the condemnation; five abstain; seventeen vote for deportation; a hundred and thirty eight vote for death. They considered themselves judges rather than jurors; they thus enforced the law. Victor voted with the majority, undoubtedly with a heavy heart; in any case in each of the two ballots, he voted for the death of his former companion-in-arms, as did Maison, former chief of staff of Victor and Ney’s companion-in-suffering in Russia. The King will not use his right of pardon and Ney will be shot on 7 December. It seems that Victor, throughout his life, will suffer from remorse of this decision [...]

Jean-Pierre Tarin, Le Maréchal Victor: loyal sous Napoléon, fidèle sous la Restauration, p. 280.

It is common knowledge in Napoleonic circles that Victor voted for Ney’s death, and the circulated claim that Victor regretted his choice for the rest of his life intrigued me as soon as I saw it. From where was it sourced and how valid was the source? The Tarin biography of Victor skims over Victor’s reaction to Ney’s fate (more emphasis was given to figures of the Restoration in the succeeding passages—men, money, dates). Worse, the account Tarin gives of the trial and execution does not seem to be sourced, as if a memory-based anecdote. Evidently, from Tarin’s perspective, Victor’s alleged “remorse” is unimportant to his life. I am sure many reading this would agree with Tarin—it would be more telling to act as one believes in the moment than to cry over spilt milk. Indeed, acting in the moment is what the Marshals are known for, and it's why We Don't Talk About Victor Marshals that fit the archetype are more likeable.

The Le Coustumier biography is sympathetic to Victor. It circulates the same claim with more detail, and fortunately, the source is mentioned (p. 284).

If we are to believe Count André Martinet in an article published in Janurary 1902 in Le Figaro, (as Martinet could consult the Bellune family archives and speak with [Victor’s] descendants,) the death of Ney tormented Victor’s conscience through his remaining life. He reports: “But there was a day in the year where the Duke of Bellune did not appear at the family table, where he refused to receive even the most intimate of his friends: 7 December, which witnessed Ney's execution.* (…) Why, he often said, did my poor comrade refuse to appear before a council of war composed of the Marshals of France? If we were obliged to pronounce a condemnation, rather than executing the sentence, we would all have returned our batons to the hands of the King, and he would have been compelled to give pardon.” * The death of Ney pursued Victor to his grave. It was the 7 and 8 March 1841 that the eldest son of the Prince of Moscow made his entrance after ten years of waiting into the Chamber of Peers, demanding in vain the rehabilitation of his father. On both days, Victor was resting at Saint Louis des Invalides, to be buried on 9 March at Père Lachaise.

A note on the footnotes: Victor had died on 1 March 1841, so Le Coustumier may be stretching the metaphor a little. It might be more logical to say that Marshal Ney was left unrecognised until more favourable hands seized political power. The italics are my emphasis, for clarity. pp. 280-281 of the Le Coustumier quotes Augereau (unsourced!) on a similar note.

Weakened by his remorse, Augereau confessed on his deathbed, seven months later: “We were cowards. We should have declared ourselves competent despite Ney’s objections. If we had done so, he would at least have lived."

Augereau's words are believable enough. Do we buy Victor’s “remorse”?

The source from which the claim is taken from should not be disregarded entirely—Le Figaro is still recognised as an authoritative and independent newspaper—but it does have conservative tendencies, and has largely catered to a middle, if not the upper-middle class. To put it in context, the author of the article was a count, writing about a former government official with a similar status to himself, and conducted interviews with said official’s descendants. As a result of the individuals involved and the demographic the newspaper caters to (one similar to the featured individual), the writer would be more likely to portray Victor in a positive light. If remorse does not exonerate Victor, it softens his cruelties and paints his decision as a one-off mistake instead of condemning his character flaws. Is repenting for twenty-six years not absolution enough? Is it not karmic enough that Ney’s death occurred on Victor’s birthday, permanently blackening a date supposed to be his? (Never mind that perhaps he celebrated his name day or baptism day instead of his birthday, or that one day of mourning each year is a small price to pay for a dead man.) But if, as humans, we want to believe in the inherent goodness in Victor, we must also consider the claim's side affect of apotheosising the man. This is, after all, a family account featured in a sympathetic newspaper.

If there were other sources to crosscheck this, we could verify Victor’s sentiments (and if they are true, calling your annual day to wither away in a room “remorse” may be underselling how much you regret your life choices). The problem is that I cannot find other sources. It would be gratifying to believe Victor’s grief was real, because he was only human, but it is dubious at best. One can only hope that, in some timeline, if not in this one, he did pay emotional penance. Ultimately, I think that if a claim is made, it will be remembered if it is a good story.

[vintageviewmaster]

Brand: View-Master Company: Sawyer's Inc. Packet Title: Holland Packet Subtitle: N/A Packet Type: souvenir pak Packet Number: B 190 Packet Style: S5 Booklet: Included Reel Numbers: B 1901, B 1902, B 1903 Reel Edition: N/A Date: Undated Copyright: Sawyer's Inc.

souvenir pak Descriptions: Wien Neerlandsch Bloed - National Anthem of Holland

the story of Holland The 57½ million square miles of the earth would seem to most people a generous enough gift of nature and they would be content to leave it at that--but not the Dutch. With some ten million people crowded into an area no larger than tiny Massachusetts and Connecticut combined, they have boldly taken over where nature left off. With the aid of dikes and barriers of sand dunes they have added several million more acres of land to their country. More than half of the nation's population lives below sea level.

The earliest history of these people begins in about 55 B.C. when Julius Caesar, during his campaigns, found this area populated with Celtic and Germanic tribes such as the Belgai, Batavi, Frisians and Saxons. In 15 B.C. under Augustus, the territory was brought under Roman rule. During the third century a powerful Frankish tribe conquered many of the earlier tribes and the Frankish language (the official Dutch language now spoken in Holland) was generally adopted. The Franks accepted Christianity, but it remained for Charlemagne (742-814) to subdue the Frisians and Saxons and force them to accept this new religion.

Under feudal rule cities arose and petty disputes among the rulers enabled these cities to establish some measure of home rule. In the 15th century under Burgundian rule The Netherlands (which until 1830 included Belgium and Luxemburg) gained "The Great Privilege," a charter which greatly curtailed the sovereign's power in local matters. Then by marriage the country came under Spanish rule. The people rebelled and the long war which the Dutch waged against Spain (1468-1648) finally brought financial ruin to the Spaniards. Having freed themselves of Spanish restrictions, the Dutch grew rich with trade during the 17th century and acquired colonial holdings. But a century of decay followed and Holland lost much of its trade and some of its colonies.

In 1795 the country was conquered by the French. In 1815, following Napoleon's downfall, The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed at the Congress of Vienna. The southern provinces, dissatisfied with this union, revolted, and to avoid a general conflict the great powers allowed them to form the separate Kingdom of Belgium. Luxemburg was lost when Queen Wilhelmina came to the throne in 1890 because its law did not then permit female rule.

During World War I the country remained neutral, but in World War II the Germans invaded Holland. Queen Wilhelmina fled to England to carry on the government-in-exile. Dutch resistance lasted only five days, but the German wholesale, systematic destruction of the country left Holland in ruin. The recovery of this country from the war has been remarkable. The government of Holland, now with Queen Juliana as its sovereign, is a constitutional monarchy. Amsterdam is the constitutional capital, but the actual seat of government is in The Hague. The kingdom includes the Netherlands Antilles, Surinam and the western half of New Guinea. Rotterdam, located at the mouths of the two great rivers, the Rhine and the Meuse, is the biggest port in the world next to New York. Amsterdam, the largest city in Holland, rivals Antwerp as diamond-cutting center of the world. A network of 50 canals carves the country into hundreds of tiny islands which are connected by 400 bridges. Bicycles are the major form of transportation and outnumber cars about six to one. This low, flat land has a maritime climate—cool and damp—and strong winds blow steadily from the North Sea. Holland's natural resources are limited and the country imports many raw materials which are processed into finished products for export. Because of its geographical position and excellent harbor, Holland has developed into a great trading, transporting, and brokerage nation.

To foreigners Holland is symbolized by tulips, windmills, picturesque costumes and the quaint story of a boy with his finger in the dike. Tulips they have (and hyacinths) in countless numbers and the sale of bulbs is a serious and thriving business. The windmills are gradually being replaced by steam or electrically driven pumps. There are towns where local costumes are worn, but for the most part the Dutch are as up to date in their dress and ideas as any country on earth. As for the fanciful, fictional tale of the boy who held his finger in the dike all one night and saved his people from the sea, the Dutch--out of politeness to tourists—have erected a statue in his honor. But, as one official puts it, "Polite we are but quaint we ain't."

Population: 11,389,000 Basic Language: Dutch Capital City: The Hague Form of Government: Kingdom Best Known Industry: Raising flower bulbs, manufacture of textiles, clothing, shipbuilding and shoes Comparative Size: Approximately the size of the State of Maryland (13,025 sq. mi.)

[gwendolynlerman]

Separatist and irredentist movements in the world

Martinique

Proposed state: Republic of Martinique

Region: Martinique, France

Ethnic group: Martinicans

Goal: independence

Date: 1950s

Political parties: Martinican Independence Movement

Militant organizations/advocacy groups: -

Current status: inactive

History

1st century - Arawak settlements

11th century - Carib arrival

1502 - Christopher Columbus lands in Martinique

1635 - French claim over the islands

1636, 1658 - the Caribs rise against the settlers

1674 - Dutch conquest attempt

1693, 1759, 1762, 1779, 1794-1815 - British occupation/attacks

1815 - France regains control over the island

1789, 1815, 1822 - slave rebellions

1848 - end of slavery

1902 - volcanic eruption

1946 - Martinique becomes an overseas department

1962 - foundation of the Anticolonial Youth Organization of Martinique

1970s - greater autonomy

1978 - creation of the Martinican Independence Movement

2009 - French Caribbean general strikes

2023 - adoption of the Martinican flag

The French settled in Martinique in the 17th century and had to face many skirmishes and revolts from the indigenous inhabitants, most of whom were killed or expelled.

The island served as a home port for French pirates and was under British occupation on several occasions. Martinique was the first French overseas territory in which slavery was abolished.

In 1902, a volcanic eruption destroyed the former capital city of St. Pierre. The campaign for full independence began in the 1950s, during which several riots broke out. After the general strike, the French president ruled out independence but offered a referendum and more autonomy.

Guadeloupeans

The majority of the population is Afro-Caribbean (80%), but there are also Chinese, European, Indian, Lebanese, and Syrian minorities.

The official language is French, but Martinican Creole is widely spoken. Catholicism is the main religion (91.6%), but there are also Baháʼí, Hindu, and Muslim communities.

Vocabulary

(French - Martinican Creole - English)

Martinique - Matinik/Matnik - Martinique

Mouvement Indépendantiste Martiniquais - Mouvman endépandantis matinitjé/matiniké - Martinican Independence Movement

Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique - ? -   Anticolonial Youth Organization of Martinique

[travsd]

The Elizabeth Cady Stanton Bicentennial

Today is the 200th birthday of the trailblazing women’s rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902). I feel compelled to celebrate my family connection to this salutary specimen of humanity for reasons that should be obvious, in times when the hard-won rights of women continue to be under threat.  In school I had wondered if we were related; I’ve since learned that we are for sure. My…

[abwwia]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (née Cady; November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-19th century. She was the main force behind the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, the first convention to be called for the sole purpose of discussing women's rights, and was the primary author of its Declaration of Sentiments. Her demand for women's right to vote generated a controversy at the convention but quickly became a central tenet of the women's movement. She was also active in other social reform activities, especially abolitionism. via Wikipedia

[genealogyrus]

Родословная Джорджа Клуни. ✅ Джордж Тимоти Клуни (англ. George Timothy Clooney; род. 6 мая 1961, Лексингтон, Кентукки, США) — американский актёр кино и телевидения, кинорежиссёр, сценарист, продюсер, предприниматель и активист. Родился 6 мая 1961 года в Мейсвилле, в 106 км от Лексингтона (Кентукки). Его мать, Нина Брюс, бывшая королева красоты; его отец, Ник, журналист, телеведущий на канале «American Movie Classics» и страстный политик из Кентукки. Клуни вырос в ирландской католической семье. Прапрапрапрабабушка Джорджа Клуни — Мэри Энн Спэрроу — была единоутробной сестрой Нэнси Хэнкс — матери Авраама Линкольна. ✅1-е поколение 1. Джордж Тимоти Клуни (1961–) ✅2-е поколение 2. Николас Джозеф «Ник» Клуни (1934–) 3. Нина Брюс Уоррен (1939–) ✅3-е поколение 4. Эндрю Джозеф Клуни (1902–1974) 5. Мари Фрэнсис Гилфойл (1909–1973) 6. Марвин Джексон Уоррен (ок. 1910–1985) 7. Дикэ М. Эдвардс (1918–2005) ✅4-е поколение 8. Эндрю Б. Клуни (1874–1947) 9. Кресентия Кох (1875–1939) 10. Майкл Джозеф Гилфойл (1876–1928) 11. Марта Аделия «Ада» Фэрроу (1884–1958) 12. Уильям Х. Уоррен (1878–1968) 13. Ида Ли Чемберс (1884–1956) 14. Ансель Лерой «Рой» Эдвардс (1895–1976) 15. Нора Белл Перкинс (1902–1947) ✅5-е поколение 16. Николас Клуни (ок. 1828–ок. 1900) 17. Бриджит Байрон (1836–1914) 18. Джозеф Генри Кох (1825–1912) 19. Маргарет Фелер (1834–1906). 20. Кон Гилфойл (1845–1909) 21. Розанна «Роза» Суини (1854–) 22. Сэмюэл Тулли Фэрроу (1858–1916) 23. Эллин Брекенридж «Элла» Ванден (1861–1935). 26. Джон Мартин Чемберс (1862–1913) 27. Люсинда Энн Кроу (1866–1937) 28. Джеймс Джек Эдвардс (1858–1931) 29. Диси Флоренс Бэнди (1868–1896) 30. Цицерон Перкинс (1880–1902) 31. Марта Джейн Уилберн (1880–1951) ✅6-е поколение 44. Джон Бруэр Фэрроу (1833–1909) 45. Марта Джейн Брамель (1840–1926). 46. ​​Престон Б. Ванден (ок. 1815–стр. 1880) 47. Аделия С. Кукер (ок. 1819–п. 1880) 52. Авраам Чемберс (1818–стр. 1900) 53. Сьюзен А. Хокинс (1824–1900) 54. Джеймс Маккитрик Кроу (1843–1913) 55. Нэнси К. Райли (1850–1932) 56. Мейсон Эдвардс (ок. 1810–ок. 1870) 57. Люсинда «Люси» Уайтхаус (ок. 1834–) 58. Ансель Ландрам Бенди (ок. 1839–п. 1890) 59. Мэри А. Берджесс (ок. 1844–) 60. Эдвард «Нед» Перкинс (1838–1912) 61. Элендер Хикс (1843–1926). 62. Уильям Уилберн (1851–) 63. Мэри А. —-— (1860–) ✅7-е поколение 88. Орсон Доган Фэрроу (1805–1863) 89. Элизабет П. Брюэр (1802–1888). 90. Сэмюэл Брамель (1800–1881). 91. Мэри Джейн Тейлор (1812–1849) 108. Мэнсфилд Кроу (ок. 1802–) 109. Мэри Энн Ригдон (ок. 1807–п. 1860) 110. Олли Райли 111. Элиза Сатерли 113. Мэри —-— (ок. 1790–) 114. Бенджамин Уайтхаус (ок. 1788–1865) 115. Мэри Энн «Полли» Спарроу (ок. 1790–1861) 116. Уильям Бэнди (ок. 1807–1860) 117. Диси Грин (ок. 1815–п. 1860) 120. Уильям Перкинс (1802–1887) 121. Синта Стэнфилд (1806–1859) 122. Эндрю Хикс (1814–1900) 123. Сара Брики (1816–1897) ✅8-е поколение 176. Уильям Фэрроу (1771–1846) 177. Элизабет Шорс (1775–1826) 216. Джон Кроу 219. Джейн —--- 230. Генри Спарроу (1765–1840) 231. Люси Хэнкс (ок. 1766–ок. 1826) 234. Шадрак Грин (ок.1760–ок.1846). 235. Мэри Гейдж (ок. 1767–) 244. Томас Хикс (ок. 1774–ок. 1837) 245. Элизабет Типтон (ок. 1785–ок. 1857) 246. Уильям Брики (1780–1856) 247. Элинор Хопкинс (ок. 1781–с. 1856) ✅9-е поколение 354. Ричард Шорс (ок. 1755–ок. 1840) 355. Сюзанна Симпсон (1758–1842) 462. Джозеф Хэнкс (1725–1793) 463. Энн «Нэнни» Ли (ок. 1742–стр. 1794) 490. Машак Типтон (ок. 1759–стр. 1850) 492. Джон Брики (ок. 1747–ок. 1806) 493. Мэри Элизабет Гарнер (ок. 1740–ок. 1780) ✅10-е поколение 708. Томас Шорс (ок. 1733–ок. 1795) 709. Сара Вудсон (ок. 1735–п. 1797) 924. Джон Хэнкс (ок. 1690–ок. 1740) 925. Екатерина —-— (–ок. 1779) 926. Уильям Ли (1704–1764) 980. Эдвард Типтон (1728��1805) 981. Джемайма —-— (1733–) 984. Питер Брики (ок. 1715–ок. 1787) 985. Уиннифред Лукас (–стр. 1787) ✅11-е поколение 1416. Ричард Шорс (–ок. 1750) 1848. Уильям Хэнкс (ок. 1650–ок. 1704) 1849. Сара —--- 1852. Уильям Ли (–a1717) 1853. Дороти Тейлор ✅12-е поколение 3706. —-— Тейлор 3707. Элизабет —--- Знаменитые родственники Джорджа Клуни: Розмари Клуни Певица и киноактриса Авраам Линкольн 16-й президент США Том Хэнкс Киноактер ПРОШЛОЕ - РЯДОМ! 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 🌳📚🔎 ✅Услуги составления родословной, генеалогического древа. 📖 ЗАКАЗ РОДОСЛОВНОЙ на нашем сайте: www.genealogyrus.ru/zakazat-issledovanie-rodoslovnoj 📖 ЗАКАЗ РОДОСЛОВНОЙ в нашей группе ВК: https://vk.com/app5619682_-66437473 ✉Или напишите нам: arhrodoslov@yandex.ru https://genealogyrus.ru/blog/tpost/hbr0r7ug71-rodoslovnaya-dzhordzha-kluni

https://genealogyrus.ru/blog/tpost/hbr0r7ug71-rodoslovnaya-dzhordzha-kluni

[camisoledadparis]

THIS DAY IN GAY HISTORY

based on: The White Crane Institute's 'Gay Wisdom', Gay Birthdays, Gay For Today, Famous GLBT, glbt-Gay Encylopedia, Today in Gay History, Wikipedia, and more … October 24

44 BC – Italy: The first written reference to same-sex marriage appears when Cicero insults promiscuous Mark Antony whose father Curio "established you in a fixed and stable marriage, as if he had given you a stola." A stola is a traditional garment worn by married Roman women. Cicero’s sexual implications are clear, the point of which is to cast Antony in the submissive role in the relationship and to impugn his manhood.

1796 – The poems of Count August von Platen (d.1835) are homoerotic expressions of Platonic love, idealism, beauty, friendship, and longing. Platen was born in Ansbach, Bavaria, the son of an impoverished nobleman. He attended the Military Academy at Munich and the Royal Institute of Pages resulting in his commission as a lieutenant in 1815 in a regiment against France during the time of Napoleon; he, however, engaged in no action.

Platen was extremely erudite, mastering a dozen languages, including literary Greek and Latin, French for social status, Persian for poetic reasons, and even English.

An admirer of Michelangelo and Italian art, Platen visited Florence, Rome, Naples, Syracuse, and Sicily. While in Naples in the 1820s, he formed a homosexual friendship with the poet and painter August Kopisch, all the while perfecting the content and form of his poetry. By 1826, he had moved permanently to Italy, supported by a pension from his friend, King Ludwig I of Bavaria.

Focusing his sexual urges into the artistic and creative realms, Platen transformed his passion for same-sex relations from the physical to the intellectual. On occasion, a friendship lasted only a year or so—for example, his intense relationship with a young painter, Rühl—but it nevertheless served to heighten his creative powers.

His controversial, multilingual, autobiographical narrative, which contains an explicitly erotic homosexual theme, was not published until the end of the nineteenth century, under the title Diary (Die Tagebücher, 1896-1900). In his poetry, Platen employs a recurrent homoerotic image borrowed from Persian poetry, the tulip, which is a spiritual symbol for masculine love.

Platen's longing for love and friendship is a persistent motif in his work. He addressed seven sonnets to "Cardenio," an Erlangen student, who is described as a young, tall, dark, and handsome man with full lips. Platen addressed an additional twenty-one sonnets to another Erlangen student, "Karl Theodor German." Embodying themes of Platonic love, friendship, longing, idealism, and beauty, Platen's sonnets express unrequited love for men.

Platen's homosexuality is the subject of a vicious attack by Heinrich Heine in The Baths of Lucca. Edward Carpenter, however, expressed his appreciation for Platen in his Ioälus, An Anthology of Friendship (1902). Among German writers who admired Platen is Thomas Mann, who praised him in a lecture in 1930; Platen's poem "Tristan" (1825) inspired Mann's novella Tristan and Isolde (1903).

1820 – Seventeen year old Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote of his crush on fifteen-year old Martin Gay: I begin to believe in the Indian doctrine of eye fascination. The cold blue eyes of (blank) has so intimately connected him in my thoughts & visions that a dozen times a day & as often by night I find myself wholly wrapped up in conjectures of his character and inclinations. We have already two or three long profound stares at each other. Be it wise or weak or superstitious I must know him.

1933 – Ronnie Kray (d.1995) and his twin brother Reggie Kray (d.2000) were the foremost perpetrators of organised crime in London's East End during the 1950s and 1960s.

Ronald, commonly referred to as Ron or Ronnie, most likely suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. The Krays were involved in armed robberies, arson, protection rackets, violent assaults including torture and the murders of Jack "The Hat" McVitie and George Cornell.

As West End nightclub owners, they mixed with prominent entertainers including Diana Dors, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland and politicians. The Krays were highly feared within their social environment, and in the 1960s they became celebrities in their own right, being photographed by David Bailey and interviewed on television.

Ronnie was definitely gay - and Reggie may have been. During his life, Ronnie Kray was openly gay, refusing to hide his orintation from either the law or his fellow gangsters, but sometimes claimed to be merely bisexual - a nod to the disapproving social attitudes at the time.

"Ron discussed his homosexuality with only a very few people, but put simply it was a part of his nature he discovered, explored and enjoyed," biographer Laurie O'Leary said. "He was at ease with it. It did not seem to conflict with his "tough guy" image or cause him any problems on any level."

The members of the twins' gang, known as the Firm, were overwhelmingly tolerant of Kray's homosexuality. "Even if they objected, Ron just smiled at them and told them they didn't know what they were missing," said O'Leary.

Author John Pearson, who interviewed then both extensively, says Ronnie Kray was gay and that Reggie Kray was bisexual. He said they had an incestuous sexual relationship with each other because they could not be open about their sexualities.

Pearson said in a book about the twins: "Homosexuality was nothing to be proud of in the East End. But as they became more notorious, Ronnie became quite shameless about it. According to Ron in the early days they had sex with each other because they were terrified about people finding out."

Pearson has written three books on the subject of the infamous twins, and claims that Ronnie told him about the relationship during on of many interviews. "According to Ron, for quite a while they were so concerned to keep their secret hidden that the only sex they had was with each other."

Ronnie's homosexuality came into the public eye when an exposé in the tabloid newspaper Sunday Mirror alleged that Ron had had a sexual relationship with Lord Boothby, a UK Conservative Party politician. Although no names were printed, when the twins threatened the journalists involved in the story and Boothby threatened to sue, the newspaper backed down, sacked its editor, printed an apology and paid Boothby £40,000 in an out-of-court settlement. As a result, other newspapers were unwilling to uncover the Krays' connections and criminal activities.

The police investigated the Krays on several occasions, but the twins' reputation for violence meant witnesses were afraid to come forward to testify. There was also a political problem for both main parties. It was in the interests of neither the Conservative Party to press the police to end the Krays' power lest the Boothby connection was again publicised and demonstrated, nor the Labour Party as their MP Tom Driberg was also rumoured to have had a relationship with Ron.

They were eventually arrested on 9 May 1968 and convicted in 1969 by the efforts of a squad of detectives led by Detective Superintendent Leonard "Nipper" Read, and were both sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie remained in Broadmoor Hospital until his death on 17 March 1995, but Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, eight weeks before his death from cancer.

Reggie was closeted, although Ronnie had often claimed his brother too was bisexual. After his death a former gang member, Bradley Allardyce, claimed that he and Reggie had been more than just good friends. He spent three years in Maidstone Prison, four cells along the landing from Reggie Kray, who was serving life for the murder of Jack 'the hat' McVitie. Both denied they were more than just friends, until after Reggie's death in 2000, when Allardyce stated "I am openly admitting for the very first time that we had a sexual relationship."

Ronnie Kray was openly gay but Reggie always denied what many suspected - that he was also attracted to men. Friends of Kray consider Allardyce to be the love of his life. They spent most of their time at Maidstone Prison in each other's company.

1960 – Bradley Darryl BD Wong is an American actor, best-known for his roles as Dr. George Huang on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, as Father Ray Mukada on HBO's Oz, Henry Wu in the movie Jurassic Park, and for his starring role as Song Liling in the Broadway production of M. Butterfly.

Wong gained attention for his Broadway debut in M. Butterfly opposite John Lithgow. The play won multiple awards, including several for Wong. He is notable as the only actor to be honored with the Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, Outer Critics Circle Award, Clarence Derwent Award, and Theatre World Award for the same role.

In 2008, he starred in the one-man show Herringbone, in which he portrays 11 roles, at the McCarter Theatre at Princeton University.

Wong, who is openly gay, began a long-term relationship with talent agent Richie Jackson in 1988. In 2000, Wong had twin sons: Boaz Dov, who died 90 minutes after birth, and Jackson Foo Wong. They were born through a surrogate mother, using Wong's sperm and an egg donated by Jackson's sister. In 2003, Wong wrote a memoir about his experiences with surrogacy titled Following Foo: the Electronic Adventures of the Chestnut Man. Wong and Jackson ended their relationship in 2004.

Wong very strongly identifies as a gay man. Hence, he has been a visible presence at AIDS-related charity functions and in gay and lesbian community events, as well as at events sponsored by the Asian Pacific Islander communities. Wong has appeared at the GLAAD Awards, made promotional spots for the gay and lesbian television newsmagazine In the Life, and worked in various ways to further understanding among both Asians and non-Asians, gays and non-gays, about the experience of being both gay and Asian.

1972 – Van Darkholme is a Vietnamese American gay pornographic actor, director, an artist and photographer.

Darkholme is among the few Asian American men working in Western gay porn as a director and actor, and is of Vietnamese descent. Much of his work as a director and actor contains bondage and particularly shibari, the Japanese art of rope bondage, a specialty within BDSM cultures. Van Darkholme (sometimes misspelled as "Darkholm") is a screen name; his birth name has been kept private.

Throughout the 1990s, Darkholme was a fashion and photographic model. Darkholme's book of bondage photography, Male Bondage, was published by Bruno Gmünder in June 2006. In 2008, The San Francisco-based BDSM studio Kink.com hired Darkholme, where he currently directs gay pornography with an emphasis on bondage and wrestling. Darkholme self-identifies as a gay man.

1980 – (Zachary E.) Zac Posen is an American fashion designer.

Posen was born and raised to a Jewish family in New York City, residing in the SoHo neighborhood of lower Manhattan. He is the son of Susan (née Orzack), a corporate lawyer, and Stephen Posen, an artist. His interest in fashion design started early, and as a child he would steal yarmulkes from his grandparents' synagogue to make ball dresses for dolls.

He attended a private school in Brooklyn and in his sophomore year interned with fashion designer Nicole Miller. As a teen, he also won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award. At age 16 he enrolled in the pre-college program at Parsons The New School for Design. For three years, Posen was mentored by curator Richard Martin at The Costume Institute of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. At age 18, he was accepted into the womenswear degree program at London's Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design at the University of the Arts London. In 2001, Posen constructed a gown entirely made from thin leather strips and dressmaker hooks and eyes that was displayed by the Victoria and Albert Museum and featured in their "Curvaceous" exhibition.

Upon returning to New York in 2001, Posen set up an atelier in his parents' living room, while they gave him a USD$15 allowance. In October of the same year, he was chosen to present a capsule collection as part of GenArt's Fresh Faces in Fashion New York 2001. He received a grant for $20,000. After his first runway show in 2001, Posen was courted by fashion titans Yves Carcelle, president of LVMH Fashion Group; Sidney Toledano, CEO and director of Christian Dior S.A.; and Domenico De Sole, president and CEO of Gucci Group NV. Following the success of this presentation, Posen established his design studio in Tribeca.

In 2004, high-end urban fashion brand Sean John made an investment deal with Posen. Ashley Olsen interned with Posen in 2005 while a student at The Gallatin School of Individualized Study, an undergraduate college within New York University.

In April 2008, Posen's capsule collection created in collaboration with Target, Zac Posen for Target, was released in 75 stores in Australia. A preview of the collection was shown during March's L'Oreal Melbourne Fashion Festival.

At the 2012 Academy Awards, Glenn Close wore a Posen gown on the red carpet, as did both Reese Witherspoon and Naomi Watts at the 2013 Golden Globe Awards. Other notables who have worn Posen creations on red carpets include Uma Thurman at the 2013 Met Ball); Sofia Vergara at the 2014 Golden Globes; Anna Chlumsky at the 2014 Emmy Awards; and Rita Ora at the 2014 AMA Awards.On December 18, 2012, Posen was announced as an official judge of Project Runway Season 11 on Lifetime Television.

In February 2014, Posen partnered with another major retailer, David's Bridal, to create Truly Zac Posen, a line of affordable bridal gowns. The line was Posen's first official bridal collection. Also in 2014, he was named Creative Director for Brooks Brothers, tapped to modernize their signature women's clothing and accessories line. In 2014, he introduced a more casual Pre-Fall 2015 Trunk Show collection.

In recent collaborations, Posen was selected to redesign the uniforms for Delta Air Lines 60,000 employees. These uniforms are set to appear on Delta Air Lines staff members, from flight attendants to customer service, in 2017.

Posen lives in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, with his boyfriend, Christopher Niquet and their three dogs.

1981 – The first National Conference on Lesbian and Gay Aging was held in California, sponsored by the National Association for Gay and Lesbian Gerontology. It sought to "dispel myths about older lesbians and gay men, advance research, establish programs and services for lesbian and gay elders, and encourage and provide support for lesbian and gay gerontologists."

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Famous Volcanic Eruptions That Shook the Earth

Famous Volcanic Eruptions That Shook the World

Have you ever wondered about those powerful volcanic eruptions that made headlines and changed the course of history? From the devastating to the awe-inspiring, these volcanic events left an indelible mark on our planet and its inhabitants.

Tambora's Deadly Dance (1815)

Imagine an eruption so massive it unleashed a "volcanic winter" that darkened the skies and sent temperatures plummeting. That's Mount Tambora in Indonesia in 1815. Its cataclysmic eruption killed an estimated 120,000 people and caused widespread chaos and famine.

Krakatoa's Thunderous Roar (1883)

Picture the sound of a megaphone turned up to 11. That's how loud the eruption of Krakatoa was. Its thunderous roar echoed across the ocean, creating tsunamis that killed countless people. The ash cloud it sent up circled the globe, casting a shadow over the world.

Pinatubo's Ashy Legacy (1991)

Prepare yourself for the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century: Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Its eruption in 1991 churned out a colossal ash plume that spread across Southeast Asia like a dusty blanket. While many were evacuated, the ash still caused major damage to infrastructure and agriculture.

Mount St. Helens' Iconic Fury (1980)

Mount St. Helens in the United States erupted in 1980, releasing a torrent of superheated gas and ash that raced down its slopes. The result? A devastating pyroclastic flow that obliterated everything in its path. 57 people lost their lives, and Washington State's landscape was forever transformed.

Laki's Toxic Cloud (1783)

In Iceland in 1783, the Laki volcano erupted for eight long months. It wasn't the lava that was the problem, it was the toxic cloud of sulfur dioxide it spewed out. This cloud spread across Europe, poisoning crops, livestock, and killing over 25% of Iceland's population. It was a volcanic tragedy that left a deep scar on the continent.

Did you know that Kīlauea is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth? Discover more about this and other famous volcanoes around the world. Check out Famous Volcanoes.

What were the deadliest volcanic eruptions in history?

Volcanoes, towering over the Earth like fiery giants, have unleashed their fury throughout history, leaving an unforgiving mark on human existence. These cataclysmic events have claimed countless lives and forever changed the landscape of our planet.

Unveiling the Most Devastating Volcanic Eruptions

1. Mount Tambora, Indonesia (1815): In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted with unparalleled violence, spewing ash and pumice into the atmosphere. This colossal eruption triggered a "volcanic winter," cooling the Earth's surface for years and plunging the world into darkness. The death toll from Tambora's wrath is estimated at a staggering 100,000 souls.

2. Krakatoa, Indonesia (1883): Krakatoa, the infamous volcanic island, exploded with an earth-shaking roar in 1883. The thunderous explosion reverberated around the globe, generating deadly tsunamis that swept away coastal communities. Ash from the eruption reached distant lands, and the death toll soared to over 36,000.

3. Mount Pelée, Martinique (1902): The slopes of Mount Pelée on the Caribbean island of Martinique witnessed a fiery spectacle in 1902. A pyroclastic surge, a deadly cloud of superheated gas and ash, surged down the volcano's flanks, engulfing the town of Saint-Pierre. In a matter of minutes, over 30,000 lives were incinerated.

4. Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (1985): The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia unleashed a devastating lahar, a volcanic mudflow. The lahar raced down mountain slopes, burying the city of Armero under a suffocating blanket of mud. The tragedy claimed the lives of an estimated 25,000 people.

5. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991): Mount Pinatubo, located in the Philippines, erupted in 1991 with explosive force. The second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Pinatubo spewed ash and aerosols into the atmosphere, disrupting global climate patterns. The eruption caused widespread damage and forced the evacuation of thousands of people.

These volcanic eruptions stand as a chilling testament to nature's raw power. They have reshaped landscapes, claimed countless lives, and left an enduring mark on human history.

How Volcanic Eruptions Affect Climate and Ecosystems

Volcanic eruptions, nature's grand explosions, don't just light up the night sky with fiery displays. They also pack a powerful punch that can ripple through our planet's climate and ecosystems. It's like a cosmic wake-up call that reminds us of Earth's explosive past and its potential to change in the future.

The Climate Connection

Volcanic eruptions have a knack for messing with our weather moods. When these giants erupt, they spew out a blend of gases, ash, and tiny particles called aerosols. These airborne travelers can float hundreds of miles into the atmosphere, where they can stay for years.

Aerosols, especially sulfate aerosols, have a special talent—they reflect sunlight like mirrors. So, when there's a lot of aerosol in the air, less sunlight reaches Earth's surface, making it cooler. It's like they're putting a huge sunscreen on our planet.

This cooling effect is what scientists lovingly call "volcanic winter." It's not quite a full-blown ice age, but it can send temperatures tumbling for years or even decades. The most famous volcanic winter was sparked by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which led to a global temperature drop of about 0.9°F.

But here's the twist: volcanic eruptions also release gases like carbon dioxide, which trap heat in the atmosphere, making the planet warmer. However, this warming effect tends to be less intense than the cooling caused by aerosols. It's like a warm blanket competing with a chilly breeze.

The Ecosystem Impact

Volcanic eruptions can wreak havoc on ecosystems, turning once-thriving landscapes into disaster zones. Pyroclastic flows, fiery streams of volcanic ash and gas, race down the mountainside, incinerating everything in their path. Lahars, destructive mudflows made of volcanic ash and debris, can also carve paths of destruction.

Not only do these events destroy habitats, but they also can wipe out entire populations of wildlife. The volcanic ash that falls from the sky can coat plants, blocking sunlight and making it harder for them to grow. It can also clog waterways, making water sources unusable for plants and animals alike.

A Case Study: Mount Tambora's Fury

In 1815, Mount Tambora in Indonesia unleashed a catastrophic eruption that shook the world. The effects of this volcanic giant were felt far and wide:

Climate: The eruption sent so much sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere that it triggered a volcanic winter, dropping global temperatures by 0.5°C for several years.

Ecosystem: The surrounding area was devastated by pyroclastic flows and lahars, destroying habitats and killing countless animals.

Conclusion

Volcanic eruptions, as magnificent as they may be, serve as a reminder of the delicate balance of our planet. They have the power to shape our climate and ecosystems, leaving lasting impacts on our world. However, while these eruptions can bring challenges, they also offer opportunities for scientists to study Earth's dynamic nature and prepare for future events.

What are the Warning Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption?

In the lead-up to a volcanic eruption, a series of telltale signs may unfold, giving us clues that nature's fiery giant is stirring beneath the Earth's surface. Here's a closer look at the common warning signs to watch out for:

Ground Rumblings

The ground beneath your feet starts to tremble with a continuous vibration. This "volcanic tremor" signals the movement of fluids or magma deep within the volcano. In some cases, you might also hear a rhythmic pulsing sound called "harmonic tremor," indicating that fluids or magma are ascending towards the surface.

Earthly Shape-Shifts

If the ground around the volcano starts to bulge or dip, it's a sign that the mountain's shape is changing. This deformation could be triggered by the movement or buildup of magma, creating pressure changes within the volcano.

Heat Wave Warning

The volcano may start to emanate heat like a glowing ember. You might notice increased thermal anomalies on the surface, indicating heightened heat flow from below.

The Smell of the Wild

Volcanoes release a signature scent, thanks to the gases they emit. Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide can fill the air, signaling that volcanic activity is ramping up. Changes in the composition of these gases, such as an increase in the ratio of sulfur dioxide to carbon dioxide, can further indicate an impending eruption.

Shaking it Up

Seismic activity around the volcano intensifies. Earthquakes become more frequent and stronger, and volcanic tremors surge. Sometimes, you may witness seismic wave patterns changing, with an increase in high-frequency earthquakes. Swarms of earthquakes, where numerous tremors occur in a short span of time, are also a cause for concern.

Nature's Animal Alerts

Animals in the vicinity of the volcano may exhibit unusual behaviors. Increased agitation, restlessness, or a sudden migration away from the area can signal their heightened awareness of impending danger.

Withering Greens

The vegetation around the volcano may show signs of distress. Plants may wilt, shrivel, or die, affected by the volatile gases and changes in the environment.

Water Watch

FAQ

Q1: What are the three largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history?

A1: The three largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history are:

Mount Tambora, Indonesia (1815)

Krakatoa, Indonesia (1883)

Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991)

Q2: What was the deadliest volcanic eruption in history?

A2: The deadliest volcanic eruption in history was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which killed an estimated 71,000 people.

Q3: What are the most common types of volcanic eruptions?

A3: The most common types of volcanic eruptions are:

Effusive eruptions: These eruptions produce lava flows that spread out over the ground.

Explosive eruptions: These eruptions produce ash, pumice, and other pyroclastic materials that are ejected into the atmosphere.

Q4: What are the signs that a volcano is about to erupt?

A4: Some of the signs that a volcano is about to erupt include:

Increased seismic activity

Ground deformation

Changes in gas emissions

Increased temperature

Q5: What are the effects of volcanic eruptions?

A5: Volcanic eruptions can have a wide range of effects, including:

Destruction of property and infrastructure

Loss of life

Climate change

Economic disruption