#๐จ๐ญ๐บ๐ธ
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not to be antiamerican but on god i'll live to see the day the US' empire falls still in my lifetime ๐
#the UN decision has me fucking LIVID#if you haven't been following the news: brazil drafted a solution for the humanitarian crisis in gaza#12 countries voted in agreement ๐จ๐ณ ๐ซ๐ท ๐ฆ๐ฑ ๐ง๐ท ๐ช๐จ ๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฒ๐น ๐ฒ๐ฟ ๐จ๐ญ ๐ฆ๐ช#2 abstained ๐ฌ๐ง ๐ท๐บ#and ONE. ONE VOTED AGAINST ๐บ๐ธ#and because that ONE vote for some reason matters more than 12 otehr votes#the solution won't be passed#i'm so fucking mad. UN is such a joke. the US is such a joke. every empire falls and i will live to see the day the US does#im so tired#if you havent gotten it this is a pro-palestine blog. my mind will not be changed. just get out of here if you are not
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tag dump 2/?
#erik/raven || ๐ฎ ๐ผ๐ฆ๐ณ๐น ๐พ๐ด๐บ ๐ธ๐ด ๐ฒ๐บ๐จ๐ญ#erik || ๐ง๐บ๐น ๐ฎ ๐ญ๐ฆ๐น๐ช ๐พ๐ด๐บ๐ท ๐ฌ๐บ๐น๐ธ#hank || ๐ฒ๐บ๐น๐ฆ๐ณ๐น ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฉ ๐ต๐ท๐ด๐บ๐ฉ#irene || ๐ฑ๐ด๐ธ๐น ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ง๐ฑ๐ช๐ฆ๐ฐ ๐ป๐ฎ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ด๐ณ๐ธ#irene/raven || ๐ท๐ช๐ฆ๐ธ๐ด๐ณ ๐ซ๐ด๐ท ๐บ๐ธ ๐น๐ด ๐ง๐ช#jean || ๐น๐ด ๐ฉ๐ท๐ด๐ผ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐พ๐ด๐บ๐ท ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ณ๐ฉ#kurt || ๐น๐ญ๐ช ๐ท๐ด๐พ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐น๐พ ๐ญ๐ช ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฉ#logan || ๐ฎ๐ธ๐ณ'๐น ๐ป๐ช๐ท๐พ ๐ณ๐ฎ๐จ๐ช#loki || ๐ง๐ฑ๐บ๐ช ๐ฎ๐ธ ๐ซ๐ด๐ท ๐ท๐ด๐พ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐น๐พ#loki/raven || ๐ฒ๐พ ๐ธ๐ผ๐ช๐ช๐น๐ช๐ธ๐น ๐ฉ๐ด๐ผ๐ณ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ฑ#magda || ๐ฑ๐ด๐จ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฉ ๐ฎ๐ณ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ช ๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ด๐ฑ๐พ ๐ผ๐ฆ๐ท#magda/raven || ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ท ๐ด๐ซ ๐น๐ญ๐ฎ๐ช๐ป๐ช๐ธ#moira || ๐ฒ๐พ ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ณ๐ฉ ๐ฎ๐ธ ๐ฑ๐ด๐ธ๐น#pietro || ๐ท๐ช๐ธ๐น๐ฑ๐ช๐ธ๐ธ ๐ฆ๐น ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐น#sean || ๐น๐ญ๐ช ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ธ ๐ฆ๐ท๐ช ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ท๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐น#shaw || ๐ญ๐ช๐ฑ๐ฑ ๐ฎ๐ธ ๐ช๐ฒ๐ต๐น๐พ#tony || ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐น๐ช ๐ง๐ท๐ฎ๐น๐ช#victor || ๐ฎ ๐ซ๐ด๐บ๐ณ๐ฉ ๐น๐ญ๐ช ๐ฉ๐ช๐ป๐ฎ๐ฑ#wanda || ๐ฆ ๐ผ๐ฎ๐น๐จ๐ญ'๐ธ ๐ญ๐ช๐ฝ#tag dump
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โWar Criminal, Hypocrite, Hegemonic, Two-Faced, Liar, Conspirator and Fake Democracy Preacher United Statesโ Reopens Ports to Russian Oil Despite Sanctions
The United States has imported Russian oil for the first time since April 2022. The imports, totaling 36,800 barrels in October and 9,900 barrels in November, were conducted for $2.7 million and $749,500, respectively.
The US imposed a ban on the import of oil, gas, and other energy resources from Russia in March 2022 as part of sanctions related to Russiaโs special military operation in Ukraine. ะowever, specific licenses from the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) have now made such imports possible.
According to the data, the US purchased Russian oil for consumption in both October and November. At the same time, one barrel of Russian oil cost the US $74 in October and $76 the following month. This is significantly higher than the "price cap" set by the country at $60 per barrel.
In 2022, the US, along with other G7 countries, the EU, Switzerland, and Australia, implemented price ceilings on Russian oil to reduce Moscow's income. Companies from these nations were prohibited from providing transportation, insurance, and financial services for Russian oil sold above the set limit of $60 per barrel. The price ceilings for petroleum products vary by type, with diesel capped at $100 per barrel and discounted fuel oil at $45 per barrel.
โ Thursday January 11, 2024 | Sputnik International
#Economy | US ๐บ๐ธ | Business | Russia ๐ท๐บ | Ukraine ๐บ๐ฆ | Switzerland ๐จ๐ญ#Treasury Departmentโs Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) | Treasury | European Union ๐ช๐บ (EU)#Crude Oil | Oil imports | Russian Oil Shipments | 2022 Russian Oil Price Cap
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Congratulations to Thailand ๐ณ๏ธโ๐
Countries Where same-sex marriage is legal: โฌ
2001: Netherlands ๐ณ๐ฑ
2003: Belgium ๐ง๐ช
2005: Canada ๐จ๐ฆ, Spain ๐ช๐ธ
2006: South Africa ๐ฟ๐ฆ
2009: Norway ๐ณ๐ด, Sweden ๐ธ๐ช
2010: Argentina ๐ฆ๐ท, Iceland ๐ฎ๐ธ, Portugal ๐ต๐น
2012: Denmark ๐ฉ๐ฐ
2013: Brazil ๐ง๐ท, England ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ, Wales ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ท๓ ฌ๓ ณ๓ ฟ, France ๐ซ๐ท, New Zealand ๐ณ๐ฟ, Uruguay ๐บ๐พ
2014: Luxembourg ๐ฑ๐บ, Scotland ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ณ๓ ฃ๓ ด๓ ฟ
2015: Finland ๐ซ๐ฎ, Ireland ๐ฎ๐ช, USA ๐บ๐ธ
2016: Colombia ๐จ๐ด, Greenland ๐ฌ๐ฑ
2017: Australia ๐ฆ๐บ, Malta ๐ฒ๐น, Germany ๐ฉ๐ช
2019: Austria ๐ฆ๐น, Ecuador ๐ช๐จ, Taiwan ๐น๐ผ, Northern Ireland
2020: Costa Rica ๐จ๐ท
2021: Chile ๐จ๐ฑ
2022: Switzerland ๐จ๐ญ, Slovenia ๐ธ๐ฎ, Cuba ๐จ๐บ
2023: Andorra ๐ฆ๐ฉ
2024: Estonia ๐ช๐ช, Greece ๐ฌ๐ท, Thailand ๐น๐ญ
Happy Pride Everyone ๐๐ณ๏ธโ๐
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Taylor Swift | The Eras Tour concert film has been free rent, living in our minds. But mark your calendars for the magical nights when youโll be able to rent it at home! ๐ ๐ฟ
Dec 13: ๐บ๐ธ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ง๐ฎ๐ช
Dec 14: ๐ฆ๐บ๐ณ๐ฟ
Dec 21: ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฆ๐น๐จ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ง๐ท
Additional countries to be announced soon!
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Hetalia Sleep Headcanons
Here, have my headcanons about how the Hetalia characters sleep because I'm still awake at this ungodly hour of the night.
๐ฎ๐นItaly needs to cling to something to sleep well. Whether it be a pillow, a plushie, or another person, the poor guy needs something or someone there to cuddle.
๐ฉ๐ชGermany has really bad insomnia and can only get at most four or five hours of sleep a night, and that's if he's lucky. But when he does sleep, he probably sleeps on his back, still as the grave.
๐ฏ๐ตJapan also sleeps on his back and is so still and quiet that every now and then, someone comes by to check and see if he really is asleep and not dead.
๐ฎ๐นRomano sleeps on his side with his arms sort of stretched outward, almost as if he's reaching for someone. That, or he's dreaming of beating someone up. You know, one or the other.
โ๏ธPrussia will lay down on his back and fall asleep that way. However, he's the kind of guy who moves around a lot in his sleep. So when he wakes up, he's sort of on his face and stretched out like a starfish.
๐ช๐ธSpain sleeps like a freaking baby and gets a full nine hours every night. Lucky son of a gun.
๐ฌ๐งEngland has a pretty hard time quieting his mind down enough to get to sleep. So he spends his nights slowly sipping on a cup of tea to try and calm himself down enough to get some shut-eye.
๐บ๐ธAmerica moves around, twists, and rolls over so often in his sleep that when he wakes up, he typically finds himself tangled up in his blankets. Sometimes, he accidentally rolls out of bed.
๐ซ๐ทFrance can only sleep if the room is completely dark. Like, pitch black. He also sleeps on his side and sometimes hums a little in his sleep.
๐จ๐ณChina has insomnia pretty bad and, as a result, will often find himself staying up at night drinking tea. When he can sleep, however, he sort of curls up into a ball under the covers.
๐ท๐บRussia sleeps on his back and stays in that position the entire night. Sometimes giggles and smiles a little in his sleep.
๐จ๐ฆCanada needs several layers of heavy blankets to sleep, as well as something or someone to cuddle.
๐ฉ๐ฐDenmark sleeps on his side and has sometimes been heard singing in his sleep, though nobody has been able to make out what exactly he's singing. He also occasionally snores.
๐ธ๐ชSweden usually falls asleep whilst looking through Ikea catalogs. They seem to really help calm his mind.
๐ซ๐ฎFinland often smiles while he sleeps, sometimes even giggling a little every now and again. He also sleeps best when listening to some of the most intense, heavy metal you've ever heard.
๐ณ๐ดNorway plays white noise and curls up into a ball under a couple of layers of thick, heavy blankets. He probably hugs a pillow, thinking of the days when Iceland used to call him big brother as a little kid.
๐ฎ๐ธIceland can only get to sleep in total darkness and in total silence. He's also a light sleeper, so anybody walking around the room will immediately wake him up.
๐ญ๐บHungary sleeps like an actual normal person. I really don't know how else to describe it. Though she has been heard saying some pretty weird crap in her sleep before.
๐ฆ๐นAustria sleeps best if he has soft classical music playing. Unfortunately for him, Prussia hacked into his playlist and threw in some of Finland's heavy metal songs.
๐ฑ๐ฎLiechtenstein is a fairly light sleeper. She's also afraid of the dark, so she typically has a nightlight somewhere in her room.
๐จ๐ญSwitzerland is also another character with insomnia. This is because he is low-key paranoid about making sure the entire house is locked up before he goes to bed at night. He wants to make sure he and Liechtenstein are safe.
#hetalia#aph#hetalia fandom#aph fandom#hetalia world stars#hws#hetalia axis powers#hetalia world series#hetalia the beautiful world#hetalia the world twinkle#aph italy#aph germany#aph japan#aph prussia#aph romano#aph america#aph england#aph france#aph china#aph russia#aph canada#aph spain#aph denmark#aph sweden#aph norway#aph iceland#aph finland#aph hungary#aph austria#aph switzerland
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HERE is the list of the 134 countries that are NOT supporting South Africa's ๐ฟ๐ฆ claims of genocide against Israel ๐ฎ๐ฑ:
๐ฆ๐ฉ Andorraย
๐ฆ๐ด Angolaย
๐ฆ๐ฌ Antigua and Barbudaย
๐ฆ๐ท Argentinaย
๐ฆ๐ฒ Armeniaย
๐ฆ๐บ Australiaย
๐ฆ๐น Austriaย
๐ง๐ธ Bahamasย
๐ง๐ง Barbadosย
๐ง๐พ Belarusย
๐ง๐ฟ Belizeย
๐ง๐น Bhutanย
๐ง๐ฆ Bosnia and Herzegovinaย
๐ง๐ผ Botswanaย
๐ง๐ฌ Bulgariaย
๐ง๐ฎ Burundiย
๐จ๐ป Cabo Verdeย
๐ฐ๐ญ Cambodiaย
๐จ๐ฆ Canadaย
๐จ๐ซ Central African Republicย
๐จ๐ฑ Chileย
๐จ๐ณ Chinaย
๐ฐ๐ฒ Comorosย
๐จ๐ฌ Congoย
๐จ๐ท Costa Ricaย
๐ญ๐ท Croatiaย
๐จ๐บ Cubaย
๐จ๐พ Cyprusย
๐จ๐ฟ Czech Republicย
๐จ๐ฉ Democratic Republic of the Congoย
๐ฉ๐ฐ Denmarkย
๐ฉ๐ฒ Dominicaย
๐ฉ๐ด Dominican Republicย
๐น๐ฑ East Timor (Timor-Leste)ย
๐ช๐จ Ecuadorย
๐ธ๐ป El Salvadorย
๐ฌ๐ถ Equatorial Guineaย
๐ช๐ท Eritreaย
๐ช๐ช Estoniaย
๐ธ๐ฟ Eswatiniย
๐ช๐น Ethiopiaย
๐ซ๐ฏ Fijiย
๐ซ๐ฎ Finlandย
๐ซ๐ท Franceย
๐ฌ๐ช Georgiaย
๐ฉ๐ช Germanyย
๐ฌ๐ญ Ghanaย
๐ฌ๐ท Greeceย
๐ฌ๐ฉ Grenadaย
๐ฌ๐น Guatemalaย
๐ญ๐น Haitiย
๐ญ๐ณ Hondurasย
๐ญ๐บ Hungaryย
๐ฎ๐ธ Icelandย
๐ฎ๐ณ Indiaย
๐ฎ๐ช Irelandย
๐ฎ๐น Italyย
๐ฏ๐ฒ Jamaicaย
๐ฏ๐ต Japanย
๐ฐ๐ช Kenyaย
๐ฐ๐ฎ Kiribatiย
๐ฐ๐ต Korea, North (North Korea)ย
๐ฐ๐ท Korea, South (South Korea)ย
๐ฝ๐ฐ Kosovoย
๐ฑ๐ฆ Laosย
๐ฑ๐ป Latviaย
๐ฑ๐ธ Lesothoย
๐ฑ๐ท Liberiaย
๐ฑ๐ฎ Liechtensteinย
๐ฑ๐น Lithuaniaย
๐ฑ๐บ Luxembourgย
๐ฒ๐ฌ Madagascarย
๐ฒ๐ผ Malawi
๐ฒ๐น Maltaย
๐ฒ๐ญ Marshall Islandsย
๐ฒ๐บ Mauritiusย
๐ฒ๐ฝ Mexicoย
๐ซ๐ฒ Micronesiaย
๐ฒ๐ฉ Moldovaย
๐ฒ๐จ Monacoย
๐ฒ๐ณ Mongoliaย
๐ฒ๐ช Montenegroย
๐ฒ๐ฒ Myanmar (Burma)ย
๐ณ๐ท Nauruย
๐ณ๐ต Nepalย
๐ณ๐ฑ Netherlandsย
๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealandย
๐ณ๐ฎ Nicaraguaย
๐ฒ๐ฐ North Macedonia (Macedonia)ย
๐ณ๐ด Norwayย
๐ต๐ผ Palauย
๐ต๐ฆ Panamaย
๐ต๐ฌ Papua New Guineaย
๐ต๐พ Paraguayย
๐ต๐ช Peruย
๐ต๐ญ Philippinesย
๐ต๐ฑ Polandย
๐ต๐น Portugalย
๐ท๐ด Romaniaย
๐ท๐บ Russiaย
๐ท๐ผ Rwandaย
๐ฐ๐ณ Saint Kitts and Nevisย
๐ฑ๐จ Saint Luciaย
๐ป๐จ Saint Vincent and the Grenadinesย
๐ผ๐ธ Samoaย
๐ธ๐ฒ San Marinoย
๐ธ๐น Sao Tome and Principeย
๐ท๐ธ Serbiaย
๐ธ๐จ Seychellesย
๐ธ๐ฑ Sierra Leoneย
๐ธ๐ฌ Singaporeย
๐ธ๐ฐ Slovakiaย
๐ธ๐ฎ Sloveniaย
๐ธ๐ง Solomon Islandsย
๐ช๐ธ Spainย
๐ฑ๐ฐ Sri Lankaย
๐ธ๐ช Sweden
๐จ๐ญ Switzerlandย
๐น๐ผ Taiwanย
๐น๐ฟ Tanzaniaย
๐น๐ญ Thailandย
๐น๐ด Tongaย
๐น๐น Trinidad and Tobagoย
๐น๐ณ Tunisiaย
๐น๐ฒ Turkmenistanย
๐น๐ป Tuvaluย
๐บ๐ฆ Ukraineย
๐ฌ๐ง United Kingdom (UK)ย
๐บ๐ธ United States of America (USA)ย
๐บ๐พ Uruguayย
๐ป๐บ Vanuatuย
๐ป๐ฆ Vatican Cityย
๐ป๐ณ Vietnamย
๐ฟ๐ฒ Zambiaย
๐ฟ๐ผ Zimbabwe
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Masterlist
Majority of my works can be found on ao3 (which can be found here), but Iโll link a few of the big ones below along with anything posted on here!
No longer an active writer ๐ฉต
AO3 Advice Can Be Found Here
Ingrid Engen/Mapi Leon
did she feel better than me?
You Didnโt Let Me Finish
Do You See Something I Can't
Success is Easy
Haunted By The Ghost Of You
How You Get The Girl
la princesa
How Do I Trust Again?
Ingrid Engen/Mapi Leon x daughter
I Wanna Thank You Baby, You Make It Feel Like Christmas
Why Would She Say That?
She Feels Safe With You
Scary
You Can Do This
We Can't Figure Out What It Means
Sheโs Perfect
Iโm Sorry
Mascot
The Beginning
Elena and Alexia Day!
Elena - The Later Years
First Meetings
Tulips and Two Embarrassing Mothers
Misa Rodriguez/Marta Cardona
You Canโt Talk No Sh*t Without Penalties
Lena Oberdorf/Jule Brand
Hothead
Andrea Medina x Lola Gallardo (platonic)
I Try, I Try
Lia Wรคlti/Mariona Caldentey
I'm Scared I'll Always Be This Way, That People Will Not Want To Stay
Jana Fernandez/Jill Roord
Heaven Wonโt Be The Same
Couples I will write for/have written for (placed in order of who I am most willing to write about, starting at the top):
Ingrid Engen๐ณ๐ด/Mapi Leรณn๐ช๐ธ- 26 worksย
Jana Fernรกndez ๐ช๐ธ/Jill Roord๐ณ๐ฑ - 4 worksย
Mariona Caldentey ๐ช๐ธ/Lia Wรคlti๐จ๐ญ- 3 worksย
Caroline Graham Hansen๐ณ๐ด/Marta Torrejรณn ๐ช๐ธ - 4 worksย
Ona Batlle ๐ช๐ธ/Aitana Bonmatรญ๐ช๐ธ - 1 workย
Ona Batlle๐ช๐ธ/Lucy Bronze๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ - 1 workย
Misa Rodrรญquez๐ช๐ธ/Marta Cardona๐ช๐ธ - 1 workย
Lola Gallardo๐ช๐ธ & Andrea Medina ๐ช๐ธ- 1 workย
Fran Kirby๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ/Maren Mjelde๐ณ๐ด - 4 worksย
Ana Maria Crnogorฤeviฤ๐จ๐ญ/Lia Wรคlti๐จ๐ญ - 1 work
Leah Williamson๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ/Lia Wรคlti๐จ๐ญ - 1 workย
Sam Kerr๐ฆ๐บ/Kristie Mewis๐บ๐ธ- 4 worksย
Frida Maanum๐ณ๐ด/Emma Lennartsson๐ธ๐ช- 5 worksย
Magdalena Erickson๐ธ๐ช/Pernille Harder ๐ฉ๐ฐ- 2 worksย
Jessie Fleming๐จ๐ฆ/Niamh Charles๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ - 1 workย
Laura Wienroither๐ฆ๐น/Stina Blackstenius๐ธ๐ช - 1 workย
Tobin Health๐บ๐ธ/Christen Press๐บ๐ธ - 1 work
Patri Guijarro๐ช๐ธ/Claudia Pina๐ช๐ธ - 1 work
Cata Coll๐ช๐ธ/Claudia Pina๐ช๐ธ - 1 work
Lucy Bronze๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ/Keira Walsh๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ - 5 worksย
Ruesha Littlejohn๐ฎ๐ช/Katie McCabe๐ฎ๐ช - 2 worksย
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OC INTERVIEW!
I was tagged by: @alypink thank you pookie!! ๐งกโจ
Abby ๐๐ฟ
Name: Abigail Mason
Nickname: Abby, Abs
Gender: Female
Star Sign: Capricorn โ๐
Personality Type: Chaotic Neutral
Height: 1.65m/5.4 ft
Orientation: Lesbian
Nationality/Ethnicity: American ๐บ๐ธ
Fave Fruit: Orange ๐
Fave Season: Autumn ๐๐
Fave Flower: Sunflower ๐ป
Fave Scent: Old books and leather ๐
Coffee, Tea, or HC: Tea ๐ต
Average Hours of Sleep: 4/6 hours
Dog or Cat Person: Dog person ๐
Dream Trip: Alaska, Fairbanks ๐๏ธ
Number of Blankets They Sleep With: if she can 2
Random Fact: Abby likes to wear silly socks with silly patterns. ๐งฆ
SPARROW ๐๏ธ๐ง
Name: Hannah Clayton
Nickname: Sparrow, Han
Gender: Female
Star Sign: Aquarius โ๐บ
Personality Type: Chaotic good.
Height: 1.85m/6.1 ft
Orientation: Lesbian
Nationality/Ethnicity: Swiss ๐จ๐ญ/ British ๐ฌ๐ง
Fave Fruit: Pear ๐
Fave Season: Winter โ๏ธโ๏ธ
Fave Flower: Rosemary ๐ชด
Fave Scent: Rain ๐ง๏ธ
Coffee, Tea, or HC: Coffee โ
Average Hours of Sleep: 6/8 hours
Dog or Cat Person: dog person ๐
Dream Trip: Nepal ๐ณ๐ต(she's been there several times but she loves it so much)
Number of Blankets They Sleep With: one
Random Fact: She's lactose intolerant ๐ฅ๐ฎ
AMARA ๐๐๐
Name: Amara Thompson
Nickname: none
Gender: Female
Star Sign: Taurus โ๐
Personality Type: Neutral Good
Height: 1.65 m/5.4 ft
Orientation: bisexual
Nationality/Ethnicity: British ๐ฌ๐ง, Japanese ๐ฏ๐ต
Fave Fruit: Strawberry ๐
Fave Season: Summer ๐โฑ๏ธ
Fave Flower: tulip ๐ท
Fave Scent: lavender ๐ชป
Coffee, Tea, or HC: coffee and tea โ๐ต
Average Hours of Sleep: 4/8 hours
Dog or Cat Person: cat person ๐๐ฑ
Dream Trip: Japan ๐ฏ๐ต
Number of Blankets They Sleep With: three
Random Fact: she's vegetarian
Template:
Name:
Nickname:
Gender:
Star Sign:
Personality Type:
Height:
Orientation:
Nationality/Ethnicity:
Fave Fruit:
Fave Season:
Fave Flower:
Fave Scent:
Coffee, Tea, or HC:
Average Hours of Sleep:
Dog or Cat Person:
Dream Trip:
Number of Blankets They Sleep With:
Random Fact:
Tagging! @efingart @kaitaiga @applbottmjeens @sleepyconfusedpotato @welldonekhushi @mctvsh
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Aimeeโs 2023 royal family engagement count: The final results!
Disclaimer; everyoneโs counts will be different, people have different rules to their method of counting the Court Circular. It isnโt a definitive count and is done just for fun ๐
The court circular doesnโt record any work behind the scenes, only public engagements, official meetings and luncheons/dinners. Itโs more a gauge of their public facing roles.
๐ Princess Anne ๐
Once again Princess Anne tops the chart as the hardest working royal, completing 467 engagements.
She has done 393 engagements in the UK.
She travelled to 10 different countries this year and did 74 engagements there. ๐จ๐พ๐ช๐ช๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฆ๐บ๐ซ๐ท๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ฎ๐ณ๐ฌ๐ฎ
Dubbed by some as the unofficial Queen of Scots she did 62 in Scotland.
King Charles III
In the first year of his reign King Charles did a grand total of 463 engagements
In the UK he did 386 engagements.
He travelled to 5 different countries where he completed 76 engagements and did 3 full royal tours in Germany, France and Kenya. He also hosted a state visit for South Korea at Buckingham Palace. ๐ฉ๐ช๐ท๐ด๐ซ๐ท๐ฐ๐ช๐ฆ๐ช
What is also worth mentioning is that he has Red Boxes that he has to go through every single day, except Christmas Day and Easter Sunday as well as a lot of work behind the scenes.
Prince Edward, The Duke of Edinburgh
This year, on his 59th birthday, Prince Edward became the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the title of his father. With this he increased his work with the Duke of Edinburgh award and travelling to visit international sections of the award. Prince Edward also visited a lot of theatre related organisations and youth centres and charities.
He completed 294 this year and visited 13 countries on solo tours and with his wife. ๐น๐จ๐ง๐ธ๐บ๐ธ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ช๐จ๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ช๐น๐ท๐ง๐ญ๐ธ๐ฌ๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฎ๐ฉ
Sophie, The Duchess of Edinburgh
In 2023 Sophie carried on her hard work in areas like womenโs rights in disadvantaged areas, avoidable blindness, hygiene and agriculture.
She completed 226 this year in the UK and the commonwealth and visited 10 countries on solo tours and with her husband. ๐ณ๐ฑ๐น๐จ๐ง๐ธ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ฎ๐น๐ช๐น๐จ๐ฆ๐จ๐ด๐จ๐ญ
Prince Richard, The Duke of Gloucester
The Duke of Gloucester has this year completed 208 engagements in the UK.
He continued his long lasting work in heritage, architecture, the St Johnโs Ambulance and military organisations.
Hopefully next year we will see him do some overseas engagements. ๐ฏ๏ธ
Queen Camilla
In the year of her Coronation, Queen Camilla carried out 198 engagements.
She visited Germany, France and Kenya where she did 42 engagements whilst on official tours. ๐ฉ๐ช๐ซ๐ท๐ฐ๐ช
She focused a lot of her engagements this year on sectors close to her heart like womenโs & childrenโs charities, osteoporosis care and animal welfare.
Prince William, The Prince of Wales
The Prince of Wales this year carried out engagements in the UK and the Commonwealth in areas like mental health, homelessness and conservation. In 2023 he did 183 engagements.
Prince William travelled to 4 countries where he did 32 engagements related to Earthshot in USA and Singapore, visiting Ukrainian troops in Poland, attending the Jordanian royal wedding in June and finally travelling to Kuwait to give his condolences to to The Emir of Kuwait following the death of The Emir Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. ๐ต๐ฑ๐บ๐ธ๐ฏ๐ด๐ธ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ผ
Catherine, The Princess of Wales
The Princess of Wales carried out 134 engagements throughout 2023. Catherine continued her work in her Early Years foundation and childhood development.
She visited France for two, one off engagements for the rugby World Cup in France and to Jordan for Crown Prince Hussein and Princess Rajwaโs wedding in June. ๐ซ๐ท๐ฏ๐ด
Hopefully we will see her and the Prince of Wales go on a couple of overseas tours next year now that their children are older.
Birgitte, The Duchess of Gloucester
The Duchess of Gloucester has this year completed 127 engagements in the UK. She continued her long lasting work in sports, the arts (Opera, Ballet, Acting etcโฆ) and accompanying her husband to official engagements.
Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence
Although not an official working royal, Sir Tim often attends as a great support to his wifeโs engagements as well as having his own non-royal patronages and interests. It was recently announced that he would become chair of the Science Museum group and is the patron of a number of heritage organisations.
He accompanied his wife to a total of 92, represented her 4 times and accompanied her to 27 engagements abroad in 5 countries. ๐ช๐ช๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฆ๐บ๐ซ๐ท๐ฌ๐ฎ
(Operation working royal Tim) ๐
Prince Edward, The Duke of Kent.
Despite being 88, Prince Edward, the late Queens cousin, has carried out 75 engagements even with his ailing mobility.
He continued his valued hard work with organisations like the RNLI, the Royal Scots Guards and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which he recently passed on the presidency to the Princess Royal.
Princess Alexandra of Kent
Although she is practically retired now, we have seen Princess Alexandra attend four official engagements in 2023. Firstly she attended a Reception for British East and South-East Asian Communities, secondly to present medals to members of The Royal Lancers, thirdly she attended the Coronation of King Charles and Queen Camilla and lastly she visited the Royal Chelsea Flower Show.
This year the British Royal Family completed a grand total of 2476 in the UK and 29 different countries across the world.
๐จ๐พ๐ช๐ช๐ณ๐ฟ๐ฆ๐บ๐ซ๐ท๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ฎ๐ณ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ท๐ด๐ฐ๐ช๐ต๐ฑ๐บ๐ธ๐ฏ๐ด๐ธ๐ฌ๐น๐จ๐ง๐ธ๐จ๐ฟ๐น๐ท๐ง๐ญ๐ธ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ณ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ฎ๐น๐ช๐น๐จ๐ด๐จ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ผ
See below for engagements from the past decade and the types of engagements carried out in 2023
#thank you for following me on this journey#i might carry on in 2024#time will tell#king charles iii#queen camilla#william prince of wales#catherine princess of wales#prince edward duke of edinburgh#sophie duchess of edinburgh#princess anne#princess royal#tim laurence#timothy laurence#prince richard duke of gloucester#birgitte duchess of gloucester#prince edward duke of kent#princess alexandra of kent#2023 engagement count
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Iโค๏ธThis Car... ๐โ๐จ
The Legendary Porsche 962
Notable drivers
Mario Andretti ๐ฎ๐น๐บ๐ธ
Hans-Joachim Stuck ๐ฉ๐ช
Stefan Bellof ๐ฉ๐ช
Jochen Mass ๐ฉ๐ช
Gary Brabham ๐ฆ๐บ
Derek Bell ๐ฌ๐ง
Jonathan Palmer ๐ฌ๐ง
Marc Surer ๐จ๐ญ
Jesรบs Pareja ๐ช๐ธ
Gianpiero Moretti ๐ฎ๐น
Henri Pescarolo ๐ซ๐ท
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๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ท๓ ฌ๓ ณ๓ ฟ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ณ๓ ฃ๓ ด๓ ฟ๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ฅ๓ ฎ๓ ง๓ ฟ๐ฟ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ฆ๐พ๐น๐พ๐ช๐ฝ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ธ๐ผ๐ซ๐ป๐บ๐ป๐ณ๐ป๐ฎ๐ป๐ฌ๐ป๐ช๐ป๐จ๐ป๐ฆ๐น๐ป๐น๐ผ๐น๐ฟ๐บ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฌ๐บ๐ฒ๐บ๐ณ๐บ๐ธ๐บ๐พ๐บ๐ฟ๐น๐น๐น๐ท๐น๐ด๐น๐ณ๐น๐ฒ๐น๐ฑ๐น๐ฐ๐น๐ฏ๐น๐ญ๐น๐ฌ๐น๐ซ๐น๐ฉ๐น๐จ๐น๐ฆ๐ธ๐ฟ๐ธ๐พ๐ธ๐ฝ๐ธ๐ป๐ธ๐น๐ธ๐ธ๐ธ๐ท๐ธ๐ด๐ธ๐ณ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ธ๐ฑ๐ธ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ธ๐ญ๐ธ๐ฌ๐ธ๐ช๐ธ๐ฉ๐ธ๐จ๐ธ๐ง๐ธ๐ฆ๐ท๐ผ๐ท๐บ๐ท๐ธ๐ท๐ด๐ท๐ช๐ถ๐ฆ๐ต๐พ๐ต๐ผ๐ต๐น๐ต๐ธ๐ต๐ท๐ต๐ณ๐ต๐ฒ๐ต๐ฑ๐ต๐ฐ๐ณ๐ต๐ณ๐ท๐ณ๐บ๐ณ๐ฟ๐ด๐ฒ๐ต๐ฆ๐ต๐ช๐ต๐ซ๐ต๐ฌ๐ต๐ญ๐ฒ๐พ๐ฒ๐ฟ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ณ๐จ๐ณ๐ช๐ณ๐ซ๐ณ๐ฌ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ณ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ด๐ฒ๐ฝ๐ฒ๐ผ๐ฒ๐ป๐ฒ๐บ๐ฒ๐น๐ฒ๐ธ๐ฒ๐ท๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฒ๐ต๐ฒ๐ด๐ฒ๐จ๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ช๐ฒ๐ซ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฑ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ณ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐พ๐ฑ๐ป๐ฑ๐บ๐ฑ๐น๐ฑ๐ธ๐ฑ๐ท๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐จ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ฒ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฐ๐ท๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฐ๐พ๐ฐ๐ฟ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ง๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ฏ๐ด๐ฏ๐ฒ๐ฏ๐ช๐ฎ๐น๐ฎ๐ธ๐ฎ๐ท๐ญ๐น๐ญ๐บ๐ฎ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ฎ๐ฒ๐ฎ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ด๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ท๐ญ๐ณ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฌ๐พ๐ฌ๐ผ๐ฌ๐บ๐ฌ๐น๐ฌ๐ธ๐ฌ๐ท๐ฌ๐ช๐ฌ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฑ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ณ๐ฌ๐ต๐ฌ๐ถ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ซ๐ท๐ซ๐ด๐ซ๐ฒ๐ซ๐ฐ๐ซ๐ฏ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ช๐บ๐ฉ๐ด๐ฉ๐ฟ๐ช๐ฆ๐ช๐จ๐ช๐ช๐ช๐ฌ๐ช๐ญ๐ช๐ท๐ช๐ธ๐ช๐น๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ฉ๐ฏ๐ฉ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ช๐จ๐ฟ๐จ๐พ๐จ๐ฝ๐จ๐ผ๐จ๐ป๐จ๐บ๐จ๐ท๐จ๐ต๐จ๐ด๐จ๐ณ๐จ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฑ๐จ๐ฐ๐จ๐ฎ๐จ๐ญ๐จ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐จ๐จ๐จ๐ฆ๐ง๐ฟ๐ง๐พ๐ง๐ผ๐ง๐ป๐ง๐น๐ง๐ธ๐ง๐ท๐ง๐ถ๐ง๐ด๐ง๐ณ๐ง๐ฒ๐ง๐ฑ๐ง๐ฏ๐ง๐ฎ๐ง๐ญ๐ฆ๐บ๐ฆ๐ผ๐ฆ๐ฝ๐ฆ๐ฟ๐ง๐ฆ๐ง๐ง๐ง๐ฉ๐ง๐ช๐ง๐ซ๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐น๐ฆ๐ธ๐ฆ๐ท๐ฆ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ด๐ณ๐ณ๏ธโ๐๐ณ๏ธโโง๏ธ๐ดโ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ธ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ช
And now, the Nations of the World! Brought to you by Tumblr Anon!
United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Haiti, Jamaica, Peru
I forgot the rest of the song
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Population density (people per sq. km)
Macao ๐ฒ๐ด: 20,556
Monaco ๐ฒ๐จ: 18,215
Singapore ๐ธ๐ฌ: 7,919
Hong Kong ๐ญ๐ฐ: 7,125
Gibraltar ๐ฌ๐ฎ: 3,271
Bahrain ๐ง๐ญ: 1,882
Maldives ๐ฒ๐ป: 1,715
Malta ๐ฒ๐น: 1,610
Bangladesh ๐ง๐ฉ: 1,286
South Korea ๐ฐ๐ท: 531
Netherlands ๐ณ๐ฑ: 518
India ๐ฎ๐ณ: 470
Israel ๐ฎ๐ฑ: 426
Belgium ๐ง๐ช: 381
Japan ๐ฏ๐ต: 346
Vietnam ๐ป๐ณ: 308
Pakistan ๐ต๐ฐ: 295
UK ๐ฌ๐ง: 277
Germany ๐ฉ๐ช: 238
Nigeria ๐ณ๐ฌ: 229
Switzerland ๐จ๐ญ: 219
Italy ๐ฎ๐น: 201
China ๐จ๐ณ: 150
Denmark ๐ฉ๐ฐ: 146
Indonesia ๐ฎ๐ฉ: 145
France ๐ซ๐ท: 123
Turkey ๐น๐ท: 109
Spain ๐ช๐ธ: 95
Mexico ๐ฒ๐ฝ: 65
South Africa ๐ฟ๐ฆ: 48
USA ๐บ๐ธ: 36
Brazil ๐ง๐ท: 26
Sweden ๐ธ๐ช: 25
Finland ๐ซ๐ฎ: 18
Argentina ๐ฆ๐ท: 17
Norway ๐ณ๐ด: 15
Russia ๐ท๐บ: 9
Canada ๐จ๐ฆ: 4
Australia ๐ฆ๐บ: 3
Mongolia ๐ฒ๐ณ: 2
Greenland ๐ฌ๐ฑ: 0
World ๐: 60
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Swiss Policy Research: The Propaganda Multiplier
It is one of the most important aspects of our media system, and yet hardly known to the public: most of the international news coverage in Western media is provided by only three global news agencies based in New York, London and Paris.
The key role played by these agencies means Western media often report on the same topics, even using the same wording. In addition, governments, military and intelligence services use these global news agencies as multipliers to spread their messages around the world.
A study of the Syria war coverage by nine leading European newspapers clearly illustrates these issues: 78% of all articles were based in whole or in part on agency reports, yet 0% on investigative research. Moreover, 82% of all opinion pieces and interviews were in favor of a US and NATO intervention, while propaganda was attributed exclusively to the opposite side.
The Propaganda Multiplier:
How Global News Agencies and Western Media Report on Geopolitics
A Study by Swiss Propaganda Research: 2016 / 2019
โTherefore, you always have to ask yourself: Why do I get this specific information, in this specific form, at this specific moment? Ultimately, these are always questions about power.โ (*) Dr. Konrad Hummler, Swiss Banking and Media Executive
Contents
Part 1: The Propaganda Multiplier
Part 2: Case Study on Syria War Coverage
3. Notes and Literature
Introduction: โSomething Strangeโ
โHow does the newspaper know what it knows?โ The answer to this question is likely to surprise some newspaper readers: โThe main source of information is stories from news agencies. The almost anonymously operating news agencies are in a way the key to world events. So what are the names of these agencies, how do they work and who finances them? To judge how well one is informed about events in East and West, one should know the answers to these questions.โ (Hรถhne 1977, p. 11)
A Swiss media researcher points out: โThe news agencies are the most important suppliers of material to mass media. No daily media outlet can manage without them. () So the news agencies influence our image of the world; above all, we get to know what they have selected.โ (Blum 1995, p. 9)
In view of their essential importance, it is all the more astonishing that these agencies are hardly known to the public: โA large part of society is unaware that news agencies exist at all โฆ In fact, they play an enormously important role in the media market. But despite this great importance, little attention has been paid to them in the past.โ (Schulten-Jaspers 2013, p. 13)
Even the head of a news agency noted: โThere is something strange about news agencies. They are little known to the public. Unlike a newspaper, their activity is not so much in the spotlight, yet they can always be found at the source of the story.โ (Segbers 2007, p. 9)
โThe Invisible Nerve Center of the Media Systemโ
So what are the names of these agencies that are โalways at the source of the storyโ? There are now only three global news agencies left:
The American Associated Press (AP) with over 4000 employees worldwide. The AP belongs to US media companies and has its main editorial office in New York. AP news is used by around 12,000 international media outlets, reaching more than half of the worldโs population every day.
The Quasi-Governmental French Agence France-Presse (AFP) based in Paris and with around 4000 employees. The AFP sends over 3000 stories and photos every day to media all over the world.
The British Agency Reuters in London, which is privately owned and employs just over 3000 people. Reuters was acquired in 2008 by Canadian media entrepreneur Thomson โ one of the 25 richest people in the world โ and merged into Thomson Reuters, headquartered in New York.
In addition, many countries run their own news agencies. These include, for instance, the German DPA, the Austrian APA, and the Swiss SDA. When it comes to international news, however, national agencies usually rely on the three global agencies and simply copy and translate their reports.
Figure 1: The three global news agencies Reuters, AFP and AP, and the three national agencies of the German-speaking countries of Austria (APA), Germany (DPA) and Switzerland (SDA).
Wolfgang Vyslozil, former managing director of the Austrian APA, described the key role of news agencies with these words: โNews agencies are rarely in the public eye. Yet they are one of the most influential and at the same time one of the least known media types. They are key institutions of substantial importance to any media system. They are the invisible nerve center that connects all parts of this system.โ (Segbers 2007, p.10)
Small Abbreviation, Great Effect
However, there is a simple reason why the global agencies, despite their importance, are virtually unknown to the general public. To quote a Swiss media professor: โRadio and television usually do not name their sources, and only specialists can decipher references in magazines.โ (Blum 1995, P. 9)
The motive for this discretion, however, should be clear: news outlets are not particularly keen to let readers know that they havenโt researched most of their contributions themselves.
The following figure shows some examples of source tagging in popular European newspapers. Next to the agency abbreviations we find the initials of editors who have edited the respective agency report.
Figure 2: News agencies as sources in newspaper articles
Occasionally, newspapers use agency material but do not label it at all. A study in 2011 from the Swiss Research Institute for the Public Sphere and Society at the University of Zurich came to the following conclusions (FOEG 2011):
โAgency contributions are exploited integrally without labeling them, or they are partially rewritten to make them appear as an editorial contribution. In addition, there is a practice of โspicing upโ agency reports with little effort: for example, unpublished agency reports are enriched with images and graphics and presented as comprehensive articles.โ
The agencies play a prominent role not only in the press, but also in private and public broadcasting. This is confirmed by Volker Braeutigam, who worked for the German state broadcaster ARD for ten years and views the dominance of these agencies critically:
โOne fundamental problem is that the newsroom at ARD sources its information mainly from three sources: the news agencies DPA/AP, Reuters and AFP: one German/American, one British and one French. () The editor working on a news topic only needs to select a few text passages on the screen that he considers essential, rearrange them and glue them together with a few flourishes.โ
Swiss Radio and Television (SRF), too, largely bases itself on reports from these agencies. Asked by viewers why a peace march in Ukraine was not reported, the editors said: โTo date, we have not received a single report of this march from the independent agencies Reuters, AP and AFP.โ
In fact, not only the text, but also the images, sound and video recordings that we encounter in our media every day, are mostly from the very same agencies. What the uninitiated audience might think of as contributions from their local newspaper or TV station, are actually copied reports from New York, London and Paris.
Some media have even gone a step further and have, for lack of resources, outsourced their entire foreign editorial office to an agency. Moreover, it is well known that many news portals on the internet mostly publish agency reports (see e.g., Paterson 2007, Johnston 2011, MacGregor 2013).
In the end, this dependency on the global agencies creates a striking similarity in international reporting: from Vienna to Washington, our media often report the same topics, using many of the same phrases โ a phenomenon that would otherwise rather be associated with ยปcontrolled mediaยซ in authoritarian states.
The following graphic shows some examples from German and international publications. As you can see, despite the claimed objectivity, a slight (geo-)political bias sometimes creeps in.
Figure 3: โPutin threatensโ, โIran provokesโ, โNATO concernedโ, โAssad strongholdโ: Similarities in content and wording due to reports by global news agencies.
The Role of Correspondents
Much of our media does not have own foreign correspondents, so they have no choice but to rely completely on global agencies for foreign news. But what about the big daily newspapers and TV stations that have their own international correspondents? In German-speaking countries, for example, these include newspapers such NZZ, FAZ, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Welt, and public broadcasters.
First of all, the size ratios should be kept in mind: while the global agencies have several thousand employees worldwide, even the Swiss newspaper NZZ, known for its international reporting, maintains only 35 foreign correspondents (including their business correspondents). In huge countries such as China or India, only one correspondent is stationed; all of South America is covered by only two journalists, while in even larger Africa no-one is on the ground permanently.
Moreover, in war zones, correspondents rarely venture out. On the Syria war, for example, many journalists โreportedโ from cities such as Istanbul, Beirut, Cairo or even from Cyprus. In addition, many journalists lack the language skills to understand local people and media.
How do correspondents under such circumstances know what the โnewsโ is in their region of the world? The main answer is once again: from global agencies. The Dutch Middle East correspondent Joris Luyendijk has impressively described how correspondents work and how they depend on the world agencies in his book โPeople Like Us: Misrepresenting the Middle Eastโ:
โI had imagined correspondents to be historians-of-the-moment. When something important happened, they would go after it, find out what was going on, and report on it. But I didnโt go off to find out what was going on; that had been done long before. I went along to present an on-the-spot report.
The editors in the Netherlands called when something happened, they faxed or emailed the press releases, and Iโd retell them in my own words on the radio, or rework them into an article for the newspaper. This was the reason my editors found it more important that I could be reached in the place itself than that I knew what was going on. The news agencies provided enough information for you to be able to write or talk your way through any crisis or summit meeting.
Thatโs why you often come across the same images and stories if you leaf through a few different newspapers or click the news channels.
Our men and women in London, Paris, Berlin and Washington bureaus โ all thought that wrong topics were dominating the news and that we were following the standards of the news agencies too slavishly.
The common idea about correspondents is that they โhave the storyโ, () but the reality is that the news is a conveyor belt in a bread factory. The correspondents stand at the end of the conveyor belt, pretending weโve baked that white loaf ourselves, while in fact all weโve done is put it in its wrapping.
Afterwards, a friend asked me how Iโd managed to answer all the questions during those cross-talks, every hour and without hesitation. When I told him that, like on the TV-news, you knew all the questions in advance, his e-mailed response came packed with expletives. My friend had relalized that, for decades, what heโd been watching and listening to on the news was pure theatre.โ (Luye ndjik 2009, p. 20-22, 76, 189)
In other words, the typical correspondent is in general not able to do independent research, but rather deals with and reinforces those topics that are already prescribed by the news agencies โ the notorious โmainstream effectโ.
In addition, for cost-saving reasons many media outlets nowadays have to share their few foreign correspondents, and within individual media groups, foreign reports are often used by several publications โ none of which contributes to diversity in reporting.
โWhat the agency does not report, does not take placeโ
The central role of news agencies also explains why, in geopolitical conflicts, most media use the same original sources. In the Syrian war, for example, the โSyrian Observatory for Human Rightsโ โ a dubious one-man organization based in London โ featured prominently. The media rarely inquired directly at this โObservatoryโ, as its operator was in fact difficult to reach, even for journalists.
Rather, the โObservatoryโ delivered its stories to global agencies, which then forwarded them to thousands of media outlets, which in turn โinformedโ hundreds of millions of readers and viewers worldwide. The reason why the agencies, of all places, referred to this strange โObservatoryโ in their reporting โ and who really financed it โ is a question that was rarely asked.
The former chief editor of the German news agency DPA, Manfred Steffens, therefore states in his book โThe Business of Newsโ:
โA news story does not become more correct simply because one is able to provide a source for it. It is indeed rather questionable to trust a news story more just because a source is cited. () Behind the protective shield such a โsourceโ means for a story, some people are inclined to spread rather adventurous things, even if they themselves have legitimate doubts about their correctness; the responsibility, at least morally, can always be attributed to the cited source.โ (Steffens 1969, p. 106)
Dependence on global agencies is also a major reason why media coverage of geopolitical conflicts is often superficial and erratic, while historic relationships and background are fragmented or altogether absent. As put by Steffens: โNews agencies receive their impulses almost exclusively from current events and are therefore by their very nature ahistoric. They are reluctant to add any more context than is strictly required.โ (Steffens 1969, p. 32)
Finally, the dominance of global agencies explains why certain geopolitical issues and events โ which often do not fit very well into the US/NATO narrative or are too โunimportantโ โ are not mentioned in our media at all: if the agencies do not report on something, then most Western media will not be aware of it. As pointed out on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the German DPA: โWhat the agency does not report, does not take place.โ (Wilke 2000, p. 1)
โAdding Questionable Storiesโ
While some topics do not appear at all in our media, other topics are very prominent โ even though they shouldnโt actually be: โOften the mass media do not report on reality, but on a constructed or staged reality. () Several studies have shown that the mass media are predominantly determined by PR activities and that passive, receptive attitudes outweigh active-researching ones.โ (Blum 1995, p. 16)
In fact, due to the rather low journalistic performance of our media and their high dependence on a few news agencies, it is easy for interested parties to spread propaganda and disinformation in a supposedly respectable format to a worldwide audience. DPA editor Steffens warned of this danger:
โThe critical sense gets more lulled the more respected the news agency or newspaper is. Someone who wants to introduce a questionable story into the world press only needs to try to put his story in a reasonably reputable agency, to be sure that it then appears a little later in the others. Sometimes it happens that a hoax passes from agency to agency and becomes ever more credible.โ (Steffens 1969, p. 234)
Among the most active actors in โinjectingโ questionable geopolitical news are the military and defense ministries. For example, in 2009 the head of the American news agency AP, Tom Curley, made public that the Pentagon employs more than 27,000 PR specialists who, with a budget of nearly $ 5 billion a year, are working the media and circulating targeted manipulations. In addition, high-ranking US generals had threatened that they would โruinโ him and the AP if the journalists reported too critically on the US military.
Despite โ or because of? โ such threats our media regularly publish dubious stories sourced to some unnamed โinformantsโ from โUS defense circlesโ.
Ulrich Tilgner, a veteran Middle East correspondent for German and Swiss television, warned in 2003, shortly after the Iraq war, of acts of deception by the military and the role played by the media:
โWith the help of the media, the military determine the public perception and use it for their plans. They manage to stir expectations and spread deceptive scenarios. In this new kind of war, the PR strategists of the US administration fulfill a similar function as the bomber pilots. The special departments for public relations in the Pentagon and in the secret services have become combatants in the information war.
For their deception maneuvers, the US military specifically uses the lack of transparency in media coverage. The way they spread information, which is then picked up and distributed by newspapers and broadcasters, makes it impossible for readers, listeners or viewers to trace the original source. Thus, the audience will fail to recognize the actual intention of the military.โ (Tilgner 2003, p. 132)
What is known to the US military, would not be foreign to US intelligence services. In a remarkable report by British Channel 4, former CIA officials and a Reuters correspondent spoke candidly about the systematic dissemination of propaganda and misinformation in reporting on geopolitical conflicts:
Former CIA officer and whistleblower John Stockwell said of his work in the Angolan war: โThe basic theme was to make it look like an [enemy] aggression. So any kind of story that you could write and get into the media anywhere in the world, that pushed that line, we did. One third of my staff in this task force were propagandists, whose professional career job was to make up stories and finding ways of getting them into the press. () The editors in most Western newspapers are not too skeptical of messages that conform to general views and prejudices. () So we came up with another story, and it was kept going for weeks. () But it was all fiction.โ
Fred Bridgland looked back on his work as a war correspondent for the Reuters agency: โWe based our reports on official communications. It was not until years later that I learned that a little CIA disinformation expert had sat in the US embassy and had composed these communiquรฉs that bore absolutely no relationship at all to truth. () Basically, and to put it very crudely, you can publish any old crap and it will get into the newspaper.โ
And former CIA analyst David MacMichael described his work in the Contra War in Nicaragua with these words: โThey said our intelligence of Nicaragua was so good that we could even register when someone flushed a toilet. But I had the feeling that the stories we were giving to the press came straight out of the toilet.โ (Channel 4, 1985)
Of course, the intelligence services also have a large number of direct contacts in our media, which can be โleakedโ information to if necessary. But without the central role of the global news agencies, the worldwide synchronization of propaganda and disinformation would never be so efficient.
Through this โpropaganda multiplierโ, dubious stories from PR experts working for governments, military and intelligence services reach the general public more or less unchecked and unfiltered. The journalists refer to the news agencies and the news agencies refer to their sources. Although they often attempt to point out uncertainties (and hedge themselves) with terms such as โapparentโ, โallegedโ and the like โ by then the rumor has long been spread to the world and its effect has taken place.
Figure 4: The Propaganda Multiplier: Governments, military and intelligence services using global news agencies to disseminate their messages to a worldwide audience.
As the New York Times Reported โฆ
In addition to global news agencies, there is another source that is often used by media outlets around the world to report on geopolitical conflicts, namely the major publications in Great Britain and the US.
News outlets like the New York Times or the BBC may have up to 100 foreign correspondents and additional external employees. However, as Middle East correspondent Luyendijk points out:
โOur news teams, me included, fed on the selection of news made by quality media like CNN, the BBC, and the New York Times. We did that on the assumption that their correspondents understood the Arab world and commanded a view of it โ but many of them turned out not to speak Arabic, or at least not enough to be able to have a conversation in it or to follow the local media. Many of the top dogs at CNN, the BBC, the Independent, the Guardian, the New Yorker, and the NYT were more often than not dependent on assistants and translators.โ (Luyendijk p. 47)
In addition, the sources of these media outlets are often not easy to verify (โmilitary circlesโ, โanonymous government officialsโ, โintelligence officialsโ and the like) and can therefore also be used for the dissemination of propaganda. In any case, the widespread orientation towards the major Anglo-Saxon publications leads to a further convergence in the geopolitical coverage in our media.
The following figure shows some examples of such citation based on the Syria coverage of the largest daily newspaper in Switzerland, Tages-Anzeiger. The articles are all from the first days of October 2015, when Russia for the first time intervened directly in the Syrian war (US/UK sources are highlighted):
Figure 5: Frequent citation of major British and US media, exemplified by the Syria war coverage of Swiss daily newspaper Tages-Anzeiger in October 2015.
The Desired Narrative
But why do journalists in our media not simply try to research and report independently of the global agencies and the Anglo-Saxon media? Middle East correspondent Luyendijk describes his experiences:
โYou might suggest that I should have looked for sources I could trust. I did try, but whenever I wanted to write a story without using news agencies, the main Anglo-Saxon media, or talking heads, it fell apart. () Obviously I, as a correspondent, could tell very different stories about one and the same situation. But the media could only present one of them, and often enough, that was exactly the story that confirmed the prevailing image.โ (Luyendijk p.54ff)
Media researcher Noam Chomsky has described this effect in his essay โWhat makes the mainstream media mainstreamโ as follows: โIf you get off line, if youโre producing stories that the big press doesnโt like, youโll hear about it pretty soon. () So there are a lot of ways in which power plays can drive you right back into line if you move out. If you try to break the mold, youโre not going to last long. That framework works pretty well, and it is understandable that it is just a reflection of obvious power structures.โ (Chomsky 1997)
Nevertheless, some of the leading journalists continue to believe that nobody can tell them what to write. How does this add up? Media researcher Chomsky clarifies the apparent contradiction:
โ[T]he point is that they wouldnโt be there unless they had already demonstrated that nobody has to tell them what to write because they are going say the right thing. If they had started off at the Metro desk, or something, and had pursued the wrong kind of stories, they never would have made it to the positions where they can now say anything they like. The same is mostly true of university faculty in the more ideological disciplines. They have been through the socialization system.โ (Chomsky 1997)
Ultimately, this โsocialization systemโ leads to a journalism that no longer independently researches and critically reports on geopolitical conflicts (and some other topics), but seeks to consolidate the desired narrative through appropriate editorials, commentary, and interviews.
Conclusion: The โFirst Law of Journalismโ
Former AP journalist Herbert Altschull called it the First Law of Journalism: โIn all press systems, the news media are instruments of those who exercise political and economic power. Newspapers, periodicals, radio and television stations do not act independently, although they have the possibility of independent exercise of power.โ (Altschull 1984/1995, p. 298)
In that sense, it is logical that our traditional media โ which are predominantly financed by advertising or the state โ represent the geopolitical interests of the transatlantic alliance, given that both the advertising corporations as well as the states themselves are dependent on the transatlantic economic and security architecture led by the United States.
In addition, the key people of our leading media are โ in the spirit of Chomskyโs โsocialization systemโ โ often themselves part of transatlantic elite networks. Some of the most important institutions in this regard include the US Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), the Bilderberg Group, and the Trilateral Commission, all of which feature many prominent journalists (see in-depth study of these groups).
Most well-known publications, therefore, may indeed be seen as a kind of โestablishment mediaโ. This is because, in the past, the freedom of the press was rather theoretical, given significant entry barriers such as broadcasting licenses, frequency slots, requirements for financing and technical infrastructure, limited sales channels, dependence on advertising, and other restrictions.
It was only due to the Internet that Altschullโs First Law has been broken to some extent. Thus, in recent years a high-quality, reader-funded journalism has emerged, often outperforming traditional media in terms of critical reporting. Some of these โalternativeโ publications already reach a very large audience, showing that the โmassโ does not have to be a problem for the quality of a media outlet.
Nevertheless, up to now the traditional media has been able to attract a solid majority of online visitors, too. This, in turn, is closely linked to the hidden role of news agencies, whose up-to-the-minute reports form the backbone of most online news sites.
Will โpolitical and economic powerโ, according to Altschullโs Law, retain control over the news, or will โuncontrolled newsโ change the political and economic power structure? The coming years will show.
Britain secretly funded Reuters in 1960s and 1970s (Reuters, January 2020)
Reuters, BBC in Covert UK Program to Push Western Agenda (The Grayzone, February 2021)
The Formation of the Reuters-Havas-Wolff News Monopoly and Cartel (Winter Watch, 2022)
The CIAโs Mop-Up Man (The Intercept, September 2014)
Case Study: Syria War Coverage
As part of a case study, the Syria war coverage of nine leading daily newspapers from Germany, Austria and Switzerland were examined for plurality of viewpoints and reliance on news agencies. The following newspapers were selected:
For Germany: Die Welt, Sรผddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ)
For Switzerland: Neue Zรผrcher Zeitung (NZZ), Tagesanzeiger (TA), and Basler Zeitung (BaZ)
For Austria: Standard, Kurier, and Die Presse
The investigation period was defined as October 1 to 15, 2015, i.e. the first two weeks after Russiaโs direct intervention in the Syrian conflict. The entire print and online coverage of these newspapers was taken into account. Any Sunday editions were not taken into account, as not all of the newspapers examined have such. In total, 381 newspaper articles met the stated criteria.
In a first step, the articles were classified according to their properties into the following groups:
Agencies: Reports from news agencies (with agency code)
Mixed: Simple reports (with author names) that are based in whole or in part on agency reports
Reports: Editorial background reports and analyses
Opinions/Comments: Opinions and guest comments
Interviews: Interviews with experts, politicians etc.
Investigative: Investigative research that reveals new information or context
The following Figure 1 shows the composition of the articles for the nine newspapers analyzed in total. As can be seen, 55% of articles were news agency reports; 23% editorial reports based on agency material; 9% background reports; 10% opinions and guest comments; 2% interviews; and 0% based on investigative research.
The pure agency texts โ from short notices to the detailed reports โ were mostly on the Internet pages of the daily newspapers: on the one hand, the pressure for breaking news is higher than in the printed edition, on the other hand, there are no space restrictions. Most other types of articles were found in both the online and printed editions; some exclusive interviews and background reports were found only in the printed editions. All items were collected only once for the investigation.
The following Figure 2 shows the same classification on a per newspaper basis. During the observation period (two weeks), most newspapers published between 40 and 50 articles on the Syrian conflict (print and online). In the German newspaper Die Welt there were more (58), in the Basler Zeitung and the Austrian Kurier, however, significantly less (29 or 33).
Depending on which newspaper, the share of agency reports is almost 50% (Welt, Sรผddeutsche, NZZ, Basler Zeitung), just under 60% (FAZ, Tagesanzeiger), and 60 to 70% (Presse, Standard, Kurier). Together with the agency-based reports, the proportion in most newspapers is between approx. 70% and 80%. These proportions are consistent with previous media studies (e.g., Blum 1995, Johnston 2011, MacGregor 2013, Paterson 2007).
In the background reports, the Swiss newspapers were leading (five to six pieces), followed by Welt, Sรผddeutsche and Standard (four each) and the other newspapers (one to three). The background reports and analyzes were in particular devoted to the situation and development in the Middle East, as well as to the motives and interests of individual actors (for example Russia, Turkey, the Islamic State).
However, most of the commentaries were to be found in the German newspapers (seven comments each), followed by Standard (five), NZZ and Tagesanzeiger (four each). Basler Zeitung did not publish any commentaries during the observation period, but two interviews. Other interviews were conducted by Standard (three) and Kurier and Presse (one each). Investigative research, however, could not be found in any of the newspapers.
In particular, in the case of the three German newspapers, a journalistically problematic blending of opinion pieces and reports was noted. Reports contained strong expressions of opinion even though they were not marked as commentary. The present study was in any case based on the article labeling by the newspaper.
The following Figure 3 shows the breakdown of agency stories (by agency abbreviation) for each news agency, in total and per country. The 211 agency reports carried a total of 277 agency codes (a story may consist of material from more than one agency). In total, 24% of agency reports came from the AFP; about 20% each by the DPA, APA and Reuters; 9% of the SDA; 6% of the AP; and 11% were unknown (no labeling or blanket term โagenciesโ).
In Germany, the DPA, AFP and Reuters each have a share of about one third of the news stories. In Switzerland, the SDA and the AFP are in the lead, and in Austria, the APA and Reuters.
In fact, the shares of the global agencies AFP, AP and Reuters are likely to be even higher, as the Swiss SDA and the Austrian APA obtain their international reports mainly from the global agencies and the German DPA cooperates closely with the American AP.
It should also be noted that, for historical reasons, the global agencies are represented differently in different regions of the world. For events in Asia, Ukraine or Africa, the share of each agency will therefore be different than from events in the Middle East.
In the next step, central statements were used to rate the orientation of editorial opinions (28), guest comments (10) and interview partners (7) (a total of 45 articles). As Figure 4 shows, 82% of the Contributions Were Generally US/NATO Friendly, 16% Neutral or Balanced, and 2% Predominantly US/NATO Critical.
The only predominantly US/NATO-critical contribution was an op-ed in the Austrian Standard on October 2, 2015, titled: โThe strategy of regime change has failed. A distinction between โgoodโ and โbadโ terrorist groups in Syria makes the Western policy untrustworthy.โ
The following Figure 5 shows the orientation of the contributions, guest comments and interviewees, in turn broken down by individual newspapers. As can be seen, Welt, Sรผddeutsche Zeitung, NZZ, Zรผrcher Tagesanzeiger and the Austrian newspaper Kurier presented exclusively US/NATO-friendly opinion and guest contributions; this goes for FAZ too, with the exception of one neutral/balanced contribution. The Standard brought four US/NATO friendly, three balanced/neutral, as well as the already mentioned US/NATO critical opinion contributions.
Presse was the only one of the examined newspapers to predominantly publish neutral/balanced opinions and guest contributions. The Basler Zeitung published one US/NATO-friendly and one balanced contribution. Shortly after the observation period (October 16, 2015), Basler Zeitung also published an interview with the President of the Russian Parliament. This would of course have been counted as a contribution critical of the US/NATO.
Figure 5: Basic Orientation of Opinion Pieces and Interviewees per Newspaper
In a further analysis, a full-text keyword search for โPropagandaโ (and word combinations thereof) was used to investigate in which cases the newspapers themselves identified propaganda in one of the two geopolitical conflict sides, USA/NATO or Russia (the participant โIS/ISISโ was not considered). In total, twenty such cases were identified. Figure 6 shows the result: in 85% of the cases, propaganda was identified on the Russian side of the conflict, in 15% the identification was neutral or unstated, and in 0% of the cases propaganda was identified on the USA/NATO side of the conflict.
It should be noted that about half of the cases (nine) were in the Swiss NZZ, which spoke of Russian propaganda quite frequently (โKremlin propagandaโ, โMoscow propaganda machineโ, โpropaganda storiesโ, โRussian propaganda apparatusโ etc.), followed by German FAZ (three), Welt and Sรผddeutsche Zeitung (two each) and the Austrian newspaper Kurier (one). The other newspapers did not mention propaganda, or only in a neutral context (or in the context of IS).
Figure 6: Attribution of Propaganda to Conflict Parties (Total; N=20).
Conclusion
The results confirm the high dependence on the global news agencies (63% to 90%, excluding commentaries and interviews) and the lack of own investigative research, as well as the rather biased commenting on events in favor of the US/NATO side (82% positive; 2% negative), whose stories were not checked by the newspapers for any propaganda.
โ About the authors: Swiss Propaganda Research (SPR) is An Independent Research Group Investigating Geopolitical Propaganda in Swiss and International Media. You can contact us here. English translation provided by Terje Maloy, an SPR reader.
#Swiss๐จ๐ญ Propaganda Research (SPR)#The โPropaganda Multiplier#Case Study | Syria ๐ธ๐พ War#Media System#The Invisible Nerve Center#Associated Press (AP)#Agence France-Presse (AFP)#Reuters#Great Effect#Role of Correspondents#Questionable Stories#Jew York Times#Desired Narrative#Yellow Journalism#United States ๐บ๐ธ | North Atlantic Terrorist Organization (NATO)
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Artistic gymnastics Olympics 2024 MAG Qualification
Number of Entries for individual finals (AA&EF) per nation with a team
China ๐จ๐ณ 9 finals (Zhang Boheng FX + PB + HB , Zou Jinyuan PB + SR, Liu Yang SR, Su Weide HB, Xiao Ruoteng + Zhang Boheng AA)
Great Britain ๐ฌ๐ง 8 finals (Jake Jarman FX + VT , Luke Whitehouse FX, Max Whitlock PH ,Harry Hepworth SR + VT, Jake Jarman & Joe Fraser AA)
Ukraine ๐บ๐ฆ 8 finals (Oleg Verniaev PH + PB, Igor Radivilov VT, Nazar Cherpurnyi VT, Ilia Kovtun FX + PB , Oleg Verniaev & Ilia Kovtun AA
Japan ๐ฏ๐ต 7 finals (Takaaki Sugino PH + HB, Shinnosuke Oka PB + HB, Wateru Tanigawa PB, Daiki Hashimoto & Shinnosuke Oka AA)
USA ๐บ๐ธ 3 finals (Stephen Nedoroscik PH, Paul Juda & Fredrick Richards AA)
Netherlands ๐ณ๐ฑ 3 finals (Loran de Munck PH, Casimir Schmidt & Frank Rijken AA)
Turkey ๐น๐ท 2 finals (Adem Asil SR, Ferhat Arican PB)
Germany ๐ฉ๐ช 2 finals (Lukas Dauser PB, Nils Dunkel AA)
Italy ๐ฎ๐น 2 finals (Yumin Abbadini & Mario Macchiati AA)
Switzerland ๐จ๐ญ 2 finals (Matteo Giubellini & Florian Langenegger AA)
Canada ๐จ๐ฆ 2 finals (Felix Dolci & Rene Cournoyer AA)
Spain ๐ช๐ธ 1 final (Rayderley Zapata FX)
Countries with finals without team:
Philippines ๐ต๐ญ 3 finals (Carlos Yulo FX+VT & AA)
Kazhakstan ๐ฐ๐ฟ 3 finals (Milad Karimi FX & AA, Nariman Kurbanov PH)
Croatia ๐ญ๐ท 2 finals (Tin Scrbic HB , Aurel Benovic VT)
Armenia ๐ฆ๐ฒ 2 finals (Artur Davtyan VT, Vahagn Davtyan SR)
Israel ๐ฎ๐ฑ 1 final (Artem Dolgopyat FX)
Ireland ๐ฎ๐ช 1 final (Rhys Mc Clenaghan PH)
South Korea ๐ฐ๐ท 1 final (Hur Woong PH)
France ๐ซ๐ท 1 final (Samir Ait Said SR)
Belgium ๐ง๐ช 1 final (Glen Cuyle SR)
Greece ๐ฌ๐ท 1 final (Elftherios Petrounias SR)
Iran ๐ฎ๐ท 1 final (Mahdi Olfati VT)
Taiwan ๐น๐ผ (Chinese Tapeih) 1 final (Chia-Hung Tang HB)
Columbia ๐จ๐ด 1 final (Angel Barajas HB)
Cypres ๐จ๐พ 1 final (Marios Georgiou HB)
Hungary ๐ญ๐บ 1 final (Krisztofer Meszaros AA)
Australia ๐ฆ๐บ 1 final (Jesse Moore AA)
Brazil ๐ง๐ท 1 final (Diogo Soares AA)
#gymnastics#mag#paris 2024#olympics#statistics#i do this statistics for my own sake of interest not that anyone really cares ๐คท
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โถ ๐พโ๐ธโ๐พ๐โ ๐โ๐โ๐ โ๐๐๐ โต
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โ๐2๐ ๐๐ค๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ก๐๐๐โ๏ธ
๐๐ ๐๐ธ๐๐๐ผ๐:
โฃ ๐ ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฌ๐๐ฉ๐ ๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ & ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ก๐๐๐๐ ๐ฅ๐ค๐ฅ๐ช๐ก๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ผ๐ง๐ฉ๐จ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ค๐ฃ
โฃ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ฃ ๐ข๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ค๐๐จ ๐ฃ๐ค๐ฉ ๐๐ง๐๐ฌ ๐๐ฃ๐ค๐ช๐๐ ๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ฉ๐ค๐ฌ๐๐ง๐๐จ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ฉ๐ง๐ค๐๐๐ค๐ช๐จ ๐ฌ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐๐จ ๐๐ค๐ข๐ข๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ฎ ๐ผ๐ฏ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ๐จ๐ฉ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฃ ๐ฅ๐๐ค๐ฅ๐ก๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฃ๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ผ๐ง๐ฉ๐จ๐๐ ๐ ๐ง๐๐๐๐ค๐ฃ.
โฃ ๐ฟ๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐ค๐ง๐จ ๐จ๐๐ค๐ช๐ก๐ ๐ฃ๐ค๐ฉ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ก๐ ๐ฉ๐ค ๐๐ค๐ข๐ข๐๐ฉ ๐๐๐ฉ๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐ก ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ค ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฃ๐๐จ๐๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ฉ. ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ๐จ ๐จ๐๐ค๐ช๐ก๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ค๐จ๐๐ ๐ค๐ฃ ๐ฉ๐๐๐จ๐ ๐๐ค๐ช๐ฃ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐๐จ ๐ฉ๐ค ๐ฅ๐ง๐๐ซ๐๐ฃ๐ฉ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ช๐ง๐ฉ๐๐๐ง ๐จ๐ฅ๐ง๐๐๐ ๐ค๐ ๐จ๐ช๐๐ ๐ซ๐๐ค๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ฉ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ช๐ก๐จ๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐๐๐ค๐ก๐ค๐๐๐๐จ.
โฃ ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง ๐๐ค๐ง๐๐๐ฉ 1915, ๐๐ค๐ฃ'๐ฉ ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฎ, (๐๐๐๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐จ๐๐๐๐ค๐ฌ๐จ)
๐๐ ๐๐ป๐๐๐:
โฆ ๐๐ค๐จ๐ฬ (๐ฝ๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ฅ๐๐ฃ๐ )๐ฐ๐ท
โฆ ๐ผ๐๐ฎ๐๐ค๐ฃ (๐ฝ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ค๐ฃ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ง)๐ฐ๐ท
โฆ ๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ฃ (๐๐๐ฌ๐
๐๐๐ฃ๐จ)๐ฐ๐ท
โฆ ๐๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ก ๐๐๐ฎ๐บ๐ธ
โฆ ๐๐๐ง๐ช๐จ๐๐ค๐ฆ๐ฒ
โฆ ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐ ๐พ๐๐ง๐ฅ๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐บ๐ธ
โฆ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ฉ ๐๐ค๐ซ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฃ๐๐จ๐ฎ๐๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ฒ
โฆ ๐ผ๐ง๐๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐๐๐บ๐ธ
โฆ ๐๐ก๐๐ซ๐๐ ๐๐ค๐๐ง๐๐๐ค๐บ๐ธ
โฆ ๐๐ค๐จ๐๐ก๐ฬ๐๐ช๐ธ
โฆ ๐ผ๐ง๐๐ข ๐๐3๐ฆ๐ฒ
โฆ ๐๐ฃ๐ง๐๐ฆ๐ช๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐จ๐๐๐จ๐ช๐ธ
โฆ ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ค ๐๐ค๐ง๐ง๐๐จ๐ฌ๐ง
โฆ ๐พ๐๐ง๐ก๐ค๐จ ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐ฏ ๐
๐ง๐ช๐ธ
โฆ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐ช๐ธ
๐๐ ๐๐โ ๐๐ ๐ผ๐โ๐๐๐๐๐๐โ ๐๐โ๐พ๐ (๐๐โโ๐ผ ๐๐๐๐):
โ๏ธ1. ๐๐ค๐ง๐๐๐ฃ - ๐๐ช๐ฅ๐๐ค๐ง๐๐ (๐๐ฌ๐๐๐๐ฃ 2012)๐ธ๐ช
โ๏ธ2. ๐ผ๐ก๐๐ญ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ง ๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ - ๐๐๐๐ง๐ฎ๐๐๐ก๐ (๐๐ค๐ง๐ฌ๐๐ฎ 2009)๐ณ๐ด
โ๏ธ3. ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐ - ๐๐ค๐๐ ๐จฬ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ก๐ (๐พ๐ง๐ค๐๐ฉ๐๐ 2006)๐ญ๐ท
โ๏ธ4. ๐๐ฃ๐๐ & ๐ผ๐ฃ๐ช๐จ๐ - ๐
๐๐ฃ ๐
๐๐ฃ (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2009)๐ฆ๐ฒ
โ๏ธ5. ๐ฟ๐ช๐ฃ๐๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐ช๐ง๐๐ฃ๐๐ - ๐ผ๐ง๐๐๐๐ (๐๐๐ฉ๐๐๐ง๐ก๐๐ฃ๐๐จ 2019)๐ณ๐ฑ
โ๏ธ6. ๐ผ๐ฃ๐๐๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ค - ๐๐ ๐ฃ๐ค๐๐ (๐๐ฉ๐๐ก๐ฎ 2024)๐ฎ๐น
โ๏ธ7. ๐๐๐ง๐ช๐จ๐๐ค - ๐๐๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ก๐ (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2008)๐ฆ๐ฒ
โ๏ธ8. ๐๐๐ค๐ฃ'๐จ ๐๐๐๐ง๐จ - ๐๐ฬ๐ฅ๐ค๐ฃ๐๐๐ฏโ๐ข๐ค๐ (๐๐ฌ๐๐ฉ๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ 2020)๐จ๐ญ
โ๏ธ9. ๐พ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ก - ๐๐ก๐ค๐๐ค (๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ฃ 2022)๐ช๐ธ
โ๏ธ10. ๐๐๐๐๐จ๐ - ๐ฟ๐ชฬ๐ข ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ (๐๐ชฬ๐ง๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ 2009)๐น๐ท
โ๏ธ11. ๐๐ค_๐ - ๐๐๐ช๐ข (๐๐ ๐ง๐๐๐ฃ๐ 2021)๐บ๐ฆ
โ๏ธ12. ๐๐ช๐ง๐ง๐๐๐๐ฃ๐ - ๐๐ค๐๐ค ๐๐ค๐๐ค (๐๐๐ง๐๐๐ 2021)๐ท๐ธ
โ๏ธ13. ๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ ๐๐ช๐ ๐ช๐๐๐ฎ๐๐ฃ - ๐๐ค๐ซ๐๐๐๐ซ๐ (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2016)๐ฆ๐ฒ
โ๏ธ14. ๐๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ - ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ผ๐ข๐ค๐ช๐ง (๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2024)๐ซ๐ท
โ๏ธ15. ๐๐ค๐๐ ๐๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐ค๐ซ๐ - ๐๐ค๐ซ๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฉ๐๐ (๐ฝ๐ช๐ก๐๐๐ง๐๐ 2012) ๐ง๐ฌ
๐๐ ๐๐โ ๐๐ ๐๐โ๐๐โ ๐ผ๐โ๐๐๐๐๐๐โ ๐๐โ๐พ๐ (๐๐โโ๐ผ ๐๐๐๐)
๐ธ1. ๐๐๐ก๐ฬ๐ฃ๐ - ๐๐๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ข๐ (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2021)๐ฆ๐ฒ
๐ธ2. ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ค๐ง - ๐๐ช๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐๐ง๐ค๐๐จ (๐๐ค๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ 2019)๐ต๐ฑ
๐ธ3. ๐ผ๐ง๐๐ซ๐๐ - ๐๐ง๐๐ฏ๐๐ฃ๐ฆ (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2007)๐ฆ๐ฒ
๐ธ4. ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ ๐๐ ๐ฎ๐ - ๐๐ค๐จ๐ ๐๐ฎ ๐๐๐๐ (๐๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ค๐ข 2022)๐ฌ๐ง
๐ธ5. ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐๐ฃ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ - ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ผ๐ข๐ (๐๐ช๐จ๐จ๐๐ 2021)๐ท๐บ
๐ธ6. ๐๐ค๐ ๐จ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ฬจ๐๐๐๐ก - ๐ผ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ค๐ฃ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฉ ๐๐ค ๐ฝ๐ (๐๐ค๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ 2018)๐ต๐ฑ
๐ธ7. ๐๐ก๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ง ๐ผ๐ง๐ฏ๐ช๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ฎ๐๐ฃ - ๐๐๐ข๐ (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2010)๐ฆ๐ฒ
๐ธ8. ๐๐๐ง๐๐๐ข ๐ฝ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ซ๐ - ๐ ๐ฝ๐๐ก๐๐๐ซ๐ (๐๐๐ค๐ง๐๐๐ 2022)๐ฌ๐ช
๐ธ9. ๐๐๐ง๐ฬ๐ ๐๐จ๐๐๐๐ก - ๐ผ๐ฃ๐ฉ๐๐จ ๐ข๐ช๐๐ง๐ฉ๐ ๐ฆ๐ช๐ ๐จ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ก๐ก๐ (๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ฃ 2004)๐ช๐ธ
๐ธ10. ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ค - ๐ ๐ก๐ค๐ซ๐๐ช (๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ฃ 2023)๐ช๐ธ
๐ธ11. ๐ผ๐ฃ๐๐จ๐ฉ๐๐จ๐๐ฎ๐ ๐๐๐ฉ๐ง๐ฎ๐ - ๐๐๐๐ค (๐๐ ๐ง๐๐๐ฃ๐ 2012)๐บ๐ฆ
๐ธ12. ๐๐ค๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฝ๐ค๐๐ช๐จ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ - ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐จ (๐๐ช๐จ๐จ๐๐ 2017)๐ท๐บ
๐ธ13. ๐๐๐ฅ & ๐
๐๐จ๐ข๐๐๐ฃ - ๐๐ค๐ก๐๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ฃ ๐๐ค ๐๐ค๐ช (๐๐๐ฉ๐๐๐ง๐ก๐๐ฃ๐๐จ 2023)๐ณ๐ฑ
๐ธ14. ๐๐ค๐ฬ ๐พ๐ก๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ง๐ - ๐พล๐ช๐ง (๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2023)๐ซ๐ท
๐ธ15. ๐ผ๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ฉ & ๐๐๐ง๐ฎ - ๐๐๐๐๐ง (๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ 2016)๐ฆ๐ฒ
๐๐ ๐โ๐โ๐:
โ
๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ญ ๐๐๐ง๐ข๐๐ค๐ฃ๐ (๐๐ค๐ข๐๐ค๐ฃ๐)
โ
๐๐๐ง๐ง๐ฎ ๐ญ ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฃ๐ฎ (๐๐๐ฃ๐ฃ๐ฎ)
โ
๐๐๐ง๐๐ช๐จ ๐ฝ๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ญ ๐๐๐ข๐ช๐จ ๐๐ช๐ฅ๐๐ฃ (๐๐ค๐ก๐๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ง)
โ
๐๐ฌ๐๐ฃ ๐ญ ๐๐๐ง๐ก๐๐ฃ (๐ผ๐ง๐ฌ๐๐ฃ)
โ
๐๐๐ก๐ก ๐ญ ๐๐ก๐๐ฏ๐๐๐๐ฉ๐ (๐๐๐ก๐ก๐๐๐๐ฉ๐)
โ
๐ผ๐ง๐ฉ๐๐ช๐ง ๐ญ ๐๐๐ง๐ก๐๐ฃ (๐๐๐ง๐ฉ๐๐ช๐ง)
๐๐ ๐ฝ๐ธ๐๐๐โ๐๐๐ผ โ๐๐โ๐โ๐๐ผ๐:
โ ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ฃ๐ช๐ธ
โ ๐ผ๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฆ๐ฒ
โ ๐๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ค๐ข๐ฌ๐ง
โ ๐๐ ๐ง๐๐๐ฃ๐๐บ๐ฆ
โ ๐๐ค๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ ๐ท๐ด
โ ๐๐ค๐ก๐๐ค๐ซ๐ ๐ฒ๐ฉ
โ ๐๐ค๐ง๐ฉ๐ช๐๐๐ก๐ต๐น
โ ๐พ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ง๐ช๐จ๐จ๐พ
โ ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐๐ฌ๐ท
๐๐ ๐๐โ๐๐ธ๐๐:
โ๐๐ฃ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐๐ง๐๐ข: @/๐๐จ๐๐ญ๐๐ฅ
โ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐๐จ๐ฉ: @/๐๐๐ง๐ค๐ฃ๐๐๐ก๐๐จ๐๐ค๐ค๐
โ๐๐ค๐ช๐ฉ๐ช๐๐: @/๐๐ฬ๐ฃ๐๐จ๐ ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๐จ
๐๐๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฎ๐ค๐ช ๐๐ค๐ง ๐ง๐๐๐๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ฃ๐๐ค๐ฎ ๐ฉ๐๐๐จ ๐๐ก๐ค๐!
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