#🇨🇭🇺🇸

[layzeal]

not to be antiamerican but on god i'll live to see the day the US' empire falls still in my lifetime 🙏

[rvndrkhlme]

tag dump 2/?

[xtruss]

“War Criminal, Hypocrite, Hegemonic, Two-Faced, Liar, Conspirator and Fake Democracy Preacher United States” Reopens Ports to Russian Oil Despite Sanctions

The United States has imported Russian oil for the first time since April 2022. The imports, totaling 36,800 barrels in October and 9,900 barrels in November, were conducted for $2.7 million and $749,500, respectively.

The US imposed a ban on the import of oil, gas, and other energy resources from Russia in March 2022 as part of sanctions related to Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine. Нowever, specific licenses from the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) have now made such imports possible.

According to the data, the US purchased Russian oil for consumption in both October and November. At the same time, one barrel of Russian oil cost the US $74 in October and $76 the following month. This is significantly higher than the "price cap" set by the country at $60 per barrel.

In 2022, the US, along with other G7 countries, the EU, Switzerland, and Australia, implemented price ceilings on Russian oil to reduce Moscow's income. Companies from these nations were prohibited from providing transportation, insurance, and financial services for Russian oil sold above the set limit of $60 per barrel. The price ceilings for petroleum products vary by type, with diesel capped at $100 per barrel and discounted fuel oil at $45 per barrel.

— Thursday January 11, 2024 | Sputnik International

[bambooochan6]

Congratulations to Thailand 🏳️‍🌈

Countries Where same-sex marriage is legal: ⏬

2001: Netherlands 🇳🇱

2003: Belgium 🇧🇪

2005: Canada 🇨🇦, Spain 🇪🇸

2006: South Africa 🇿🇦

2009: Norway 🇳🇴, Sweden 🇸🇪

2010: Argentina 🇦🇷, Iceland 🇮🇸, Portugal 🇵🇹

2012: Denmark 🇩🇰

2013: Brazil 🇧🇷, England 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿, Wales 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿, France 🇫🇷, New Zealand 🇳🇿, Uruguay 🇺🇾

2014: Luxembourg 🇱🇺, Scotland 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

2015: Finland 🇫🇮, Ireland 🇮🇪, USA 🇺🇸

2016: Colombia 🇨🇴, Greenland 🇬🇱

2017: Australia 🇦🇺, Malta 🇲🇹, Germany 🇩🇪

2019: Austria 🇦🇹, Ecuador 🇪🇨, Taiwan 🇹🇼, Northern Ireland

2020: Costa Rica 🇨🇷

2021: Chile 🇨🇱

2022: Switzerland 🇨🇭, Slovenia 🇸🇮, Cuba 🇨🇺

2023: Andorra 🇦🇩

2024: Estonia 🇪🇪, Greece 🇬🇷, Thailand 🇹🇭

Happy Pride Everyone 💐🏳️‍🌈

[taylornation]

Taylor Swift | The Eras Tour concert film has been free rent, living in our minds. But mark your calendars for the magical nights when you’ll be able to rent it at home! 🏠🍿

Dec 13: 🇺🇸🇨🇦🇬🇧🇮🇪

Dec 14: 🇦🇺🇳🇿

Dec 21: 🇩🇪🇦🇹🇨🇭🇲🇽🇧🇷

Additional countries to be announced soon!

[girlactionfigure]

HERE is the list of the 134 countries that are NOT supporting South Africa's 🇿🇦 claims of genocide against Israel 🇮🇱:

🇦🇩 Andorra 

🇦🇴 Angola 

🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda 

🇦🇷 Argentina 

🇦🇲 Armenia 

🇦🇺 Australia 

🇦🇹 Austria 

🇧🇸 Bahamas 

🇧🇧 Barbados 

🇧🇾 Belarus 

🇧🇿 Belize 

🇧🇹 Bhutan 

🇧�� Bosnia and Herzegovina 

🇧🇼 Botswana 

🇧🇬 Bulgaria 

🇧🇮 Burundi 

🇨🇻 Cabo Verde 

🇰🇭 Cambodia 

🇨🇦 Canada 

🇨🇫 Central African Republic 

🇨🇱 Chile 

🇨🇳 China 

🇰🇲 Comoros 

🇨🇬 Congo 

🇨🇷 Costa Rica 

🇭🇷 Croatia 

🇨🇺 Cuba 

🇨🇾 Cyprus 

🇨🇿 Czech Republic 

🇨🇩 Democratic Republic of the Congo 

🇩🇰 Denmark 

🇩🇲 Dominica 

🇩🇴 Dominican Republic 

🇹🇱 East Timor (Timor-Leste) 

🇪🇨 Ecuador 

🇸🇻 El Salvador 

🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea 

🇪🇷 Eritrea 

🇪🇪 Estonia 

🇸🇿 Eswatini 

🇪🇹 Ethiopia 

🇫🇯 Fiji 

🇫🇮 Finland 

🇫🇷 France 

🇬🇪 Georgia 

🇩🇪 Germany 

🇬🇭 Ghana 

🇬🇷 Greece 

🇬🇩 Grenada 

🇬🇹 Guatemala 

🇭🇹 Haiti 

🇭🇳 Honduras 

🇭🇺 Hungary 

🇮🇸 Iceland 

🇮🇳 India 

🇮🇪 Ireland 

🇮🇹 Italy 

🇯🇲 Jamaica 

🇯🇵 Japan 

🇰🇪 Kenya 

🇰🇮 Kiribati 

🇰🇵 Korea, North (North Korea) 

🇰🇷 Korea, South (South Korea) 

🇽🇰 Kosovo 

🇱🇦 Laos 

🇱🇻 Latvia 

🇱🇸 Lesotho 

🇱🇷 Liberia 

🇱🇮 Liechtenstein 

🇱🇹 Lithuania 

🇱🇺 Luxembourg 

🇲🇬 Madagascar 

🇲🇼 Malawi

🇲🇹 Malta 

🇲🇭 Marshall Islands 

🇲🇺 Mauritius 

🇲🇽 Mexico 

🇫🇲 Micronesia 

🇲🇩 Moldova 

🇲🇨 Monaco 

🇲🇳 Mongolia 

🇲🇪 Montenegro 

🇲🇲 Myanmar (Burma) 

🇳🇷 Nauru 

🇳🇵 Nepal 

🇳🇱 Netherlands 

🇳🇿 New Zealand 

🇳🇮 Nicaragua 

🇲🇰 North Macedonia (Macedonia) 

🇳🇴 Norway 

🇵🇼 Palau 

🇵🇦 Panama 

🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea 

🇵🇾 Paraguay 

🇵🇪 Peru 

🇵🇭 Philippines 

🇵🇱 Poland 

🇵🇹 Portugal 

🇷🇴 Romania 

🇷🇺 Russia 

🇷🇼 Rwanda 

🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis 

🇱🇨 Saint Lucia 

🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 

🇼🇸 Samoa 

🇸🇲 San Marino 

🇸🇹 Sao Tome and Principe 

🇷🇸 Serbia 

🇸🇨 Seychelles 

🇸🇱 Sierra Leone 

🇸🇬 Singapore 

🇸🇰 Slovakia 

🇸🇮 Slovenia 

🇸🇧 Solomon Islands 

🇪🇸 Spain 

🇱🇰 Sri Lanka 

🇸🇪 Sweden

🇨🇭 Switzerland 

🇹🇼 Taiwan 

🇹🇿 Tanzania 

🇹🇭 Thailand 

🇹🇴 Tonga 

🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago 

🇹🇳 Tunisia 

🇹🇲 Turkmenistan 

🇹🇻 Tuvalu 

🇺🇦 Ukraine 

🇬🇧 United Kingdom (UK) 

🇺🇸 United States of America (USA) 

🇺🇾 Uruguay 

🇻🇺 Vanuatu 

🇻🇦 Vatican City 

🇻🇳 Vietnam 

🇿🇲 Zambia 

🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

[hetalian-veteran]

Hetalia Sleep Headcanons

Here, have my headcanons about how the Hetalia characters sleep because I'm still awake at this ungodly hour of the night.

🇮🇹Italy needs to cling to something to sleep well. Whether it be a pillow, a plushie, or another person, the poor guy needs something or someone there to cuddle.

🇩🇪Germany has really bad insomnia and can only get at most four or five hours of sleep a night, and that's if he's lucky. But when he does sleep, he probably sleeps on his back, still as the grave.

🇯🇵Japan also sleeps on his back and is so still and quiet that every now and then, someone comes by to check and see if he really is asleep and not dead.

🇮🇹Romano sleeps on his side with his arms sort of stretched outward, almost as if he's reaching for someone. That, or he's dreaming of beating someone up. You know, one or the other.

⚔️Prussia will lay down on his back and fall asleep that way. However, he's the kind of guy who moves around a lot in his sleep. So when he wakes up, he's sort of on his face and stretched out like a starfish.

🇪🇸Spain sleeps like a freaking baby and gets a full nine hours every night. Lucky son of a gun.

🇬🇧England has a pretty hard time quieting his mind down enough to get to sleep. So he spends his nights slowly sipping on a cup of tea to try and calm himself down enough to get some shut-eye.

🇺🇸America moves around, twists, and rolls over so often in his sleep that when he wakes up, he typically finds himself tangled up in his blankets. Sometimes, he accidentally rolls out of bed.

🇫🇷France can only sleep if the room is completely dark. Like, pitch black. He also sleeps on his side and sometimes hums a little in his sleep.

🇨🇳China has insomnia pretty bad and, as a result, will often find himself staying up at night drinking tea. When he can sleep, however, he sort of curls up into a ball under the covers.

🇷🇺Russia sleeps on his back and stays in that position the entire night. Sometimes giggles and smiles a little in his sleep.

🇨��Canada needs several layers of heavy blankets to sleep, as well as something or someone to cuddle.

🇩🇰Denmark sleeps on his side and has sometimes been heard singing in his sleep, though nobody has been able to make out what exactly he's singing. He also occasionally snores.

🇸🇪Sweden usually falls asleep whilst looking through Ikea catalogs. They seem to really help calm his mind.

🇫🇮Finland often smiles while he sleeps, sometimes even giggling a little every now and again. He also sleeps best when listening to some of the most intense, heavy metal you've ever heard.

🇳🇴Norway plays white noise and curls up into a ball under a couple of layers of thick, heavy blankets. He probably hugs a pillow, thinking of the days when Iceland used to call him big brother as a little kid.

🇮🇸Iceland can only get to sleep in total darkness and in total silence. He's also a light sleeper, so anybody walking around the room will immediately wake him up.

🇭🇺Hungary sleeps like an actual normal person. I really don't know how else to describe it. Though she has been heard saying some pretty weird crap in her sleep before.

🇦🇹Austria sleeps best if he has soft classical music playing. Unfortunately for him, Prussia hacked into his playlist and threw in some of Finland's heavy metal songs.

🇱🇮Liechtenstein is a fairly light sleeper. She's also afraid of the dark, so she typically has a nightlight somewhere in her room.

🇨🇭Switzerland is also another character with insomnia. This is because he is low-key paranoid about making sure the entire house is locked up before he goes to bed at night. He wants to make sure he and Liechtenstein are safe.

[copper-16]

Masterlist

Majority of my works can be found on ao3 (which can be found here), but I’ll link a few of the big ones below along with anything posted on here!

No longer an active writer 🩵

AO3 Advice Can Be Found Here

Ingrid Engen/Mapi Leon

did she feel better than me?

You Didn’t Let Me Finish

Do You See Something I Can't

Success is Easy

Haunted By The Ghost Of You

How You Get The Girl

la princesa

How Do I Trust Again?

Ingrid Engen/Mapi Leon x daughter

I Wanna Thank You Baby, You Make It Feel Like Christmas

Why Would She Say That?

She Feels Safe With You

Scary

You Can Do This

We Can't Figure Out What It Means

She’s Perfect

I’m Sorry

Mascot

The Beginning

Elena and Alexia Day!

Elena - The Later Years

First Meetings

Tulips and Two Embarrassing Mothers

Misa Rodriguez/Marta Cardona

You Can’t Talk No Sh*t Without Penalties

Lena Oberdorf/Jule Brand

Hothead

Andrea Medina x Lola Gallardo (platonic)

I Try, I Try

Lia Wälti/Mariona Caldentey

I'm Scared I'll Always Be This Way, That People Will Not Want To Stay

Jana Fernandez/Jill Roord

Heaven Won’t Be The Same

Couples I will write for/have written for (placed in order of who I am most willing to write about, starting at the top):

Ingrid Engen🇳🇴/Mapi León🇪🇸- 26 works 

Jana Fernández 🇪🇸/Jill Roord🇳🇱 - 4 works 

Mariona Caldentey 🇪🇸/Lia Wälti🇨🇭- 3 works 

Caroline Graham Hansen🇳🇴/Marta Torrejón 🇪🇸 - 4 works 

Ona Batlle 🇪🇸/Aitana Bonmatí🇪🇸 - 1 work 

Ona Batlle🇪🇸/Lucy Bronze🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 - 1 work 

Misa Rodríquez🇪🇸/Marta Cardona🇪🇸 - 1 work 

Lola Gallardo🇪🇸 & Andrea Medina 🇪🇸- 1 work 

Fran Kirby🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿/Maren Mjelde🇳🇴 - 4 works 

Ana Maria Crnogorčević🇨🇭/Lia Wälti🇨🇭 - 1 work

Leah Williamson🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿/Lia Wälti🇨🇭 - 1 work 

Sam Kerr🇦🇺/Kristie Mewis🇺🇸- 4 works 

Frida Maanum🇳🇴/Emma Lennartsson🇸🇪- 5 works 

Magdalena Erickson🇸🇪/Pernille Harder 🇩🇰- 2 works 

Jessie Fleming🇨🇦/Niamh Charles🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 - 1 work 

Laura Wienroither🇦🇹/Stina Blackstenius🇸🇪 - 1 work 

Tobin Health🇺🇸/Christen Press🇺🇸 - 1 work

Patri Guijarro🇪🇸/Claudia Pina🇪🇸 - 1 work

Cata Coll🇪🇸/Claudia Pina🇪🇸 - 1 work

Lucy Bronze🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿/Keira Walsh🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 - 5 works 

Ruesha Littlejohn🇮🇪/Katie McCabe🇮🇪 - 2 works 

[revnah1406]

OC INTERVIEW!

I was tagged by: @alypink thank you pookie!! 🧡✨

Abby 🍂🌿

Name: Abigail Mason

Nickname: Abby, Abs

Gender: Female

Star Sign: Capricorn ♑🐐

Personality Type: Chaotic Neutral

Height: 1.65m/5.4 ft

Orientation: Lesbian

Nationality/Ethnicity: American 🇺🇸

Fave Fruit: Orange 🍊

Fave Season: Autumn 🍂🍁

Fave Flower: Sunflower 🌻

Fave Scent: Old books and leather 📖

Coffee, Tea, or HC: Tea 🍵

Average Hours of Sleep: 4/6 hours

Dog or Cat Person: Dog person 🐕

Dream Trip: Alaska, Fairbanks 🏔️

Number of Blankets They Sleep With: if she can 2

Random Fact: Abby likes to wear silly socks with silly patterns. 🧦

SPARROW 🏔️🔧

Name: Hannah Clayton

Nickname: Sparrow, Han

Gender: Female

Star Sign: Aquarius ♒🏺

Personality Type: Chaotic good.

Height: 1.85m/6.1 ft

Orientation: Lesbian

Nationality/Ethnicity: Swiss 🇨🇭/ British 🇬🇧

Fave Fruit: Pear 🍐

Fave Season: Winter ❄️☃️

Fave Flower: Rosemary 🪴

Fave Scent: Rain 🌧️

Coffee, Tea, or HC: Coffee ☕

Average Hours of Sleep: 6/8 hours

Dog or Cat Person: dog person 🐕

Dream Trip: Nepal 🇳🇵(she's been there several times but she loves it so much)

Number of Blankets They Sleep With: one

Random Fact: She's lactose intolerant 🥛🐮

AMARA 🌕🌆🌌

Name: Amara Thompson

Nickname: none

Gender: Female

Star Sign: Taurus ♉🐂

Personality Type: Neutral Good

Height: 1.65 m/5.4 ft

Orientation: bisexual

Nationality/Ethnicity: British 🇬🇧, Japanese 🇯🇵

Fave Fruit: Strawberry 🍓

Fave Season: Summer 🌞⛱️

Fave Flower: tulip 🌷

Fave Scent: lavender 🪻

Coffee, Tea, or HC: coffee and tea ☕🍵

Average Hours of Sleep: 4/8 hours

Dog or Cat Person: cat person 🐈🐱

Dream Trip: Japan 🇯🇵

Number of Blankets They Sleep With: three

Random Fact: she's vegetarian

Template:

Name:

Nickname:

Gender:

Star Sign:

Personality Type:

Height:

Orientation:

Nationality/Ethnicity:

Fave Fruit:

Fave Season:

Fave Flower:

Fave Scent:

Coffee, Tea, or HC:

Average Hours of Sleep:

Dog or Cat Person:

Dream Trip:

Number of Blankets They Sleep With:

Random Fact:

Tagging! @efingart @kaitaiga @applbottmjeens @sleepyconfusedpotato @welldonekhushi @mctvsh

[aimeedaisies]

Aimee’s 2023 royal family engagement count: The final results!

Disclaimer; everyone’s counts will be different, people have different rules to their method of counting the Court Circular. It isn’t a definitive count and is done just for fun 💗

The court circular doesn’t record any work behind the scenes, only public engagements, official meetings and luncheons/dinners. It’s more a gauge of their public facing roles.

👑 Princess Anne 👑

Once again Princess Anne tops the chart as the hardest working royal, completing 467 engagements.

She has done 393 engagements in the UK.

She travelled to 10 different countries this year and did 74 engagements there. 🇨🇾🇪🇪🇳🇿🇦🇺🇫🇷🇨🇦🇩🇪🇯🇪🇮🇳🇬🇮

Dubbed by some as the unofficial Queen of Scots she did 62 in Scotland.

King Charles III

In the first year of his reign King Charles did a grand total of 463 engagements

In the UK he did 386 engagements.

He travelled to 5 different countries where he completed 76 engagements and did 3 full royal tours in Germany, France and Kenya. He also hosted a state visit for South Korea at Buckingham Palace. 🇩🇪🇷🇴🇫🇷🇰🇪🇦🇪

What is also worth mentioning is that he has Red Boxes that he has to go through every single day, except Christmas Day and Easter Sunday as well as a lot of work behind the scenes.

Prince Edward, The Duke of Edinburgh

This year, on his 59th birthday, Prince Edward became the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the title of his father. With this he increased his work with the Duke of Edinburgh award and travelling to visit international sections of the award. Prince Edward also visited a lot of theatre related organisations and youth centres and charities.

He completed 294 this year and visited 13 countries on solo tours and with his wife. 🇹🇨🇧🇸🇺🇸🇨🇦🇩🇪🇨🇿🇮🇪🇹🇷🇧🇭🇸🇬🇳🇿🇦🇺🇮🇩

Sophie, The Duchess of Edinburgh

In 2023 Sophie carried on her hard work in areas like women’s rights in disadvantaged areas, avoidable blindness, hygiene and agriculture.

She completed 226 this year in the UK and the commonwealth and visited 10 countries on solo tours and with her husband. 🇳🇱🇹🇨🇧🇸🇮🇶🇮🇹🇪🇹🇨🇦🇨🇴🇨🇭

Prince Richard, The Duke of Gloucester

The Duke of Gloucester has this year completed 208 engagements in the UK.

He continued his long lasting work in heritage, architecture, the St John’s Ambulance and military organisations.

Hopefully next year we will see him do some overseas engagements. 🕯️

Queen Camilla

In the year of her Coronation, Queen Camilla carried out 198 engagements.

She visited Germany, France and Kenya where she did 42 engagements whilst on official tours. 🇩🇪🇫🇷🇰🇪

She focused a lot of her engagements this year on sectors close to her heart like women’s & children’s charities, osteoporosis care and animal welfare.

Prince William, The Prince of Wales

The Prince of Wales this year carried out engagements in the UK and the Commonwealth in areas like mental health, homelessness and conservation. In 2023 he did 183 engagements.

Prince William travelled to 4 countries where he did 32 engagements related to Earthshot in USA and Singapore, visiting Ukrainian troops in Poland, attending the Jordanian royal wedding in June and finally travelling to Kuwait to give his condolences to to The Emir of Kuwait following the death of The Emir Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. 🇵🇱🇺🇸🇯🇴🇸🇬🇰🇼

Catherine, The Princess of Wales

The Princess of Wales carried out 134 engagements throughout 2023. Catherine continued her work in her Early Years foundation and childhood development.

She visited France for two, one off engagements for the rugby World Cup in France and to Jordan for Crown Prince Hussein and Princess Rajwa’s wedding in June. 🇫🇷🇯🇴

Hopefully we will see her and the Prince of Wales go on a couple of overseas tours next year now that their children are older.

Birgitte, The Duchess of Gloucester

The Duchess of Gloucester has this year completed 127 engagements in the UK. She continued her long lasting work in sports, the arts (Opera, Ballet, Acting etc…) and accompanying her husband to official engagements.

Vice Admiral Sir Tim Laurence

Although not an official working royal, Sir Tim often attends as a great support to his wife’s engagements as well as having his own non-royal patronages and interests. It was recently announced that he would become chair of the Science Museum group and is the patron of a number of heritage organisations.

He accompanied his wife to a total of 92, represented her 4 times and accompanied her to 27 engagements abroad in 5 countries. 🇪🇪🇳🇿🇦🇺🇫🇷🇬🇮

(Operation working royal Tim) 👏

Prince Edward, The Duke of Kent.

Despite being 88, Prince Edward, the late Queens cousin, has carried out 75 engagements even with his ailing mobility.

He continued his valued hard work with organisations like the RNLI, the Royal Scots Guards and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which he recently passed on the presidency to the Princess Royal.

Princess Alexandra of Kent

Although she is practically retired now, we have seen Princess Alexandra attend four official engagements in 2023. Firstly she attended a Reception for British East and South-East Asian Communities, secondly to present medals to members of The Royal Lancers, thirdly she attended the Coronation of King Charles and Queen Camilla and lastly she visited the Royal Chelsea Flower Show.

This year the British Royal Family completed a grand total of 2476 in the UK and 29 different countries across the world.

🇨🇾🇪🇪🇳🇿🇦🇺🇫🇷🇨🇦🇩🇪🇯🇪🇮🇳🇬🇮🇷🇴🇰🇪🇵🇱🇺🇸🇯🇴🇸🇬🇹🇨🇧🇸🇨🇿🇹🇷🇧🇭🇸🇬🇮🇩🇳🇱🇮🇶🇮🇹🇪🇹🇨🇴🇨🇭🇰🇼

See below for engagements from the past decade and the types of engagements carried out in 2023

[retromania4ever]

I❤️This Car... 👁‍🗨

The Legendary Porsche 962

Notable drivers

Mario Andretti 🇮🇹🇺🇸

Hans-Joachim Stuck 🇩🇪

Stefan Bellof 🇩🇪

Jochen Mass 🇩🇪

Gary Brabham 🇦🇺

Derek Bell 🇬🇧

Jonathan Palmer 🇬🇧

Marc Surer 🇨🇭

Jesús Pareja 🇪🇸

Gianpiero Moretti 🇮🇹

Henri Pescarolo 🇫🇷

[theboxfort]

🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇿🇼🇿🇲🇿🇦🇾🇹🇾🇪🇽🇰🇼🇸🇼🇫🇻🇺🇻🇳🇻🇮🇻🇬🇻🇪🇻🇨🇻🇦🇹🇻🇹🇼🇹🇿🇺🇦🇺🇬🇺🇲🇺🇳🇺🇸🇺🇾🇺🇿🇹🇹🇹🇷🇹🇴🇹🇳🇹🇲🇹🇱🇹🇰🇹🇯🇹🇭🇹🇬🇹🇫🇹🇩🇹🇨🇹🇦🇸🇿🇸🇾🇸🇽🇸🇻🇸🇹🇸🇸🇸🇷🇸🇴🇸🇳🇸🇲🇸🇱🇸🇰🇸🇯🇸🇮🇸🇭🇸🇬🇸🇪🇸🇩🇸🇨🇸🇧🇸🇦🇷🇼🇷🇺🇷🇸🇷🇴🇷🇪🇶🇦🇵🇾🇵🇼🇵🇹🇵🇸🇵🇷🇵🇳🇵🇲🇵🇱🇵🇰🇳🇵🇳🇷🇳🇺🇳🇿🇴🇲🇵🇦🇵🇪🇵🇫🇵🇬🇵🇭🇲🇾🇲🇿🇳🇦🇳🇨🇳🇪🇳🇫🇳🇬🇳🇮🇳🇱🇳🇴🇲🇽🇲🇼🇲🇻🇲🇺🇲🇹🇲🇸🇲🇷🇲🇶🇲🇵🇲🇴🇲🇨🇲🇩🇲🇪🇲🇫🇲🇬🇲🇭🇲🇰🇲🇱🇲🇲🇲🇳🇲🇦🇱🇾🇱🇻🇱🇺🇱🇹🇱🇸🇱🇷🇱🇰🇱🇮🇱🇨🇰🇮🇰🇲🇰🇳🇰🇵🇰🇷🇰🇼🇰🇾🇰🇿🇱🇦🇱🇧🇰🇭🇰🇬🇰🇪🇯🇵🇯🇴🇯🇲🇯🇪🇮🇹🇮🇸🇮🇷🇭🇹🇭🇺🇮🇨🇮🇩🇮🇪🇮🇱🇮🇲🇮🇳🇮🇴🇮🇶🇭🇷🇭🇳🇭🇲🇭🇰🇬🇾🇬🇼🇬🇺🇬🇹🇬🇸🇬🇷🇬🇪🇬🇫🇬🇬🇬🇭🇬🇮🇬🇱🇬🇲🇬🇳🇬🇵🇬🇶🇬🇩🇬🇧🇬🇦🇫🇷🇫🇴🇫🇲🇫🇰🇫🇯🇫🇮🇪🇺🇩🇴🇩🇿🇪🇦🇪🇨🇪🇪🇪🇬🇪🇭🇪🇷🇪🇸🇪🇹🇩🇲🇩🇰🇩🇯🇩🇬🇩🇪🇨🇿🇨🇾🇨🇽🇨🇼🇨🇻🇨🇺🇨🇷🇨🇵🇨🇴🇨🇳🇨🇲🇨🇱🇨🇰🇨🇮🇨🇭🇨🇬🇨🇫🇨🇩🇨🇨🇨🇦🇧🇿🇧🇾🇧🇼🇧🇻🇧🇹🇧🇸🇧🇷🇧🇶🇧🇴🇧🇳🇧🇲🇧🇱🇧🇯🇧🇮🇧🇭🇦🇺🇦🇼🇦🇽🇦🇿🇧🇦🇧🇧🇧🇩🇧🇪🇧🇫🇧🇬🇦🇹🇦🇸🇦🇷🇦🇶🇦🇴🇦🇲🇦🇱🇦🇮🇦🇬🇦🇫🏁🚩🏴🏳🏳️‍🌈🏳️‍⚧️🏴‍��️🇦🇨🇦🇩🇦🇪

And now, the Nations of the World! Brought to you by Tumblr Anon!

United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Haiti, Jamaica, Peru

I forgot the rest of the song

[mapsontheweb]

Population density (people per sq. km)

Macao 🇲🇴: 20,556

Monaco 🇲🇨: 18,215

Singapore 🇸🇬: 7,919

Hong Kong 🇭🇰: 7,125

Gibraltar 🇬🇮: 3,271

Bahrain 🇧🇭: 1,882

Maldives 🇲🇻: 1,715

Malta 🇲🇹: 1,610

Bangladesh 🇧🇩: 1,286

South Korea 🇰🇷: 531

Netherlands 🇳🇱: 518

India 🇮🇳: 470

Israel 🇮🇱: 426

Belgium 🇧🇪: 381

Japan 🇯🇵: 346

Vietnam 🇻🇳: 308

Pakistan 🇵🇰: 295

UK 🇬🇧: 277

Germany 🇩🇪: 238

Nigeria 🇳🇬: 229

Switzerland 🇨🇭: 219

Italy 🇮🇹: 201

China 🇨🇳: 150

Denmark 🇩🇰: 146

Indonesia 🇮🇩: 145

France 🇫🇷: 123

Turkey 🇹🇷: 109

Spain 🇪🇸: 95

Mexico 🇲🇽: 65

South Africa 🇿🇦: 48

USA 🇺🇸: 36

Brazil 🇧🇷: 26

Sweden 🇸🇪: 25

Finland 🇫🇮: 18

Argentina 🇦🇷: 17

Norway 🇳🇴: 15

Russia 🇷🇺: 9

Canada 🇨🇦: 4

Australia 🇦🇺: 3

Mongolia 🇲🇳: 2

Greenland 🇬🇱: 0

World 🌍: 60

by plotset

[xtruss]

Swiss Policy Research: The Propaganda Multiplier

It is one of the most important aspects of our media system, and yet hardly known to the public: most of the international news coverage in Western media is provided by only three global news agencies based in New York, London and Paris.

The key role played by these agencies means Western media often report on the same topics, even using the same wording. In addition, governments, military and intelligence services use these global news agencies as multipliers to spread their messages around the world.

A study of the Syria war coverage by nine leading European newspapers clearly illustrates these issues: 78% of all articles were based in whole or in part on agency reports, yet 0% on investigative research. Moreover, 82% of all opinion pieces and interviews were in favor of a US and NATO intervention, while propaganda was attributed exclusively to the opposite side.

The Propaganda Multiplier:

How Global News Agencies and Western Media Report on Geopolitics

A Study by Swiss Propaganda Research: 2016 / 2019

“Therefore, you always have to ask yourself: Why do I get this specific information, in this specific form, at this specific moment? Ultimately, these are always questions about power.” (*) Dr. Konrad Hummler, Swiss Banking and Media Executive

Contents

Part 1: The Propaganda Multiplier

Part 2: Case Study on Syria War Coverage

3. Notes and Literature

Introduction: “Something Strange”

“How does the newspaper know what it knows?” The answer to this question is likely to surprise some newspaper readers: “The main source of information is stories from news agencies. The almost anonymously operating news agencies are in a way the key to world events. So what are the names of these agencies, how do they work and who finances them? To judge how well one is informed about events in East and West, one should know the answers to these questions.” (Höhne 1977, p. 11)

A Swiss media researcher points out: “The news agencies are the most important suppliers of material to mass media. No daily media outlet can manage without them. () So the news agencies influence our image of the world; above all, we get to know what they have selected.” (Blum 1995, p. 9)

In view of their essential importance, it is all the more astonishing that these agencies are hardly known to the public: “A large part of society is unaware that news agencies exist at all … In fact, they play an enormously important role in the media market. But despite this great importance, little attention has been paid to them in the past.” (Schulten-Jaspers 2013, p. 13)

Even the head of a news agency noted: “There is something strange about news agencies. They are little known to the public. Unlike a newspaper, their activity is not so much in the spotlight, yet they can always be found at the source of the story.” (Segbers 2007, p. 9)

“The Invisible Nerve Center of the Media System”

So what are the names of these agencies that are “always at the source of the story”? There are now only three global news agencies left:

The American Associated Press (AP) with over 4000 employees worldwide. The AP belongs to US media companies and has its main editorial office in New York. AP news is used by around 12,000 international media outlets, reaching more than half of the world’s population every day.

The Quasi-Governmental French Agence France-Presse (AFP) based in Paris and with around 4000 employees. The AFP sends over 3000 stories and photos every day to media all over the world.

The British Agency Reuters in London, which is privately owned and employs just over 3000 people. Reuters was acquired in 2008 by Canadian media entrepreneur Thomson – one of the 25 richest people in the world – and merged into Thomson Reuters, headquartered in New York.

In addition, many countries run their own news agencies. These include, for instance, the German DPA, the Austrian APA, and the Swiss SDA. When it comes to international news, however, national agencies usually rely on the three global agencies and simply copy and translate their reports.

Figure 1: The three global news agencies Reuters, AFP and AP, and the three national agencies of the German-speaking countries of Austria (APA), Germany (DPA) and Switzerland (SDA).

Wolfgang Vyslozil, former managing director of the Austrian APA, described the key role of news agencies with these words: “News agencies are rarely in the public eye. Yet they are one of the most influential and at the same time one of the least known media types. They are key institutions of substantial importance to any media system. They are the invisible nerve center that connects all parts of this system.” (Segbers 2007, p.10)

Small Abbreviation, Great Effect

However, there is a simple reason why the global agencies, despite their importance, are virtually unknown to the general public. To quote a Swiss media professor: “Radio and television usually do not name their sources, and only specialists can decipher references in magazines.” (Blum 1995, P. 9)

The motive for this discretion, however, should be clear: news outlets are not particularly keen to let readers know that they haven’t researched most of their contributions themselves.

The following figure shows some examples of source tagging in popular European newspapers. Next to the agency abbreviations we find the initials of editors who have edited the respective agency report.

Figure 2: News agencies as sources in newspaper articles

Occasionally, newspapers use agency material but do not label it at all. A study in 2011 from the Swiss Research Institute for the Public Sphere and Society at the University of Zurich came to the following conclusions (FOEG 2011):

“Agency contributions are exploited integrally without labeling them, or they are partially rewritten to make them appear as an editorial contribution. In addition, there is a practice of ‘spicing up’ agency reports with little effort: for example, unpublished agency reports are enriched with images and graphics and presented as comprehensive articles.”

The agencies play a prominent role not only in the press, but also in private and public broadcasting. This is confirmed by Volker Braeutigam, who worked for the German state broadcaster ARD for ten years and views the dominance of these agencies critically:

“One fundamental problem is that the newsroom at ARD sources its information mainly from three sources: the news agencies DPA/AP, Reuters and AFP: one German/American, one British and one French. () The editor working on a news topic only needs to select a few text passages on the screen that he considers essential, rearrange them and glue them together with a few flourishes.”

Swiss Radio and Television (SRF), too, largely bases itself on reports from these agencies. Asked by viewers why a peace march in Ukraine was not reported, the editors said: “To date, we have not received a single report of this march from the independent agencies Reuters, AP and AFP.”

In fact, not only the text, but also the images, sound and video recordings that we encounter in our media every day, are mostly from the very same agencies. What the uninitiated audience might think of as contributions from their local newspaper or TV station, are actually copied reports from New York, London and Paris.

Some media have even gone a step further and have, for lack of resources, outsourced their entire foreign editorial office to an agency. Moreover, it is well known that many news portals on the internet mostly publish agency reports (see e.g., Paterson 2007, Johnston 2011, MacGregor 2013).

In the end, this dependency on the global agencies creates a striking similarity in international reporting: from Vienna to Washington, our media often report the same topics, using many of the same phrases – a phenomenon that would otherwise rather be associated with »controlled media« in authoritarian states.

The following graphic shows some examples from German and international publications. As you can see, despite the claimed objectivity, a slight (geo-)political bias sometimes creeps in.

Figure 3: “Putin threatens”, “Iran provokes”, “NATO concerned”, “Assad stronghold”: Similarities in content and wording due to reports by global news agencies.

The Role of Correspondents

Much of our media does not have own foreign correspondents, so they have no choice but to rely completely on global agencies for foreign news. But what about the big daily newspapers and TV stations that have their own international correspondents? In German-speaking countries, for example, these include newspapers such NZZ, FAZ, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Welt, and public broadcasters.

First of all, the size ratios should be kept in mind: while the global agencies have several thousand employees worldwide, even the Swiss newspaper NZZ, known for its international reporting, maintains only 35 foreign correspondents (including their business correspondents). In huge countries such as China or India, only one correspondent is stationed; all of South America is covered by only two journalists, while in even larger Africa no-one is on the ground permanently.

Moreover, in war zones, correspondents rarely venture out. On the Syria war, for example, many journalists “reported” from cities such as Istanbul, Beirut, Cairo or even from Cyprus. In addition, many journalists lack the language skills to understand local people and media.

How do correspondents under such circumstances know what the “news” is in their region of the world? The main answer is once again: from global agencies. The Dutch Middle East correspondent Joris Luyendijk has impressively described how correspondents work and how they depend on the world agencies in his book “People Like Us: Misrepresenting the Middle East”:

“I had imagined correspondents to be historians-of-the-moment. When something important happened, they would go after it, find out what was going on, and report on it. But I didn’t go off to find out what was going on; that had been done long before. I went along to present an on-the-spot report.

The editors in the Netherlands called when something happened, they faxed or emailed the press releases, and I’d retell them in my own words on the radio, or rework them into an article for the newspaper. This was the reason my editors found it more important that I could be reached in the place itself than that I knew what was going on. The news agencies provided enough information for you to be able to write or talk your way through any crisis or summit meeting.

That’s why you often come across the same images and stories if you leaf through a few different newspapers or click the news channels.

Our men and women in London, Paris, Berlin and Washington bureaus – all thought that wrong topics were dominating the news and that we were following the standards of the news agencies too slavishly.

The common idea about correspondents is that they ‘have the story’, () but the reality is that the news is a conveyor belt in a bread factory. The correspondents stand at the end of the conveyor belt, pretending we’ve baked that white loaf ourselves, while in fact all we’ve done is put it in its wrapping.

Afterwards, a friend asked me how I’d managed to answer all the questions during those cross-talks, every hour and without hesitation. When I told him that, like on the TV-news, you knew all the questions in advance, his e-mailed response came packed with expletives. My friend had relalized that, for decades, what he’d been watching and listening to on the news was pure theatre.” (Luye ndjik 2009, p. 20-22, 76, 189)

In other words, the typical correspondent is in general not able to do independent research, but rather deals with and reinforces those topics that are already prescribed by the news agencies – the notorious “mainstream effect”.

In addition, for cost-saving reasons many media outlets nowadays have to share their few foreign correspondents, and within individual media groups, foreign reports are often used by several publications – none of which contributes to diversity in reporting.

“What the agency does not report, does not take place”

The central role of news agencies also explains why, in geopolitical conflicts, most media use the same original sources. In the Syrian war, for example, the “Syrian Observatory for Human Rights” – a dubious one-man organization based in London – featured prominently. The media rarely inquired directly at this “Observatory”, as its operator was in fact difficult to reach, even for journalists.

Rather, the “Observatory” delivered its stories to global agencies, which then forwarded them to thousands of media outlets, which in turn “informed” hundreds of millions of readers and viewers worldwide. The reason why the agencies, of all places, referred to this strange “Observatory” in their reporting – and who really financed it – is a question that was rarely asked.

The former chief editor of the German news agency DPA, Manfred Steffens, therefore states in his book “The Business of News”:

“A news story does not become more correct simply because one is able to provide a source for it. It is indeed rather questionable to trust a news story more just because a source is cited. () Behind the protective shield such a ‘source’ means for a story, some people are inclined to spread rather adventurous things, even if they themselves have legitimate doubts about their correctness; the responsibility, at least morally, can always be attributed to the cited source.” (Steffens 1969, p. 106)

Dependence on global agencies is also a major reason why media coverage of geopolitical conflicts is often superficial and erratic, while historic relationships and background are fragmented or altogether absent. As put by Steffens: “News agencies receive their impulses almost exclusively from current events and are therefore by their very nature ahistoric. They are reluctant to add any more context than is strictly required.” (Steffens 1969, p. 32)

Finally, the dominance of global agencies explains why certain geopolitical issues and events – which often do not fit very well into the US/NATO narrative or are too “unimportant” – are not mentioned in our media at all: if the agencies do not report on something, then most Western media will not be aware of it. As pointed out on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the German DPA: “What the agency does not report, does not take place.” (Wilke 2000, p. 1)

“Adding Questionable Stories”

While some topics do not appear at all in our media, other topics are very prominent – even though they shouldn’t actually be: “Often the mass media do not report on reality, but on a constructed or staged reality. () Several studies have shown that the mass media are predominantly determined by PR activities and that passive, receptive attitudes outweigh active-researching ones.” (Blum 1995, p. 16)

In fact, due to the rather low journalistic performance of our media and their high dependence on a few news agencies, it is easy for interested parties to spread propaganda and disinformation in a supposedly respectable format to a worldwide audience. DPA editor Steffens warned of this danger:

“The critical sense gets more lulled the more respected the news agency or newspaper is. Someone who wants to introduce a questionable story into the world press only needs to try to put his story in a reasonably reputable agency, to be sure that it then appears a little later in the others. Sometimes it happens that a hoax passes from agency to agency and becomes ever more credible.” (Steffens 1969, p. 234)

Among the most active actors in “injecting” questionable geopolitical news are the military and defense ministries. For example, in 2009 the head of the American news agency AP, Tom Curley, made public that the Pentagon employs more than 27,000 PR specialists who, with a budget of nearly $ 5 billion a year, are working the media and circulating targeted manipulations. In addition, high-ranking US generals had threatened that they would “ruin” him and the AP if the journalists reported too critically on the US military.

Despite – or because of? – such threats our media regularly publish dubious stories sourced to some unnamed “informants” from “US defense circles”.

Ulrich Tilgner, a veteran Middle East correspondent for German and Swiss television, warned in 2003, shortly after the Iraq war, of acts of deception by the military and the role played by the media:

“With the help of the media, the military determine the public perception and use it for their plans. They manage to stir expectations and spread deceptive scenarios. In this new kind of war, the PR strategists of the US administration fulfill a similar function as the bomber pilots. The special departments for public relations in the Pentagon and in the secret services have become combatants in the information war.

For their deception maneuvers, the US military specifically uses the lack of transparency in media coverage. The way they spread information, which is then picked up and distributed by newspapers and broadcasters, makes it impossible for readers, listeners or viewers to trace the original source. Thus, the audience will fail to recognize the actual intention of the military.” (Tilgner 2003, p. 132)

What is known to the US military, would not be foreign to US intelligence services. In a remarkable report by British Channel 4, former CIA officials and a Reuters correspondent spoke candidly about the systematic dissemination of propaganda and misinformation in reporting on geopolitical conflicts:

Former CIA officer and whistleblower John Stockwell said of his work in the Angolan war: “The basic theme was to make it look like an [enemy] aggression. So any kind of story that you could write and get into the media anywhere in the world, that pushed that line, we did. One third of my staff in this task force were propagandists, whose professional career job was to make up stories and finding ways of getting them into the press. () The editors in most Western newspapers are not too skeptical of messages that conform to general views and prejudices. () So we came up with another story, and it was kept going for weeks. () But it was all fiction.”

Fred Bridgland looked back on his work as a war correspondent for the Reuters agency: “We based our reports on official communications. It was not until years later that I learned that a little CIA disinformation expert had sat in the US embassy and had composed these communiqués that bore absolutely no relationship at all to truth. () Basically, and to put it very crudely, you can publish any old crap and it will get into the newspaper.”

And former CIA analyst David MacMichael described his work in the Contra War in Nicaragua with these words: “They said our intelligence of Nicaragua was so good that we could even register when someone flushed a toilet. But I had the feeling that the stories we were giving to the press came straight out of the toilet.” (Channel 4, 1985)

Of course, the intelligence services also have a large number of direct contacts in our media, which can be “leaked” information to if necessary. But without the central role of the global news agencies, the worldwide synchronization of propaganda and disinformation would never be so efficient.

Through this “propaganda multiplier”, dubious stories from PR experts working for governments, military and intelligence services reach the general public more or less unchecked and unfiltered. The journalists refer to the news agencies and the news agencies refer to their sources. Although they often attempt to point out uncertainties (and hedge themselves) with terms such as “apparent”, “alleged” and the like – by then the rumor has long been spread to the world and its effect has taken place.

Figure 4: The Propaganda Multiplier: Governments, military and intelligence services using global news agencies to disseminate their messages to a worldwide audience.

As the New York Times Reported …

In addition to global news agencies, there is another source that is often used by media outlets around the world to report on geopolitical conflicts, namely the major publications in Great Britain and the US.

News outlets like the New York Times or the BBC may have up to 100 foreign correspondents and additional external employees. However, as Middle East correspondent Luyendijk points out:

“Our news teams, me included, fed on the selection of news made by quality media like CNN, the BBC, and the New York Times. We did that on the assumption that their correspondents understood the Arab world and commanded a view of it – but many of them turned out not to speak Arabic, or at least not enough to be able to have a conversation in it or to follow the local media. Many of the top dogs at CNN, the BBC, the Independent, the Guardian, the New Yorker, and the NYT were more often than not dependent on assistants and translators.” (Luyendijk p. 47)

In addition, the sources of these media outlets are often not easy to verify (“military circles”, “anonymous government officials”, “intelligence officials” and the like) and can therefore also be used for the dissemination of propaganda. In any case, the widespread orientation towards the major Anglo-Saxon publications leads to a further convergence in the geopolitical coverage in our media.

The following figure shows some examples of such citation based on the Syria coverage of the largest daily newspaper in Switzerland, Tages-Anzeiger. The articles are all from the first days of October 2015, when Russia for the first time intervened directly in the Syrian war (US/UK sources are highlighted):

Figure 5: Frequent citation of major British and US media, exemplified by the Syria war coverage of Swiss daily newspaper Tages-Anzeiger in October 2015.

The Desired Narrative

But why do journalists in our media not simply try to research and report independently of the global agencies and the Anglo-Saxon media? Middle East correspondent Luyendijk describes his experiences:

“You might suggest that I should have looked for sources I could trust. I did try, but whenever I wanted to write a story without using news agencies, the main Anglo-Saxon media, or talking heads, it fell apart. () Obviously I, as a correspondent, could tell very different stories about one and the same situation. But the media could only present one of them, and often enough, that was exactly the story that confirmed the prevailing image.” (Luyendijk p.54ff)

Media researcher Noam Chomsky has described this effect in his essay “What makes the mainstream media mainstream” as follows: “If you get off line, if you’re producing stories that the big press doesn’t like, you’ll hear about it pretty soon. () So there are a lot of ways in which power plays can drive you right back into line if you move out. If you try to break the mold, you’re not going to last long. That framework works pretty well, and it is understandable that it is just a reflection of obvious power structures.” (Chomsky 1997)

Nevertheless, some of the leading journalists continue to believe that nobody can tell them what to write. How does this add up? Media researcher Chomsky clarifies the apparent contradiction:

“[T]he point is that they wouldn’t be there unless they had already demonstrated that nobody has to tell them what to write because they are going say the right thing. If they had started off at the Metro desk, or something, and had pursued the wrong kind of stories, they never would have made it to the positions where they can now say anything they like. The same is mostly true of university faculty in the more ideological disciplines. They have been through the socialization system.” (Chomsky 1997)

Ultimately, this “socialization system” leads to a journalism that no longer independently researches and critically reports on geopolitical conflicts (and some other topics), but seeks to consolidate the desired narrative through appropriate editorials, commentary, and interviews.

Conclusion: The “First Law of Journalism”

Former AP journalist Herbert Altschull called it the First Law of Journalism: “In all press systems, the news media are instruments of those who exercise political and economic power. Newspapers, periodicals, radio and television stations do not act independently, although they have the possibility of independent exercise of power.” (Altschull 1984/1995, p. 298)

In that sense, it is logical that our traditional media – which are predominantly financed by advertising or the state – represent the geopolitical interests of the transatlantic alliance, given that both the advertising corporations as well as the states themselves are dependent on the transatlantic economic and security architecture led by the United States.

In addition, the key people of our leading media are – in the spirit of Chomsky’s “socialization system” – often themselves part of transatlantic elite networks. Some of the most important institutions in this regard include the US Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), the Bilderberg Group, and the Trilateral Commission, all of which feature many prominent journalists (see in-depth study of these groups).

Most well-known publications, therefore, may indeed be seen as a kind of “establishment media”. This is because, in the past, the freedom of the press was rather theoretical, given significant entry barriers such as broadcasting licenses, frequency slots, requirements for financing and technical infrastructure, limited sales channels, dependence on advertising, and other restrictions.

It was only due to the Internet that Altschull’s First Law has been broken to some extent. Thus, in recent years a high-quality, reader-funded journalism has emerged, often outperforming traditional media in terms of critical reporting. Some of these “alternative” publications already reach a very large audience, showing that the “mass” does not have to be a problem for the quality of a media outlet.

Nevertheless, up to now the traditional media has been able to attract a solid majority of online visitors, too. This, in turn, is closely linked to the hidden role of news agencies, whose up-to-the-minute reports form the backbone of most online news sites.

Will “political and economic power”, according to Altschull’s Law, retain control over the news, or will “uncontrolled news” change the political and economic power structure? The coming years will show.

Britain secretly funded Reuters in 1960s and 1970s (Reuters, January 2020)

Reuters, BBC in Covert UK Program to Push Western Agenda (The Grayzone, February 2021)

The Formation of the Reuters-Havas-Wolff News Monopoly and Cartel (Winter Watch, 2022)

The CIA’s Mop-Up Man (The Intercept, September 2014)

Case Study: Syria War Coverage

As part of a case study, the Syria war coverage of nine leading daily newspapers from Germany, Austria and Switzerland were examined for plurality of viewpoints and reliance on news agencies. The following newspapers were selected:

For Germany: Die Welt, Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ)

For Switzerland: Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), Tagesanzeiger (TA), and Basler Zeitung (BaZ)

For Austria: Standard, Kurier, and Die Presse

The investigation period was defined as October 1 to 15, 2015, i.e. the first two weeks after Russia’s direct intervention in the Syrian conflict. The entire print and online coverage of these newspapers was taken into account. Any Sunday editions were not taken into account, as not all of the newspapers examined have such. In total, 381 newspaper articles met the stated criteria.

In a first step, the articles were classified according to their properties into the following groups:

Agencies: Reports from news agencies (with agency code)

Mixed: Simple reports (with author names) that are based in whole or in part on agency reports

Reports: Editorial background reports and analyses

Opinions/Comments: Opinions and guest comments

Interviews: Interviews with experts, politicians etc.

Investigative: Investigative research that reveals new information or context

The following Figure 1 shows the composition of the articles for the nine newspapers analyzed in total. As can be seen, 55% of articles were news agency reports; 23% editorial reports based on agency material; 9% background reports; 10% opinions and guest comments; 2% interviews; and 0% based on investigative research.

The pure agency texts – from short notices to the detailed reports – were mostly on the Internet pages of the daily newspapers: on the one hand, the pressure for breaking news is higher than in the printed edition, on the other hand, there are no space restrictions. Most other types of articles were found in both the online and printed editions; some exclusive interviews and background reports were found only in the printed editions. All items were collected only once for the investigation.

The following Figure 2 shows the same classification on a per newspaper basis. During the observation period (two weeks), most newspapers published between 40 and 50 articles on the Syrian conflict (print and online). In the German newspaper Die Welt there were more (58), in the Basler Zeitung and the Austrian Kurier, however, significantly less (29 or 33).

Depending on which newspaper, the share of agency reports is almost 50% (Welt, Süddeutsche, NZZ, Basler Zeitung), just under 60% (FAZ, Tagesanzeiger), and 60 to 70% (Presse, Standard, Kurier). Together with the agency-based reports, the proportion in most newspapers is between approx. 70% and 80%. These proportions are consistent with previous media studies (e.g., Blum 1995, Johnston 2011, MacGregor 2013, Paterson 2007).

In the background reports, the Swiss newspapers were leading (five to six pieces), followed by Welt, Süddeutsche and Standard (four each) and the other newspapers (one to three). The background reports and analyzes were in particular devoted to the situation and development in the Middle East, as well as to the motives and interests of individual actors (for example Russia, Turkey, the Islamic State).

However, most of the commentaries were to be found in the German newspapers (seven comments each), followed by Standard (five), NZZ and Tagesanzeiger (four each). Basler Zeitung did not publish any commentaries during the observation period, but two interviews. Other interviews were conducted by Standard (three) and Kurier and Presse (one each). Investigative research, however, could not be found in any of the newspapers.

In particular, in the case of the three German newspapers, a journalistically problematic blending of opinion pieces and reports was noted. Reports contained strong expressions of opinion even though they were not marked as commentary. The present study was in any case based on the article labeling by the newspaper.

The following Figure 3 shows the breakdown of agency stories (by agency abbreviation) for each news agency, in total and per country. The 211 agency reports carried a total of 277 agency codes (a story may consist of material from more than one agency). In total, 24% of agency reports came from the AFP; about 20% each by the DPA, APA and Reuters; 9% of the SDA; 6% of the AP; and 11% were unknown (no labeling or blanket term “agencies”).

In Germany, the DPA, AFP and Reuters each have a share of about one third of the news stories. In Switzerland, the SDA and the AFP are in the lead, and in Austria, the APA and Reuters.

In fact, the shares of the global agencies AFP, AP and Reuters are likely to be even higher, as the Swiss SDA and the Austrian APA obtain their international reports mainly from the global agencies and the German DPA cooperates closely with the American AP.

It should also be noted that, for historical reasons, the global agencies are represented differently in different regions of the world. For events in Asia, Ukraine or Africa, the share of each agency will therefore be different than from events in the Middle East.

In the next step, central statements were used to rate the orientation of editorial opinions (28), guest comments (10) and interview partners (7) (a total of 45 articles). As Figure 4 shows, 82% of the Contributions Were Generally US/NATO Friendly, 16% Neutral or Balanced, and 2% Predominantly US/NATO Critical.

The only predominantly US/NATO-critical contribution was an op-ed in the Austrian Standard on October 2, 2015, titled: “The strategy of regime change has failed. A distinction between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ terrorist groups in Syria makes the Western policy untrustworthy.”

The following Figure 5 shows the orientation of the contributions, guest comments and interviewees, in turn broken down by individual newspapers. As can be seen, Welt, Süddeutsche Zeitung, NZZ, Zürcher Tagesanzeiger and the Austrian newspaper Kurier presented exclusively US/NATO-friendly opinion and guest contributions; this goes for FAZ too, with the exception of one neutral/balanced contribution. The Standard brought four US/NATO friendly, three balanced/neutral, as well as the already mentioned US/NATO critical opinion contributions.

Presse was the only one of the examined newspapers to predominantly publish neutral/balanced opinions and guest contributions. The Basler Zeitung published one US/NATO-friendly and one balanced contribution. Shortly after the observation period (October 16, 2015), Basler Zeitung also published an interview with the President of the Russian Parliament. This would of course have been counted as a contribution critical of the US/NATO.

Figure 5: Basic Orientation of Opinion Pieces and Interviewees per Newspaper

In a further analysis, a full-text keyword search for “Propaganda” (and word combinations thereof) was used to investigate in which cases the newspapers themselves identified propaganda in one of the two geopolitical conflict sides, USA/NATO or Russia (the participant “IS/ISIS” was not considered). In total, twenty such cases were identified. Figure 6 shows the result: in 85% of the cases, propaganda was identified on the Russian side of the conflict, in 15% the identification was neutral or unstated, and in 0% of the cases propaganda was identified on the USA/NATO side of the conflict.

It should be noted that about half of the cases (nine) were in the Swiss NZZ, which spoke of Russian propaganda quite frequently (“Kremlin propaganda”, “Moscow propaganda machine”, “propaganda stories”, “Russian propaganda apparatus” etc.), followed by German FAZ (three), Welt and Süddeutsche Zeitung (two each) and the Austrian newspaper Kurier (one). The other newspapers did not mention propaganda, or only in a neutral context (or in the context of IS).

Figure 6: Attribution of Propaganda to Conflict Parties (Total; N=20).

Conclusion

The results confirm the high dependence on the global news agencies (63% to 90%, excluding commentaries and interviews) and the lack of own investigative research, as well as the rather biased commenting on events in favor of the US/NATO side (82% positive; 2% negative), whose stories were not checked by the newspapers for any propaganda.

— About the authors: Swiss Propaganda Research (SPR) is An Independent Research Group Investigating Geopolitical Propaganda in Swiss and International Media. You can contact us here. English translation provided by Terje Maloy, an SPR reader.

[jennibeultimate]

Artistic gymnastics Olympics 2024 MAG Qualification

Number of Entries for individual finals (AA&EF) per nation with a team

China 🇨🇳 9 finals (Zhang Boheng FX + PB + HB , Zou Jinyuan PB + SR, Liu Yang SR, Su Weide HB, Xiao Ruoteng + Zhang Boheng AA)

Great Britain 🇬🇧 8 finals (Jake Jarman FX + VT , Luke Whitehouse FX, Max Whitlock PH ,Harry Hepworth SR + VT, Jake Jarman & Joe Fraser AA)

Ukraine 🇺🇦 8 finals (Oleg Verniaev PH + PB, Igor Radivilov VT, Nazar Cherpurnyi VT, Ilia Kovtun FX + PB , Oleg Verniaev & Ilia Kovtun AA

Japan 🇯🇵 7 finals (Takaaki Sugino PH + HB, Shinnosuke Oka PB + HB, Wateru Tanigawa PB, Daiki Hashimoto & Shinnosuke Oka AA)

USA 🇺🇸 3 finals (Stephen Nedoroscik PH, Paul Juda & Fredrick Richards AA)

Netherlands 🇳🇱 3 finals (Loran de Munck PH, Casimir Schmidt & Frank Rijken AA)

Turkey 🇹🇷 2 finals (Adem Asil SR, Ferhat Arican PB)

Germany 🇩🇪 2 finals (Lukas Dauser PB, Nils Dunkel AA)

Italy 🇮🇹 2 finals (Yumin Abbadini & Mario Macchiati AA)

Switzerland 🇨🇭 2 finals (Matteo Giubellini & Florian Langenegger AA)

Canada 🇨🇦 2 finals (Felix Dolci & Rene Cournoyer AA)

Spain 🇪🇸 1 final (Rayderley Zapata FX)

Countries with finals without team:

Philippines 🇵🇭 3 finals (Carlos Yulo FX+VT & AA)

Kazhakstan 🇰🇿 3 finals (Milad Karimi FX & AA, Nariman Kurbanov PH)

Croatia 🇭🇷 2 finals (Tin Scrbic HB , Aurel Benovic VT)

Armenia 🇦🇲 2 finals (Artur Davtyan VT, Vahagn Davtyan SR)

Israel 🇮🇱 1 final (Artem Dolgopyat FX)

Ireland 🇮🇪 1 final (Rhys Mc Clenaghan PH)

South Korea 🇰🇷 1 final (Hur Woong PH)

France 🇫🇷 1 final (Samir Ait Said SR)

Belgium 🇧🇪 1 final (Glen Cuyle SR)

Greece 🇬🇷 1 final (Elftherios Petrounias SR)

Iran 🇮🇷 1 final (Mahdi Olfati VT)

Taiwan 🇹🇼 (Chinese Tapeih) 1 final (Chia-Hung Tang HB)

Columbia 🇨🇴 1 final (Angel Barajas HB)

Cypres 🇨🇾 1 final (Marios Georgiou HB)

Hungary 🇭🇺 1 final (Krisztofer Meszaros AA)

Australia 🇦🇺 1 final (Jesse Moore AA)

Brazil 🇧🇷 1 final (Diogo Soares AA)

[grangvr]

⟶ 𝔾ℝ𝔸ℕ𝔾𝕍ℝ 𝕀ℕ𝕋ℝ𝕆 ℙ𝕆𝕊𝕋 ⟵

𝔸𝔹𝕆𝕌𝕋 𝕄𝔼:

⤑ 𝙃𝙤𝙡𝙖, 𝘽𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙫 𝙙𝙯𝙚𝙯, 𝙃𝙚𝙡𝙡𝙤, 𝙈𝙮 𝙣𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙮𝙖

⤑ 𝙄 𝙖𝙢 𝙖 22 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙈𝙖𝙙𝙧𝙞𝙙, 𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣

⤑ 𝙄 𝙖𝙢 𝙖 𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝-𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 🇪🇸🇦🇲

⤑ 𝙄 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙠 4 𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙨: 𝙀𝙣𝙜𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙝, 𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝, 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 & 𝙍𝙪𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙖𝙣

⤑ 𝙎𝙝𝙚/𝙃𝙚𝙧 - 𝙃𝙞𝙨𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙘/𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 - 🇪🇸🇦🇲

⤑ 𝙄 𝙟𝙤𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙏𝙪𝙢𝙗𝙡𝙧 𝙞𝙣 2019 𝙞𝙣 𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙣𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙤𝙢𝙨 𝙄 𝙢𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙖𝙥𝙚 𝙄𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙢 (𝙗𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮)

⤑ 𝙏𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙜 𝙞𝙨 𝙖 𝙢𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞-𝙛𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙤𝙢 𝙖𝙘𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙖 𝙨𝙖𝙛𝙚 𝙨𝙥𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮𝙤𝙣𝙚

⤑ 𝙄 𝙖𝙢 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙩𝙪𝙙𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙃𝘿 𝙈𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙄𝙣𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙨

𝕄𝕐 𝔽𝔸ℕ𝔻𝕆𝕄𝕊:

♛𝙁𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙪𝙡𝙖 1 🏎️

♛𝙃𝙖𝙧𝙧𝙮 𝙋𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙧⚡️

♛𝙋𝙞𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙗𝙚𝙖𝙣🏴‍☠️

♛𝙆𝙥𝙤𝙥 (𝘽𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙠, 𝘽𝙖𝙗𝙮𝙈𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧 & 𝙉𝙚𝙬𝙅𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙨)🖤💗🧌🐰

♛𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣🎶

♛𝙈𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙞𝙣🧙

♛𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙧 𝙏𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨🚲

♛𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙙𝙜𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙤𝙣👗

♛𝘿𝙞𝙨𝙣𝙚𝙮 𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙨🐭

♛𝙔2𝙆 𝙉𝙤𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙜𝙞𝙖⚕️

𝕄𝕐 𝕍𝔸𝕃𝕌𝔼𝕊:

♣ 𝙄 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 & 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙙 𝙥𝙤𝙥𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙨𝙖𝙠𝙝 𝙍𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙤𝙣

♣ 𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣 𝙢𝙚𝙙𝙞𝙖 𝙙𝙤𝙚𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙬 𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙖𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙤𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙬𝙖𝙧 𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙞𝙩𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 𝘼𝙯𝙚𝙧𝙗𝙖𝙞𝙟𝙖𝙣 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙨𝙖𝙠𝙝 𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙤𝙣.

♣ 𝘿𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙗𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙞𝙩 𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙚𝙫𝙞𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙣𝙤 𝙥𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙝𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩. 𝙎𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙗𝙚 𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙨𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙪𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙪𝙘𝙝 𝙫𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙪𝙡𝙨𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙜𝙞𝙚𝙨.

♣ 𝙉𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙁𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙩 1915, 𝙙𝙤𝙣'𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙮, (𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙝𝙖𝙙𝙤𝙬𝙨)

𝕄𝕐 𝕀𝔻𝕆𝕃𝕊:

❦ 𝙍𝙤𝙨𝙚́ (𝘽𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙠)🇰🇷

❦ 𝘼𝙝𝙮𝙚𝙤𝙣 (𝘽𝙖𝙗𝙮𝙈𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙧)🇰🇷

❦ 𝙃𝙮𝙚𝙞𝙣 (𝙉𝙚𝙬𝙅𝙚𝙖𝙣𝙨)🇰🇷

❦ 𝙇𝙖𝙣𝙖 𝘿𝙚𝙡 𝙍𝙚𝙮🇺🇸

❦ 𝙎𝙞𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙝𝙤🇦🇲

❦ 𝙎𝙖𝙗𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙖 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧🇺🇸

❦ 𝙇𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩 𝙃𝙤𝙫𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙮𝙖𝙣🇦🇲

❦ 𝘼𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙖 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚🇺🇸

❦ 𝙊𝙡𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙖 𝙍𝙤𝙙𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙤🇺🇸

❦ 𝙍𝙤𝙨𝙖𝙡𝙞́𝙖🇪🇸

❦ 𝘼𝙧𝙖𝙢 𝙈𝙋3🇦🇲

❦ 𝙀𝙣𝙧𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙄𝙜𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙖𝙨🇪🇸

❦ 𝙇𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙤 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙧𝙞𝙨🇬🇧

❦ 𝘾𝙖𝙧𝙡𝙤𝙨 𝙎𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙯 𝙅𝙧🇪🇸

❦ 𝙍𝙖𝙛𝙖𝙚𝙡 𝙉𝙖𝙙𝙖𝙡🇪🇸

𝕄𝕐 𝕋𝕆ℙ 𝟙𝟝 𝔼𝕌ℝ𝕆𝕍𝕀𝕊𝕀𝕆ℕ 𝕊𝕆ℕ𝔾𝕊 (𝕊𝕀ℕℂ𝔼 𝟚𝟘𝟘𝟘):

☁️1. 𝙇𝙤𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙣 - 𝙀𝙪𝙥𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙖 (𝙎𝙬𝙚𝙙𝙚𝙣 2012)🇸🇪

☁️2. 𝘼𝙡𝙚𝙭𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙍𝙮𝙗𝙖𝙠 - 𝙁𝙖𝙞𝙧𝙮𝙏𝙖𝙡𝙚 (𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙬𝙖𝙮 2009)🇳🇴

☁️3. 𝙎𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙖 - 𝙈𝙤𝙟𝙖 𝙨̌𝙩𝙞𝙠𝙡𝙖 (𝘾𝙧𝙤𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙖 2006)🇭🇷

☁️4. 𝙄𝙣𝙜𝙖 & 𝘼𝙣𝙪𝙨𝙝 - 𝙅𝙖𝙣 𝙅𝙖𝙣 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2009)🇦🇲

☁️5. 𝘿𝙪𝙣𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙇𝙖𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 - 𝘼𝙧𝙘𝙖𝙙𝙚 (𝙉𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨 2019)🇳🇱

☁️6. 𝘼𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙖 𝙈𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙤 - 𝙇𝙖 𝙣𝙤𝙞𝙖 (𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙮 2024)🇮🇹

☁️7. 𝙎𝙞𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙝𝙤 - 𝙌𝙚𝙡𝙚 𝙌𝙚𝙡𝙚 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2008)🇦🇲

☁️8. 𝙂𝙟𝙤𝙣'𝙨 𝙏𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙨 - 𝙍𝙚́𝙥𝙤𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙯‐𝙢𝙤𝙞 (𝙎𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙯𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 2020)🇨🇭

☁️9. 𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙚𝙡 - 𝙎𝙡𝙤𝙈𝙤 (𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣 2022)🇪🇸

☁️10. 𝙃𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙚 - 𝘿𝙪̈𝙢 𝙏𝙚𝙠 𝙏𝙚𝙠 (𝙏𝙪̈𝙧𝙠𝙞𝙮𝙚 2009)🇹🇷

☁️11. 𝙂𝙤_𝙖 - 𝙎𝙝𝙪𝙢 (𝙐𝙠𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙚 2021)🇺🇦

☁️12. 𝙃𝙪𝙧𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙣𝙚 - 𝙇𝙤𝙘𝙤 𝙇𝙤𝙘𝙤 (𝙎𝙚𝙧𝙗𝙞𝙖 2021)🇷🇸

☁️13. 𝙄𝙫𝙚𝙩𝙖 𝙈𝙪𝙠𝙪𝙘𝙝𝙮𝙖𝙣 - 𝙇𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙒𝙖𝙫𝙚 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2016)🇦🇲

☁️14. 𝙎𝙡𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙚 - 𝙈𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙧 (𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 2024)🇫🇷

☁️15. 𝙎𝙤𝙛𝙞 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙤𝙫𝙖 - 𝙇𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝙐𝙣𝙡𝙞𝙢𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 (𝘽𝙪𝙡𝙜𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙖 2012) 🇧🇬

𝕄𝕐 𝕋𝕆ℙ 𝟙𝟝 𝕁𝕌ℕ𝕀𝕆ℝ 𝔼𝕌ℝ𝕆𝕍𝕀𝕊𝕀𝕆ℕ 𝕊𝕆ℕ𝔾𝕊 (𝕊𝕀ℕℂ𝔼 𝟚𝟘𝟘𝟛)

🌸1. 𝙈𝙖𝙡𝙚́𝙣𝙖 - 𝙌𝙖𝙢𝙞 𝙌𝙖𝙢𝙞 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2021)🇦🇲

🌸2. 𝙑𝙞𝙠𝙞 𝙂𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙧 - 𝙎𝙪𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙤𝙚𝙨 (𝙋𝙤𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 2019)🇵🇱

🌸3. 𝘼𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙞𝙠 - 𝙀𝙧𝙖𝙯𝙖𝙣𝙦 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2007)🇦🇲

🌸4. 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙮𝙖 𝙎𝙠𝙮𝙚 - 𝙇𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙈𝙮 𝙃𝙚𝙖𝙙 (𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙆𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙙𝙤𝙢 2022)🇬🇧

🌸5. 𝙏𝙖𝙣𝙮𝙖 𝙈𝙚𝙯𝙝𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙫𝙖 - 𝙈𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙢𝙞 (𝙍𝙪𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙖 2021)🇷🇺

🌸6. 𝙍𝙤𝙠𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙖 𝙒𝙚̨𝙜𝙞𝙚𝙡 - 𝘼𝙣𝙮𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙄 𝙒𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙏𝙤 𝘽𝙚 (𝙋𝙤𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 2018)🇵🇱

🌸7. 𝙑𝙡𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙢𝙞𝙧 𝘼𝙧𝙯𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮𝙖𝙣 - 𝙈𝙖𝙢𝙖 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2010)🇦🇲

🌸8. 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙢 𝘽𝙞𝙜𝙫𝙖𝙫𝙖 - 𝙄 𝘽𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚 (𝙂𝙚𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙞𝙖 2022)🇬🇪

🌸9. 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙞́𝙖 𝙄𝙨𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙡 - 𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙢𝙪𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙖 𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙖 (𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣 2004)🇪🇸

🌸10. 𝙎𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙧𝙖 𝙑𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙤 - 𝙄 𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙪 (𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣 2023)🇪🇸

🌸11. 𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙮𝙖 𝙋𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙮𝙠 - 𝙉𝙚𝙗𝙤 (𝙐𝙠𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙚 2012)🇺🇦

🌸12. 𝙋𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙖 𝘽𝙤𝙜𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙫𝙞𝙘𝙝 - 𝙒𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 (𝙍𝙪𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙖 2017)🇷🇺

🌸13. 𝙎𝙚𝙥 & 𝙅𝙖𝙨𝙢𝙞𝙟𝙣 - 𝙃𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙊𝙣 𝙏𝙤 𝙔𝙤𝙪 (𝙉𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨 2023)🇳🇱

🌸14. 𝙕𝙤𝙚́ 𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙪𝙯𝙪𝙧𝙚 - 𝘾œ𝙪𝙧 (𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 2023)🇫🇷

🌸15. 𝘼𝙣𝙖𝙝𝙞𝙩 & 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙮 - 𝙏𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙧 (𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖 2016)🇦🇲

𝕄𝕐 𝕊ℍ𝕀ℙ𝕊:

★𝙍𝙤𝙣 𝙭 𝙃𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚 (𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚)

★𝙃𝙖𝙧𝙧𝙮 𝙭 𝙂𝙞𝙣𝙣𝙮 (𝙃𝙞𝙣𝙣𝙮)

★𝙎𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙨 𝘽𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙠 𝙭 𝙍𝙚𝙢𝙪𝙨 𝙇𝙪𝙥𝙞𝙣 (𝙒𝙤𝙡𝙛𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙧)

★𝙂𝙬𝙚𝙣 𝙭 𝙈𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙞𝙣 (𝘼𝙧𝙬𝙚𝙣)

★𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡 𝙭 𝙀𝙡𝙞𝙯𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙝 (𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙚𝙩𝙝)

★𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙧 𝙭 𝙈𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙞𝙣 (𝙈𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙪𝙧)

𝕄𝕐 𝔽𝔸𝕍𝕆𝕌ℝ𝕀𝕋𝔼 ℂ𝕆𝕌ℕ𝕋ℝ𝕀𝔼𝕊:

❃ 𝙎𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣🇪🇸

❃ 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖🇦🇲

❃ 𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙆𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙙𝙤𝙢🇬🇧

❃ 𝙐𝙠𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙚🇺🇦

❃ 𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙖 🇷🇴

❃ 𝙈𝙤𝙡𝙙𝙤𝙫𝙖 🇲🇩

❃ 𝙋𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙪𝙜𝙖𝙡🇵🇹

��� 𝘾𝙮𝙥𝙧𝙪𝙨🇨🇾

❃ 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙘𝙚🇬🇷

𝕄𝕐 𝕊𝕆ℂ𝕀𝔸𝕃𝕊:

✏𝙄𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙢: @/𝙚𝙨𝙘𝙭𝙝𝙥

✏𝙋𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙩: @/𝙘𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙗𝙤𝙤𝙠

✏𝙔𝙤𝙪𝙩𝙪𝙗𝙚: @/𝙈𝙖̊𝙣𝙚𝙨𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙀𝙙𝙞𝙩𝙨

𝙏𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙠 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙣𝙟𝙤𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙗𝙡𝙤𝙜!