#[ c: martina | older ]

[murdockdevil-goooonnne]

[ksfnmoments]

okay SO i’ve been working on this list for a couple days since i’m finally revisiting my high school au thing. I have four different friend groups (GHOST, Drifters, E.G.O, SHADOW/A.L.T.E.R) and I’m gonna do different posts because I’m still touching up on mainly the last two. Here we will start, of course, with the GHOST Squad:

Seniors (12)

Midas Orville

Height: 5’11

Grades: A/A+

Favorite Class(es): AP Statistics, Business and Marketing

Extra-Curriculars:

Student Council: Student Body Co-President

Jazz Band: Alto Sax

Freshman Mentor (was bitter that Jules didn’t end up in his orientation group)

Extra:

Blazers over hoodie combo>>>

Probably richer than you

Pettiness x100

Brutus Alekhin

Height: 6’4

Grades: B/B+

Favorite Class(es): Government, Weights Training

Extra-Curriculars:

Varsity Football

Student Council: Student Body Treasurer

Extra:

Only does SC because Midas wanted him to (has to have someone always on his side)

Always up to date on everything: school dates, event, even simple gossip. You’ll never know unless you happen to ask

Prefers to stay in the background but always willing to help out

Juniors (11)

Martina Ortiz (TNTina)

Height: 5’2

Grades: C-/C

Favorite Class(es): Physics

Extra-Curriculars:

Wrestling

Choir: Alto

Extra:

Really smart (especially math and science) but could care less about school so she slacks off

Sleep deprived half the time (totally not because she plays video games all night, yeah)

Understands Spanish but has trouble speaking it coherently; she will, however, teach you all the swears and insults

Maya Styles (little on the nose i know)

Height: 5’6

Grades: B+/A-

Favorite Class(es): World History

Extra-Curriculars:

Orchestra: Cello

JROTC

Extra:

Tea>Coffee, drinks it every day before school

Ultimate peacemaker and preventer of death; will not let anyone walk away unless it’s on good terms, and constantly has to make sure these mfs (*cough* Tina) don’t die

Wardrobe is definitely larger than yours but she prefers the camo and earthy colors (mostly green and beige)

Maxwell O’Malley (Meowscles)

Height: 6’0

Grades: C/C+

Favorite Class(es): Weight Training/Any PE Class

Extra-Curriculars:

Basketball, wrestling, and track

Choir: Bass

Extra:

Loves cats (practically idolizes his own)

Sends you memes and useless facts at 2am

Everyone’s older brother (even if you’re older than him)

Freshmen (9)

Skye Newman-Cortez

Height: 5’3

Grades: B/B+

Favorite Class(es): Art, Photography

Extra-Curriculars:

Esports (probably Super Smash Bros.)

Volleyball

Yearbook Photographer (Kinda)

She’s not officially on yearbook staff but she’ll slide Ocean (who is) pictures she takes at events on her camera and some will end up in the yearbook.

Extra:

Lives off of hot chocolate, all year round

Tries to be friends with everyone (40% success rate)

Never any space in her backpack because where there’s no school-related supplies, there’s snacks or some sort of arts supplies

General Group Headcanons

(Some are repeated from the previous post)

Tina joined choir freshman year but was very self-conscious about it, so she forced Meowscles (his human name is Maxwell because it starts with M and i’m uncreative) to join with her. Turns out he’s a really good bass and he LOVES being on the stage, so he forces her into all these duets to get her to loosen up.

Skye and Tina practically live at each other’s houses. They’re always at one or the other after school and have sleepovers every weekend, where they watch movies and play video games all day/night. To each other, Tina is the cool junior and Skye is the cool freshman

Despite being one of the peacemakers/death preventers (the other being Brutus), Tina and Max have gotten very good at convincing Maya to join them on their not-so-very-safe shenanigans

Brutus, Max, and Maya have specific days they go to the gym together after school.

Brutus is always the one to drive, mostly because he’s the safest and quietest option. Maya doesn’t drive, Tina would be 20mph above the speed limit, Max turns the ride into a karaoke session (where he sings off-key on purpose), and Midas simply likes being a rider.

[thefloorisbalaclava]

Can you write something where reader asks frankie to teach her how to drive his truck?? And how he would teach or idk just the fluff 🥺🥺

Pairing: Francisco 'Catfish' Morales x F!Reader

Warnings: None...well, just a little teeny tiny bit of naughty talk

A/N: Okay so I really relate to this because I do not have my license and I am...older lol. Frankie would be nothing but patient though.

I also made him say a little something special from the movie 😏😘

[Frankie masterlist]

---

When Frankie told you he was taking you somewhere you thought maybe he'd be taking you to one of his many favorite spots. You didn't think you'd end up in an empty parking lot.

"Uh...what's going on?" you asked as he turned the truck off. He turned and looked at you. "Frankie, it's broad daylight..."

"Huh?" Then he got it. "Wait...no...not that. I mean, thanks for the idea, but that's not why we're here." His face was turning red and it made you laugh.

"Why are we here then?"

"Remember when you said you wanted to learn how to drive my truck?" He tapped the steering wheel and you began shaking your head.

"Nope. Nuh uh. Let's go home." You turned your body in the seat and looked straight ahead.

"Look, you don't have to if you don't want to, but you're safe here, okay? There are no other cars. We have the entire lot to ourselves." He touched your thigh gently then squeezed.

"I kinda wish you had brought me here for the other thing now." You scoffed nervously then looked around. "I dunno, Frankie. I'm scared."

"Take all the time you need, babe."

"I wanna learn but...look at me..." You held your hands up to show him how you were shaking. But Frankie grabbed your hands and held them.

"I'm right here, okay?"

You nodded a few times before answering. "Okay. Uh...guess I should be in the driver's seat, huh?"

"Yeah." Frankie climbed out of the truck and you followed. When you two crossed paths at the front of the truck, he pulled you to him and kissed you. "You got this."

"Yeah...yeah..." You climbed into the driver's seat as he climbed in the passenger seat. "Feels different," you joked to ease your nerves. You wiped your hands on your thighs before grabbing the steering wheel. "Okay..."

"You don't have to if you don't want to, okay?"

"I want to," you said quietly. You reached for the key and started the truck. "Uh..."

"So now you wanna what?" Frankie asked.

"Put it in drive?" You knew that was the answer but your nerves made you question everything.

"Good girl. Go on." He watched as you reached down and put the car into drive. "Now..." He took your hands and placed them where they needed to be on the steering wheel. "Ready?"

"I think so..."

"Gently push down on the gas." The truck started to move and you gasp. "Nice and easy, babe. Just like that." You couldn't see him but he was smiling brightly. "Atta girl." His praise made your face hot even as your fear sent shivers down your spine.

"We're moving," you breathed.

"Yup. Remember, you have all the space you need. You can keep going straight or you can try some turning."

You flexed your hands on the steering wheel and slowly began to turn it. Frankie smiled even bigger.

"Look at my baby being brave. Look at my girl go," he cheered. He noticed that you were breathing heavier. "Alright baby...alright baby. It's okay. You're doing great."

"I am?"

"Yeah. Wanna try speeding up a little?" he asked and you nodded. He clapped once and chuckled. "That's my girl. Don't go peeling out or anything though." That made you laugh.

"I'm a long way from that." You took a deep breath and pressed down on the gas a little harder. "Is this okay?" you asked nervously.

"That's great, baby. I'm so proud of you."

"If you...if you don't stop with the praise I'm gonna stop this truck and jump your bones," you warned and he laughed loudly.

"Well, isn't that what you thought I brought you here for in the first place?" He stayed quiet for a while, watching you proudly. "Look how good you're doing."

"Yeah?" You laughed nervously.

"You'll be on the road in no time." He wanted to give you a reassuring touch on the thigh but decided against the distraction.

"I don't know about that, Frankie." You stepped on the brake gently, bringing the truck to a rolling stop, then turned it off. You let out a deep breath then turned to him. "I did it."

"Yes, you did. Come here." He leaned over and you did the same to meet his lips.

"I wish I did a little more..."

"Baby steps, baby. Baby steps." He caressed your cheek with his thumb. "Now...about that other thing you thought I brought you here for..."

"Frankie!" You shoved him and he cracked up. When he sat correctly in his seat again, you climbed over the center console and into his lap, straddling him.

"Oh? Hello." His hands found your ass immediately.

"So...I was thinking...I need a license to drive but I don't need one to ride, do I?" You pulled on the little lever that adjusted the seat, making it so that Frankie was nearly lying down.

"No, ma'am, you do not." He grinned then bit his lip. "And you definitely don't need lessons but feel free to use me for practice any time."

"Planning on it." You kissed him as his hands began working their way under your shirt.

---

frankie taglist: @fakenoods @oldstuffnewstuff @the-bird-suit @lestrange2703 @findhimfives @windfallss @limenlimon @66wookies @rach7 @surfsup666 @theghostwiththemost-babe @marshmallow--3 @mrschiltoncat @aplaceofpeace @josepedropascal @mitchi-c @panda-angela @jeeperky @allthingsnarcos @laymegentlytorest @stanfordscrush @fangirlingss @damerondjarin @darthdumbasss @helga1031 @triggerhappyflygirl @master-obi-wan-kenboneme @ladybeediva @heythere80sbaby @deserttastesbitter @dindjstarin

permanent taglist: @gallowsjoker @magicsuperheroes @feelmyroarrrr @the-dazzling-urbanite @phoenixhalliwell @liveloudwriteloud @tumblogbykarapaloma @jaime1110 @ahopelessromanticwritersworld @pascalz @blancatobarxoxo @dazedrhapsody @pascalisthepunkest @ithinkhesgaybutwesavedmufasa @cryptkeepersoul @tiffdawg @freak-of-nature2002 @kingpascals @saltywintersoldat @theocatkov @babybelou @mandilflorian @aeryntheofficial @cyaredindjarin @themarcusmoreno @the-feckless-wonder @loki-098 @arabellathorne @giselatropicana @dindisneydjarin @punkpascal @opheliaelysia @takens-world @huliabitch @stardelic @kandomeresbitch @havenforafrazzledmind @thisis-theway @stardust-galaxies @mrsparknuts @jedi-mando @frankiemorales @edencherries @lilkermit14 @virtualxjournality @ladytrashbird @thirstworldproblemss @emesispo @heresathreebee @tangledlove27 @marvgrrl @clydes-hole @hayley-the-comet @insoucianttt @witchyavenger @coaaster @starless-eyes-remain @wanderlustmags @wonderfulfluffer @lv7867 @lovelyasfcuk @pedropasscals @talesfromtheguild @pedroepascal @wigwitch @seasonschange-butpeopledont @theoria850 @roxypeanut @justanotherblonde23 @autumnleaves1991-blog @kenedyybrooklin @artsymaddie @dindjareen @silverfish-kingdom @heyitmelexie @gredandfeorgesgirl @mandaloriandindjarin @andriecastana @rosiefridayrogersunday @ssppoorrkk @amalie-buch @lucifer- @mstgsmy @randomness501 @max--phillips @darthadeline @youarenewformetoo @thehippiequilter @whovian-gurl @neverlandlibrarian @chibi-liz05 @dragons-of-the-usa @over300books @borderlinedindjarin @mudhornchronicles @cosmoschick @linkpk88 @lovingramsey @djvrins @escapedthesarlacc @coni-martina @pedrospunk @burrshottfirstt @jitterbugs927 @xserenax-13 @cyarikashakira @anatanotegami

i hope everyone is where they want to be! let me know if you want to be changed around! join a taglist here!

[monilanchest]

GALLAGHER TASK #13 - WINTER BREAK + CHRISTMAS GIFTS

Oh, you rich rich so you can spoil your friends. Imagine being close to Monique and getting a gift from them, must be nice. Especially when you’re Yara ( @yaragale ) who doesn’t get anything exactly materialistic. It’s a ticket that Monique gives the other, with a date and location on it. “I have to do a photoshoot during spring break,” they say. “And I asked them if I could bring a friend along, you specifically. So we can get professional pictures together in designer clothing.” A beat before they continue. “No, it won’t be used for any commercial purposes, those pictures will be just for us.” Best friend pictures, something they never had until now. Because Yara is their best friend and they’re grateful to have her in their life.

Of course, you cannot forget about the other three! Trinity ( @trinibarra ) and Martina ( @martinaw ) are given custom made Nike shoes of their favorite colors. Because you know, Monique is that sneaker head so of course they bought shoes. Best bud Scott ( @scottrileys )? A new Jackson Lanchester jersey, signed of course. And finally, Milo ( @azevedomilo ) who gets the best dog of all. A dog of his choosing <3.

You might be wondering, ‘ Kashia, did the Washing trio make up ? Are they still beefing ? WHAT IS GOING ON !!! ‘ and the answer is, they made up! How? Stay out of their business and accept that they made up!! They’re family after all, family that genuinely loves and cares for each other so of course they’re fighting doesn’t last long.

Anyways, Monique goes back to Florida where they meet up with an agent that their father helps them find. It took a lot of time and thought before Monique decides on their career path after Gallagher. They decide on the life as a model that doubles as a secret agent, helping whenever they can / to collect information whenever it’s necessary. As to why they started up an Instagram account back in November.

Their break is split between prepping for a photoshoot and training with their mother for boot camp. Maxine is a serious woman who knows how serious boot camp is, so of course she has to help her baby! If only the older woman could lighten up on her punches because good Lord do those hurt!

It’s over Christmas break that Monique begins to think about their final semester and about their peers. Of apologizing and mending things with others. Of Kassandra, Julian, and Charlie. How Monique has never apologized or opened up to these three who they hurt on why Monique hurt them.

There’s a desire to do so, to open up because you never know when you can lose someone. Especially after Julian’s accident. While it won’t be an immediate apology, it’ll surely occur, just give them time.

[ciceroisthefamilycat]

Arrowverse Characters born in or after ‘89

So tangentially to this post about Zari I made yesterday, here’s a list of significant characters (typically recurring or at least children of a main) born after 1989. The basic idea is they’re under 30, though that gets complicated with time-travelling and flashforwards.

This does include characters from Black Lightning.

Sometimes actors’ ages are used, because even though their character ages may differ slightly, they are definitely intended to fit in the category

Alex Danvers (1989)

Caitlin (Feb 28, 1989)

Barry (Mar 14, 1989)

Iris (Jun 24, 1989)

Felicity (Jul 24, 1989)

Cisco (Carlos was born in 1989)

Eve Tessmacher (Andrea was born in 1989)

Raya Van Zandt (Gabrielle was born in 1989)

Emiko (1989)

Joe Wilson (William was 13 when he played the young version of the character in a scene set in 2004; Liam who plays older Joe was born ca. 1990)

ETA 8/30/20: Kate Kane and Elizabeth “Alice” Kane (Jan 26,1990)

Adam Foster (1990)

ETA 8/30/20: William Dey likely fits here

Kara landed on Earth at age 13 in 2003 (but was probably actually born c. 1966)

Kendra (Ciara was born in 1990)

ETA 8/30/20: Chester Runk (July 5, 1991)

Roy (Jul 13, 1991)

Linda Park (Malese was born in 1991)

ETA 8/30/20: Sophie Moore (1991 or 1992)

Spencer Young (Kiana was born in 1992)

Lena Luthor (1993)

Jax (Sep 12, 1993) error in an episode

Anissa (Jun 28, 1994)

Luke and Mary (played by Camrus Johnson b. 1994 and Nicole Kang b. 1991, respectively) from “Batwoman” will likely fit around here

Thea (Jan 21, 1995)

ETA 8/30/20: Mary Hamilton (May 17, 1995)

Edit 10/18/20: Jax- late 1995 (turned 21 in late 2016)

Jesse Quick (Violett was born in 1996, but Jesse seems older than Wally, having already been to and graduated from college before he applies)

Wally (1995 or 1996)

Joslyn (Reina was born in 1996)

Nia (Nicole was born in 1997)

Cindy Simone aka Sin (1997)

Joanie (1998)

ETA 8/30/20: Luke Fox graduated high school in 2015, probably age 17 at the latest, so born in 1998 or later- actor Camrus Johnson b. 1994

Mona (Ramona was born in 1998)

ETA 8/30/20: Allegra (Feb 23, 1999)- her cousin Esperanza is unlikely to have been born before 1994 as they were in juvie together when Allegra was 13

Evelyn (1999)

Akio (b. somewhere between 2000 and 2002, d. 2010)

Khalil (b. 2001, d. 2019)

Jennifer (Oct 7, 2001)

George Lockwood (Graham was born in 2002)

Carter Grant (Levi was born in 2002)

Nora Darhk (Dec 2, 2003; adult Legend Nora is probably from 2039)

ETA 8/30/20: Lita Rory (2004)

AJ Diggle (2004 or 2005)

ETA 8/30/20: Parker Torres is in high school during BW S1 so let’s estimate age 16 in 2020, born 2004

Zoe Ramirez (Eliza was born in 2004; even though 28 year old Andrea played flashforward Zoe in 2038, Eliza’s age is likely closer to the character’s)

Ruby Arias (2005)

ETA 6/28: Astra Logue born 2005, d. 2014

William Clayton (2006 or 2007)

Grant Wilson (Slade, who didn’t know about his son until 2017, fathered Grant before arriving on the island in 2007, so probably 2007 or 2008)

Marcus the Phorian (Lonnie was born in 2007)

Zari (2009 or 2010- she was 9 in May 2019; original adult Legend Zari was from 2042)

Mikhail from Kaznia (Gabriel was probably born after 2010)

Connor Hawke (Aiden’s age isn’t available online, and Joseph was cast as the character for a different future; this one is definitely a guess, but Connor was probably born in 2011 ca. 2013 or later)

Sara Diggle (b. Oct 8, 2014, Flashpointed in 2016)

JJ Diggle (Nov 2014, after Flashpoint)

ETA 8/02: Ronnie, Lily Stein’s son (fall 2017)

Jenna West (May 22, 2018)

Clark and Lois’ child (Conner Kent?- likely late spring 2019)

Wickstable/ Mithra (May 2019)

Behrad Tomaz (summer 2019; in “Legends” S5 2020 he was travelling back to 2044)

Mia Smoak (late fall 2019)

Nora West-Allen (b. in the early 2020s, adult Flash Nora was from the late 2030s, Erased spring 2019)

ETA 8/02: Martina Jackson (2022 or 2023)

Then there’s the question of if you count Ava (and different iterations?) and Gideon. Regardless, Rip and Miranda likely count, and Jonas definitely does (he died in 2166 and couldn’t have been older than 10). In fact, Eobard was born c. 2151, before all his time travelling, so he and Jonas are not far apart birth-wise (crack theory where Booster--> Rip--> Jonas, who Savage actually made Eobard; or, Eobard knew the Hunter-Coburns before things went to shit, and that’s how he got Rip’s time sphere). Cassandra Savage was probably born in after the early 2140s, given that she looks to be at least in her mid-20s in 2166, though it is unknown whether her timeline still exists. Querl is from the 31st century of E-38, and so presumably are Imra and Nura.

Also, a note that Maisie was born in 1992, but Amaya was born in the 1920s at latest, and Charlie’s ancient. This also extends to a couple other younger characters (Courtney especially) from the past, so they weren’t included above.

some edits have been made since this was first posted

[joyfelice-blog]

sup, it´s ya girl P who can barely manage one account so she decided to make another one because logic :)

so! this is my boy felice who is a childish w r e c k and i hope you like him at least a bit.

martina acevedo and carlo confortola were two best friends who literally got married because of tax benefits. After a while they decided to adopt, since they really wanted a child. that´s where felice confortola comes in.

adopted at five years old, felice learned from a young age to enjoy the things that surrounded him and to not take anything for granted. 

for him, laughter is always the best medicine, and making people laugh is one of the best accomplishments in life.

the Confortola family had one child and at least five dogs, always. felice had a cat once, but this kid was kind-of deathly allergic to cat fur, so he had to let the feline go.

when he was 15 years old, an older classmate tried robbing him, stabbing his leg in the process. thank god one of his bigger dogs was there; as soon as the german shepherd saw his owner in pain he fought back the assailant until he managed to escape.

after that, felice became really interested in the idea of police-dogs, and he learned about the k-9 by doing some research. by the way, that part of his leg that was stabbed went completely numb, he can´t feel a thing on that zone. 

when he turned 19 he left new jersey to become a k9 trainer in chicago, and now he can happily say that “police dogs love him just as much as unemployed ones.”

it is mandatory for the police dogs to live with their trainer so the bond is stronger. Of course, felice loves that, enjoying the constant company of princess and mento, a rottweiler and a bloodhound respectively.

he loves his job, and believes himself to be very lucky to have landed it.

he tends to make a mental list of everything that has to be done, and will get a bit paranoid about completing it. 

nothing stresses him more than not knowing what to do next, or not having backup plans. he knows nothing can be perfect, but his biggest fear is feeling completely powerless to a situation.

he tries not to show any of his insecurities though, he knows no one likes to hear them anyway. when he feels boomed out nothing works better for him than a good laugh, maybe by hanging out with a friend or simply by watching a comedy.

he holds on to the things in life he finds joy in, which may be bad, because he tends to depend on them some times.

welp that´s all i´ve got i think. looking forward for any type of connections! if you like ma boy feel free to plot. :)

[alexeiadrae]

Strange Things About the Monarchy in the Slayersverse

I think the big thing that jumps out at me is how unconcerned the monarchs in the Slayersverse are to producing more children, when producing as many children as possible has traditionally been one of the big goals for most monarchs. Especially in an age where infant and child mortality was high even for the wealthy (Queen Anne of England had 17 pregnancies, 12 of them stillbirths, and of the ones that survived, only one lived to be older than 2, and he died in childhood, so she had 17 pregnancies and no heirs that were biological children).

Royal women tended to marry in their teens and were expected to start producing children. If a spouse died, it was expected that the surviving spouse would remarry to further diplomacy and produce more heirs. Yet in the Slayersverse, this does not seem to be as much of a preoccupation. A. Naga is in her 20s, unmarried, and if she is betrothed, it is never mentioned (keep in mind, it was not uncommon to arrange engagements between monarchs in infancy, though often those deals fell apart during the passage of time. Mary Queen of Scots was engaged when she was 6 months old to Edward VI of England, but when that fell through, she was sent to France at the age of 5 to live with her new fiance's family and get used to the ways of the French court. Naturally, she did not marry him at the age of 5, she was 16 when that happened). B. Similarly, Amelia is not married and there is no mention on an engagement, even though she is at least 17 by Revo/Evo. C. The number of children among the royals is small. Naga and Amelia's age gap is rather large, especially considering a royal woman would not nurse her children (Anne Boleyn tried. Henry VIII said no. She didn't press the issue, thus ensuring her head remained attached to her neck for a few more years). Alfred appears to be the only child of Christopher. If Randy has children they are never mentioned. Likely the reason is because HK didn't want to bog the story down with too many characters. Still, looking at other royal families, Martina appears to be an only child, and I can't think of any royal family depicted in the series where there are numerous children. They could be there, but they are absent. D. That Prince Phil never remarried is strange. Given he is set to inherit the throne and given that HK has said that women can't inherit the throne in Saillune (though there appears to be some debate on this), he would be under a lot of pressure to re-marry and father more kids. Though hopefully he wouldn't go all Henry VIII about it. Christopher, also, for all intents and purposes appears to be a widower (either that or women in Saillune really stay out of official business, though Amelia would seem to contradict this). And Martina's father has also never appeared with a queen. Once again, the more likely reason is not to muddy the story with too many characters. Potential Fanon Explanation (not sure how much weight I give any of these): -Perhaps, because of religious or cultural taboos, remarriage after the death of a spouse is forbidden in the Slayersverse, and that extends to the monarchy. -Prince Phil's renowned ugliness means that it is very difficult to find someone who would marry him. OK, seriously, after working for several years with meth addicts who smelled like rotten shrimp and whose teeth were rotting out of their gums and it was physically painful for me to look at them because my teeth would start to ache in response (damn empathy), whose skin was grey, scabbed, and who knows what else, yet they still were pregnant/recently fathered children/sexually active, I've come to believe that there is no level of ugly that someone won't fuck. So the good news for Phil is that if he wants to embark on marriage again, someone somewhere would have him. -Infant and child mortality could be low because of sorcery and may be comparable to what we see in our modern times, especially in a place like Saillune. This would be why there isn't a lot of focus on breeding like rabbits. As Louis VII of France discovered, having a plethora of male heirs reach adulthood becomes a curse as they start to bicker over who gets what and start wars with each other, so they may deliberately limit family size. -At the same time, a high infant/child mortality could also explain why there aren't a lot of royal children. Many don't survive. The problem with this one, though, is that it would make no sense to let the surviving royal children gallivant across the continent without bodyguards and the like. On this note we go into... Privacy! Privacy was damn hard to come upon for royals! In England, they even had an official Groom of the Stool, no, not the type of stool you step on to reach the china you put out of the kids reach, I'm talking excrement stool, basically, this person's job was to assist the king as he took a shit and examine the contents to make sure the king was healthy. And you thought your job sucked! But it was actually a coveted post because you had the kings confidence and trust. For the king of England, though, not even bowel movements were private. Many royals never even slept alone, and this isn't even in the sexual sense. Royal women shared their beds with other noble women, and it was a great honor for a woman to be asked to sleep with the queen. This did happen with the men, though not to the extent it did with the women, but people would not have concluded that a prince who shared a bed with another man was engaging in anything sexual. Sleeping alone is a rather modern invention. Royals were surrounded by people morning, noon and night. Royal women had a group of ladies in waiting to attend them. Men similarly were surrounded by people. So the lack of other nobles surrounding Amelia, Phil, Naga, etc, is strange. That Naga in particular would travel without a companion is strange (you could argue that as Amelia always traveled with other members the Slayers group, with the exception of the one time she went to find Phil, that she had people with her even if they weren't nobles). Possible Fanon Explanations: -It's hard to say, but it's possible that the royal courts in the Slayersverse are at an early stage of evolution, before the varied and strange jobs involving stool collection could be invented. So perhaps they did have privacy in the bathroom at least, and perhaps the role of the ladies in waiting to constantly attend to a royal woman, had not been firmly established yet. I'd briefly created a lady in waiting for Naga but ended up writing her out. Amelia never mentions one, is never seen with one, and given that in the novels we meet her at the Saillune court, if it was expected for the princesses to be attended by one then we should have seen her then. -This one is rather cynical, but a kingdom that grants its royal daughters so much freedom is also at odds with one that would not let them inherit power, though perhaps there is a sinister purpose...them dying in a heroic adventure on the road and paving the way for the next male heir. In the novels, though, Phil does take an active role in trying to keep Amelia out of the action (at one point picking her up and telling her that the battle scene is no place for a little girl), YET he lets her travel with Lina and Gourry under dangerous circumstances. Perhaps the tradition of women traveling on their own for a bit was created for that purpose (though the reasons why were lost to history), and since it's a tradition Phil feels he has to honor it even if he doesn't like it, and the royal daughters, heady with teenage rebellion and itching to get away from court and stretch their wings and, being teenagers, convinced of their invincibility would riot if it was done away with. On a related note, one question I've seen different people take different approaches to is the question of whether or not marriages are arranged. Given that Naga and Amelia do have so much freedom to travel without being under the watchful eye of the court, that tends to confer a degree of sexual freedom to meet potential partners, fall in love, etc, that would wreck problems with the whole arranged marriage thing. At the same time, social pressure can be enough, given as I went to high school with a significant percentage of people who had immigrated from India, and a few (though not the majority) of them had been betrothed in high school and were still expected to travel to go to college and stuff, but they also accepted the arranged marriage because of family pressure. That said, I like the idea of princesses who get to go out and have fun rather than live their lives in a gilded cage at the mercy of their sovereign (and Catherine of Aragon's story drastically shows how those fortunes can rise and fall precipitously, particularly if you had the bad luck to be married to a sociopath). I like that Amelia addressed Phil as "daddy" rather than "My Supreme and Illustrious and Royal Father and King" or whatever (not that royal fathers didn't love their children and their children didn't love them). It may not make much logical sense, but it makes for a good story.

[mercy-mine]

Challenge

B A S I C S

Full Name: Mercedes Cherry Jones Nickname: Mercy Mine (Sam only) Mercy, Cedes Age:15 Date of Birth: June 18 Astrological Sign: Gemini Ethnicity: African Citizenship: American Orientation: Bisexual Hometown: Chicago,Illinois Residence: William McKinley Boarding School for Young Parents Occupation: High school student

F A M I L Y  &  F R I E N D S

Parent 1: Elizabeth Michelle Jones FC: Angela Bassett Nickname: Momma Age: 50 Birthday: September 3rd Relationship: Mercedes and Elizabeth are extremely close. She baby’s Mercedes because she is her youngest child 

Parent 2: Michael Issac Jones FC: Idris Elba Age: 53 Birthday: December 21st Relationship: Michael is close with all of his children but not as close as Elizabeth is with them.He takes care of everything Mercedes asks him for 

Sibling: Michael Issac Jones Jr FC: Michael B Jordan Age: 18 Birthday: July 4th Relationship: Michael Jr is her older brother and he’s extremely protective of his only little sister. 

SIbling: Alana Marcella Jones FC: Kayla Pratt Age: 22 Birthday: May 1st Relationship: Alana or AM as Mercedes calls her is the second oldest sister. Mercedes isn’t as close to her as she is Martina 

Sibling: Martina Jones FC: Raven Symone Age: 25 Birthday: December 21st Relationship: Martina and Mercedes are extremely close and would spend every moment together when the older woman was home from school. 

Best Friend: Allison Jefferey  FC: PAige Hurd Age: 16 Birthday:July 22nd Relationship: Allison and Mercedes were extremely close before she moved to LA. She was the first person MErcy told when she found out she was pregnant besides Sam 

Child: Alex Gregory Evans FC: TBD Age: 4 months Birthday: TBD Relationship: Alex is Mercedes’ only son and she loves him more than anything

A P P E A R A N C E

Weight: 185  Height: 5'3" Eye Color: Dark brown Hair Color: Dark brown Hair Length: Medium length Coloring: dark skin Build: curvy Scars: none Tattoos: None Distinguishing Feature(s):  Her voice and her body size Dominant Hand: Right

P E R S O N A L I T Y T R A I T S

Positive: ambitious, kind, friendly, generous, helpful, hardworking, and driven Negative: loud, overbearing, sassy, materialistic,  Optimist or pessimist: Optimist Introvert or extrovert: Extrovert Daredevil or cautious: Cautious Logical or emotional: Emotional Disorderly and messy or methodical and neat: Methodical and neat Prefers working or relaxing: Working Confident or unsure of herself: Confident professionally, unsure of herself personally

I N D I C A T O R S

Alignment: Neutral Good MBTI: ENFJ Temperament: Choleric-Phlegmatic Label: The Diva

H A B I T S

Hobbies: Singing,  Plays a musical instrument? None Plays a sport? None How she would spend a rainy day: Singing to Alex or cuddling with Sam Spending habits: She doesn’t spend much preferring to make things for crafts  Smokes: No. Drinks: No Other drugs: No. What does she do too much of? Singing. What does she do too little of? Trying to make friends Extremely skilled at: Singing. Extremely unskilled at: dancing Nervous tics: Pulling her hair  Usual body posture: Slouched slightly unless holding  Mannerisms: eye rolling and nose wrinkling when annoyed, Peculiarities: She tugs her hair when she’s nervous or uncomfortable 

F A V O R I T E S

Food: There’s nothing she doesn’t like  Drink: Apple juice. Snack: Doritos  Color: Purple and red Season: Summer Memory: Her favorite memory with her family is when they wold drive to the beach every summer and spend the day playing and enjoying each other  Literature: Interview With A Vampire Band: En Vogue Song: Hate On Me Movie: Interview With a Vampire TV Show: Criminal Minds, Law and Order SVU and Scandal Quote:  I think every individual has his or her own power, and it's a matter of working, taking time and defining what that power is.To be a queen of a household is a powerful thing.God is ever present. He's in every breath, in every step. He's here, always, always.- Jill Scott

[murdockdevil-goooonnne]

❝ you are really starting to become a giant pain in my ass. ❞ » frank x martina

for: @blogonthebrainwho: martina roscoe-dardashti & frank c*stle verse: older!marta's au m-rvel verse notes: 👀 you opened a can of worms....now u must eat them. triggers: mentions ...frank. LOL. but no actual violence is here.

He’s got blood smeared on his face and it makes her look at him as though he’s an idiot. Which in turn makes him give her a neutral, somewhat bored expression, before saying all-too-casually, “If ya’ take a picture, T – it’ll last longer.” 

Which only makes her let out something of a half-amused chuckle. And that, somehow, manages to get some semblance of a half-assed smile out of him. 

“You look like shit, Frank,” Marta replies all too honestly, having never had a filter – especially around this man. “With only a face a mother would love right about now.” 

Not that he’s ugly, the way she reaches to rub some of the blood off with the sleeve of her shirt shows he’s not. But the gesture shows she’s talking about all the blood. Since, as much as she’s killed, she does not like the stuff and mostly ever tolerates it because she has to. 

“Well…” he looks at her and shrugs. “I like it that way. Can’t blow up a building if I have people worrying about me.” 

Marta arches a brow. “Riiiiight. Well, stop with the shit, yeah? I don’t want to have to kill you, and I know you don’t want to have to kill me, either.” 

Frank’s the one arching a brow. “Little voice in your head finally telling you to put a bullet…bang.” He’s closer to her when he says bang, and while she’s not one to startle, being close to him always makes her nervous as fuck, so she jumps enough for him to notice and no one else, cause he smiles an actual smile this time. “Between the eyes?” 

She rolls her eyes. “Ah, so you do smile…” she replies, attempting to regain her cool. 

His eyes roll. “I’ve got business to do. You, of all people, should get that.” 

She shrugs. “Maybe? But that building you blew up, my little brother almost felt the blast, and if he would’ve gotten hurt…” Marta clicks her tongue. “Well, friend or foe, I would’ve had to make you regret it.” 

“You sure would have, huh, T? Make me regret it.” A laugh this time from him. “First you’re talking about having t’ kill me, and now you’re on and on about making me regret it? You feel like mouthin’ off today?” 

A groan from Marty. “You are really starting to become a giant pain in my ass. Seriously, just…for fuck’s sake, when they say go big or go home, they don’t mean blowing shit up.” She rolls her eyes but then smiles. “Stick to your guns, as they say…”

He gives her a blank look. “You’ve gotten funny.” 

“Your face is funny,” she adds. 

“Just not that funny.” He sighs. “But no one tells me what to do. Not even you, alright?”

“Mmhm,” Because typically Marta speaks in noises more than words. 

“And I don’t have friends, T.”

“Mmhm.” She nods.

But when she does hear about Frank next, it’s not because a building blew up. So that’s something, right?  

The fucker’s still a headache, but again -- something?

[marialilllitharrowwild]

Jedi or jed·i [ jed-ahy  ]noun, plural (especially collectively) Jed·i, Jed·is  [jed-ahyz].  Also called Jed·i Knight   [jed-ahy nahyt]  . a guardian of peace and justice in the fictional Star Wars universe, able to wield a lightsaber and attuned to the power of the Force, an energy that connects all living things.a person who has an unexplainable power over people or things, or who seems to enjoy unusual luck and positive outcomes, as if able to exert the power of the Force to mystically influence the universe:

han·sel/ˈhan(t)səl/ 

hansel

hansels

handsel

handsels

a gift given for good luck at the beginning of the year or to mark an acquisition or the start of an enterprise.

the first installment of a payment.

hansel

hansels

hanselled

hanselled

hanselling

hanseled

hanseled

hanseling

handsel

handsels

handselling

handseling

handselled

handseled

handselled

handseled

give a hansel to.

inaugurate (something), especially by being the first to try it."a floodlit fixture to officially hansel the completed stadium"

Middle English (denoting luck): apparently related to late Old English handselen ‘giving into a person's hands’, and Old Norse handsal ‘giving of the hand to seal a promise’, from hand + an element related to sell; the notion of ‘luck’, however, is not present in these words.

Meanings and history of the name GretelGretel is an old short form of the German name Margarete, meaning "pearl".  It is pronounced GRATE-el in German, but in English is more likely to be pronounced GRET-el. Famous real-life people named Gretel Gretel Killeen, Australian television personality and author Gretel in song, story & screen In "Hansel and Gretel", one of Grimm's fairy tales, Gretel frees her brother Hansel from the clutches of a witch. Gretel is the youngest child of the widowed Captain von Trapp in the film and stage play, "The Sound of Music".  In real life, her name was Martina.

pearl (n.)"nacreous mass formed in the shell of a bivalve mollusk as a result of irritation caused by some foreign body," early 14c., perle (mid-13c. as a surname), from Old French perle (13c.) and directly from Medieval Latin perla (mid-13c.), which is of unknown origin. Perhaps from Vulgar Latin *pernula, diminutive of Latin perna, which in Sicily meant "pearl," earlier "sea-mussel," literally "ham, haunch, gammon," so called for the shape of the mollusk shells.Other theories connect it with the root of pear, also somehow based on shape, or Latin pilula "globule," with dissimilation. The usual Latin word for "pearl" was margarita (see margarite).Used from 14c. of anything valuable or of the finest kind; from mid-15c. of something small, round, and glistening white. For pearls before swine, see swine. Pearl Harbor translates Hawaiian Wai Momi, literally "pearl waters," so named for the pearl oysters found there; transferred sense of "effective sudden attack" is attested from 1942 (in reference to Dec. 7, 1941).pearl (v.)late 14c., "to adorn with pearls," from pearl (n.). From 1590s as "to take a rounded form" (intrans.); from c. 1600 as "to make into a form, or cause to assume the form and appearance, of a pearl" (trans.). Related: Pearled; pearling.

margarite (n.)"a pearl," late Old English, from Late Latin margarita (see Margaret). Figuratively, "that which is precious or excellent, a priceless quality or attribute;" also used as an epithet for Christ, Mary, etc., late 13c. Also margerie (mid-14c.). Related: Margaritic.

fake of unknown origin; attested in London criminal slang as adjective (1775, "counterfeit"), verb (1812, "to rob"), and noun (1851, "a swindle;" of persons 1888, "a swindler"), but probably older. A likely source is feague "to spruce up by artificial means," from German fegen "polish, sweep," also "to clear out, plunder" in colloquial use. "Much of our early thieves' slang is Ger. or Du., and dates from the Thirty Years' War" [Weekley]. Or it may be from Latin facere "to do." Century Dictionary notes that "thieves' slang is shifting and has no history."The nautical word meaning "one of the windings of a cable or hawser in a coil" probably is unrelated, from Swedish veck "a fold." As a verb, "to feign, simulate" from 1941. To fake it is from 1915, jazz slang; to fake (someone) out is from 1940s, originally in sports. Related: Faked; fakes; faking.The jazz musician's fake book is attested from 1951. Fake news "journalism that is deliberately misleading" is attested from 1894; popularized in the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign.

[mrmichaelchadler]

Venice Film Festival 2018: The Sisters Brothers, La Quietud

I’ve been trying to figure out why “The Sisters Brothers,” the first English-language movie from the acclaimed director Jacques Audiard (“The Beat My Heart Skipped,” “A Prophet,” “Rust and Bone”) got the most warm and sustained round of applause of all the press screenings I’ve attended so far.

Perhaps it’s because we film press people have a special affection for John C. Reilly, who here realizes a career pinnacle in a co-lead role as one of the title brothers. As he’s also one of the movie’s producers, I suspect he knew this was a swing-for-the-fences opportunity, and he’s made the most of it in the role of Eli Sisters. It could also be because after several days of back-to-front event movies, it was salutary to sit down and be spoon-fed an unprepossessing crowd-pleaser of a movie.

Back to Reilly: Eli is the older brother of hellion Charlie Sisters; the duo are hired manhunters in 1850s Oregon, and the movie opens with a botched nighttime raid on a farm in the aftermath of which Eli is heard to observe to Charlie, “Well, we f**ked that up pretty good.” We are meant to believe that the boys are both sloppy and inept at their jobs, which they do at the behest of a businessman called “The Commodore.” And that Eli is the more inept of the two.

But initial impressions prove misleading. The Sisters Brothers are in fact a lethal duo who don’t do themselves a lot of favors. Eli’s a bit of a softie, while Charlie is a hard drinking madman whose bluff talk doesn’t hide his terror at the prospect of ending up like the duo’s abusive father. They are sent on a mission to follow a private detective named John Morris (Jake Gyllenhaal) who’s set to apprehend a fellow who’s earned the Commodore’s ire. The real reason the Commodore’s after this guy is related to the rapacious nature of old West capitalism, and over the course of a trek from Oregon to San Francisco alliances shift and even the most recalcitrant of deed-doers learns how to change.

Pre-screening talk of this movie, which has been in the works for some time, spoke of a potential “revisionist” Western, one that might, in the context of this festival at least, provide a socially-conscious answer film to the Coen Brothers’ gleefully impertinent “The Ballad of Buster Scruggs.” While “The Sisters Brothers” is pretty sincere about the shifting shadows of good and bad within its characters, which certainly is a contrast to the Coens’ cold eye on life and death, “The Sisters Brothers” is in the end about as revisionist as a Burt Kennedy picture. It’s beautifully shot, and while certain aspects of its storyline are a little too shaggy-dog for my tastes, it’s a compulsively watchable picture with as sweet a “no place like home” coda as you’ve ever imagined. And while Phoenix and Gyllenhaal and Riz Ahmed are all terrific, this is really Reilly’s show; in this role he showcases genial goofiness but also genuinely stalwart heart. I never say this or even think this, but I’ll break precedent: give the man his Oscar already.

Sometimes it’s good to go into a film relatively cold. Skimming the festival catalog description of “La Quietud,” the new film from Argentine director Pablo Trapero, I envisioned an intimate family drama maybe in the mode of “Summer Hours,” but feistier. Imagine my surprise when twenty minutes into the movie two lead characters, sisters, share a bed and begin masturbating in tandem to a sexual fantasy about the hot guy who used to fix the family ranch’s plumbing back when they were teens. And said sisters are played by Bérénice Bejo and Martina Gusman, who look like they could be twins. 

This is a very frisky family. Bejo’s character is married to Edgar Ramirez, but she also carries on with the son of her diplomat father’s best friend when that guy visits Paris, where she lives. But Gusman’s character is also boinking Ramirez’s character. The only one not getting any on the regular is matriarch Graciela Borges, the veteran actress (also seen in Lucrecia Martel’s 2001 “La Ciénaga”) who here gives the most ferocious performance out of a movie made for such things.

Once the movie shifts its focus from the jaw-dropping sexual shenanigans and focuses on the legal troubles that beset the household once its patriarch dies, and sins of both the father and mother related to Argentina’s real-life secret detention centers of the ‘70s and ‘80s, “La Quietud” lands on shakier ground. Not because Trapero’s interpolation of real historical atrocity is glib, but because the secrets and lies are revealed so operatically and then not given any narrative space in which to air out; instead, the picture races to a rather ridiculous redemptive coda.

  from All Content https://ift.tt/2C8K3UH

[pjyxng]

LOCATION && WITH WHOM : : OUTSIDE PJ'S ROOM W / @martinaw​

He still didn't understand the problem or why she was upset. Even when he reached out to Martina, it felt like there were more questions than before. And it was obvious that Trinity was also confused by all of this, the older duo trying to understand the younger one of them. Though, he knew that if he wanted answers then he would have to wait for Martina to reach out to him first.

Too bad when she was ready to talk to him, he didn’t want to see anyone. After leaving Ruby, P.J. decided on going back to his room or literally anywhere else that was away from the prying eyes. The stares, the whispers, the exposure. He didn’t want to deal with any of it. He finally made it to his floor, ready to head inside his room and not deal with anyone. Until he saw her, waiting for him outside his room. Why now of all times... “Not now, Mars...” 

[lucysrules]

Yep, it’s summer!   And guess what, Sun exposure is responsible for most of the visible aging of your skin—far more than all other factors combined!  Consider those UV rays to be kryptonite to your skin!

  .

You only get one face!

:

RULE 1: AVOID THE SUN!

Statistics state that one out of five Caucasian women are literally addicted to going to the tanning salon at least once a week.  I have seen it with many of my friends. At first, the golden glow is very pretty, until the freckles and wrinkles follow shortly behind.  The solution, yep more sun.  Tanned leathery skin becoming more damaged is apparently a preferable choice over softer whiter skin staying healthier and slowing down the aging process.

Let’s look at Donatella Versace (or let’s not look!)

This is Donatella naturally when she was younger, you can see the premature aging on her face from prancing around in a bikini on the beaches of Miami.  She’s not so bad looking in her youth.

I did a little photoshop experiment (shown on the right) to see how she really might have looked had she stayed inside that Versace mansion! Personally, I like the paler look on her.  Especially with her hair that shade of blonde.

Most of us know that Donatella has transformed herself into a monster with her excessive plastic surgery.  The doctor who worked on her face should have been placed in front of a firing squad instead of taking his business to Lindsay Lohan.

Dr. “Fill my Pockets, I Fix your Wrinkles” saw her coming a mile away!  It looks like his surgical instruments were a compilation of needles, thread, a clothing iron, scissors, vaseline, thick black eyeliner pencils, heavy concealer and a strong prescription for valium to keep Donatella from ripping him into shreds when she saw herself in the mirror.

 Though she is a Versace, people get paid to tell her she looks good and convince her that all the negative comments about her face are just jealousy from other women!  She certainly hasn’t learned her lesson about the sun that’s for sure!

Martina Adam went a little further than the sun.  She is a blonde German white woman who transformed herself permanently into a black woman.  Not just tanned, but extremely dark skinned and she injected her skin with an enhancement to increase melatonin.  She apparently is beyond happy with her drastic transformation which started with gigantic breast enhancements and finished (with her becoming darker than most African American women.

Martina claims to identify more with the food and other areas of the African culture.  Her creepy German boyfriend is quite happy with the procedure and actually encouraged her to do the change.  I get the feeling he will be replaced pretty soon …

She reminds me of a gigantic Voodoo doll or some kind of small village big game hunter who also dresses up in drag at night to play the role of the local Witch Queen. Either way, I can’t tell you who would scare me more if I woke up and saw them standing at the foot of my bed.  Her or Donatella.  Or even worse – both!

Here are some products I really like that keep the skin healthy and help repair some of the damage.

       Click on each of the products to find out more details and where to purchase!

My all time favorite is  Dr. Perricone.  His products contain some of the most potent ingredients out there to maintain beautiful skin.  Peptides, Vitamin C, DMAE, Retinol, collagen etc… are all essentials that you should look for when purchasing anti-aging products.

As you can never avoid the sun completely, I recommend using Neutrogena Ultra Sheer Dry-Touch Sunscreen SPF 55 if you are on a budget

or if you have a few extra dollars

La Roche-Posay Anthelios 50 Tinted Mineral Ultra Fluid Sunscreen

Either way, both are very potent with SPF 50 or higher, non-greasy, don’t cause breakouts and feel comfortable on your skin.  Be careful other there, you don’t want to be Lindsay Lohan at 25 being mistaken for Donatella at 56!  And yes it that really did happen and had a bunch of photographers frantically shooting photos of Lindsay thinking she was Donatella.  How depressing would that be, at least be mistaken for a good looking 56 year old, not one that looks older than her years too!

Skin Care Part 1: Avoid That Sun! Yep, it's summer!   And guess what, Sun exposure is responsible for most of the visible aging of your skin—far more than all other factors combined! 

[jeremiah41j7-blog]

✅ Audit & Company Write-up Group

Articles concerning or even involving Acoustic Guitars, Bass Guitars, Classical Music, Treaty Discs, Composition, Concerts, C And W, Dancing Music, Electric Guitars, Songs Festivals, People Songs, Scripture Popular Music, Residence Music, Improv, World wide web Music, iPods, Jazz, Computer Keyboards, Mp3s, Popular Music Service, Popular Music Past, Music Business, superefekt-online.info Popular Music Trainings, Music Instruments, Alternative Music, Piano Songs, Popular Song, R&B, Sheet Music, Songwriting, MTV, Track Verses, and also Popular Music Videos. Obviously, certainly not all rap popular music is actually misogynistic, and certainly not all black males think of girls in this particular lighting, yet large percentages within the hip-hop lifestyle carry out. The name calling in the rap music dishonors, disrespects, and dehumanizes ladies. In the modern grow older from guitar tab, transcription software program, very easy equipment overviews and music symbols program, many have actually started to as whether or not this is crucial for young musicians to be able to check out typical symbols in music. With Music Makers initiatives in Q2 alone, we connected artists with greater than 5 million audiences along with different content courses featuring featuring brand-new albums on Pandora Premieres along with around 40 performers and developing over 15 Mixtapes for performers featuring the Rolling Stones, Major Lazer and Mumford & Sons. In the circulation procedure from the competitors, the particular usefulness is actually attached to obtaining accessibility to traditional networks of popular music circulation, such as retail musical stores, significant establishment document establishments, individual record outlets as well as Web distributors including These ways are actually very important for marketing Compact discs of the musicians in addition to straight purchases on their efficiencies. With calculated development chauffeurs in position, powerful recent quarterly end results, and also a sound commitment to creating investor profits, I think that these 3 sells have a solid odds at being top entertainers in this business sector for 2015. It is actually heading to be a truly fun spot plus all the 1990s songs will certainly be family members pleasant," Sarah Cattoor, which co-owns the restaurant along with her partner Ryan Greening, informed the Des Moines Register on Wednesday. The Band launched Popular music From Big Pink, Creedence Clearwater Rebirth started chooglin' into the graphes, Bradley's Shed due to the Beloved Brummels (another San Fran team) combined countrypolitan as well as pop stone, and Neil Youthful created his first solo album a manual of brand-new as well as outdated styles. Vocals that create you glad to become a country and western supporter are girls that desires to be perform tune from the heart, like martina, dolly, carrie, reba, miranda, sarah evans, jennifer nettles, faith, shania, please!! taylor merely recognizes to create as well as sing tunes to create enjoyable from folks that hurt her sensations.

People remain to margin up that Verizon or even Sirius XM might need to have Pandora yet the reality is that they do not really require the firm for its own music function, they will be actually getting that for its individual base. When you are seeking high quality music downloads (the greatest popular music downloads are usually pressed in 128 kb/s or much higher mp3 or WAV layout), a considerable, logical as well as regularly improved free of cost songs download public library and also the latest information regarding your favorite music performers as well as bands, you must merely stick with the major, specialized and reliable web sites. As hooligan died there were a great deal of other bands attempting to create their personal label of music, together there was using synthesizers coming into popular music and bands were also try out drum makers etc.

[edwardsherwood-blog]

Test Bank Development Through the Lifespan 6th Edition

For Order This And Any Other Test

 Banks And Solutions Manuals, Course,

 Assignments, Discussions, Quizzes, Exams,

 Contact us At: johnmate1122@gmail.com

 Chapter 1

History, theory, and research strategies

Multiple Choice

    1)  Developmental science is a field of study devoted to

A)   proving contemporary theories of development.

B)   understanding abnormal development in children and adolescents.

C)   understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan.

D)   identifying genetic contributions to disease and illness.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.1

    2)  While great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of developmental scientists, they share a single goal: to identify

A)   genetic factors that contribute to longevity.

B)   environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness.

C)   those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents.

D)   those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.1

    3)  Developmental science is __________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.

A)   interdisciplinary

B)   empirical

C)   applied

D)   theoretical

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.1

    4)  Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they

A)   ensure proper use of research procedures.

B)   illustrate the ultimate truth regarding human behavior.

C)   provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people.

D)   do not require scientific verification.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 5

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.2

    5)  The continuous view of development holds that

A)   infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

B)   infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do.

C)   infants and children respond to the world quite differently than adults do.

D)   new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 6

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.2

    6)  Within the __________ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

A)   discontinuous

B)   nature

C)   continuous

D)   nurture

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 6

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.2

    7)  Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.

A)   nurture

B)   continuous

C)   discontinuous

D)   nature

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 6

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

    8)  Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers. Kim is most likely interested in __________ that shape development.

A)   genetic factors

B)   the contexts

C)   therapeutic techniques

D)   historical factors

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

    9)  Tammy’s father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy’s father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by

A)   nurture.

B)   stages.

C)   nature.

D)   early experiences.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

 10)  Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development.

A)   nurture

B)   stages

C)   stability

D)   nature

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.2

 11)  Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize

A)   stages.

B)   discontinuity.

C)   stability.

D)   continuity.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.2

 12)  Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that

A)   change in response to influential experiences is possible.

B)   heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior.

C)   individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages.

D)   early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 7

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.2

 13)  The increase in the number of healthier, more active older adults suggests that human development is a

A)   controversial area of research.

B)   unidirectional system.

C)   dynamic system.

D)   biological, rather than environmental, science.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 8

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

 14)  The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is

A)   static and stable.

B)   multidimensional and multidirectional.

C)   continuous, rather than discontinuous.

D)   largely the result of heredity.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 8

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3      

 15)  According to the lifespan perspective, __________ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

A)   the prenatal period

B)   early childhood

C)   adolescence

D)   no single age period

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 8

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

 16)  Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that          

A)   aging is an eventual “shipwreck.”

B)   learning follows a predictable timetable.

C)   development is plastic at all ages.

D)   musical talent peaks in late adulthood.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 9–10

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.3

 17)  Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty’s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as

A)   assimilation.

B)   resilience.

C)   age-graded development.

D)   multidimensional development.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 10 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.3

 18)  Research on resilience shows that

A)   heredity is more powerful than the environment in protecting children from the negative effects of stressful life events.

B)   the environment is more powerful than heredity in protecting children from the negative effects of stressful life events.

C)   interventions must attend to both the person and the environment to strengthen a child’s capacity while also reducing hazardous experiences.

D)   plasticity is limited to infancy and early childhood.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 11 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.3

 19)  Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence?

A)   Paul learned to play the violin at age 11.

B)   Frank got his driver’s license at age 16.

C)   Martina got married at age 34.

D)   Jesse learned to use a computer at age 21.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 10

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.3

 20)  History-graded influences explain why __________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.

A)   cohorts

B)   ancestors

C)   siblings

D)   descendants

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 11

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

 21)  The splurge of births from 1946 to 1964 yielded a unique generation that today comprises nearly _____ percent of the U.S. population.

A)   10

B)   20

C)   30

D)   40

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 12 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

 22)  As a generation, baby boomers are

A)   healthier, but less educated, than any previous midlife cohort.

B)   more educated, but less wealthy, than any previous midlife cohort.

C)   more self-focused, but less healthy, than any previous midlife cohort.

D)   healthier, better educated, and financially better off than any previous midlife cohort.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 13 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

 23)  Nonnormative influences

A)   are typical or average.

B)   affect large numbers of people in a similar way.

C)   do not follow a predictable timetable.

D)   include age-graded and history-graded influences.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 12

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.3

 24)  Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

A)   the normative approach; survival of the fittest

B)   noble savages; physical maturation

C)   tabula rasa; natural selection

D)   natural selection; survival of the fittest

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 14

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.4

 25)  G. Stanley Hall regarded development as a __________ process.

A)   maturational

B)   nonnormative

C)   psychosocial

D)   social learning

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 14

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

 26)  G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,

A)   discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species.

B)   launched the normative approach.

C)   constructed the first standardized intelligence test.

D)   were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

 27)  Arnold Gessell

A)   was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents by writing child-rearing books.

B)   is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement.

C)   concluded that the development of the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species.

D)   constructed the first successful intelligence test.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

 28)  Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by

A)   launching the normative approach.

B)   constructing the first intelligence test.

C)   writing the first parenting books.

D)   conducting child observations and parent interviews.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

 29)  Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon’s intelligence test was originally constructed to

A)   measure individual differences in IQ.

B)   document age-related improvements in children’s intellectual functioning.

C)   identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes.

D)   compare the scores of people who varied in gender, ethnicity, and birth order.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.4

 30)  According to the __________ perspective, people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

A)   normative

B)   behaviorism

C)   social learning

D)   psychoanalytic

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 31)  Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory

A)   on the basis of his adult patients’ memories of painful childhood events.

B)   by conducting studies of animal behavior.

C)   on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents.

D)   by carefully observing his own children.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 32)  According to Sigmund Freud, the

A)   ego develops through interactions with parents.

B)   superego is the conscious, rational part of personality.

C)   ego is the largest portion of the mind.

D)   id is the source of basic biological needs and desires.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 33)  Freud’s psychosexual theory was eventually criticized because

A)   it stressed the influence of the early parent–child relationship on development.

B)   it overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in development.

C)   Freud had not directly studied adolescents or adults.

D)   it ignored personality development.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 15

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 34)  In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson

A)   viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development.

B)   pointed out that normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation.

C)   minimized the role of culture in individual development.

D)   primarily focused on the importance of early life experiences.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 16

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 35)  One reason that the psychoanalytic perspective is no longer in the mainstream of child development is because

A)   it tells us little about factors that contribute to personality development.

B)   its theorists were so strongly committed to the clinical approach that they failed to consider other methods.

C)   contemporary theorists have found that personality development does not take places in stages.

D)   it fails to recognize the role of the early parent–child relationship in personality development.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 36)  Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.

A)   psychosexual

B)   psychosocial

C)   behaviorism

D)   cognitive-developmental

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.5

 37)  Ivan Pavlov discovered

A)   observational learning.

B)   classical conditioning.

C)   the ego’s positive contributions to development.

D)   the clinical method.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 38)  In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that

A)   children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus.

B)   infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward.

C)   children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus.

D)   children have an innate, inborn fear of rats.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 39)  According to __________ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

A)   classical conditioning

B)   observational learning

C)   operant conditioning

D)   psychoanalytic

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 40)  According to B. F. Skinner, __________ will increase the frequency of a behavior and __________ will decrease the frequency of a behavior.

A)   punishment; reinforcement

B)   reinforcement; punishment

C)   modeling; reinforcement

D)   punishment; imitation

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 17

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 41)  According to __________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.

A)   reinforcement

B)   operant conditioning

C)   social learning

D)   classical conditioning

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 42)  Today, Albert Bandura’s theory stresses the importance of

A)   behavior modification.

B)   punishment.

C)   cognition.

D)   reinforcement.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 43)  According to Bandura’s revised social-cognitive theory, as children grow older they

A)   become more selective in what they imitate.

B)   become less selective in what they imitate.

C)   imitate more than they model.

D)   respond more favorably to punishment than reinforcement.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 44)  Behavior modification eliminates undesirable behaviors by

A)   exposing children to group therapy.

B)   having patients talk freely about painful childhood events.

C)   improving children’s social settings, such as school and home.

D)   combining conditioning and modeling.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 45)  Many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory

A)   overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development.

B)   overestimate people’s contributions to their own development.

C)   offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences.

D)   overemphasize each individual’s unique life history.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 46)  According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory,

A)   children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.

B)   children’s learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults.

C)   adult teaching is the best way to foster development.

D)   rapid development occurs during sensitive periods.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 47)  Piaget’s view of development was greatly influenced by his early training in

A)   physics.

B)   sociology.

C)   biology.

D)   kinesiology.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 18

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 48)  According to Jean Piaget, __________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

A)   imitation

B)   adaptation

C)   cognition

D)   equilibrium

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 19

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.5

 49)  Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its appearance changes and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. According to Piaget, Jamar is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

A)   sensorimotor

B)   preoperational

C)   concrete operational

D)   sociocultural

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 19

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.5

 50)  Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget’s __________ stage of development.

A)   sensorimotor

B)   preoperational

C)   concrete operational

D)   formal operational

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 19

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.5

 51)  Research on Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory indicates that

A)   he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children.

B)   he overemphasized the role of social and cultural influences on development.

C)   discovery learning facilitates learning better than adult teaching.

D)   children’s performances on Piagetian tasks can be improved with training.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 20

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.5

 52)  The information-processing approach views the mind as a

A)   symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.

B)   socially mediated process.

C)   collection of stimuli and responses.

D)   system of genetically programmed behaviors.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 20

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

 53)  Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.

A)   psychoanalytic

B)   information-processing

C)   dynamic systems

D)   social learning

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 20

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

 54)  Unlike Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

A)   uses clinical interviews to determine a child’s stage of development.

B)   does not divide development into stages.

C)   characterizes each developmental stage by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking.

D)   views development as a discontinuous process.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 55)  The information-processing perspective views development as

A)   continuous.

B)   discontinuous.

C)   a socially mediated process.

D)   marked by imagination and creativity.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 56)  A major strength of the information-processing approach to development is its commitment to

A)   the study of imagination.

B)   flexible case study interviews.

C)   rigorous research methods.

D)   disproving other developmental theories.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 57)  The information-processing approach

A)   overemphasizes nonlinear aspects of cognition, such as creativity and imagination.

B)   is better at analyzing thinking into its components than at putting them back together into a comprehensive theory.

C)   regards the thought processes studied—perception, attention, memory, planning strategies, categorization of information—as stagelike in their development.

D)   underestimates the individual’s contribution to his or her own development.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: 1.6

 58)  Dr. Singh studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. This approach to development is known as

A)   the information-processing approach.

B)   cognitive-development theory.

C)   behaviorism.

D)   developmental cognitive neuroscience.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 21

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

 59)  Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for

A)   social learning theory.

B)   developmental cognitive theory.

C)   ethology.

D)   psychoanalytic theory.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

 60)  A(n) __________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge.

A)   equilibration

B)   imprinting

C)   adaptive

D)   sensitive

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

 61)  John Bowlby argued that

A)   behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.

B)   infants become attached to their parents because parents are associated with the reduction of primary drives, such as hunger and thirst.

C)   parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.

D)   attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 62)  Evolutionary developmental psychology

A)   focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world.

B)   seeks to understand the adaptive value of specieswide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age.

C)   views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.

D)   brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 22

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 63)  Lev Vygotsky’s theory focuses on

A)   critical periods of human development.

B)   children’s capacity to shape their own development.

C)   how behavior patterns promote survival.

D)   how culture is transmitted to the next generation.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 23

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 64)  Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a __________ process.

A)   socially mediated

B)   genetically predictable

C)   preoperational

D)   neurological

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 23

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 65)  Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky’s theory reveals that

A)   heredity and brain growth contribute significantly to social development.

B)   the stages of cognitive development are universal.

C)   children in every culture develop unique strengths.

D)   adults begin to encourage culturally valued skills as soon as children begin school.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 24

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 66)  Ecological systems theory views the person as

A)   a blossoming flower, and it regards development as a maturational process.

B)   developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

C)   a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling.

D)   a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 24

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 67)  Because a child’s biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces to mold development, Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) __________ model.

A)   sociocultural

B)   stagewise

C)   bioecological

D)   evolutionary

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 24

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

 68)  According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the

A)   microsystem.

B)   mesosystem.

C)   exosystem.

D)   macrosystem.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 24–25

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

 69)  Family chaos is linked to

A)   warm, involved parent–child interaction.

B)   enhanced language development.

C)   economic disadvantage.

D)   time spent sleeping.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 26 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Family Chaos Undermines Children’s Well-Being

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.6

 70)  __________ can help prevent escalating demands on families that give way to chaos.

A)   Ethnographic research

B)   Absence of daily structure

C)   Compression of family routines

D)   High-quality child care that is affordable and reliable

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 26 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: Family Chaos Undermines Children’s Well-Being

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 71)  Bronfenbrenner’s macrosystem consists of

A)   activities and interaction patterns in the individual’s immediate surroundings.

B)   third parties that affect the quality of the parent–child relationship.

C)   cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.

D)   social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 25

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.6

 72)  Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby’s

A)   microsystem.

B)   mesosystem.

C)   exosystem.

D)   chronosystem.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 25

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.6

 73)  Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory all stress

A)   nature over nurture.

B)   changes in thinking.

C)   unconscious motives and drives.

D)   the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.7

 74)  A __________ is a prediction about behavior drawn from a __________.

A)   theory; research question

B)   hypothesis; theory

C)   theory; hypothesis

D)   hypothesis; research question

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

 75)  Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George’s prediction is an example of a

A)   theory.

B)   research question.

C)   hypothesis.

D)   research design.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

 76)  Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of

A)   research designs.

B)   theories.

C)   hypotheses.

D)   research methods.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

 77)  Which of the following statements about learning research strategies is true?

A)   It is unimportant to individuals who work directly with children and should be left to research specialists.

B)   It is important in separating dependable information from misleading results.

C)   It is unimportant because schools and community agencies rarely collaborate with researchers in an effort to enhance development.

D)   It is unimportant because theories and hypotheses alone result in sound evidence on human development.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 27

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 78)  Ethology, evolutionary developmental psychology, sociocultural theory, and the lifespan perspective all view development as

A)   primarily influenced by nature.

B)   primarily influenced by nurture.

C)   both continuous and discontinuous.

D)   one course with universal stages.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 28

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.7

 79)  Dr. Wiren observes children’s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)

A)   ethnographic study.

B)   naturalistic observation.

C)   structured observation.

D)   clinical interview.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 28

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

 80)  In a naturalistic observation, the investigator

A)   sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest.

B)   goes into the field and records the behavior of interest.

C)   uses a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant’s point of view.

D)   asks each participant the same set of questions in the same way.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 28

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 81)  A major limitation of systematic observation is that it

A)   provides little information on how participants actually behave.

B)   underestimates the capacities of individuals who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words.

C)   tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.

D)   ignores participants with poor memories, who may have trouble recalling exactly what happened.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 82)  __________ ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings.

A)   Naturalistic observations

B)   Field experiments

C)   Structured observations

D)   Self-reports

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

 83)  A major strength of the clinical interview is that it

A)   makes comparing individuals’ responses very easy.

B)   permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.

C)   is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group.

D)   allow researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Conceptual

Objective: 1.8

 84)  Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a

A)   field experiment.

B)   naturalistic observation.

C)   structured interview.

D)   structured observation.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

 85)  A researcher using a structured interview would typically ask

A)   questions in a large group of participants.

B)   the same set of questions in the same way to each research participant.

C)   only yes/no, multiple choice, and true/false questions.

D)   a different set of questions for each participant.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 86)  Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?

A)   naturalistic observation

B)   structured observation

C)   ethnography

D)   the clinical method

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 30

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

 87)  Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?

A)   naturalistic observation

B)   clinical interview

C)   case study

D)   structured interview

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 31

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

 88)  One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is

A)   that researchers’ theoretical preferences may bias their observations and interpretations.

B)   that it must be conducted with large groups of people at the same time.

C)   it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.

D)   it provides little information about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 31

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 89)  Which of the following methods is best suited for studying whether American parents are warmer than Japanese parents?

A)   systematic observation

B)   case study

C)   structured interview

D)   ethnography

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 31–32

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 90)  Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.

A)   naturalistic

B)   participant

C)   systematic

D)   structured

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 32

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.8

 91)  Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the __________ research method.

A)   naturalistic observation

B)   ethnographic

C)   self-report

D)   structured observation

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 32

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.8

 92)  Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are __________ likely to __________.

A)   more; commit delinquent and violent acts

B)   more; use drugs or alcohol

C)   more; have early sex

D)   less; commit delinquent or violent acts

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 32 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 93)  In the United States, adolescents from immigrant families

A)   view school success as both their own and their parents’ success.

B)   are more likely than those from native-born families to miss school because of illness.

C)   report lower self-esteem than those from native-born families.

D)   are more likely to be obese than their agemates with native-born parents.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 33 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 94)  One limitation of the ethnographic method is that

A)   investigators’ cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.

B)   it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.

C)   it relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.

D)   it provides little information about the reasoning behind participants’ responses.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 33

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.8

 95)  Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.

A)   observational; experimental

B)   correlational; experimental

C)   observational; correlational

D)   variable; observational

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

 96)  In a(n) __________ design, researchers look at relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behavior or development.

A)   observational

B)   correlational

C)   experimental

D)   variable

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

 97)  Dr. Dias’s research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health. Which of the following conclusions is supported by this study?

A)   The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health.

B)   The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner’s physical health.

C)   A decline in a surviving partner’s physical health can cause the death of a spouse.

D)   A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner’s decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

 98)  One limitation of correlational studies is

A)   researchers cannot replicate the studies.

B)   investigators cannot infer cause and effect.

C)   researchers randomly assign participants and manipulate their experiences.

D)   age-related changes may be distorted because of participant dropout.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.9

 99)  Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.

A)   moderate; positive

B)   low; positive

C)   high; negative

D)   low; negative

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 34

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

100)  Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.

A)   structured

B)   observational

C)   correlational

D)   experimental

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

101)  A dependent variable is the

A)   one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.

B)   number that describes how two measures are associated with each other.

C)   number that shows the strength of the relationship between two measures.

D)   one the investigator randomly assigns to represent participant characteristics.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

102)  In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be

A)   the type of lessons (music versus acting).

B)   a measure of intelligence.

C)   the type of music lessons.

D)   the frequency of the acting lessons.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

103)  In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child’s reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

A)   type of phonics instruction.

B)   number of children in the experiment.

C)   child’s reading level in third grade.

D)   frequency of phonics instruction.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

104)  In experimental studies,

A)   the investigator cannot make cause-and-effect inferences.

B)   investigators must take special precautions to control for participants’ characteristics that could reduce the accuracy of their findings.

C)   the researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the dependent variable.

D)   researchers gather information on participants without altering their experiences.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.9

105)  By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants’ characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.

A)   sequential

B)   random

C)   systematic

D)   correlational

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

106)  Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a causal relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should

A)   compare the number of hours teachers spend on group instruction with the number of hours they spend on individualized instruction.

B)   observe a teacher’s one-on-one interactions with several children in a laboratory school.

C)   select a group of children who score high on the self-confidence measure and a second group who score low on the self-confidence measure and expose them to both types of instruction.

D)   randomly assign half of the participants to group instruction and the other half to one-on-one instruction and compare measures of self-confidence for each group.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

107)  In __________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings.

A)   field

B)   natural

C)   structured

D)   laboratory

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.9

108)  Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-age classroom. This is an example of a

A)   naturalistic observation.

B)   case study.

C)   natural experiment.

D)   field experiment.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.9

109)  In a longitudinal design, researchers study

A)   the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

B)   groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

C)   participants over the same ages but in different years.

D)   participants of the same age at the same point in time.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 35

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

110)  Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator

A)   studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

B)   randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions.

C)   tracks the performance of each person over time.

D)   conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 35–36

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

111)  A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can

A)   examine relationships between early and later behaviors.

B)   collect a large amount of data in a short time span.

C)   explore similarities among children of different cohorts.

D)   study participants differing in age at the same point in time.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 36

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

112)  To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of participants from age 8 to age 40. This is an example of a __________ design.

A)   cross-sectional

B)   sequential

C)   correlational

D)   longitudinal

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 36

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.10

113)  Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as

A)   biased sampling.

B)   practice effects.

C)   random assignment.

D)   cohort effects.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.10

114)  In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.

A)   practice

B)   historical

C)   cohort

D)   cultural

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Remember

Objective: 1.10

115)  In a cross-sectional design, researchers study

A)   the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

B)   groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

C)   participants over the same ages but in different years.

D)   participants of the same age at the same point in time.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

116)  Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a __________ research design.

A)   cross-sectional

B)   sequential

C)   correlational

D)   longitudinal

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.10

117)  A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that

A)   age-related changes cannot be examined.

B)   participants often drop out before the study is over.

C)   factors affecting individual development cannot be explored.

D)   practice effects often cause biased findings.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

118)  Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by

A)   practice effects.

B)   participant dropout.

C)   sequential timing.

D)   cohort effects.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 37

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

119)  In sequential designs, researchers study

A)   the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

B)   groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

C)   participants over the same ages but in different years.

D)   participants of the same age at the same point in time.

Answer:   C

Page Ref: 38

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

120)  A sequential design

A)   does not address diversity in developmental outcomes.

B)   permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating.

C)   is less efficient than a longitudinal design.

D)   makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 38

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

121)  Research that combines __________ and __________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

A)   longitudinal; sequential

B)   experimental; developmental

C)   cross-sectional; developmental

D)   correlational; experimental

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 38

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.10

122)  The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.

A)   researchers’ rights

B)   informed consent

C)   beneficial treatments

D)   protection from harm

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.11

123)  Dr. Ramorey wants 90-year-old Mr. Higgins to participate in a research study that involves moderate risks. Mr. Higgins is incapable of consenting. Which of the following would best state your advice regarding Mr. Higgins’s participation in the study?

A)   He should not be allowed to participate in the study under any circumstances.

B)   He should be allowed to participate in the study regardless of the benefit.

C)   He should only be allowed to participate in the study if his participation will benefit others.

D)   He should only be allowed to participate in the study if it is likely to benefit him directly.

Answer:   D

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Apply

Objective: 1.11

124)  One limitation of debriefing is

A)   young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.

B)   some individuals may agree to participate simply to engage in rewarding social interaction.

C)   the lack of availability of surrogate decision makers.

D)   children may be concerned that the information they provide will not be kept confidential.

Answer:   A

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.11

125)  Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if

A)   the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception.

B)   the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants.

C)   researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors.

D)   the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study.

Answer:   B

Page Ref: 40

Skill: Understand

Objective: 1.11

Essay

126)  Although there are many major theories of human development, your textbook organizes them by looking at the stand they take on what three basic issues? Briefly describe the opposing views taken on each basic issue.

Answer:   The three basic issues are: (1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all people, or are there many possible courses? (3) What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors—nature and nurture—in development?

·         If development is continuous—a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with—then infants and children respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. The difference between the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity. If it is discontinuous—a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times—then infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, ones quite different from adults.

·         Theories that accept the discontinuous perspective regard development as taking place in stages. Stage theorists assume that people everywhere follow the same sequence of development. Yet contemporary theorists regard the contexts that shape development as many-layered and complex. Different circumstances foster different capacities.

·         Finally, the age-old nature–nurture controversy asks whether genetics or environmental factors are more important in shaping development. Although all theories grant roles to both nature and nurture, they vary in emphasis.

Page Ref: 6–7

127)  Describe the role that Charles Darwin played in the study of human development.

Answer:   British naturalist Charles Darwin observed the infinite variation among plant and animal species. He also saw that within a species, no two individuals are exactly alike. From these observations, he constructed his famous theory of evolution. The theory emphasized two related principles: natural selection and survival of the fittest. Darwin explained that certain species survive in particular environments because they have characteristics that fit with, or are adapted to, their surroundings. Other species die off because they are less well-suited to their environments. Individuals within a species who best meet the environment’s survival requirements live long enough to reproduce and pass their more beneficial characteristics to future generations. Darwin’s emphasis on the adaptive value of physical characteristics and behavior found its way into important developmental theories.

                    During his explorations, Darwin discovered that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species. Other scientists concluded from Darwin’s observations that the development of the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species. Although this belief eventually proved inaccurate, efforts to chart parallels between child growth and human evolution prompted researchers to make careful observations of all aspects of children’s behavior. Out of these first attempts to document an idea about development, scientific child study was born.

Page Ref: 14

128)  Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Answer:   According to behaviorism, directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of study. Traditional behaviorists use classical and operant conditioning to mold children’s behavior. The most influential kind of social learning theory emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development. The most recent version of the theory places strong emphasis on cognition.

Behaviorism and social learning theory have been helpful in treating a wide range of adjustment problems. Behavior modification consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses. It has been used to relieve a wide range of difficulties in children and adults, ranging from poor time management and unwanted habits to serious problems, such as language delays, persistent aggression, and extreme fears.

Nevertheless, many theorists believe that behaviorism and social learning theory offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences, which extend beyond immediate reinforcement, punishment, and modeled behaviors to people’s rich physical and social worlds. Behaviorism and social learning theory have also been criticized for underestimating people’s contributions to their own development.

Page Ref: 17–18

129)  Describe the lifespan theory of development, and indicate its stance on the three basic issues of human development .

Answer:   According to the lifespan perspective, human development is lifelong, multidimensional, and multidirectional. It involves both continuous gains and declines, and the discontinuous, stagewise emergence of new skills occurs. Development is influenced by multiple, interacting biological, psychological, and social forces, many of which vary from person to person, leading to diverse pathways of change. It also is affected by an intricate blend of hereditary and environmental factors. Both early and later experiences are important. There is plasticity at all ages.

Page Ref: 28

130)  Compare and contrast naturalistic and structured observations.

Answer:   Observations of the behavior of children and adults can be made in different ways. One approach is to go into the field, or natural environment, and record the behavior of interest—a method called naturalistic observation. The great strength of naturalistic observation is that investigators can see directly the everyday behaviors they hope to explain. Naturalistic observation also has a major limitation: Not all individuals have the same opportunity to display a particular behavior in everyday life. Researchers commonly deal with this difficulty by making structured observations, in which the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response. The procedures used to collect systematic observations vary, depending on the research problem posed. Sometimes investigators choose to analyze the entire stream of behavior—everything said and done over a certain time period. Systematic observation provides invaluable information on how children and adults actually behave, but it tells us little about the reasoning behind their responses. For that information, researchers must turn to self-report techniques.

Page Ref: 28–30

131)  Describe longitudinal design, and explain its strengths and weaknesses.

Answer: In a longitudinal design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. The time spanned may be relatively short (a few months to several years) or very long (a decade or even a lifetime). The longitudinal approach has two major strengths. First, because it tracks the performance of each person over time, researchers can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development. Second, longitudinal studies permit investigators to examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors. Despite their strengths, longitudinal investigations pose a number of problems. For example, participants may move away or drop out of the research for other reasons. This biases the sample so that it no longer represents the population to whom researchers would like to generalize their findings. Also, from repeated study, people may become more aware of their own thoughts, feelings, and actions and revise them in ways that have little to do with age-related change. In addition, they may become “test-wise.” Their performance may improve as a result of practice effects—better test-taking skills and increased familiarity with the test—not because of factors commonly associated with development. The most widely discussed threat to longitudinal findings is cohort effects: Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions. Results based on one cohort may not apply to people developing at other times. But, cohort effects do not just operate broadly on an entire generation. They also occur when specific experiences influence some groups of individuals but not others in the same generation.  

Page Ref: 35–37