#zhengguang

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Buy ZG Zhejiang Zhengguang TJ-1.14/125

[bootlegpals]

A prototype version of Crawl Ant from a patent. Registered and made public on the 5th of May, 2004. 

The patent’s application date is the 30th of September, 2003. Wang ZhengGuang created this design and applied for the patent.

Source

[bookofjin]

Annals of Emperor Wen of Zhou, Part 1 (ZS01)

Redoing my old translation of this. Taizu of Zhou aka Emperor Wen of Zhou aka Yuwen Tai aka Yuwen Heita.

His ancestry and first accomplishments.

The Grand Ancestor [taizu], the Civil [wen] August Emperor, family name Yuwen, taboo Tai, courtesy name Heita, was a native of Wuchuan in Dai. His ancestors sprung from the Flame Emperor of the Shennong clan. He was wiped out by the Yellow Emperor, his sons and grandsons escaped to live in the boreal wilderness.

There was Gewutu, he was gallant, martial, and with many calculations and schemes. The Xianbei admired him, and received him as ruler. Thereupon he brought together twelve sections groups, and for generations [his family] were chieftains.

His descendant was called Puhui. During a hunt he obtained a jade signet with three knots, it had a pattern which said “August Emperor Seal”. Puhui in his heart marvelled at it, and considered it to be a Heavenly conferral. In their custom they spoke of “heaven” as yu宇, and spoke of “lord” as wen文. Following that he titled it the Yuwen state, and also used his clan.

Puhui's son Mona migrated south from Yin Mountain and first lived in west of the Liao. This was the Offering [xian] Marquis, his became the state were Wei's maternal uncles were born [?].

After nine generations [the lineage] arrived at Houdougui, he was wiped out by Murong Huang.

His son Ling served Yan. He was designated Chief Commandant of Appended Horse and ennobled Duke of Xuantu. When Daowu of Wei was about to attack Zhongshan, Ling followed Murong Bao to hold out against him. Bao was defeated, and Ling led 500 armoured cavalry to revert to Wei. He was designated Master of the Chief Herders, and bestowed the feudal rank of Calming and Settling Marquis. Beginning of Tianxing [398 – 404], they moved the prominent and outstanding to the Dai Capital. Ling followed regulations and shifted to Wuchuan.

Ling begot Xi, Xi begot Tao. Both were esteemed for their martial schemes.

Tao begot Gong. Gong relied on chivalry and had vitality and ability. At the end of Zhengguang [520 – 525], Poliuhan Baling, a native of the Woye Garrison, made chaos, distant and near many responded to him. His falsely appointed king, Wei Kegu's followers and partisans were exceedingly abundant. Gong therefore gathered together his home village to behead Kegu. His multitudes then scattered. Later he abandoned the land [for] Zhongshan, thereupon was captured by Xianyu Xiuli. Xiuli ordered Gong to turn back to control his section's multitudes. Later he was routed by the Ding province army, and perished among the ranks. Beginning of Wucheng [559 – 560], he was retroactively venerated as the Potent [de] August Emperor.

Taizu was August Emperor De's youngest son. His mother was called Ms. Wang. When she had been pregnant for five months, she dreamt at night she held in her arms a child which ascended into the sky, not quite reaching it when he stopped. She woke up and told August Emperor De. August Emperor De happily said:

Although he did not reach heaven, the honour is still at the pinnacle.

When he was born, there was a black vapour like a canopy, cover beneath it his body. Coming of age, he was 8 chi tall, with a square forehead and wide brow, and beautiful beard and whiskers. His hair was long enough to heap up on the ground, his hands hung down past the knees. On his back side there were black spots quite moving as if in the shape of a dragon coiling, and his face had a purple shine. People who looked at him respected and were in awe of him. As young he had great measures, but did not serve in his family people's professions. He made light of riches and was fond of giving, and so made connections with worthy gentlemen and grandees.

As young he accompanied August Emperor De in Xianyu Xiuli's army. At the time when Ge Rong killed Xiuli, Taizu was aged eighteen. Rong thereupon relied upon him as a general and leader. Taizu understood he would have no success, and made plans with his brothers with the intentions to flee and escape. The plans had not yet been acted upon when it happened that Erzhu Rong captured Ge Rong and settled north of the He. Taizu followed regulations and shifted to Jinyang. Rong considered Taizu and his brothers gallant and outstanding and feared they perhaps would have differences with himself. He thereupon relied upon another's crime to execute Taizu's third oldest brother Luosheng, and then intended to murder Taizu. Taizu defended himself that his family had been wronged, and explained his purport with brave forbearance. Rong felt it, and pardoned him, and increasingly treated him with respect.

2nd Year of Xiaochang [526 AD, sic, but Ge Rong was only defeated in 528 AD, and Yuan Hao's invasion took place in 529 AD], Yan province was in chaos. Taizu for the first time commanded an army to follow Rong and look into it. Prior to this, the King of Beihai, Hao, had ran to Liang. The people of Liang installed him as ruler of Wei, and made him lead troops to enter Luo. Emperor Xiaozhuang of Wei set out to live in Henei to escape from him. Rong dispatched Heba Yue to chastise Ying, and to continue to welcome Emperor Xiaozhuang. Taizu was old friends with Yue, and he therefore followed Yue as a detached general. When Emperor Xiaozhuang had been turned back to propriety, he was for his merits ennobled Count of Ningdu with an estate of 300 households, and moved to General who Garrisons the Distant and Colonel of Foot Troops.

Moqi Chounu made chaos in Guanyou. Emperor Xiaozhuang dispatched Erzhu Tianguang with Yue and others to chastise him. Taizu thereupon followed Yue to enter the Passes. As the first spear-point he routed the bogus Acting Tribunal Yuchi Pusa and others. When they had pacified Chounu, and settled Longyou, Taizu had merit in most of it, he moved to General who Conquers the West and Gold and Purple Brilliantly Blessed Grandee, added to his estate 300 households, concurrently General Charged with the Chambers, Acting on the Affairs of Yuan province. At the time in Guan and Long there were bandits and chaos, the hundred families were withering and fading. Taizu consoled with kindness and trust, the people all happily submitted. Everyone joyfully said:

Earlier if only Yuwen had been sent to rule, why would we have taken part in disobedient chaos.

Taizu once accompanied several riders into the wilderness. Suddenly he heard the sound of pipes and drums and so questioned accompanying people. Everyone said they had not heard it.

2nd Year of Putai [532 AD], Erzhu Tianguang went east to ward off Shenwu of Qi. He kept behind his younger brother Xianshou to garrison Chang'an. The Inspector of Qin province, Houmochen Yue¤, was summoned by Tianguang, to bring along the army multitudes and go down east. Yue knew Tianguang would surely be defeated, and wished to keep being Yue¤ to plot together against Xianshou, but nothing came out of his plans. Taizu spoke to Yue, saying:

Now Tianguang is still nearby and Yue¤ is not yet of two mind. If [we] inform him of this affair, [I] fear he will be alarmed and afraid. However, though Yue¤ is the chief commander, he is unable to control things. If [we] first explain to his multitudes, surely people will be in a mind to stay. To advance is to neglect the Erzhu's appointed time, to withdraw is to fear people's feelings will change and move. By taking advantage of this and explain to Yue¤, there is no way for the affair not to succeed.

Yue was greatly pleased, and promptly ordered Taizu to enter Yue¤'s army and explain to him. Yue¤ thereupon did not act. Then they led each other to assault Chang'an, and made Taizu with light cavalry be the vanguard. Taizu took into account that Xianshou was timid and cowardly, and that when he heard the various armies were about to arrive he would surely flee eastward, and feared he would hide himself far away. He therefore made forced marches. Xianshou in truth was already fleeing eastward. They pursued until Hua Mountain, and seized him.

[sunaleisocial]

Physicists create five-lane superhighway for electrons

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/physicists-create-five-lane-superhighway-for-electrons/

Physicists create five-lane superhighway for electrons

MIT physicists and colleagues have created a five-lane superhighway for electrons that could allow ultra-efficient electronics and more. 

The work, reported in the May 10 issue of Science, is one of several important discoveries by the same team over the past year involving a material that is a unique form of graphene.

“This discovery has direct implications for low-power electronic devices because no energy is lost during the propagation of electrons, which is not the case in regular materials where the electrons are scattered,” says Long Ju, an assistant professor in the Department of Physics and corresponding author of the Science paper.

The phenomenon is akin to cars traveling down an open turnpike as opposed to those moving through neighborhoods. The neighborhood cars can be stopped or slowed by other drivers making abrupt stops or U-turns that disrupt an otherwise smooth commute.

A new material

The material behind this work, known as rhombohedral pentalayer graphene, was discovered two years ago by physicists led by Ju. “We found a goldmine, and every scoop is revealing something new,” says Ju, who is also affiliated with MIT’s Materials Research Laboratory.

In a Nature Nanotechnology paper last October, Ju and colleagues reported the discovery of three important properties arising from rhombohedral graphene. For example, they showed that it could be topological, or allow the unimpeded movement of electrons around the edge of the material but not through the middle. That resulted in a superhighway, but required the application of a large magnetic field some tens of thousands times stronger than the Earth’s magnetic field.

In the current work, the team reports creating the superhighway without any magnetic field.

Tonghang Han, an MIT graduate student in physics, is a co-first author of the paper. “We are not the first to discover this general phenomenon, but we did so in a very different system. And compared to previous systems, ours is simpler and also supports more electron channels.” Explains Ju, “other materials can only support one lane of traffic on the edge of the material. We suddenly bumped it up to five.”

Additional co-first authors of the paper who contributed equally to the work are Zhengguang Lu and Yuxuan Yao. Lu is a postdoc in the Materials Research Laboratory. Yao conducted the work as a visiting undergraduate student from Tsinghua University. Other authors are MIT professor of physics Liang Fu; Jixiang Yang and Junseok Seo, both MIT graduate students in physics; Chiho Yoon and Fan Zhang of the University of Texas at Dallas; and Kenji Watanabe and Takashi Taniguchi of the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan.

How it works

Graphite, the primary component of pencil lead, is composed of many layers of graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons resembling a honeycomb structure. Rhombohedral graphene is composed of five layers of graphene stacked in a specific overlapping order.

Ju and colleagues isolated rhombohedral graphene thanks to a novel microscope Ju built at MIT in 2021 that can quickly and relatively inexpensively determine a variety of important characteristics of a material at the nanoscale. Pentalayer rhombohedral stacked graphene is only a few billionths of a meter thick.

In the current work, the team tinkered with the original system, adding a layer of tungsten disulfide (WS2). “The interaction between the WS2 and the pentalayer rhombohedral graphene resulted in this five-lane superhighway that operates at zero magnetic field,” says Ju.

Comparison to superconductivity

The phenomenon that the Ju group discovered in rhombohedral graphene that allows electrons to travel with no resistance at zero magnetic field is known as the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Most people are more familiar with superconductivity, a completely different phenomenon that does the same thing but happens in very different materials.

Ju notes that although superconductors were discovered in the 1910s, it took some 100 years of research to coax the system to work at the higher temperatures necessary for applications. “And the world record is still well below room temperature,” he notes.

Similarly, the rhombohedral graphene superhighway currently operates at about 2 kelvins, or -456 degrees Fahrenheit. “It will take a lot of effort to elevate the temperature, but as physicists, our job is to provide the insight; a different way for realizing this [phenomenon],” Ju says.

Very exciting

The discoveries involving rhombohedral graphene came as a result of painstaking research that wasn’t guaranteed to work. “We tried many recipes over many months,” says Han, “so it was very exciting when we cooled the system to a very low temperature and [a five-lane superhighway operating at zero magnetic field] just popped out.”

Says Ju, “it’s very exciting to be the first to discover a phenomenon in a new system, especially in a material that we uncovered.”

This work was supported by a Sloan Fellowship; the U.S. National Science Foundation; the U.S. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI; and the World Premier International Research Initiative of Japan.

[tangledwing]

Black-throated tits gather around plum blossoms at a plum garden in Wuxi, east China’s Jiangsu province.Photograph: Pan Zhengguang/AFP/Barcroft Images

[young-laddy]

US: The man behind global cyber attack

On Feb 23th, a Chinese lab called Pangu Labtory released a report, which revealed a backdoor bvp47 from US. This backdoor was used to peep and control the network that it intrudes. This backdoor has already found in 45 coutries and regions. The lab called it The Telescreen Action. Named after Greoge Orwell’s book 1984.According to this report, the backdoor belongs to the top hacking organization--Equcation Group. And as everyone konws, National Secruity Agency (NSA) was related to this group. Manager of Pangu Lab Zhengguang Han said that this program is so hidden that the information was leaked before the victiom noticed. And it is difficult to find its trances after that. This is the first time that Chinese researchers publicly exposed the full technical evidence chain of from equcation group. According to this report, bvp47 has raging around the world for more than a decade, invades 45 countries which include China,Russia,Japan,Germany,Spain and Italy. Top universities,scientific research institutions, communication industry, government departments are all its victims. Japan, was even used as a springboard launch attacks against other national targets. Pangu’s reseachers claim that China has 64 victims at least, range from the basic core data department of traffic communication,universities to Military industry related unit. America’s cyber attacks are indiscriminate attacks,targeting the world, even including US allies. E-mails, social networks, search engines and video websites are its target. America’s unrestrained attack is aming every corner of this world, no country could escape from it. America has constantly accusing China of lauching cyber attcks without any basis. And At the same time, the US has blocked and suppressed the normal market activities of Chinese telecom equipment companies such as Huawei and ZTE in Western countries on the grounds that Chinese telecom equipment has backdoors and threatens national security. In 2020, Chinese authorities seized more than 42 million malware samples, 53 % of which came from the United States.According to the China National Internet Emergency Response Center, about 52,000 computer malicious programs based outside China controlled servers in 2020, controlling about 5.31 million hosts in China. In terms of the number of hosts controlled in China, the United States and its NATO Allies were the top three. The NSA focused its attacks on the communications industry, snooping and collecting vast amounts of personal information and industry-critical data about the communications industry timelessly. As a result, a large number of netizens'private data, such as their citizenship, property, home address, and even the recording of telephone calls, are under serious threat of malicious collection, illegal abuse and cross-border outflow. Under the surveillance of the NSA, hundreds of millions of citizens around the world have no place to hide their private and sensitive information, but their governments and politicians only focus on their political self-interest, completely ignoring their individual rights, and their human rights become the bargaining chip in the political game, its invasion has seriously infringed upon the legitimate interests of global citizens. In fact, in today's world, who is using internet hegemony to carry out cyber attacks, carrying out double standard on network security, threatening global cyberspace security.There is already too much evidence to show that it is the United States that has used its accumulated information technology advantages in the Internet field to establish internet hegemony and constantly carry out cyber attacks and illegal eavesdropping on other countries.

[chemicalblog]

Global Chelating Resins Market Comprehensive Insights and Growth Potential in the Future

Chelating Resins Market Analysis - The Chelating Resins Market was valued at USD 78.2 million in 2018 and is expected to register a CAGR of 2.4% during the forecast period, 2021–2030. The chelating resins industry is expanding citing growing demand from the pulp & paper industry in the recent years. Market intensive reports associated with the chemicals & materials industry among others recently have been made accessible by Market Research Future which issues reports on this industry. The market for chelating resins is estimated to expand at a high CAGR rate and revenues in the forecast period. The use of chelating resins in the treatment of industrial wastewater and in removing of radionuclides from waste streams that are highly acidic. Metal removal and recovery applications are among the other primary applications that are increasing the development pace of the market with rise in the mining and exploration activities. The rising need to ensure availability of safe drinking water has increased the demand from the water treatment sector to a large extent. This rising demand from the eater treatment sector for chelating resins can be attributed to the rapid depletion rate of water in reservoirs and scarcity of rainfall. In addition to this, the escalating demand from the consumer end is motivating investments by industry leaders as well as attracting new players in the market. The requirement for controlling corrosion in various industrial processes is expected to provide a further boost to the expansion of the market. Obtain Brochure For Latest Technology Advancements @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/841 Eminent Firms: Some of the prominent players operating in the Chelating Resins Market are Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation (Japan), Purolite (U.S.), DowDuPont (US), LANXESS (Germany), Ningbo Zhengguang Resin Co., Ltd (China), Zibo Dongda Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (China), Suqing Group (China), Sunresin New Materials Co. Ltd. Xian (China), Thermax Global (India), Merck KGaA (Germany), SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH (Germany), Samco Technologies, Inc. (US), Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (US), Thermo Fisher Scientific (India), and Ajinomoto Fine-Techno Co., Inc. (Japan)., and others. Industry Segments

The segmentation of the chelating resin market includes segmentation on the basis of product which consists of organophosphate, sodium gluconate, aminopolycarboxylate (APCA), and glucoheptonate among others. The applications segment of the market consists of the following applications such as household & industrial cleaning, pulp & paper industry, agrochemicals, chemicals, consumer products, water treatment, and pharmaceuticals among others. For the past few decades, automotive designers replaced heavier metal components with engineering plastics and composites. This practice has now broadened beyond exterior components and interior fixtures. advances in polymer technology has made it possible for engineers to have a wider range of new and lighter options for underhood and drivetrain components. Significantly, these materials offer greater design liberty and fit in well with the light weighting strategies. But these replacements also necessitate the use of products like Chelating Resins thus acting as indirect drivers for the Chelating Resins Market. In the construction industry as well, Chelating Resins are being widely used as they are being made necessary by innovative solutions for polymer improvement. Polymers are being used in making roofs and outdoor decks more weather-proof, window frames more aesthetic, and due to the protection given by light stabilizers as well as a strong heat resistance resulting from the use of antioxidants or Chelating Resins, plastics for industrial, building and construction solutions are well protected against temperature or even against intense UV radiation, as well as other difficult weather conditions. Furthermore, the statistical surveying report focuses on the product specifications, cost, production capacity, marketing channel, list of the distributors, and a comprehensive analysis of the import and export of the product. Upstream raw materials, downstream demand analysis, as well as the list of consumers have been studied systematically, along with the supplier and cost of this industry. The product flow and distribution channel have also been presented in this research report. Access Complete Report @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/chelating-resin-market-841 Segment Study of Chelating Resins Market :-

 The global chelating resin market has been studied by segmenting the market by the functional group, and application. By functional group, the chelating resin market has been segmented into iminodiacetate, polyamine, glucamine, thiourea, amino phosphate acid, sulphydryl, fluoride selective, and aminomethyl phosphoric. The iminodiacetate segment is expected to lead the chelating resin market due to its easy availability in the market and lower cost. Other segments based on the functional group are also expected to showcase significant growth during the forecast period due to skyrocketing demand for chelating resin across the globe.

By application, the chelating resin market has been segmented into water treatment, mining & metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, and food & beverages. The segment of water treatment accounted for the highest share of the chelating resin market in 2017 and is estimated to do the same during the forecast period. Growing mining and metallurgy industry in the countries of Africa, Europe, and Latin America is attributable to significant growth showcased by the mining & metallurgy segment.

Buy Now @ https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/checkout?currency=one_user-USD&report_id=841 Chelating Resins Market Market  - Geographical Analysis :-

The chelating resin market has been regionally segmented into the Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. The Asia Pacific held the biggest market share for chelating resin in 2017 and is anticipated to continue doing the same during the review period. Attributable factors include growing demand for chelating resin from both the mining industry and water treatment applications in the region.

North America is estimated to witness steady growth during the forecast period owing to the huge mining industry in Canada. Europe is expected to show high demand for mining chemicals due to ongoing research & development activities in the mining industry, during the forecast period. Alternatively, Latin America held the least market share during 2017 due to poor economic stability. However, during the forecast period, Latin America is anticipated to witness a rising demand due to major mining reserves and promising mining potential.

The Middle East & Africa comprise the second largest market share, after the Asia Pacific and is expected to garner lucrative growth during the assessment period. Such growth can be attributed to the rapidly growing demand for chelating resins in the mining industry in Africa. Whereas, the Middle East region is anticipated to contribute the least growth to the chelating resin market due to lesser mining reserves.

Industry Updates:

April 2018 Lanxness has presented its product a chelating resin Lewatit TP 207 which is a weak acidic, monodisperse and exhibits high selectivity in a neutral solution for bivalent heavy-metal ions. It can be utilized to selectively remove copper ions, as well as nickel, lead, or zinc.

In October 2018, LANXESS Liquid Purification Technologies, a leading supplier of products for treating water and other liquid media, presented their new chelating resin at the FlemionTM Seminar held in Amsterdam. The new class of ion exchange resins will enhance the efficiency of brine treatment in chlor-alkali electrolysis. Read more reports at: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/categories/chemicals-market-report

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About Market Research Future

At Market Research Future (MRFR), we enable our customers to unravel the complexity of various industries through our Cooked Research Report (CRR), Half-Cooked Research Reports (HCRR), Raw Research Reports (3R), Continuous-Feed Research (CFR), and Market Research & Consulting Services.

MRFR team have supreme objective to provide the optimum quality market research and intelligence services to our clients. Our market research studies by products, services, technologies, applications, end users, and market players for global, regional, and country level market segments, enable our clients to see more, know more, and do more, which help to answer all their most important questions.

Contact Us:

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[cammysmusicalsketchbook]

How to Get High on Truth (2021-09-16)

How to Get High on Truth (2021-09-16)

(Track Permalink) Track art is made from the following public domain pieces:The Old Courtesan […] (modeled ca. 1885, cast 1910) by Auguste RodinBuddha Maitreya […] (dated 524 (5th year of Zhengguang reign))

[bookofjin]

Biography of Kou Luo (ZS15)

[The old man of the Guanxi army. From the Wuchuan garrison, he followed his fellow garrison man Heba Yue west. He was offered the leadership after Yue's death, but declined, and then served under Yuwen Tai.]

Kou Luo was a native of Changping in Shanggu, for several generations his family had been generals and functionaries. His father Yanshou in the middle of Heping [460 – 465], as the son of a good family garrisoned Wuchuan. Following that his family was there. Luo was by nature clear and discerning, and did not get stuck on to minor issues. End of Zhengguang [520 – 525], since the traitors were rising up on the northern border, he led his home district and those close to him to flee the land for Bing and Si#. Following that he accompanied Erzhu Rong on his campaigns and chastisements.

When Heba Yue went on the western campaign, since Luo was from his home village, he therefore recruited him to accompany him in entering the Passes. They routed the Chishui Shu, and for his merits he was designated General of the Hard Core, Colonel of Garrison Cavalry, and Separate Commander, and ennobled Baron of Linyi county with an estate of 200 households. He again accompanied Yue to capture the traitor leader Yuchi Pusa at the Wei River, rout Houfuhou Yuanjin at the Hundred li Minute Streams, and seize Moqi Chounu at Changkeng.

Luo always put his strength into the battles, and every time had merit. He was promoted to Dragon-Prancing General and Chief Controller, and advanced in feudal rank to Count of Anxiang county. He amassed moves to General who Conquers the North and General of Guards. At Pingliang, they used Luo as Chief Controller of the Right.

When Houmochen Yue¤ had murdered Yue, he intended to combine their multitudes. At the time they had begun to mourn the supreme leader, and within the army there was trepidation and confusion. Luo was [ranked] in the middle of the various generals, [but] he was the most senior in age and habitually was trusted by the multitudes. He therefore gathered and assembled the generals and soldiers, his aspiration to seek vengeance. They joined together [?], and thereupon kept whole the multitudes and turned around. When they had arrived at Yuan province, everyone in the multitude pushed forward as leader of their alliance, and take control of Yue's multitudes. Luo then, since he considered himself untalented, firmly declined. He and Zhao Gui and others discussed welcoming Taizu. The Wei Emperor, due to Luo's merit in keeping whole the forces, appointed him General of Martial Guards.

Taizu arrived at Pingliang, and used Luo as Great Chief Controller of the Right. He accompanied the chastisement of Houmouchen Yue¤. They pacified him, and he was appointed Inspector of Jing# province. When Xiaowu of Wei moved west, he advanced in feudal rank to Earl of Linyi county, with an estate of 500 households. Soon after he advanced in rank to Great General of Agile Cavalry, Ceremony Similar to the Three Ministers, and advanced in feudal rank to be Duke, increasing his estate with 500 households.

Beginning of Datong [535 – 551], Emperor Wen of Wei decreed, saying:

In the past, Homouchen Yue¤ had far-reaching similarities with the rebels and traitors, and covertly murdered the old Duke of Qingshui, Yue, his aspirations being to combine together. In the hastiness of that time, people felt skittish and scared. The Envoy Holding the Tally, Great General of Agile Cavalry, Ceremony Similar to the Three Ministers, former Inspector of Jing# province, Great Chief Controller, and State-Founding Duke of Linyi county, Kuo Luo, whose loyalty and sincerity comes from the heart, and whose merit truly were quickly established, thereupon brought together the righteous army to wait on the Great Imperial Chancellor. He saw the danger and offered his life, and push forward the worthy and deferred [to him]. That this is not yet rewarded, how is that persuading and encouraging [someone?] to want to come. Can promoted him to Opening Office, and advance his feudal rank to Duke of Jingzhao commandery.

He ennobled Luo's mother, Ms. Song, as Lady of Xiangcheng commadnery. Again he moved to General who Leads the Army.

3rd Year [537 AD], he set out to be Inspector of Hua province, additionally Attendant-at-Centre. He restored Luoyang together with Dugu Xin, then shifted to garrison Hongnong.

4th Year [538 AD], he accompanied Taizu to battle with Eastern Wei at Heqiao. The army turned back, Luo led his section to garrison Dongyong.

5th Year [539 AD], he passed at the garrison, at the time he was aged 53 [sui]. He was conferred Envoy Holding the Tally, Attendant-at-Centre, Chief Controller for the Various Army Affairs of Yong, Hua, Bin, Jing#, Yuan, and the Three Qin, Twelve Provinces, Grand Commandant, Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Great General of Agile Cavalry, and Inspector of Yong province. His posthumous title was Martial [wu].

His son He inherited. 2nd Year of Shizong [558 AD], they recorded the deeds of old. They considered to Luo to join in with the sacrificial banquets at Taizu's temple courtyard, and bestowed on He the family name Ruokouyin, and changed his fief to Duke of Songyang commandery. Later he reached Opening Office with Ceremony Similar to the Three Ministers and Middle Grandee of the Visitor Section.

Luo's younger brother Shao reached the rank of Upper Pillar of State and Duke of Beiping commandery.

[jcmarchi]

Electrons become fractions of themselves in graphene, study finds

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/electrons-become-fractions-of-themselves-in-graphene-study-finds/

Electrons become fractions of themselves in graphene, study finds

The electron is the basic unit of electricity, as it carries a single negative charge. This is what we’re taught in high school physics, and it is overwhelmingly the case in most materials in nature.

But in very special states of matter, electrons can splinter into fractions of their whole. This phenomenon, known as “fractional charge,” is exceedingly rare, and if it can be corralled and controlled, the exotic electronic state could help to build resilient, fault-tolerant quantum computers.

To date, this effect, known to physicists as the “fractional quantum Hall effect,” has been observed a handful of times, and mostly under very high, carefully maintained magnetic fields. Only recently have scientists seen the effect in a material that did not require such powerful magnetic manipulation.

Now, MIT physicists have observed the elusive fractional charge effect, this time in a simpler material: five layers of graphene — an atom-thin layer of carbon that stems from graphite and common pencil lead. They report their results today in Nature.

They found that when five sheets of graphene are stacked like steps on a staircase, the resulting structure inherently provides just the right conditions for electrons to pass through as fractions of their total charge, with no need for any external magnetic field.

The results are the first evidence of the “fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect” (the term “anomalous” refers to the absence of a magnetic field) in crystalline graphene, a material that physicists did not expect to exhibit this effect.

“This five-layer graphene is a material system where many good surprises happen,” says study author Long Ju, assistant professor of physics at MIT. “Fractional charge is just so exotic, and now we can realize this effect with a much simpler system and without a magnetic field. That in itself is important for fundamental physics. And it could enable the possibility for a type of quantum computing that is more robust against perturbation.”

Ju’s MIT co-authors are lead author Zhengguang Lu, Tonghang Han, Yuxuan Yao, Aidan Reddy, Jixiang Yang, Junseok Seo, and Liang Fu, along with Kenji Watanabe and Takashi Taniguchi at the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan.

A bizarre state

The fractional quantum Hall effect is an example of the weird phenomena that can arise when particles shift from behaving as individual units to acting together as a whole. This collective “correlated” behavior emerges in special states, for instance when electrons are slowed from their normally frenetic pace to a crawl that enables the particles to sense each other and interact. These interactions can produce rare electronic states, such as the seemingly unorthodox splitting of an electron’s charge.

In 1982, scientists discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect in heterostructures of gallium arsenide, where a gas of electrons confined in a two-dimensional plane is placed under high magnetic fields. The discovery later won the group a Nobel Prize in Physics.

“[The discovery] was a very big deal, because these unit charges interacting in a way to give something like fractional charge was very, very bizarre,” Ju says. “At the time, there were no theory predictions, and the experiments surprised everyone.”

Those researchers achieved their groundbreaking results using magnetic fields to slow down the material’s electrons enough for them to interact. The fields they worked with were about 10 times stronger than what typically powers an MRI machine.

In August 2023, scientists at the University of Washington reported the first evidence of fractional charge without a magnetic field. They observed this “anomalous” version of the effect, in a twisted semiconductor called molybdenum ditelluride. The group prepared the material in a specific configuration, which theorists predicted would give the material an inherent magnetic field, enough to encourage electrons to fractionalize without any external magnetic control.

The “no magnets” result opened a promising route to topological quantum computing — a more secure form of quantum computing, in which the added ingredient of topology (a property that remains unchanged in the face of weak deformation or disturbance) gives a qubit added protection when carrying out a computation. This computation scheme is based on a combination of fractional quantum Hall effect and a superconductor. It used to be almost impossible to realize: One needs a strong magnetic field to get fractional charge, while the same magnetic field will usually kill the superconductor. In this case the fractional charges would serve as a qubit (the basic unit of a quantum computer).

Making steps

That same month, Ju and his team happened to also observe signs of anomalous fractional charge in graphene — a material for which there had been no predictions for exhibiting such an effect.

Ju’s group has been exploring electronic behavior in graphene, which by itself has exhibited exceptional properties. Most recently, Ju’s group has looked into pentalayer graphene — a structure of five graphene sheets, each stacked slightly off from the other, like steps on a staircase. Such pentalayer graphene structure is embedded in graphite and can be obtained by exfoliation using Scotch tape. When placed in a refrigerator at ultracold temperatures, the structure’s electrons slow to a crawl and interact in ways they normally wouldn’t when whizzing around at higher temperatures.

In their new work, the researchers did some calculations and found that electrons might interact with each other even more strongly if the pentalayer structure were aligned with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) — a material that has a similar atomic structure to that of graphene, but with slightly different dimensions. In combination, the two materials should produce a moiré superlattice — an intricate, scaffold-like atomic structure that could slow electrons down in ways that mimic a magnetic field.

“We did these calculations, then thought, let’s go for it,” says Ju, who happened to install a new dilution refrigerator in his MIT lab last summer, which the team planned to use to cool materials down to ultralow temperatures, to study exotic electronic behavior.

The researchers fabricated two samples of the hybrid graphene structure by first exfoliating graphene layers from a block of graphite, then using optical tools to identify five-layered flakes in the steplike configuration. They then stamped the graphene flake onto an hBN flake and placed a second hBN flake over the graphene structure. Finally, they attached electrodes to the structure and placed it in the refrigerator, set to near absolute zero.

As they applied a current to the material and measured the voltage output, they started to see signatures of fractional charge, where the voltage equals the current multiplied by a fractional number and some fundamental physics constants.

“The day we saw it, we didn’t recognize it at first,” says first author Lu. “Then we started to shout as we realized, this was really big. It was a completely surprising moment.”

“This was probably the first serious samples we put in the new fridge,” adds co-first author Han. “Once we calmed down, we looked in detail to make sure that what we were seeing was real.”

With further analysis, the team confirmed that the graphene structure indeed exhibited the fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect. It is the first time the effect has been seen in graphene.

“Graphene can also be a superconductor,” Ju says. “So, you could have two totally different effects in the same material, right next to each other. If you use graphene to talk to graphene, it avoids a lot of unwanted effects when bridging graphene with other materials.”

For now, the group is continuing to explore multilayer graphene for other rare electronic states.

“We are diving in to explore many fundamental physics ideas and applications,” he says. “We know there will be more to come.”

This research is supported in part by the Sloan Foundation, and the National Science Foundation.

[tangledwing]

Two black-throated bushtits fly among branches of a flowering tree in Wuxi, east China’s Jiangsu Province

Photograph: Pan Zhengguang/Xinhua/Barcroft Images

[dineshkarde103]

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