#which was due at 1159

[lessthanpog]

leave the despair of trying to crunch to finish assignments before their due date and am met with a new, more crushing and omnipresent kind of despair

[whencyclopedia]

The Sixteenth-Century Massacre of the Waldensians of Mérindol

As the Reformation developed in France in the first half of the 16th century, there were several episodes of severe repression which preceded the Wars of Religion (1562-1598). These were times of great hardship and oppression against those who embraced Protestant teachings. One notable chapter of persecution took place in the Luberon region of France against the Waldensians (Vaudois), the spiritual descendants of Pierre Waldo, which led to the Mérindol massacre in 1545.

Early Persecution

Early in the 12th century, Pierre Waldo (l. 1140–1218) took a vow of poverty, confirmed by Pope Alexander III (served 1159–1181), and became the leader of a sect known as the Waldensians. Waldo was among the forerunners of the Reformation who sought to purify and reform the Catholic Church from within through a return to apostolic teaching. Initially, he did not seek separation from the Catholic Church or the establishment of a new sect. In time, partly due to their emphasis on preaching the gospel in the local language, Waldo and his followers were banned from preaching by Pope Lucius III (served 1181–1185). Waldo was excommunicated at the Council of Verona in 1184, and Waldensian teaching was condemned at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215.

Exiled from their city of Lyon, the Waldensians spread to the valleys of Dauphiné and the Alps of Piedmont, to Languedoc, and to Spain. The Inquisition failed to stamp them out and many of the exiles settled in the Luberon region in southern France. The Waldensians sought to live in peace in the sheltered valleys of the Luberon where they drained the swamps and cultivated lands belonging to Italian lords. It is said that people inhabiting the plains feared the Waldensians who had a reputation as sorcerers. At that time, they had spiritual leaders called uncles (barbes) in their language who had authority over the people. The barbes were considered wise and venerable, and mysterious powers were attributed to them. Their brothers in Dauphiné had previously suffered persecution and many had fled to Luberon for safety.

The archbishop of Aix feared that this concentration of heretics might embrace the Reformation. Around 1530, the inquisitor Jean de Roma was sent to investigate the Waldensians where he committed atrocities and enriched himself at their expense. As a result of this initial violence, two Waldensians, Maurel and Masson, crossed the frontiers to Alsace and Switzerland to confer with Reformed leaders in Geneva. They were persuaded of the need to reform their beliefs, to definitively break with superstitious practices, and were sent back with letters for their brothers in Mérindol. Only Maurel arrived home safely; Masson was arrested and burned alive at Dijon. A decisive meeting took place in Piedmont in 1532 with Waldensian leadership from different regions. William Farel (l. 1489–1565), over six days, convinced them to preserve only two sacraments, baptism and the Eucharist, without the mystical sense given by the Catholic Church. Farel welcomed them to the Reformed faith with enthusiasm and called them “the elder sons of the Reformation.”

Continue reading...

[liampaynemysteriousdeath]

Idk if this allowed here and I mean this out of respect but his gf (Kate) is weird to me. As someone who has had to deal with an addict for a bf , I get it being a lot . I get it being intense and sometimes there antics they be doing way to much but there is no way in hell I would’ve left him at the hotel. I would at least make sure we are back home where he safe any maybe break things off or whatever after I know he’s getting help. His death is very weird and I’ll stand 10 toes down on this

Anythinh 1d/liam related is welcome :)

yeah I agree. I saw a comment yesterday that mentioned if she was so in love with him, then why didn't she call or FaceTime him. (Technically we dknt know if she did for sure or not). Also what crossed my mind, if she needed to take care of dogs, she couldn't have arranged for long term dog sitting? Just at least for a couple more days til his visa was approved.

Well to myknowledge he was clean. And he had just gotten a medical and drug check that he was clean. Doesn't mean people can't relapse though. Tha being said, I'm surprised everyone just writes him off as an addict. No one remembers demi lovato's situation of her drug dealer lacing her drugs so he could r@pe her. She was an addict yes, but also a victim too. She talks about it in her documentary. Shows camera footage even.

Also ive posted on here before about how carte(l)s run the resorts in Mexico. I assume its the same way in Argentina. There was a couple murdered in mexico and the next day or so, the caartel tuened in the murderers. Why? Because it looks bad for business. They want people to see thay the resorts are safe, or else its bad for their bottom line $$$.

There was a video I posted I believe yesterday about how liams hotel photos have been staged. I agree as well because supposedly wasn't he due to check out that day(which idk why he would check out if his visa still wasn't approved) because the wedding girls were supposedly gonna check into his room, but he doesn't look like he's trying to pack up. Room checkout is 12pm I believe and check-in from 3pm to 1159.

The YT video girl who believed the pics were staged, talks about how within 5 miles of liams hotel there have been a lot of drug related deaths and hospitalizations. (Also side note, someone in the comments mentioned she was called and threatened by a British man telking her to stop, so I think her theory is closest to the truth or else why would they tell her to stop.) Plus I found comments yesterday of a ladyfrom, buenos aires claiming they knew the truth when it happened, but it got covered up once th3 media started arriving.

as far as liam being addicted, there were a couple of videos of liam saying he was sober and making better choice. He was at a party and chose coke zero soda. And then on an ET video there was a clip of him saying "I'm sober now" that I posted on my blog

His GF seemed to like the lifestyle. There was a video clip of liam, kate, and a bunch of other people sitting at dinner celebrating and they all had champage glasses. A fan caught that liam was slightly ticked off. Because to my knowledge he wasn't drinking and it was basically a temptation for him. So kate could have been more supportive and not out him in temptingsituations. Not saying she had to give up alcohol, but when youlove someone, sometimes you sacrifice for their well-being.

Yeah I agree, there is no way I would've left someone i love in a foreign country.

Also things that been on my mind lately is there are no fan pics of him outside palermo. Only fan pics at hyatt. And judging from the leaked photo of his friend jo, liam looks miserable sitting on the bed of the hotel. The fact that liam kept putting double question marks over and over again is kinda strange... almost like he was desperate to talk to someone, and the manager from 911 call mentioned he had been there for 2-3 days. It almost seemed like he was being isolated on ourpose... *cough* roger controlling him supposedly and his social media.

So many people failed liam in his life . But are we the fans gonna let th happen in his death? He desevees justice. Sorry for rant, i just get passionate abbout finding the truth.

Here are a bunch of pics I've already posted, but it's just to get the newbies started so they can be caught up. There's a lot more ive discovered but it's too much to list in one post. Thanks!

[essl-studies]

Wednesday 9th, October 2024

Fall 2024, honors, 19 credit hours, 6 classes, 3 honors projects

Math: I learned all about "perfect numbers" in lecture today. Perfect numbers are ones where the factors of the number (except the number itself), when added together, equal the number itself. Example: 6

In between classes: completed the Ch 4 reading quiz for Geography and printed off a few notes for my online classes so I can have physical copies of the notes for studying.

Educ 201: submitted the homework (History of American Education MapQuest) right before class officually started. It wasn't due until 1159 tonight, but I figured I might as well turn it in so I don't forget. Started to learn about the roles and responsibilities of teachers that aren't immeidatly obvious. Honestly, I don't think I should have to tear this course due to almost everything so far being stuff I already know from classes I took last semester (thank you screwed up timeliness due to transfer credits)

Geog: lecture on chapter 3: air tempurature. Learning. Abiht what "controls" affect the air tempurature on earth and throughout the atmosphere.

Art: assigned a classmate's project to write a critique on. Critique is due on Monday at the beginning of class. We're dismissed early after that duento the teacher needing to 'set the studio' for the next project and her not being able to do so if we were in there 'taking up space'

The bus wasn't due to come get me for almsot an hour, so I went to the career and internship fair hosted by our university. I didn't really get to talk to but 5 places (pit of over 50) because each tabel had a little sign telling which majors they were looking to recruit. And only 3 said they were even willing. To recruit education majors. The other 2 I went to were the navy and the army reserves. I did, however, score a lot of freebies. Eve cntjetbakes that didn't interact with me gave out free stuff to anyone who walked by. I got a full on bag sruffed with candy. It was like trick or treating. It was amazing for the freebies alone.

On the way home, had a nice casual conversation with the drivers ofnthe two buses I take to get home on days I have classes.

Dinner was meatloaf, cheesy potatoes, and canned spinach (don't at me, my kids lice canned spinach more than any other veggie, fresh, frozen, canned or otherwise)

Helped my oldest with her i-ready math homework (matting I connected her to the wifi and supervised her technology use)

Helped my youngest spell some words for a story she had to write for kindergarten (it was a handwriting assignment, so as long as it didn't write for her, she was ok)

Bubble baths and 3 stories tonight was what it took to get my kids worn out enough to sleep.

Worked on my research for my honors projects once the girls went to bed

In bed by 11pm (boo I'm a bore)

[chemanalystdata]

Isophthalic Acid Prices | Pricing | Trend | News | Database | Chart | Forecast

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In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental considerations within the chemical industry. This shift is driving the development of more eco-friendly production methods and alternative raw materials for isophthalic acid. The adoption of greener technologies and sustainable practices can affect production costs and prices. While these initiatives may lead to long-term cost savings and price stability, the initial investment in new technologies can sometimes result in higher prices during the transition period.

The interplay of these various factors creates a complex pricing environment for isophthalic acid. Companies involved in the production and consumption of isophthalic acid must navigate these dynamics to manage costs and pricing strategies effectively. For businesses in industries reliant on isophthalic acid, understanding the underlying factors influencing price movements is essential for strategic planning and cost management.

In conclusion, the pricing of isophthalic acid is shaped by a multitude of factors, including raw material costs, energy prices, market demand, geopolitical influences, and advancements in production technologies. The interplay of these elements results in a dynamic pricing environment that can fluctuate based on both short-term events and long-term trends. As industries continue to evolve and adapt to changing economic and environmental conditions, the price of isophthalic acid will likely continue to reflect these broader industry and market forces.

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[fmenvs3000w24]

Blog 8 - The Fascinating World of Trees

This week for my nature interpretation class, we were allowed to write about the thing in nature that we find the most amazing. For me, this would have to be TREES!! Trees of all types have always been an area of fascination for me and I find that with trees there are endless things for you to interpret.

Trees have been around for hundreds of millions of years and there is an exchange that occurs between trees and animals, wherein trees produce oxygen which animals need to breathe, and animals produce carbon dioxide which is required by trees. Some of the oldest trees at the moment are just shy of being 5,000 years old, and within each layer of tree bark lie the remnants of its past. You’ve probably come across a tree stump before, whether it was a tree that fell in a forest or a diseased tree that was intentionally cut down, you may have noticed that there are rings on the stump beginning from the inside and increasing in diameter as they reach the edge of the stump. Each ring represents a year of that tree's life, and if you were to count all of the rings on the stump, you would be able to uncover the approximate age of that tree. If you look even closer you can read the patterns, colours, and widths of each ring to decipher the history of the tree, including years of drought, particularly wet years, as well as scars left from forest fires and insect infestations (Chen, 2023). Next time you come across a tree stump, try to read and interpret the physical signs in the rings.

Trees in vicinity to one another have demonstrated the ability to communicate when they are under stress (Rasheed et al., 2023). When a tree is being infested by insects or cut down, it will release volatile compounds in response to this stress and this will communicate the physical condition of the tree to other nearby trees (Rasheed et al., 2023). By doing this, the tree is communicating with the other trees in the forest with a distress signal and warning them of potential danger (Rasheed et al., 2023). In many ways, trees mirror human social structures more similarly than other mammals, for instance, you can think of a forest like a big city, in which there are families–think “family tree”–as well as neighbours. There is an interconnectedness between different trees or “families”, and they will warn one another of danger similar to how you might warn your neighbour about a crime in the area.  

Have you ever taken a walk through dense forest during the day under a canopy of trees and looked up to see the foliage of neighbouring trees placed like spaced out puzzle pieces with sunlight shining through the gaps? There are a few theories as to why this occurs, but essentially scientists believe it is partly due to abrasion from trees brushing against each other which naturally results in these patterns (Van der Zee et al., 2021). Some other studies also suggest however that crowd shyness is purposeful and is a way for neighbouring trees to optimise the amount of sunlight each tree receives, and will also purposefully grow in these patterns to avoid collisions with other trees depending on the species (Franko, 1986;Van der Zee et al., 2021).

I recommend that if anyone is interested in learning about trees that they read the book The Hidden Life of Trees by Peter Wohlleben, I have always been fascinated by trees, but this book really made me appreciate them.

References:

Chen, C. (2023). Tree Rings and the Tales They Tell. National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/tree-rings.htm

Franco, M. (1986). The Influences of Neighbours on the Growth of Modular Organisms with an Example from Trees. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 313(1159), 209–225. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2396899

Rasheed, M.U., Brosset, A. & Blande, J.D. (2023). Tree Communication: the Effects of “Wired” and “Wireless” Channels on Interactions with Herbivores. Curr Forestry Rep 9, 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-022-00177-8

Van der Zee, J., Lau, A., & Shenkin, A. (2021). Understanding crown shyness from a 3-D perspective. Annals of Botany, 128(6), 725–736. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab035

[taqato-alim]

Analysis of: "Adverse effects of homeopathy: A systematic review of published case reports and case series" (2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd)

PDF-Download: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijcp.12026

Here is a summary of the key points:

The document is a systematic review that critically evaluated evidence on adverse effects of homeopathy.

It identified 1,159 patients experiencing adverse effects reported in 38 primary case reports and case series.

Direct adverse effects included allergic reactions, intoxications, organ failure and death from homeopathic remedies.

Indirect adverse effects occurred when homeopathy replaced conventional medical care.

Rhus toxicodendron was the most commonly implicated remedy.

Mechanisms included allergies, toxicity from heavy metals, and substitution of effective treatments.

Risks existed even from very low potencies below 12C due to remedy ingredients and allergic reactions.

Intoxications from arsenic, mercury and other toxins in remedies caused acute and persistent harm.

Substitution of homeopathy for conventional care indirectly exacerbated serious conditions.

The review provided an evidence-based perspective on homeopathy safety issues and risks.

Clinicians should consider potential adverse effects, especially with serious conditions.

Reporting is likely incomplete so actual incidence of harm is uncertain.

In summary, the document systematically reviewed case evidence that homeopathy poses risks of adverse health impacts which practitioners and patients should be aware of.

Here is a summary of the key points from the document:

The aim of the systematic review was to critically evaluate evidence from case reports and case series regarding adverse effects of homeopathy.

38 primary reports met the inclusion criteria, describing a total of 1159 patients who experienced adverse effects from homeopathy.

30 reports described direct adverse effects from homeopathic remedies. Eight reported indirect adverse effects caused by substituting conventional medicine with homeopathy.

Direct adverse effects ranged from mild to severe, including allergic reactions, intoxications, cancers, bullous pemphigoid, organ failure, and four deaths.

Indirect adverse effects included deterioration of conditions when homeopathy replaced conventional treatments.

Rhus toxicodendron was the most frequently implicated homeopathic remedy in adverse effects.

Adverse effects were caused by allergic reactions, ingestion of toxic substances in low potencies, and substitution of conventional care.

There is a risk of indirect harm when homeopathy is used to treat serious conditions instead of conventional medicine.

Reporting of adverse effects is likely incomplete. The review has limitations due to the quality of primary reports.

Clinicians should be aware of risks associated with homeopathy, particularly for serious conditions usually requiring conventional treatment.

Based on its content and structure, I would categorize this document as a systematic review.

Key evidence that supports this genre classification:

The introduction clearly states the aim is to conduct a systematic review of evidence from case reports and case series on adverse effects of homeopathy.

It describes the methodology used, including databases searched, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and assessment of causality.

It presents the results in a structured manner, summarizing the number and types of primary reports included, adverse effects reported, implicated remedies, and causative mechanisms.

It discusses limitations of the evidence and its own review comprehensively.

It concludes by synthesizing the implications and conclusions that can be drawn based on the systematic compilation and analysis of available data.

It follows the structure typical of systematic reviews in medicine, with sections on introduction, methods, results, discussion and conclusions.

It focuses on critically evaluating and synthesizing existing research literature on a specific topic, rather than presenting new original research findings.

Based on these factors, I am confident the genre of this document is a systematic review, which aims to provide an objective, comprehensive summary of current evidence related to a research question by identifying, appraising and synthesizing all relevant studies.

Here are some potential stakeholders that could be affected by this systematic review, along with an evaluation of how they may be impacted:

Homeopathy practitioners - Could challenge their view that homeopathy is always safe. May need to consider risks especially for serious conditions.

Homeopathy advocacy/trade groups - Findings contradict safety claims, challenge promotion as completely risk-free. May fuel more controversy over risks.

Homeopathy patients - Provide important information about potential risks to weigh against benefits. Could influence treatment decisions and reporting of adverse effects.

Conventional medicine community - Findings align with more skeptical view of risks, add credibility to concerns over substitution for conventional care.

Regulatory agencies - Evidence could influence guidance/warnings on risks, impact on future regulation depending on jurisdiction.

Health providers - Heighten awareness of need to consider risks/safety issues when patients use or want to substitute homeopathy.

Research groups - Findings add to evidence base on the need for objective evaluation of safety claims. May interest funders of future research.

Overall, while potentially controversial for strong advocates, the document provides a more balanced and evidence-based perspective for most stakeholders. Patients and providers are likely best served by its objective evaluation of risks supported by published cases. Regulators and researchers may find it has the most impact on guidance, policy or funding decisions.

Here is a summary of the key points from the document in relation to adverse effects from homeopathy:

The systematic review aimed to critically evaluate evidence from case reports and case series on adverse effects of homeopathy.

A total of 1159 patients experiencing adverse effects from 38 primary reports meeting the inclusion criteria were identified.

Adverse effects ranged from mild to severe, and included allergic reactions, intoxications, organ failure, cancers and four deaths.

Direct adverse effects were attributed to homeopathic remedies themselves, while indirect effects resulted from substituting conventional care with homeopathy.

Rhus toxicodendron was the most frequently implicated remedy in adverse effect cases.

Mechanisms included allergic reactions and toxicity from heavy metals or other substances used in some remedies.

Underreporting of adverse effects is likely, so actual incidence is uncertain based on available evidence.

Risk of indirect harm increases when homeopathy is used instead of conventional medicine for serious conditions.

Clinicians should be aware of potential risks, especially considering limitations of evidence on safety claims.

In summary, the review found substantive published case evidence that homeopathy can cause adverse health effects, from mild to potentially life-threatening, both directly and indirectly when substituted for standard medical care. It brings an empirical perspective highlighting the need for balanced consideration of risks.

Here is a summary of key points from the document related to indirect harm from homeopathy:

Indirect harm referred to adverse effects caused by substituting conventional medical care with ineffective homeopathic remedies.

Eight cases reported indirect adverse outcomes such as deterioration of underlying conditions.

Examples included worsening of pulmonary allergy, sarcoidosis glomerulonephritis, heart failure and atopic dermatitis.

Indirect harm posed risks especially when serious/life-threatening conditions were treated with homeopathy rather than conventional medicines.

Substitution of effective therapies could lead to adverse outcomes like sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis or even death.

It highlighted the risks associated with treating medical conditions beyond self-limiting minor issues using unproven remedies.

There is a need for homeopaths to be adequately trained to avoid such harmful substitution of standard medical care.

The review emphasized how using homeopathy in place of evidence-based treatments could indirectly cause serious harm or exacerbation of underlying diseases for which homeopathy provided no real therapeutic benefit. Proper medical evaluation and practitioners were seen as critical to avoiding such indirect risks.

Here is a summary of points from the document related to low potencies in homeopathic remedies:

Many of the case reports implicated remedies prepared at potencies below 12C, which is the point where the likelihood of a single molecule being present approaches zero.

This suggests that even extremely diluted remedies can potentially cause adverse effects in susceptible individuals.

Allergic reactions were cited as one causal mechanism, and these can occur with very low levels of allergenic substances.

Cases of toxic effects and heavy metal poisoning implicated remedies containing arsenic, mercury, bromine and other toxic substances, even at low potencies.

The review was unable to distinguish many reports in terms of potency level used, practitioner qualifications, etc., limiting insights into risk factors.

However, the evidence presented suggests low potencies should not be assumed safe or free of risk, especially in individual susceptible cases.

In summary, the document highlights that a significant number of adverse effect cases involved homeopathic remedies prepared at very low potencies, below 12C. This calls into question assumptions of absolute safety at high dilutions, and indicates certain susceptible individuals may still face risks even from extremely diluted preparations containing known toxins.

Here is a summary of points from the document related to intoxications from homeopathy:

Intoxications were listed as one of the causal mechanisms of direct adverse effects from homeopathic remedies.

Several cases describe toxic effects attributed to ingestion of heavy metals like arsenic, mercury or iron which are commonly used in some homeopathic preparations.

Intoxication cases involved arsenic bromide, arsenic sulfuratum flavum, mercurius solubilis, mercurius bichloratus, and mercurius corrosivus sublimatus homeopathic remedies.

Reported toxic signs and symptoms included arsenical keratosis and cancer, metabolic acidosis, neuropathy, and severe acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Some intoxication cases required hospitalization or resulted in lingering effects like persistent neuropathy.

An unusual case involved acute bromate intoxication from a dose prescribed by a homeopath.

Low potencies of remedies were still capable of causing toxic effects in susceptible individuals.

In summary, the review identified multiple published case reports of homeopathic remedy intoxications presenting as acute or long-term toxicity. Heavy metals used in some remedies posed risks of adverse health impacts even at diluted potencies, highlighting a potential mechanism of direct adverse effects.

Here is a summary of the key points from the document in relation to persistent neuropathy from homeopathy:

One of the case reports described a case of acute bromate intoxication from a homeopathic remedy.

Signs and symptoms of toxicity included metabolic acidosis.

Importantly, the patient experienced lingering effects in the form of persistent neuropathy after the acute poisoning.

This case highlighted that some adverse effects from homeopathic intoxications may not simply be acute, but can cause long-term or persistent health issues.

Neuropathy can be a sign of heavy metal poisoning from substances like bromine, arsenic or mercury used in some homeopathic remedies.

The document was limited by a lack of detail on long-term outcomes in many reports of intoxications.

But this case provided an example of how even an isolated exposure to toxicity from a homeopathic remedy preparation could lead to persistent health impairment.

In summary, while most adverse effects reported were acute, this case demonstrated that homeopathy has the potential in some instances to cause chronic, ongoing neurological damage like neuropathy through a toxic mechanism - not just transient acute effects.

It's difficult to definitively evaluate this document in relation to "consensus" without more context. However, based on some additional research, here are a few observations:

The document's conclusions that homeopathy can cause adverse effects and substitution poses risks are consistent with other systematic reviews that have found increased risks compared to placebo.

However, its findings contradict conclusions from advocates/proponents of homeopathy that claim it is completely safe with no adverse effects.

Major medical organizations like FDA and WHO acknowledge some reported adverse effects but do not take a definitive stance on risks.

There is no clear consensus in the broader medical community on risks, as homeopathy's efficacy itself remains controversial.

Within alternative/complementary medicine research circles though, reviews documenting adverse effects have been published and the findings here align with a cautious interpretation.

So in summary - while controversial within some communities that strongly advocate homeopathy, the document's findings are consistent with the more empirical/evidence-based perspective emerging in systematic research on this topic, even if full consensus has not been reached. It adopts a careful interpretation acknowledging limitations, rather than dismissing risks outright.

Overall, while notable dissent exists, the document seems reasonably well-aligned with the general themes and cautiously open perspective found in reviews from research groups objectively examining the empirical evidence base around homeopathy's risks and benefits.

Based on its content and structure, I would evaluate this document as:

Science rather than fiction: It critically analyzes and synthesizes empirical case reports/series, rather than presenting conjectural ideas.

Empirical rather than anecdotal: It systematically compiles and evaluates objective reports of adverse medical events, rather than isolated subjective experiences.

Fact rather than opinion: It relies on published case evidence and aims to objectively assess this, rather than advocating opinion-based perspectives.

Objective rather than subjective: It takes an impartial, evidence-based approach to evaluating risks rather than advocating particular views on homeopathy.

Some key factors supporting this evaluation:

It follows a scientific methodology of systematically searching, including/excluding evidence.

Data comes from published case reports meeting defined scientific criteria rather than individual impressions.

Analysis focuses on objective assessment of causality rather than subjective speculation.

Conclusions are careful and caveated based on limitations of evidence rather than strong claims.

Tone is impartial rather than advocacy-oriented in discussing implications.

Therefore, while not presenting original research findings, the document adheres closely to empirical, fact-based and objective aspects of the scientific genre in its systematic compilation and critical analysis of available case evidence.

Here are some logical fallacies I did not identify in this systematic review document:

No appeal to authority - Analysis is based on evidence, not claims of expert status.

No ad hominem arguments - No personal attacks on individuals or groups made.

No straw man - Fails to misrepresent other perspectives to make them easier to refute.

No false dichotomy - Does not frame debate as an either/or choice when multiple views possible.

No slippery slope - Doesn't argue minor action inevitably leads to extreme consequence.

No post hoc fallacy - Doesn't assume cause simply because one event preceded another.

No composition/division - Properly considers evidence collectively and does not overgeneralize.

No argument from ignorance - Doesn't claim something proven true just because not proven false.

Overall, I did not find any clear logical fallacies in the systematic review's methods or reasoning processes. It adheres closely to scientific principles of objectively compiling and critically analyzing empirical evidence using standardized methodology and caveated conclusions. The limitation acknowledgements further strengthen rational basis of analysis and prevent overly broad claims. While controversial findings for some, I did not identify any logical flaws that would invalidate core conclusions drawn regarding potential adverse effects.

Here are some common evaluation criteria for a systematic review along with my evaluation of this document based on each criteria:

Clear aim/objective - clearly stated as critically evaluating evidence for adverse effects of homeopathy.

Appropriate methodology - methodology section describes search strategy and criteria in sufficient detail.

Comprehensive literature search - five databases searched from inception without limits.

Clear inclusion/exclusion criteria - criteria presented for case reports and case series.

Assessment of quality of primary studies - causality assessed based on described criteria.

Sufficient analysis and synthesis of results - results thoroughly summarized and discussed.

Addresses limitations - several limitations addressed including possible underreporting.

Valid conclusions - conclusions follow reasonably from presented evidence and analysis.

Implications for research/practice - discusses implications around risk awareness and serious conditions.

Overall, the document meets important criteria for completeness and quality of a systematic review based on the appropriateness of its objective, methodology, search strategy, analysis and consideration of limitations. The reviewers appropriately synthesized available evidence and drew valid conclusions based on their analysis.

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[russieraholic]

Ok note to self. Posting something in my Notes app does NOT mean I’ve posted it to tumblr. Anyway- let me try and word this synopsis in a way that’s comprehensible.

Born in the imperial year 1159, Horatio von Saunders is theorized to have been part of a family of nobility in his homeland; Though it is impossible to confirm due to him having fled as a young age to live his life as a trans male (which would have been massively disapproved of). It is this rumored nobility that contributes to the concurrent rumor that he possesses unusual abilities to manipulate the flow of time in selective bursts. This has never been proven, likely due to the fact that even if he possessed these powers, he would never use them, in fear of being targeted because of their existence (as power such as this was rightfully believed to only exist under the will of the gods themselves). Many other details of his childhood are largely unknown. At the age of 17, a series of not one, but two patricidal tragedies struck his homeland, forcing him and the sparse amount of survivors to flee into a larger neighboring country (which itself was not in the most stable of political states, with tensions between opposing kingdoms at a relative high point). The majority of survivors, himself included, would split up and join an underground society in hopes of not only going undetected, but keeping their feet out of political hot water. There he would begin using his knowledge with a broadaxe, and well-honed survival skills to set along a path establishing a mercenary guild known as the Silverfox Mercenaries. Soon he would cross paths with two men he would make his highest-ranking commanders. One was Russell Lockhart, a middle-aged kingdom knight who was temporarily exonerated for a downfall in physical and mental health, landing him in the underground for about a decade. Though despite being worse for wear, his skills with a halberd were unrivaled, and provided not only a suitable training partner, but an intimidating stature to ward off any would-be rival parties. The other was Ronin Keagan, is a young man who unfortunately has never had permanent means of living, however his strange lack of strong emotions and generally positive nihilism have kept his thinking logic and his goals clear for years. He worked as a petty thief for a larger guild shortly before the convoy was disbanded, and ended up taking refuge in underground where he could continue his line of work as a sellsword. Small in stature, swift as the wind and sharp as a tack, his deft hand with a crossbow put the group a shot above the rest. After half a decade of fighting for their survival amongst looters, rival mercenaries, and killers, the civil war taking place on the surface at the time finally came to a close. 1186 is the year where the group would finally breach the surface. The group would never truly split ways, though Horatio would temporarily return to his home country to help with restorations after the tragedy. There he would, on his downtime, try and piece together the parts of his own past that were missing. Perhaps the greatest mystery of all was his fleeting memories of a long-lost brother... And I’m still working on the backstory so that’s pretty much where I’m at, lmao.

Once upon a time I asked you to tell me about Horatio Von Saunders and you seemed excited about the ask, but then you fell face first into Pokemon and never recovered. Is he still an OC you're working on? Can I hear about him yet?

I do have a synopsis done! Lemme reblog and tag you in it.

[bsdyaoi]

I'm tired of being nice. I'm gonna kill my Japanese partner

[chemanalystdata]

Isophthalic Acid Prices Trend | Pricing | Database | News | Index | Chart

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[durinreborn]

where that picture of a speeding car and an overlaid lady screaming bc that is how i feel today

[violettelueur]

RYŌMEN SUKUNA || FEELS LIKE SILK

| featuring : ryōmen sukuna + a hint of Itadori Yuji from jujutsu kaisen 

| warnings : grammar error, but other than that n/a

| form : imagine

| word count : 1159

| published : 15 november

| request : Could I request Sukuna taking over Yuji body to touch Yujis girlfriend hair? He finds her intriguing and is also learning new feelings while being inside of Yuji.

| barista’s notes : when i finished this imagine, i thought it was quite short until i looked at the word count and realised that i typed out 1159 words ʕ ㅇ ᴥ ㅇʔ i guess i’m used to writing a lot ʕ； •`ᴥ•´ʔ other than that, i hope you enjoy your order of a cup of black coffee (jujutsu kaisen request) and that you have an amazing day! please come back again soon ʕ≧ᴥ≦ʔ

Ever since the second he laid eyes on you, Sukuna couldn’t help but become intrigued on who you were as a person due to the surprising fact that you were able to accept him so easily into your life - as if he was just another normal person that was introduced to you by a close friend or so.

Technically speaking, Sukuna was introduced to you by your boyfriend Itadori, who was willing to let you go once he explained that the King of Curses was living inside of him since the day he swallowed the cursed finger. However, you reacted in the complete opposite way to what the pink-haired boy expected and what shocked him, even more, was the question you asked after the whole explanation was done - this question also shocked the man in question himself.

“Yeah, I’m sorry Y/N, if you want to break up I understand, I just want to keep you safe,” Itadori explained, as he scratched the back of his neck nervously, anticipating your response.

However, all he felt was a little jap to his forehead, causing him to look at you with such confusion in his eyes as he saw a small smile on your face with your index finger pressed onto the middle on his forehead. “Introduce him to me sometime yeah? Whenever you feel comfortable,” you casually said, before you continued with, “I’m not going to leave you, I’m going to be with you till the end whenever you need me, so don’t let me go so easily okay Yuji?”

“What an intriguing woman,” Sukuna curiously muttered, before leaning forward as if he would see you through you if you did. Weren’t you scared of him? Were you taking this whole situation seriously? Were you even being serious in the first place? Or were you actually being serious?

As time went on, you slowly asked Itadori if you could get to know Sukuna - which he was a bit hesitant at first - before he slowly allowed you to do so bit by bit - from you asking his name to what his story was since you weren’t a jujutsu sorcerer at all. That was what made Sukuna more irritated. He was irritated at the fact that he was slowly investing himself into a human that had no curse energy surrounding her at all, a human that had nothing but physical strength to protect herself, a mere human that was somehow not affected by his intense presence nor the threats that he came with.

“Once I’m done with that silver-haired jujutsu sorcerer, you’re next woman,” Sukuna threatened you randomly one day, only for your response to be, “that’s nice to know Sukuna, Yuji where should we go to eat?” - once again surprising the King of Curses on your lack of fear, it was like you had no sense of it at all. 

However, as each day went by, the curse began to take a warm liking to you, wanting to spend as much time with you when you would visit Itadori in Tokyo when you had some free time to spare and would make some sort of effort to talk to you or make a comment when you and Itadori would be on a date.

“If you read that book, you can gain more knowledge about the Jujutsu world Y/N,” Sukuna suddenly informed you, causing you to look at your boyfriend to find a mouth on the side of his cheek.

“This one?” you then asked, as you pointed at a thick beige book that was within the shelf in front of you leading to Sukuna reply with a ‘yes’ as you slid the book out from its position to then flick through the pages.

“Thank you Sukuna”

                                               ꕥ

Today there was no expectation of his sudden appearances. However, this time it was a little different to what you had expected. It was the first time you had arrived at Itadori’s new school ever since he left Sendai.

“It really does look like a prestigious religious school on the outside ha?” you commented, as you took in the scenery that was surrounding you. You couldn't help but be amazed at the sight that you were beholding, you were surprised that Itadori’s teacher even allowed you to step foot into the school in the first place since the place was really secretive, even to the people in Tokyo as well.

However, what you didn't realise was that Itadori wasn’t answering you at all, you were so distracted by what was in front of you that you didn’t realise what was actually happening from behind. As you were about to take one step forward, you suddenly came to an unexpected halt once you felt a little tug on a small section of your hair.

Yet, you couldn’t turn around. Your mind was telling you to, to see what your boyfriend was even doing, but your body just refused to turn with its feet and see what was happening.

“Your hair is really smooth Y/N”

Once you heard that voice, you instantly knew who was talking to you at this moment and time. Finally being able to suddenly have the power to turn around, you quickly said: “Sukuna, my hair isn’t that interesting, It really just-”. But once you had a full view on what was going on behind you, you didn’t see what you were expecting to see at all.

It was Itadori that was in front of you. It was your boyfriend physically in front of you, but it wasn’t at the same time. You knew for a fact that Itadori didn’t have black markings on his face as well as his wrist and you knew that your boyfriend didn’t have his hair spiked up like it was now. 

“I thought we agreed to meet on Yuji’s terms”

“Well you agreed that with the brat and not me, besides I was getting a little impatient”

From what you could see, Sukuna was still looking down on the few strands on your hair that he was holding before rubbing his fingers to explore the feeling of your hair that was finally on his skin. “Your hair feels like silk,” Sukuna commented, before lifting it up slightly to see how the sunlight shone upon the strands, viewing how the colour would somewhat lighten up causing Sukuna to wander back through his memory to visualise what your hair looked like in the wind.

“You’re exaggerating”

“I’m really not, your hair is extremely beautiful just like you,” Sukuna casually stated back at your comment before bringing the ends of the strands to his lips, causing you to be surprised at the sudden affection that was being displayed only to suddenly blush once his red orbs looked directly at yours - such beautiful ruby eyes that you could get lost in within seconds.

“Even on my lips it feels like silk, I wonder if your skin feels the same”

[redkimmie]

Now back with the 7th and 8th sets! 😁😁

This could be last featuring well-known Rosa and Barks characters so expect some potraits in future to be of obscure(kind of) characters. Again, if you're not familiar with some characters, keep reading 😊

For the 7th set, which just includes Scrooge's ancestors, we have:

1.) Sir Roast McDuck(1159-1205) - succeeded his father, Stuft McDuck, as clan chief, at which point Clan McDuck was one of the richest clans in Scotland, though that didn't last long.

2.) Hugh "Seafoam" McDuck(1710-1776) - was a McDuck ancestor who settled in Glasgow in 1727. Hugh turned to the sea for a living and became a successful merchant, though that didn't last long too.

3.) Sir Swamphole McDuck(1190-1260) - succeeded his father Roast McDuck as clan chief and inherited the clan's financial problems. Believed to have sealed the castle dungeons due to that.

4.) Sir Stuft McDuck(1110-1175) - was a successful chief of Clan McDuck who oversaw a period of prosperity.

5.) Sir Eider McDuck(880-946) - was the chief of Clan McDuck during an Anglo-Saxon invasion in 946.

6.) Malcolm "Matey" McDuck(1530-1564?) - was a McDuck ancestor who settled in England and is suggested to be a previous incarnation of Scrooge McDuck.

7.) Sir Quackly McDuck(1010-1057) - was clan chief when King Macbeth was killed in 1057. Quackly's ghost was an important figure in Scrooge's life.

8.) Sir Simon McDuck(1437-1509) - was the treasurer of the Knights Templar and hid their treasure beneath McDuck Castle.

— Sir Simon McDuck is a creation of Don Rosa and is featured in his story, "A Letter From Home"(2004). All others were created by Carl Barks, though some of them didn't made any physical appearances till Don Rosa.

For the 6th set, we have:

1.)-3.) Huey, Dewey, Louie - Donald's nephews, Della's triplets.

4.) Cornelius Coot - Elvira's grandfather, the founder of Duckburg.

5.)-7.) April, May, June - Daisy's nieces.

8.) Pintail Duck - Donald's ancestor, a companion of Malcolm McDuck.

— Huey, Dewey, Louie are characters made by Ted Osborne and Al Taliaferro while others are originally made by Carl Barks.

Note : Some of the portraits here were previously used in my other tree though if you look closely, there's some differences. It is because I've changed it a bit. There's a chance that I might do it again which means that the portraits here are not the final version.

[undertale-data]

[Image description: An Undertale textbox with the words “Alternate Universes” in the middle in capital letters. On the left side there is a sun, the word “WED” next to it, and a half filled bar. On the right side there is a green radar from the dating HUD. End of ID.]

Alternate Universes: breaking the limits of Canon.

An Alternate Universe is created when fans make changes to key elements of the source material, such as the main plot, setting, tone, or character personalities, roles and motivations. These concepts can evolve into more elaborate plots and create their own canon. AUs are often started by one creator, but some are adopted by the community as well, gaining popularity and different interpretations. 

The concept of an Alternate Universe (AU) is prevalent in most fan communities, and Undertale is no exception. In fact, it is one of the more notable elements that both fans and outsiders have pointed out. 

For the sake of this survey, and due to the nature of Undertale as a videogame with multiple ends depending on the player’s actions, we have excluded Canon Divergence, which follows canon until a certain point in the story, as a type of AU. The list of Alternate Universes we included in the survey is not exhaustive, and is based mostly on the AUs that have been adopted by a large number of fans, who’ve created their own ideas or “headcanons” to expand on each concept. Some AUs with more specific stories were included due to the popularity observed and their association with other AUs through fan content.

What are the trends of Undertale fans regarding Alternate Universes?

[Image Description: A pie chart titled “Level of AU engagement”. In counter clockwise order it shows the options: “Engages with AUs more than canon-adjacent content”: with 718 votes, 27%; “Engages with canon-adjacent content and AUs equally”: with 813 votes, 31%; “Engages with canon-adjacent content more than AUs” with.648 votes, 24%; “Does not engage with AUs, but may in the future” with 128 votes, 5%; “Does not engage with AUs and does not plan to” with 329 votes,12%; and “Has not heard of Undertale AUs” with 15 votes and 1%. End of I.D.]

(More analysis and specific AU statistics under the cut.)

When asked about their engagement with AUs, a total of 2179 people stated that on some level they engage with content that is set in an Alternate Universe. This number represents 82.20% of our sample. Within this group, they seem to be evenly distributed when asked about the frequency they engage with AUs. The biggest group interact both with canon-adjacent content and AUs in an equal amount (813 responses, 30.67%), but are followed closely by those who interact primarily with AUs (718 responses, representing 27.08% of the total sample). 

The remaining 17.80% are people who do not engage with or do not know of Alternate Universes in the fandom. Among them, the biggest group are those who do not plan on engaging with AUs (329, 12.41%), but a smaller group who is willing to try them out in the future (128, 4.82%). 

We can conclude that Alternate Universes are massively popular among fans, including a significant amount who prefer this content in comparison to canon. 

Type of AUs

[Image Description: a bar chart titled "TYPE OF AU ENGAGEMENT". From left (greatest) to right (least): Underfell, with 1540 responders who engaged with it; Underswap, with 1473; Horrortale, with 1159; Swapfell/Fellswap, with 967; Errortale, 935; Inktale, 859; Outertale, 772; Mafiatale, 728; Xtale, 717; Aftertale, 655; Reapertale, 640; Underlust, 555; Dancetale, 546; Humantale, 304; ALIVE, 188. 790 responders have a personally created AU, and 1226 responders engage in other Undertale AUs. End I.D.]

In this survey, we included a list of 15 Alternate Universes. Most of them are considered community-shared, and some even have different interpretations based on the same (or very similar) concepts, such as Fellswap and Swapfell. Besides that, we included an option for AUs that were created by the person taking the survey, and an option for people who engage with AUs created by other people but not listed.

The top 5 listed AUs, listed with number of votes and percentage in relation to the people who engage with AUs (2179):

1.Underfell (1540 votes, 70.67%)

2.Underswap (1473 votes, 67.60%)

3. Horrortale (1159 votes, 53.19%)

4. Swapfell/Fellswap (967 votes, 44.38%)

5. Errortale (935 votes 42.91%)

According to the Undertale AU Wiki, both Underfell and Underswap had their first post a month after Undertale’s official release, meaning that they have had almost six years to develop.  Both AUs are also community-shared which could factor into their popularity. Horrortale on the other hand started as a DeviantArt comic set in the aftermath of a Neutral Ending. The story takes on a darker tone than Undertale, and therefore the themes separate it from the source material. Swapfell and Fellswap are AUs based on similar ideas, which is Swapping a “Fell-ified” Universe or Fell-ifying the characters in Underswap. There are variations of these AUs by different creators, but for the purpose of this survey they were put together. Errortale, on the other hand, started as a tumblr ask blog centered around the character Error!Sans (or just Error, for short), but later includes other characters belonging to different AUs. The nature of this AU involves the existence of a multiverse, which is the reason why many people who like it also interact with other AUs. 

Other facts worth mentioning is that the listed AU with the least votes is ALIVE, consisting of 188 votes (8.6%). Its inclusion was done due to its recent publication (May of 2020), and is an outlier. The purpose is to show an AU that is newer in comparison, and is centered around a main character that isn’t as popular as others. 56.3% of all responders interact with AUs we have not listed here, and 36.3% (790 people) have created Alternate Universes of their own. The creativity of the fandom has originated an immense amount of AUs, many of which have large followings of their own. 

Sources: 

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Underfell

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Underswap

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Horrortale

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Errortale

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Fellswap

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Swapfell

https://undertale-au.fandom.com/wiki/Swapfell_Red_(Ziznine)

[dwellordream]

“Eleanor experienced almost fifteen years of regular childbearing after marrying Henry Plantagenet. It was during her early years as queen, while she was bearing a child almost annually, that she was busiest acting as Henry’s regent in England. She would give Henry II nine children within thirteen years. If Eleanor of Aquitaine was a distant figure as mother to her children, so were other aristocratic mothers responsible for supervising complex households. As queen, she had even less time than most for child-rearing. Contact with her children would have been limited while they were growing up. 

This was due to circumstances and social custom, not to a lack of maternal feeling, and it is not necessary to conclude that Eleanor was indifferent toward her young children nor that she made little “psychological investment” in them. There is no evidence to show that she and Henry failed to cherish their children, to provide for their care, to place their hopes in their futures, or to experience grief at their deaths. It seems fruitless from a distance of eight centuries to calculate Eleanor’s role in shaping her children’s adult psyches, when thinking on the topic is still influenced by nineteenth-century bourgeois models modified by twentieth-century Freudian psychology. 

Yet one fact that stands out is the devotion to Eleanor demonstrated by her sons in their adult lives, and it testifies that their experience of her love was more powerful than their father’s fitful affection. Clearly, the queen had cemented solid ties of affection with them at some point, whether during their infancy or adolescence; and strong maternal feelings would prod her to furious activity after Henry II’s death, struggling to assist first Richard and then John in securing their thrones. As one writer observes, “It is difficult to believe that the devotion shown [Eleanor] by her adult sons and daughters did not grow out of childhood experience, experience that simply left no record in the account books and annals of the court.”

Possibly Henry’s difficulties with his sons were caused by their early and prolonged separations from their father. The fact that they were near-strangers to one another, in some years together only on great festive occasions, can explain in part the ease with which they took up arms against their father and against each other. Along with all medieval mothers, Eleanor was unaware of the significance of earliest childhood for shaping adult personality that modern psychology teaches. The early Fathers of the Church had not shown great interest in questions centering on family life, and twelfth-century churchmen with their ambivalent feelings about women provided mothers with little more direction in carrying out their maternal responsibilities. 

Although concern for the care of children was growing in the twelfth century, encouraged in great part by Christian teaching, spiritual counselors offered mothers little counsel beyond advocating emulation of the Virgin Mary, the ideal mother. An exception to the dearth of literature on motherhood is a biography of Queen Margaret of Scotland, written in the first years of the twelfth century as a guide for her daughter Edith-Matilda, Henry I’s queen. It praises Margaret as a model mother, intimately involved with her children’s upbringing; yet the daughter who commissioned it hardly knew her mother, having been sent away at age six to be brought up at an English convent where her aunt was abbess.

Like many other great ladies living in the twelfth century, Eleanor had larger duties in politics and government that she regarded as equally important and perhaps greater than her responsibility for her children’s upbringing. In Henry and Eleanor’s household were retainers of many ranks, ranging from dependent relatives and high-ranking nobles to simple knights or domestic servants of peasant origin, any of whom could be charged with caring for the royal children. As a result, the royal children’s ties of affection would not have been focused uniquely on their parents, but diffused among household members of many ranks. 

While differing from typical nuclear families today, the medieval English royal household, overflowing with servants and retainers, had much in common with other medieval aristocratic families. Like them and like European aristocrats or American plutocrats even in the twenty-first century who turn their children over to a series of servants, Eleanor and Henry did not think it unnatural to hand their children into the care of others in the royal household, or even to custodians far from court. Sons and daughters were often sent away at early ages, daughters to be reared in the households of their betrothed and sons given over to the care of others until early adolescence, when they were established in households of their own. 

Yet these practices do not negate royal parents’ caring instincts or an awareness of the uniqueness of childhood that is innate in all societies. It is clear that Eleanor and Henry showed great concern for the upbringing of their offspring, choosing with care the personnel who were to supervise them even if their personal participation was limited. The rapidity with which Eleanor gave birth shows that she did not nurse her infant children, for it was uncommon for great ladies to nurse their own babies. As queen, her chief responsibility was ensuring continuity of the royal line by bearing children, not rearing them, and it was widely known that breast-feeding inhibited pregnancy. 

Names of some of the royal children’s wet-nurses survive, and they indicate that they were selected from women of free, not servile, status, probably from wives of servants in the royal household. Alexander of Neckham, a scientific writer, Oxford master, and later abbot of Cirencester, proudly claimed that he and Richard Lionheart were “milk-brothers,” for his mother had been the prince’s wet-nurse. Eleanor felt so fondly toward Agatha, one of her children’s wet-nurses, that in 1198, three decades after her child-bearing years, she rewarded her service with a gift of land in Hertfordshire and a year later a more valuable gift, a Devonshire manor. 

Agatha was a woman whose ambition Eleanor could admire, and such generous gifts would have made her former servant a woman of some means. Some time, probably before becoming John’s wet-nurse, Agatha entered into a long-term relationship with Godfrey de Lucy, son of the chief justiciar and himself a royal clerk who would win the bishopric of Winchester in 1189 despite being encumbered with a “wife.” Wet-nurses of Eleanor’s children must have resembled nannies in their relations with their charges, providing not only nourishment, but also affection and companionship and remaining with them long after weaning. 

After John was brought to England during the great rebellion of 1173–74, the pipe roll records a grant of ten marks to “the nurse of the king’s son,” although he was at least seven years old then. The wet-nurses of Richard Lionheart and John earned their fond feeling, and their affection was returned. When Richard became king, he granted a pension to his nurse, Hodierna. After John’s death, his former nurse Agatha, by then a prosperous widow, remembered him and his son when making a gift of land to the nuns of Flamstead “for the soul of King Henry [III] son of King John.”

When Henry II’s sons were little more than infants, each of them was assigned a “master” or “preceptor” from among members of the royal household. He was assigned responsibility for the young boy, charged with spending on his needs and supervising the servants caring for him. He was not necessarily a cleric, and he did not give lessons; teachers—also called masters—could be recruited from the clerks and chaplains present in any great household. Choosing such a master was Henry’s duty, for noble fathers made major decisions about their sons’ upbringing, although he was likely to have discussed his selection with Eleanor. 

A master named Mainard took charge of Young Henry in 1156 when the boy was only a year old, and he remained with him for at least three more years. The division of authority between this official and the child’s mother is unknown, but it must have meant that Eleanor was denied full responsibility for her son’s care, even in early childhood. Forced to share responsibility for her young sons with a male named by her husband, she nevertheless succeeded at some point in their youths in knitting the affective bonds normally binding sons to their mothers. 

In 1159, when Young Henry was only four years old, his father placed him in the household of his chancellor Thomas Becket, where sons of nobles were “educated in gentlemanly upbringing and teaching.” There was precedent for Henry’s sending his heir away at such an early age: William the Conqueror had placed his second son, William Rufus, the designated heir to the English Crown, in Archbishop Lanfranc’s household. Henry II may already have been thinking of naming Becket his archbishop of Canterbury and having his eldest son crowned as king while still a boy. 

When relations between Henry and Archbishop Becket began to cool, Henry, in October 1163, rebuked his newly installed primate by removing Young Henry from his custody. When the king left for his French territories the next month, he did not send the boy, then about eight years of age, back to Eleanor; instead, he continued to live apart from his mother’s household with a new master, William fitz John, a royal administrator. Young aristocrats were knighted as part of their initiation into manhood, and fathers would find them a mentor to join their household: an older, experienced knight who could prepare them for knighthood with training in the noble occupations of hunting, hawking, and warfare. 

After Young Henry’s coronation in 1170, his father assigned such a mentor to the fifteen-year-old youth, the knight-errant William Marshal, much admired for chivalry, but an illiterate with little interest in administration. According to the History of William Marshal, he served as the sort of companion-guide who accompanied heroes of the romances, charged with the Young King’s instruction in courtesy and martial arts, preparing him to take up arms as a knight. Hunting sharpened warrior skills, and all of Henry and Eleanor’s sons shared their ancestors’ love for the chase. 

Richard during his youth in Poitou would find pleasure in hunting in his mother’s ancestral forests in the Vendée. Roger of Howden wrote of Henry II’s sons, “They strove to outdo others in handling weapons. They realized that without practice the art of war did not come naturally when it was needed.” Sons of royalty needed to know more than skill in handling horses and weapons, and at twelfth-century princely courts, clerics were advocating a courtly ideal of conduct, challenging old-fashioned knights upholding the traditional warrior ethos of the knightly class. 

The counts of Anjou had long prized learning in Latin letters, seen in the excellent schooling that Henry II’s father provided for him, and Eleanor too knew the value of learning. While less is known about Henry’s sons’ formal education than his own, it is certain that they acquired a sound grounding in Latin grammar, although no formal office of royal schoolmaster yet existed at the English court. A letter in the archbishop of Rouen’s name, addressed to the king when Young Henry was only ten years old, however, expresses a fear that the knightly side of the future king’s education was taking precedence over study of the liberal arts.

Perhaps the concern stemmed from Henry’s removal of his heir from Thomas Becket’s custody, and it hints at rivalry between the boy’s clerical and knightly tutors over the two groups’ diverging values. Richard Lionheart knew Latin well, although he is better known for his French verses. Gerald of Wales’s anecdote of the Lionheart’s correcting the Latin spoken by his archbishop of Canterbury gives evidence of his competence as a Latinist. John gained an interest in literature during his youth, and as king he built up a considerable library of classics and religious works. He deposited his books at Reading Abbey for safekeeping and sometimes wrote to the abbot requesting that certain volumes be sent to him.

Although great ladies had responsibility for their sons’ upbringing only until they reached their sixth or seventh year, aristocratic daughters could remain in their mother’s care until adolescence, unless they were betrothed as pre-adolescents and sent away to be brought up by their future in-laws. Like other queens throughout the Middle Ages, Eleanor saw her daughters affianced at early ages to foreign princes chosen for political considerations, and promptly sent far away to grow up at foreign courts. Personal contact by Eleanor with her daughters was difficult once they were sent off to their future husbands’ lands in Germany, Spain, and Sicily, and she had little prospect of seeing them again. 

Yet contacts between royal daughters and their birth-parents were seldom entirely severed, and Eleanor doubtless corresponded with her daughters, although no copies of her letters survive. Royal parents maintained contact with daughters married to foreign princes, for their marriages had been arranged for the purpose of serving the family interest, creating or securing alliances. Matilda, Eleanor, and Joanne, married to princes who were conspicuous as cultural patrons, were almost certainly literate. 

Late twelfth-century romances depict noble maidens learning their letters, and a renowned preacher, Adam of Perseigne (d.c. 1208), sent the countess of Chartres Latin texts that she could give to her daughters to read with the help of her chaplain or a learned nun. Although instruction in letters must have begun before Eleanor’s daughters left the English royal household, the major portion of their education would have taken place at the courts of their in-laws.”

- Ralph V. Turner, “Once More a Queen and Mother: England, 1154–1168.” in Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of France, Queen of England

[umbralstars]

General Info

Gender: Male

Sexuality: Bisexual

Race: Human

Ethnicity: Faerghal

Age: 21 (Academy); 26 (War)

Birthday: 12th day of the Etheral Moon, IY 1159

Height: 6'2

Family:

- Rufus Cassius Blaiddyd

- Darya Artemi (deceased)

- Katya Artemi Blaiddyd

- Dimitri Alexandre Blaiddyd

- Others not listed

Crest: Major Crest of Blaiddyd

Starting Class: Mage

(More info below!)

Basic Backstory

Emyr was born to Grand Duke Rufus Blaiddyd and Dutchess Consort Darya Artemi in 1159.

While not the oldest of Rufus' children, due to his mother rising to the status as Dutchess Consort, and his bearing of a major Crest, Emyr was named by Rufus to be his hier to the Grand Dutchy of Itha. In his youth, Emyr devoted himself to his studies especially in the realms of magic, natural science, law, poetry, and other pursuits. However, he was rather isolated as a child because of his status as the favored and made little connections among his half siblings (if he even knew them). He always had a rather combative relationship with his father, who's expectations Emyr felt he could never reach or satisfy. His relationship with his mother fared better for the little time he had her as she would pass away when giving birth to Katya when he was 8.

As he got older, he began sneaking out of the palace to cause havoc with the local kids much to his fathers' chagrin. His closest relationship by far is with his younger sister who Emyr would do practically anything for. Part of him had wished to simply give up his status as hier for years because he felt it was more a strain on his life than a boon, but he didn't want to abandon Itha or Faerghus so he remained. He knew his Uncle Lambert scarcely, but always respected and looked up to him far more than he did his own father.

Emyr's life was completely changed by the Tragedy of Duscur in 1176 when he was 17. When news of the tragedy reached Itha, Emyr made the choice to leave Faerghus all together with his younger sister in tow. A combination of fear for his own and Katya's safety, Rufus going to assume the throne as regent, accusations of his father potentially being involved, rumors of Rufus' desire to potentially replace Dimitri with his own son going back years all lead to him deciding to simply vanish. He does consider it to be a cowardly action on his part, but after he ran there was no going back.

He would meet Jeralt and his mercenary company in Remire while on his was to Abyss (originally he had planned to just go to Garreg Mach but rumors of the under city seemed trustworthy enough). He was able to prove himself a capable fighter when he assisted the company in a job near the area and officially joined them after that. He grew close to Byleth as the two were barely months a part in age. While their relationship seems somewhat combative on the outside the two do enjoy being around each other. He remains a member of the company by the start of the game and goes with them to Garreg Mach in 1180.

Emyr is a skilled fighter who prefers magic and bow due to his propensity to break other weapons.

Basic Personality

Rational - Emyr is a rather rational and pragmatic person at his core. He doesn't like to be uninformed on a subject or situation nor go into something using only half-baked assumptions. He cares a great deal for the truth and places great respect in honest people.

Independent - Doesn't like to conform to social expectations and always strives to do things his own way. If rules and conventions are standing in the way of his success, rules and conventions be damned.

Determined - Extremely goal oriented. He can dedicate himself to mastering specific subjects or skills if he feels he's lacking in an area or another. Rather ambitious and passionate when an idea or movement captures him.

Curious - Strong desire to learn everything he can and open minded to new ideas as long as said ideas are based on strong logic. Enjoys finding new hobbies or goals to explore just so he can keep learning.

Combative - Do not try to get him to follow anything or anyone blindly. Can be rather blasé and sarcastic towards others which can cause offense even if he doesn't mean to. He will defend his ideals and principles relentlessly and has to be proven conclusively wrong to budge. He does apologize when he realizes he has overstepped and reflects to make sure he doesn't breach boundaries again.

Humble - Doesn't treat people as being lower than him and is respectful towards his elders (not his father however). Feels that he always has much to learn and will take sound advice from wherever he can get it.

Loyal and Dedicated - Emyr does really care about the friends and family and is fiercely protective of them. He'll leverage his social position to help others if the option is available. When he says he'll do something he will keep his word.

Likes: Poetry, nature, his homeland, learning, combat, high-quality weapons, hunting

Dislikes: His father, deception, gossip, bitter foods, people who treat others as if they're lesser

Other Notes

He's a brunette with blue eyes. His eyes are the same Blaiddyd Blue as Dimitri's cause of his Crest.

Doesn't like Axes or Brawling because he feels he can't control his strength when doing using either of those weapons. Heavy Armor makes his feel too constricted so he prefers much lighter armors.

Does regret abandoning Dimitri after the Tragedy especially after seeing how much everything affected his cousin. Actively avoids Dimitri for awhile at the monastery before finally confessing the truth at some point before the war begins.

Will be aligned with Faerghus no matter the route. Straight up will not join on CF and will die during the route if not spared by Byleth. Becomes the Grand Duke of Itha in Azure Moon post-war and helps Dimitri with his reforms.

Actually religious but not in the way you think. Prefers to follow older Faerghal polytheisic beliefs after connecting with them as a teenager and talking with Mhara.

Spars with Byleth to get better with his swordsmanship. Goes about as well as you think, but he's gotten better at controlling his Crest thanks to Byleth not reacting poorly to broken weapons.

He really does mellow out and change because of the war, but I haven't figured out how yet.

Hiding his name and dropped the "Blaiddyd" part all together. Only starts using it again during war phase.

On Azure Moon he has to hide in Abyss due to Cornelia tracking down the rest of the Blaiddyds. He sends Katya to Derdriu with Arash and tells them to flee to Almyra if the situation grows more dire. He's organizing a rebellion against Cornelia and the Empire when Byleth awakens.