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ghargharsikhsha · 3 years ago

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Best WBCS coaching in Kolkata

If you are searching for the Top WBCS Coaching In Kolkata the new one has come to the right place. Here in this article, you will get a list of the best WBCS Coaching Institute in Kolkata along with their details. WBCS or West Bengal civil service examination is widely known as one of the toughest examinations conducted in Kolkata. This examination is for the WBCS executive and the other related to the public service commission of West Bengal organized this competitive examination every year in three phases that are preliminary examination, mains examination, and the personality test. Later you will get to know more information regarding this examination and the Best WBCS Coaching In Kolkata so keep reading this article.

What Is WBCS Exam ?

There are different groups in the enlistment of the assessment depending on the decision on the value of the numbers that are scored by the candidates there are group A, group B, group C, and group D. the WBCS officials have a place in group A. The WBCS examination is carried by the state government of West Bengal this examination is also known as the WBCS examination, which is the West Bengal civil service examination. The official notice for this examination comes in the first week of November and the main examination is conducted in February. For this examination, the citizen must be of India. The age requirement for this examination should be between 21 to 32 years for the services and the post that included groups A, B, C, and D. The age relaxation for the WBCS examination is as per the norms of the government.

How to prepare for the WBCS exam?

Many students want to know how to prepare for the WBCS examination. This has become the main problem for the candidates. Nowadays, they are also facing difficulty in choosing the best WBCS Coaching Institute in Kolkata to solve this problem. We are here with the list of the best WBCS coaching institutes in Kolkata that provide the best resources to the candidates for the preparation of the WBCS examination. There are some of the important factors that a candidate should keep in mind while searching for the best WBCS Coaching Institute in Kolkata. A self-study option can be good for the candidates but with the guidance of a coaching institute. The student gets the best services and guidance with the help of expert faculty members. In this article, you will get to know about a lot of the Best WBCS Coaching institutes in Kolkata. Kindly read this article and find a coaching institute that suits you.

List of best WBCS coaching in Kolkata

Here's a list of the best WBCS coaching institutes in Kolkata that provide the best guidance and training to the candidates for the preparation of the WBCS coaching institute. All the coaching institutes that we have mentioned below provide the best education and guidance to the candidates along with the preparation of the interview round.

Study Xpress

Study Xpress is the first name when it comes to the best WBCS Coaching Institute in Kolkata Institute is known for its systematic teaching methodology and success rate. This coaching institute provides a long-term commitment to the candidates who want to appear for the WBCS examination. This coaching institute maintains its courses in such a way that it can provide quality guidance to every type of student. This coaching institute modifies its study material according to the dynamic nature of the examination by providing comprehensive and relevant guidance to the candidates. This coaching institute has become the most preferred Coaching Institute in Kolkata for students. This coaching institute has the best faculty members who with their quality teaching and individual attention provide the best results year after year and now the candidates from this coaching institute have got the best positions in their life. This Coaching Institute in Kolkata is known as the best civil service coaching institute for candidates who want to appear for the WBCS examination.

WBCS Coaching center

WBCS coaching center in Kolkata has 35 years of experience in training candidates this court Institute has trained more than 2 50000 candidates who are working in several positions of Central and state government. This coaching institute provides advanced technologies to the candidates with the help of which we can prepare in a much better way. This coaching institute provides the best training to the candidate and they always focus on every student so that every student from their coaching institute gets good scores and ranking in the examination. This coaching institute maintains disciplinary studies that ensure the best preparation of the candidate’s interactive study experience between the teachers and the students to help the candidates in clearing their doubts and learning in a more defined manner. This coaching and Institute also provides different mock test series to the candidates for the preparation of the WBCS examination. This coaching institute ensures that every student is getting equal attention in the coaching center. The positive environment of this coaching institute is very helpful for the students to help in preparing for the examination.

Apti plus academy for civil services in Kolkata

Apti plus academy for civil services in Kolkata believes that one can achieve anything in life if they dare to dream of it as a kind of conductive ecosystem to have the road and the will to see that road map through to the end. When it comes to the best WBCS Coaching Institute in Kolkata for a coaching institute that strikes in the mind of every person is Apti Plus Academy. This coaching institute conducts the best classes for the candidates who want to prepare for the WBCS examination. This coaching institute was established in 2005 with the motive to become a center of excellence with the mission of nurturing and producing a maximum number of civil servants from eastern India. This coaching institute started its journey with very few students but still this coaching institute is now the best coaching center for the candidates who want to prepare for the WBCS examination. This coaching institute believes that everyone has the power to change the world and because of this they train every student equally.

Rice education WBCS coaching center in Kolkata

Rice education for the preparation of the WBCS examination and Kolkata is one of the best coaching institutes because this coaching institute provides the necessities to the candidates. This coaching institute has a systematically structured and disciplined study environment. This coaching institute provides the best education with the help of the experienced teaching faculty so that the candidates can achieve their career goals in the preparation of government examinations or any other competitive examination with 36 years of experience in training. The candidates for the WBCS examination in this coaching institute have become a reputed coaching center in Kolkata. The quality guidance and support from this coaching institute have helped a lot of students in securing good scores in the WBCS examination in Kolkata. It is recommended that candidates join this coaching institute for the preparation of the WBCS examination if they want to prepare under the guidance of expert faculty members.

Vinson IAS

Vinson IAS Coaching Institute in Kolkata is the best coaching center for the preparation of the WBCS examination. This coaching institute comes under the list of top WBCS Coaching institutes in Kolkata without any question. This coaching institute is the most preferable coaching center and affordable coaching institute for the students. The coaching institute has maintained high-quality education in their coaching institute. The facilities of this coaching institute are outstanding. This coaching institute has adopted different techniques in terms of teaching to provide the best quality education and guidance to the students. There are different facilities provided by this coaching institute to the students. This coaching institute provides incredible study material to the candidates that are exclusively prepared as per the syllabus of the examination. This coaching institute conducts practice sessions in which they provide previous year question papers to the student’s notes and study material is given to the candidates along with online test series and mock tests.

Dheyan IAS

Dheyan IAS academy for the preparation of the WBCS examination is the most reputed Coaching Institute in Kolkata this coaching institute is an outstanding platform for the preparation that enables the candidate to counsel them towards the right path. This coaching institute is one of the finest educational training centers in Kolkata. This coaching institute was established in 2005 with the motive of providing the best guidance and result-oriented training to the candidates for the preparation of the WBCS examination and other competitive examinations. This Coaching Institute in Kolkata provides a full-time classroom coaching program to the candidates and they also conduct crash courses for the ten plus two students and graduates. This coaching institute has more than 1400 students who have successfully positioned themselves in well-known law colleges. The faculty members of this Coaching Institute are student-friendly and they have proper knowledge about their respective subjects. The various benefits and facilities provided by this coaching institute includes:-

Good infrastructure.

Updated and structured study resources for the preparation of the WBCS examination.

Mock test series and online test series are provided to the students.

Frequently asked questions:-

What is the physical standard requirement for the WBCS examination?

Answer:- For the WBCS examination, the tallness requirement is 1.65 m for male candidates and 1.50 m for female candidates.

What is the application process for the WBCS examination?

Answer:- For the West Bengal public service commission the guidelines are sent on November 1st week and the last date of applying for this examination is in the last week of November will be written in February.

How can a candidate apply for the WBCS examination?

Answer:- Following are some of the steps that a candidate should follow while applying for the WBCS examination:-

The candidate should be listed on the online entrance of WBCS before applying for the examination.

The candidate should provide their mobile number and authentic email with the names of their father and mother.

After the enrollment process, the candidate will get an OTP and after this, the enrollment number and password will be shown on the screen.

Lastly, after the enrollment process, the candidate will get an OTP that will be shown on the screen.

How do I pay the application fees for the WBCS examination?

Answer:- There are two methods for the payment of the fee for the WBCS examination that is the online as well as offline mode. The candidate can choose the bank at the payment gateway and can pay the necessary amount in the online payment method. If the candidate chooses the offline payment method then they have to create a UBI challenge and pay all the expenses at the assigned bank office

What is the procedure to download the WBCS admit card?

Answer:- To download the WBCS admit card the candidate should follow the following given steps:-

Go to the official website of the West Bengal civil service examination.

The candidate should enter their enrollment number or first name with their date of birth.

While downloading the WBCS admit card the candidate should check all the details provided in it.

The candidate should take out the printout of the admit card for future purposes.

#Best WBCS Coaching In Kolkata

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greenbilly · 3 years ago

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WBPSC WBCS

WBCS Notification 2020 pdf download.Prelims result & Mains exam dates postponed for Group A, B, C, D for West Bengal Civil Services (EXE). Get other details.

#WBCS

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lovelychocolateangel · 3 years ago

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With Top WBCS Coaching in Kolkata you can rest easy as we have prepared this detailed article that will solve all of your queries about the WBCS exam as well as will help you decide which institute will suit your needs and wants the best. The West Bengal Public Service Commission exam is conducted by the state government of West Bengal, with this article we aim at helping WBCS aspirants and guiding them to the right path. Stick to the end of this article to find out the Top WBCS Coaching in Kolkata that will help you prepare for your WBCS exam and will provide you with multiple flagship features and facilities. By putting greater emphasis on the previous year’s results and the approach of institutes, we have crafted a list of Top WBCS Coaching in Kolkata that will help you make your decision and will provide you with all the necessary information about each and every institute.

What is WBCS?

The West Bengal Civil Service or WBCS is a state administrative civil service cadre of the Indian state of West Bengal for the West Bengal Administrative Service and other civil posts. The Public Service Commission of West Bengal conducts the competitive exam every year in three phases Preliminary, Mains, and Personality Test. There are different groups in the recruitment of such examination based on choice and merit o scored number, these are Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group D. The WBAS officers belong to Group A, the West Bengal Police Service belong to Group B, the Group C consists of West Bengal Correctional Home Services, Assistant Commercial Tax Officer, Chief Controller of Correctional Service and many more, lastly the Group D contains Inspector of Co-operative Societies, Panchayat Development Officer, and rehabilitation Officer.

#Best wbcs coachig In Kolkata

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canddwastemanagement · 3 years ago

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CDE Asia launches its Carbon Offset Program

15 July 2021

CDE Asia undertook a mass tree plantation drive, with the objective of offsetting the carbon footprints of its operations and enhancing the green cover of Kolkata. In sync with this thought, 1000 trees were planted by the group in Kolkata’s New Town at NKDA Green Verge No. 3 on July 13, 2021.

Mr. Debashis Sen, Chairman HIDCO/NDITA, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of West Bengal and Mr. Nick Low, British Deputy High Commissioner, Kolkata graced the occasion amidst the presence of Mr. Manish Bhartia, MD, CDE Asia Ltd.

Speaking on the occasion, Mr. Debashis Sen, Chairman HIDCO/NDITA, Additional Chief Secretary, Government of West Bengal said, “We believe that tree plantation is a great way forward towards sustainable living. We are happy to collaborate with CDE Asia in enhancing the green cover of Kolkata. New Town, being a platinum-rated green city, has set a target of 10,000 plantations this year, and our association with CDE Asia would go a long way in achieving this.”

Mr. Nick Low, British Deputy High Commissioner to Kolkata expressed, “I appreciate this initiative of tree plantation by CDE Asia and the efforts undertaken by them to become carbon-neutral by 2025. There is a need to increase the green cover by arresting carbon emissions which involves protecting and restoring nature on an unprecedented scale. We need to be concerned about rising earth’s temperature, leading to climate change, thus playing havoc with humanity, globally. There needs to be a change in the way we look at our planet earth.”

Mr. Manish Bhartia, Promoter & MD, CDE Asia Ltd. said "The logistics operations are majorly contributing to the carbon emissions owing to procurement and delivery of supplies to our customers. To counter this, we have undertaken carbon offset projects which will have a proven and measurable impact on communities and the environment. These projects would help to increase green cover and support renewable energy projects. Tree-plantation drive is one such step in the direction of becoming carbon neutral by 2025."

Mass Tree Plantation at NKDA Green Verge No. 3

At CDE Asia, we understand that all the natural resources of our planet are finite and hence it is critical to deploy technology that would help to create a new world for the long-term sustainability of resources for future generations. We believe that natural resources should be replenished naturally, organically.

CDE Asia has aligned itself with Sustainable Development Goals with the following activities:

· Substitute 100mn tons of River Sand annually for construction by 2030

· Implement C&D Waste Management Solutions in 50 cities by 2030 which will result into: -Reduction of 25,000 tons of CO2 emissions per annum -Save 450,000 Gigajoules of energy per annum -Free 1.25mn sq. mt of land from landfills/contamination per annum

· Empower 1,600 children and youth every year with technical and vocational skill training for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship by 2030, through the training centers of Sand Grains Foundation

The implementation and maintenance of this and other such projects will be supervised by the dedicated team of Sand Grains Foundation, the CSR arm of CDE Asia.

=============================================================

Company Name: CDE Asia

Address: Ecospace Business Park Block 4A/Floor 6, Action Area II New Town Rajarhat Kolkata 700 160 India

Phone: +91 33 3029 3800

Fax: +91 33 3029 3802

Url: https://cdeasia.com/

Email: [email protected]

#C&D waste management #C&D waste recycling #Iron Ore processing #C&D waste

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rkalert · 4 years ago

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WEBCSE Result 2021 West Bengal Co-Operative Bank Assistant, Clerk (Grade III), Assistant Manager, Cashier, Supervisor Cut off | Interview'Merit List

WEBCSE Result 2021 West Bengal Co-Operative Bank Assistant, Clerk (Grade III), Assistant Manager, Cashier, Supervisor Cut off | Interview’Merit List

WEBCSE Result 2021 West Bengal Co-Operative Bank Ltd. Assistant, Clerk (Grade III) Assistant Manager, Cashier, Supervisor, Field Officer (Group-C) Cut off | Interview, Merit List (District Wise): The Result of West Bengal Co-Operative Bank Limited Officer and Group C Post Online Stage 1 Exam was Held from 7th February to 14 February 2021. WEBCSE Clerk Grade 3 Result 2021 and West Bengal…

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bbcbreakingnews · 4 years ago

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New Congress chief in June: CWC after spat

NEW DELHI: The Congress Working Committee (CWC) overpowered resistance from a group of seniors to set June-end as the deadline for electing a full-time party president who will take over the reins from interim chief Sonia Gandhi. The June 30 cut-off for holding the delayed exercise, which has been set keeping in view the forthcoming elections in five states, met with strong opposition from a group of dissenters, resulting in an acrimonious exchange between two sections of party veterans.

Ghulam Nabi Azad, Anand Sharma and Mukul Wasnik, all part of the dissident grouping G-23, joined forces with former finance minister P Chidambaram and demanded that election for the party president be held immediately. They also demanded elections for seats on the CWC and the Congress election committee.The insistence led to acrimonious exchanges with another group of seniors. Rajasthan CM Ashok Gehlot strongly countered the push for early polls by arguing that preparations for the coming battles in West Bengal, Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry should take precedence. He was supported by his counterparts from Punjab and Chhattisgarh, Amarinder Singh and Bhupesh Baghel, respectively, as well as veterans like A K Antony, Ambika Soni and former Uttarakhand CM Harish Rawat. Rahul Gandhi did not express his views on the timeframe, even though he agreed that it was time election was held. It was time that the issue was “finished, once and for all” and the party “moved on”, sources quoted him as saying. Gehlot was the most aggressive in countering the demand for polls and is learnt to have singled out Anand Sharma for obstructing the plan to keep the poll in abeyance until June. “What right do those who were the biggest beneficiaries of power during the UPA era despite never being elected have to demand internal elections,” a source quoted the Rajasthan CM as bluntly telling Sharma. He also said the party had bigger issues to deal with and reminded dissenters of the high posts they had held because of the trust the Gandhi family had in them. Sharma, party insiders said, protested strongly against Gehlot’s show of aggression and “name calling”, at which point Rahul stepped in to assert that arguments forwarded by both Gehlot and Sharma were on “two extreme ends” of the discussion. At a press briefing after the CWC meeting, general secretary (organisation) K C Venugopal clarified that typically, elections to the CWC were held after the election of the party president. “So, we have to go back to the party’s constitution to see whether elections for the president and the CWC can be held together. We will look into this and announce the schedule soon. One thing is certain, everything will be done in keeping with the Congress constitution,” he said. The CWC, which began with Sonia’s address, saw her highlight key issues that will tailor Congress’s parliamentary strategy in the upcoming budget session. She said there were “many pressing issues of public concern” that would need to be debated and discussed in Parliament. Referring to the three agri laws and the farm protests, Sonia said the government had shown “shocking insensitivity and arrogance” and was “going through the charade of consultations”. “It is abundantly clear that the three laws were prepared in haste and Parliament was consciously denied an opportunity for examining in any meaningful details their implications and impacts. Our position has been very clear from the very beginning: we reject them categorically because they will destroy the foundations of food security that are based on the three pillars of MSP, public procurement and PDS,” she said. Later, the CWC passed resolutions on three issues of national importance, lending its unequivocal support to farmers demanding repeal of the three agri laws, thanking scientists and researchers for developing the Covid-19 vaccine in such a short period of time and appealing to people to come forward for vaccination, and the third in which it said it would demand a Joint Parliamentary Committee to inquire into journalist Arnab Goswami’s WhatsApp chats, which revealed he was privy to sensitive details of the Balakot air strikes before they took place.

source https://bbcbreakingnews.com/2021/01/22/new-congress-chief-in-june-cwc-after-spat/

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agrojiva · 4 years ago

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How to Start a Guava Plantation: Guava cultivation information

Guava cultivation can be a very beneficial agribusiness in India. Here is the complete information on starting a guava plantation in India with complete details on guava varieties in India, planting guava seeds, plantation management, harvesting, and post harvest handling practices.

Even though, native to tropical America, India has established it as the largest Guava (Psidium guajava) producing countries in the world (as per the 2016 data source). It ranks 4th in following mangoes, bananas, and citrus. some of the leading states in India that grow guava are there Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Orissa apart from Punjab and Haryana. The major countries import guava from India include the US, UAE, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Kuwait.

Climatic Requirements for Guava Cultivation

Best grown in the tropical and subtropical region up to 1500 mt. above sea level;

Guava Varieties in India

There are different varieties of guava available in India for commercial cultivation of guava.

1. L-49 /Lucknow-49: It takes greenish-yellow fruits with a smooth surface and milky-white sweet pulps. The skin is relatively thick and having the smallest amount of soft seeds in the core. Due to sweetness and less number of seeds they are highly demanding in Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. It’s the potential to yield 25 tons /ha.

2. Allahabad Safeda: This variety of guava grows round shaped, white flavorsome flesh, soft skin, and weighing 180-200 grams with medium size. The expected yield is 20-25 tons and has greater stability.

3. Lalit: Fruits grow in saffron yellow color with a reddish flush on the body while pulps are solid and pinkish. It’s ideal for table and processing. With the potential to produce as high as 100-125 kg per/ plant annually, Lalit is categorized as the largest yield producing in its group.

4. Arka Mridula: This type of guava fruit is round shaped and weight nearly 180g. Having yellow skin and plum is white and sweet.

5. Sweta: Fruits have thick skin and weighing nearly 200-225g on average. The pulp is snow white and combines sugar and acid.

6. Chittidar: it’s several similarities to Allahabad Safeda and is differentiated with their chromatic dots on the pinhead point of the fruit surface.

Aside from the above, guava grows in prolific varieties including Harijha, Red Fleshed, Punjab pink, Sardar, Baruipur, KG guava, and hybrids like Kohir Sofeda, Akra Amulya, etc. There is some popular foreign breed also for guava plantation like Taiwan guava.

Propagation of Guava Plant

Air layering or stooling procedure has been an affordable way to propagate guava plants. In fact, growing guava plants from seeds is not only challenging but mostly results in poor fruit quality and yield. All you have to do to make your asexual reproduction (vegetative propagation) truly productive is the proper choosing of plants that produce high-quality fruits that help propagate new plants having the attributes of the mother plant. currently select branches of a pencil diameter that shouldn’t be close to any joining part. Peel the branch skin measuring of 2″ length. Drench the peeled area with a rooting substance like NAA 500 PPM OR IBA 500 ppm.

Use moist moss on it and then wrap it with a polythene sheet. Both ends should be kept open. once 20-25 days root with grows from the cutting branch. July to September is the appropriate time to undertake layering.

Guava Plantation Management

Nursery Management for Guava Plantation :

Plant the seedlings within the nursery bed or pot and water often to grow as single plants with recent branches and new leaves. The seedling is now set for planting.

Land Preparation and Planting :

The land should be prepared during the dry days through plough, leveling, and weeding. Dig pits measuring 1mx1mx1m before the monsoon begins. Fill each hole with Neem Cake @15 Kg, farmyard manure @ 25 Kg, SSP@500 gram, Lindane powder@ 50 gram together with soil for needed fertilization as well as avoid termite invasion. Showing needs to be done during Aug – September for optimal results. (February and March are also chosen for planting). Maintain a sowing depth of 25-30 cm.

Spacing in Guava Plantation :

The suitable planting distance of 5-8 meters depending on the type of guava species, soil fertility, and watering facility, maintaining a standard spacing of 6m x 6m with 112 plants per acre is the best choice that helps plants grow and maximize yield potential.

Pruning and Training :

Pruning and training should be given special importance to produce guava plants with a resilient framework capable to support higher yield. Pruning should be practiced on a regular basis to discard the infected, diseased, and dead branches. However, avoid pruning during summer to protect the budding plants from sunburn. When guava seedlings grow, provide the necessary support to let them stand upright with their strong stem. In order to check weed growth consider spraying plants with Gramoxone@5ml /liter of water/ per acre during March, July, and September. 200Ltr is adequate to spray one-acre land.

Inter-Cropping Option in Guava Plantation :

Cultivators can opt for inter-cropping during the first 3-4 years to produce legumes crops such as beans, grams, or vegetables like carrot, radish, okra, etc. and earn before getting the yield from the principal plant guava.

Fertilizing

Typically, cropping land should be fertilized to meet the nutritional requirements of plants as they keep on growing. A standard is given below

Depending on the soil fertility level if required, cultivators can consider another dosage from 7-10 years of the plants to fertilize with Cow dung @30-40 kg, Urea @1000-1250 grams, SSP @1500-2000 grams, and MOP @1200-1500 grams per tree.

Apply 50% of the dose in May-June and the remaining 50% in September-October

To produce better yield, consider spraying the plants with Zinc Sulphate @4gram + Boric Acid @2gram per liter of water and Urea@2% during their fruiting period.

Irrigation for Guava Cultivation

Guava shows better growth under rainfed weather conditions, however, draining is equally essential. It Depend on the type of climate, during the dry season, irrigate the plants weekly once whereas in the winter, maintain an interval of 3 weeks. Drip irrigation is suitable for better plant growth and void fungus infestation.

Pest Control in Guava Cultivation

Disease and Management in Guava Plantation

Harvesting in Guava Plantation

Depending on the variety of guava, generally, cultivators find plants to carry fruits from 2-3 years of ageing, however, the vast majority attain their pick productivity point at the age of 7-10 years. Consider the maturity of the guava with their color and decide if they’re ripened enough to be harvested. Cultivators depending on the local market can go for harvesting as the fruits become fully matured while for distance marketplaces, fruits should be picked prior to their fully ripened stage. Guava should be collected from plants together with their stalks and leaves.

Post Harvesting in Guava Cultivation

Grading

Grade according to color, weight, and size.

Storage

Fruits can be stored for 7-10 days at 18°-23° C in polybags with ventilation of 0.25%. To extend shelf-life up to 20 days, harvested fruits require a low temperature of about 5°-6º C with 75-85% relative humidity.

Uses of Guava Fruit

The fruit is highly rich in vitamin C, folic acid, dietary fiber, and essential nutrients. Guava contains vitamin four times higher than an orange. It is also a balanced source of pectin, calcium, and phosphorous. It gives great nutritional value and low-cost, it is used widely in food processing industries to making demanding products like jelly, jam, nectar. It is also used in the preparation of juice, sources, ice-cream, puddings, and cakes.

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vsplusonline · 5 years ago

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West Bengal Civil Service (Exe.) Main exam date released, check here - Times of India

New Post has been published on https://apzweb.com/west-bengal-civil-service-exe-main-exam-date-released-check-here-times-of-india/

West Bengal Civil Service (Exe.) Main exam date released, check here - Times of India

West Bengal Public Service Commission (WBPSC) has released the Mains exam date for the upcoming West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) Exam 2020 divided of Group A, B, C & D vacancies. As per the information available on the official website of the state Commission, the tentative date of West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) Main Exam 2020 is 27 and 26 June 2020, and 04 and 05 July 2020.

The West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) preliminary exam result and answer keys were released in the month of February 2020.

Selection Process

The selection of the candidates will be done on the basis of West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) preliminary and mains examination. As per the West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) preliminary exam result, the marks obtained by the last qualifying candidate is as listed below:

CATEGORY MARKS OBTAINED GENERAL 105.13 OBC-A 101.05 OBC-B 101.06 SC 96.18 ST 73.13 GENERAL (P.H) 94.21 OBC-A (P.H) 88.78 OBC-B (P.H) 86.11 SC (P.H) 86.11 ST (P.H) 51.13

The qualified candidates will now have to appear for the West Bengal Civil Service (Executive) Mains examination. This will be followed by the Personality Test, and Document Verification Round. The final selection list will be updated on the official website of the Commission. Keep checking the official website of the Commission to get the latest update on the same.

Source link

#West Bengal Civil Service #West Bengal Civil Service exam #West Bengal Civil Service exam date #West Bengal Civil Service selection #West Bengal Civil Services #Career

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sushanttourtravels · 6 years ago

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Top Attractions in India Geographically India stretches from the tropical lushness of the Indian Ocean coasts to the high Himalaya, with virtually every conceivable terrain between. Combine this with a history dating back thousands of years and the result is a land of incredible diversity and endless fascination. A rich melting pot of religions and languages, regional cultural and culinary traditions and festivals, splendid artistic and architectural styles. Climate- India has such a wide range of climatic factors that it’s impossible to pin down the best time to visit weather-wise with any certainty. Broadly speaking October to March tend to be the most pleasant months over much of the country. In the far south, the monsoon weather pattern tends to make January to September more pleasant, while Sikkim and the areas of northeastern India tend to be more palatable between March and August, and Kashmir and the mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh are at their most accessible between May and September. The deserts of Rajasthan and the northwestern Indian Himalayan region are at their best during the monsoon. India is a land of festivals and fairs. Every day of the year there is a festival celebrated in some part of the country. Some festivals welcome the seasons of the year, the harvest, the rains, or the full moon. Others celebrate religious occasions, the birthdays of divine beings, saints, and gurus (revered teachers), or the advent of the New Year. A number of these festivals are common to most parts of India. However, they may be called by different names in various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion. Religion- religion seeps into every facet of Indian life. Despite being a secular democracy, India is one of the few countries in which the social and religious structures that define the nation’s identity remain intact, and have continued to do so for at least 4000 years despite invasions, persecution, European colonialism and political upheaval. Change is inevitably taking place as modern technology reaches further and further into the fabric of society but essentially rural India remains much the same as it has for thousands of years. So resilient are its social and religious institutions that it has absorbed, ignored or thrown off all attempts to radically change or destroy them. Hinduism- India’s major religion, Hinduism, is practiced by approximately 81% of the population. In terms of the number of adherents, it’s the largest religion in Asia and one of the world’s oldest extant faiths. Hinduism has a vast pantheon of gods, a number of holy books and postulates that everyone goes through a series of births or reincarnations that eventually lead to spiritual salvation. With each birth, you can move closer to or further from eventual enlightenment; the deciding factor is your karma. The Hindu religion has three basic practices. They are puja or worship, the cremation of the dead, and the rules and regulations of the caste system. Hinduism is not a proselytizing religion since you cannot be converted: you’re either born a Hindu or you’re not. Significant differences exist within this Hindu majority, arising not only out of divisions of caste, but also out of differing religious beliefs. One great divide is between devotees of the god Vishnu and devotees of the god Shiva. There are also Hindus who are members of reform movements that began in the 19th century. The most significant of these is perhaps the Arya Samaj, which rejects divisions of caste and idol worship. Hindus may come together also as devotees of a guru, such as Sai Baba. Despite its differences, the Hindu community shares many things in common. Islam- there are more than 100 million Muslims in India (approximately 12% of the population), making it one of the largest Muslim nations on earth. Muslims are a more urban community than Hindus. There are many towns and cities in northern India where Muslims are one-third or more of the population. In addition to Jammu and Kashmir and the Lakshadweep islands, where more than two-thirds of the population is Muslim, major concentrations of Muslims live in Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Kerala states. About one-quarter of all Muslims living in India live in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Muslim influence in India is particularly strong in the fields of architecture, art and food. Buddhism- Buddhism was founded in northern India in about 500 BC, spread rapidly when emperor Ashoka embraced it but was gradually reabsorbed into Hinduism. Today Hindus regard the Buddha as another incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. There are now only 6.6 million Buddhists in India, but important Buddhist sites in northern India, such as Bodhgaya, Sarnath (near Varanasi) and Kushinagar (near Gorakhpur) remain important sites of pilgrimage. Jain- The Jain religion also began life as an attempt to reform Brahmin cal Hinduism. It emerged at the same time as Buddhism, and for many of the same reasons. The Jains now number only about 4.5 million and are found predominantly in the west and southwest of India. The religion has never found adherents outside India. Jains believe that the universe is infinite and was not created by a deity. They also believe in reincarnation and eventual spiritual salvation by following the path of the Jain prophets. Sikhs- The Sikhs in India number 18 million and are predominantly located in the Punjab. The religion was originally intended to bring together the best of Hinduism and Islam. Its basic tenets are similar to those of Hinduism with the important modification that the Sikhs are opposed to caste distinctions. The holiest shrine of the Sikh religion is the Golden Temple in Amritsar. Other- approximately 3% of the population is Christian and there are also a few small Jewish communities in ex-colonial enclaves. India’s population is rich with diverse ethnic and cultural groups. Ethnic groups are those based on a sense of common ancestry, while cultural groups can be either made up of people of different ethnic origins who share a common language, or of ethnic groups with some customs and beliefs in common, such as castes of a particular locality. The diverse ethnic and cultural origins of the people of India are shared by the other peoples of the Indian subcontinent, including the inhabitants of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. People of India – The overwhelming majority of India’s population shares essentially the same physical characteristics. There is no concrete scientific evidence of racial differences within this majority, although there are ethnic and cultural differences, such as language and religion. Tribal Groups. There are also groups of people in India that have been identified by the government as tribal, meaning they belong to one of the more than 300 officially designated “scheduled tribes”. The tribal people are sometimes called hill tribes or adivasis (“original inhabitants”), and in 1991 made up about 8% (more than 65 million people) of India’s population. Members of India’s various hill tribes are thought to be indigenous and tend to be ethnically distinct. These groups typically marry within their community and often live in large, adjoining areas, which are preserved by government policies restricting the sale of land to tribe members. Major tribes include the Gond and the Bhil. Each has millions of members and encompasses a number of sub tribes. Most other tribes are much smaller, with tens of thousands of members. Very few tribal communities now support themselves with traditional methods of hunting and gathering or with shifting cultivation because of government restrictions aimed at protecting the environment. Instead, they generally practice settled agriculture. Tribal groups tend to live in rural areas, mainly in hilly and less fertile regions of the country. Less than 5 percent practice traditional tribal religious beliefs and customs exclusively, most now combine traditional religions and customs with Hinduism or Christianity. Most tribal groups live in a belt of communities that stretches from eastern Gujarât to western West Bengal. The western tribes speak a dialect of Hindi, the central tribes use a form of the Dravidian language, and the eastern tribes speak Austro-Asiatic languages. The other major concentration of tribal people is in the northeastern hills. Tribe members make up the majority of the population in the states of Mizoram, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Arunâchal Pradesh. These people, many of them Christian, speak languages of the Sino-Tibetan family which are also spoken by the Buddhists who live along the Himalayan ridge, from Arunâchal Pradesh in the east, through Sikkim, northern Uttar Pradesh, and Ladakh (in Jammu and Kashmîr state). In the Himalaya particularly, isolation on the mountain flanks has led to languages so distinct that ethnic groups living within sight of each other may not understand each other. Other tribes live in southern India and on India’s island territories, but their numbers are not large. Caste – The caste system is pervasive in India. Although it is entwined in Hindu beliefs, it encompasses non-Hindus as well. A caste (jati in Sanskrit) is a social class to which a person belongs at birth and which is ranked against other castes, typically on a continuum of perceived purity and pollution. People generally marry within their own caste. In rural areas, caste may also govern where people live or what occupations they engage in. The particular features of the caste system vary considerably from community to community and across regions. Small geographical areas have their own group-specific caste hierarchies. There are thus thousands of castes in India. In traditional Hindu law texts, all castes are loosely grouped into four varnas, or classes. In order of hierarchy, these varnas are: the Brahmans (priests and scholars), the Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), the Vaisyas (merchants, farmers, and traders), and the Sudras (laborers, including artisans, servants, and serfs). The varnas no longer strictly correspond to traditional professions. For example, most Brahmans today are not priests, but professionals in a variety of industries. Dusshera- Dusshera is usually celebrated in October. The mode and the fervor vary by a great deal across the subcontinent; the celebration in Mysore is one of the most famous. Different parts of India celebrate the festival in different ways. Some celebrate it as Navaratri, some as Vijaya-Dashami, and some as Dussehra, in worship of Goddess Durga or celebrating Rama’s victory over Rawana. The celebrations vary from a day to nine days (for Navaratri) to a month (for Mysore Dusshera). On the day of the Holi, people (men and women) irrespective of caste and creed mingle together and exchange colors. The celebrations can get wild and rowdy – it is one of the few occasions of the year that the sexes are allowed to mix freely. People use tools and tricks to spray, paint and drown friends and relatives in color Pongal or Sankranti- This holy day marks the commencement of the Sun’s northern course in the Heavens, known as the Uttaraayana patha. Interestingly, this is the only festival in Hindu calendar that follows a solar calendar and is celebrated on the fourteenth of January every year (all other Hindu festivals are computed using the lunar calendar). Pushkar Camel Fair- Back in a legendary time, Lord Brahma was flying over the Rajasthan desert on his swan, when some petals fell from his hand and drifted down. Miraculously, blue lakes sprang up where the flowers touched the soft sands. Lord Brahma realized that this was the auspicious moment to perform a fire sacrifice so he landed near one of the lakes, completed the powerful ritual and, thus, laid the groundwork for the first Pushkar Fair. Ever since then, when the full moon shines on Purnima during the autumn period of kartik, the desert tribes meet to commemorate this epic event.

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giveawaymass · 8 years ago

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omresult · 8 years ago

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juniperpublishersoceanography · 4 years ago

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Assessment and Mitigation of Natural Disasters for Sustainable Livelihoods of Coastal Communities in the Maheshkhali Island, Bangladesh- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Being a disaster-prone country, nearly one million people have been killed in Bangladesh by cyclones since 1820. Cyclonic storms have always been a major concern to coastal plains and offshore islands of Bangladesh. At least 54 damaging cyclones were reported in the coastal area of Bangladesh from 1793 to 2009 estimating once in every 4 years. Coastal community of Moheshkhali Island is adversely affected by natural disasters since time immemorial. Community livelihood data collected with 309 questionnaires from household heads of eight vulnerable and exposed coastal villages and 24 focused group discussion representing various social groups of the Island is the important milestone of the study. Fishing with traditional boat and gear in the Bay of Bengal was identified as the main income generation option of men where sea salt extraction, agriculture, trading and day labor were found as supporting occupations. Family care and cooking food are the prime duty of women. Early marriage, multi-marriage and dowry system have been recognized in the island. Most of the houses are bamboo fence and mud wall with straw roof having poor sanitary system. Coastal erosion, tidal surge, salinity increase, fisheries decline and anomalies in weather pattern were identified as the most severe problems where as absence of cyclone shelter, lack of road network, shortage of primary school and absence of hospital facility in the locality were other problems. Data analysis revealed that embankment construction in exposed coastal zone with mangrove plantation, weather forecasting in local language, life jackets in fishing boat, solar panel for electricity supply, health facilities with medical centers, cyclone shelter during disaster events and enhanced education program are essential. Temperature and sunshine illustrated increasing trends where as rainfall and humidity showed decreasing trends over the two decades showing clear indication of warming the environment that coincided with global trends.

Keywords: Natural disasters; Cyclonic storm; Climate change; Community livelihoods

Introduction

Bangladesh is a disaster-prone country. Nearly one million people have been killed in Bangladesh by cyclones since 1820 [1] due to there being an estimated 10% of the world’s cyclones developing in the Indian Ocean [2]. The physiology, morphology and other natural conditions have made it vulnerable to disaster, cyclonic storms and floods which cause immense suffering and damage to the people and property of the offshore islands of Bangladesh. The cyclone accompanied with torrential rain and devastating tidal surge causes havoc to human lives, livestock’s, fisheries, agricultural properties and loss of houses, break-down of sanitation system, non-availability of safe drinking water and food stuff in the affected area. In islands and coastal mainland’s of Bangladesh the major aftermaths of a cyclone are loss of human lives, livestock’s, fisheries, agricultural properties and production, inundation of land and ponds by saline water, loss of houses, break-down of sanitation system, non-availability of safe drinking water and food stuff. The calamity brings in a major and sudden change in the ecosystem and it takes a long time for restoration [3]. Approximately 45 damaging cyclones were reported in the coastal area of Bangladesh from 1793 through May 1997. Thus cyclone frequency during this period averaged about once in every 4.5 years [4]. It is recognized that sustainable resource utilization requires training and education in all levels of the society, where indigenous people and their communities have a vital role in environmental management and development using their knowledge and traditional practices [5]. Involvement of local communities in management gives them a sense of awareness of the resources and ensures their continued livelihood and economic well-being. In this way, the development of the coastal islands links ecology with economics, sociology and politics, promoting policies and practices which discourage further degradation, establish priorities, provide incentives for improvement and provide sufficient resources for local people.

Moheshkhali Island lies near the Cox’s Bazar coast. The length of the island is about 20km in north-south direction and they are about 12km wide in east-west direction and the geographical location is in between latitude 21°20 and 21°50 N, and longitude 91°45 and 92 °E (Figure 1). It is surrounded by the Moheshkhali channel to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south and west and Kutubdia Island to the north. There are numerous micro channels and creeks criss-crossing the island. Most of them are tidal and suitable for navigation. According to the population census in 2001, there were 43,000 households in Moheshkhali Thana and the total population of these households was 246,000 with 52.44% male and 47.56% female [6]. The coastal island communities are almost totally cut off from the rest of the country. The people of the study area do not have adequate access to health, family planning, schooling, infrastructure and electricity. A large proportion of the community is illiterate; average literacy rate is 28.8% with 32.5% male and 25.1% female. Television is expensive and in the absence of electricity often does not reach remote communities. In such a situation their only real access to information and news is radio and inter-personal communication [7]. Women are not involved directly in primary production sectors but perform fisheries-related activities such as unloading, sorting, gutting, net mending, processing and marketing. Women’s involvement in shore-based activities in small-scale fisheries is most evident in the seafood-processing sectors. Other economic activities involving extensive women’s participation are fish trading and marketing.

Materials and Methods

Extensive field visit and interviewing of fishermen household heads of 8 selected coastal villages were used to collect primary information on different livelihood assets (Table 1). The fishermen’s livelihood related data have been collected with 309 household heads using questionnaire and 24 focused group discussion representing various social groups, such as sex, age, wealth, and education level following the approaches of Pido [8], Pido et al. [9], Townsley [10], IIRR [11] and Hossain et al. [12]. While various exposures to fishermen resilience (livelihood) have been reviewed through secondary data and research papers, people’s perception are also important to consider their behaviour and responsive actions [13]. It was discussed about social, economic and environmental resources and for individuals to learn about their own and others perceptions surrounding these resources. In addition to handwritten, photograph was used as effective media for conveying results of the interview. Interviews with key informants such as school teachers, fishery officers, forestry officers, village leaders, NGO extension workers, mosque imams aimed at

a. Identification of the assets and analyze their relative importance to the fishermen livelihood,

b. Detection of the most vulnerable areas and any known adaptation mechanisms and

c. Collection and examination of past and present records of disasters associated with climate variability. During the visits to the villages participatory observations were used to study the natural environment, housing conditions, social custom and villager’s life style.

Data collection

Eight exposed and vulnerable coastal villages from different unions of Moheshkhali Island were selected for data collection (Figure 1 & Table 1). A total of 309 household heads participated in the data collection process.

Data analysis and interpretation

The process of data analysis and interpretation happens on multiple scales using personal computer. Properly collected and archived data continues to be useful as new research questions emerge. In fact, some research involves re-analysis of data with new techniques, different ways of looking at the data, or combining the results of several studies. Making data available to other scientists is not a new idea, but having that data available on the Internet in a searchable format has revolutionized the way that scientists can interact with the data, allowing for research efforts that would have been impossible before. This collective pooling of data also allows for new kinds of analysis and interpretation on global scales and over long periods of time. In addition, making data easily accessible helps promote interdisciplinary research by opening the doors to exploration by diverse scientists in many fields.

Observations and Results

Socio-economic condition

Age of respondents: A total of 231 household heads have participated through questionnaire survey. The age of about 80% respondents varied between 30 to 60 years, where less than 5% respondents were below 30 years and about 15% respondents were above 60 years (Figure 2).

Education level: Most of the household heads are illiterate in all the six villages with 69 to 98 % (Table 2). Data analysis revealed that average 86% are illiterate, where primary, secondary and college level educations are 3, 8 and 2 % respectively.

Household assets: The respondents ranked house as the most important asset (99.6%), where the household members lived in. The boat and net are used to catch fishes from the Bay of Bengal and considered as the main income generating assets of the islanders. Some of the households have small pieces of land that have been used either agriculture or sea salt production. Some of the islanders rear cattle and sell meat or milk to get cash income. A few household had shop in the locality. The owner of aquaculture project was quite invisible among the villagers (Figure 3).

Housing materials: Housing condition of the islanders was the appearance how poor they are. About 40% houses were found bamboo fence with straw roof. Mud wall with straw roof were about 21%. Bamboo fence and mud wall with corrugated sheet (locally called tin) were found about 18% and 13% respectively (Figure 4).

Extent of damage during disaster events: House damage, crop damage, salinity intrusion and tree damage were found as the most severe damages during disaster events (Figure 5). About 85% cattle died. Boat, net and salt pan were identified as minimum damaged items.

Toilet facilities: About 55% households used simple sanitary toilet, where about 30% used hanging toilet and 15% used open field (Figure 6).

Men occupations: Fishing was identified as the main income generation option of men with about 50% weight (Figures 7 & 8). Day labour, trading and agriculture were subsequent occupations with about 17, 16 and 10%.

Problems identification: Salinity intrusion was identified as the most severe problem in all the eight villages. All the respondents (100%) from Sonadia purbapara, Mohora Kata, Sonadia paschimpara and Gatibanga mentioned salinity intrusion as the only problem, where 92% and 50% respondents from Charpara and Fakira Kata village respectively ranked salinity intrusion as the top most problems (Figure 9). The respondents of Fakira Kata village also mentioned about the absence of cyclone shelter, where only 6% and 3% respondents from Charpara village reported lack of road network and absence of hospital in the locality.

Coping strategies: The main coping options of the fishermen are taking loan from the NGOs and changing occupation as day labourer that represent 99.1% and 97.4% respectively with multiple response (Figure 10). The presence of moneylenders (locally called Dadonder) covered 18.6% with the condition of selling the harvest at lower price.

Resource mapping: Resource Mapping is a method for collating and plotting information on the occurrence, distribution, access and use of resources within the economic and cultural domain of a specific community. Outputs may differ according to the specific purpose the exercise is conducted for and to the characteristics of participants. Resource mapping is ideally preceded by a resource historical transect, which provides for a preliminary checklist of resource-related issues relevant to the community. Resource mapping should be conducted at the onset of a community based activity, but only after rapport has been established with the community. Knowledge on the social structure of the participating community is a prerequisite for the facilitator. This is because the community may consider resource distribution, use and access as sensitive issues.

Community resource mapping is sometimes referred to as asset mapping or environmental scanning. Community resource mapping is best noted as a system-building process used by many different groups at many different stages in order to align resources and policies in relation to specific system goals, strategies, and expected outcomes. When combined with community information, resource maps can provide a comprehensive picture of a community’s vision, goals, projects, and infrastructure (Appendix II). In short, community resource mapping can help communities to accomplish a number of goals, including:

i. Identifying new resources;

ii. Insuring that all youth have access to the resources they need;

iii. Avoiding duplication of services and resources;

iv. Cultivating new partnerships and relationships;

v. Providing information across agencies that work with youth; and

vi. Encouraging collaboration.

The major resources of the islanders are crop land, salt pan, accreted land, mangrove forest and aquatic ecosystem of the Bay of Bengal. The example of a typical resource map of Sonadia Paschimpara is shown in Figure 11.

Seasonal activities: Every fruit or vegetable has its season, the time of the year when people can enjoy it at its very best. This simple tool will guide us through what’s in season when so we can enjoy fruit and vegetable that taste better, is better value and is better for the planet.

Most of the occupations are seasonal at Moheshkhali Island (Figure 12). Except for trading, no year round activities were found in this coastal island. Shrimp farming is practiced in different seasons in two different zones i.e., in tidal lands during the winter season and in plain lands during rainy season. Both the plain lands and the tidal lands have been used for sea salt production during the winter season due to the high evaporation rate in November to April when the temperature is high, skies are clear and the windy season is in full progress. The island communities have taken full advantages of this seasonal variation to establish a salt evaporation industry. The island’s catch fish from the nearby canals, rivers and the Bay of Bengal for their own consumption and also for selling almost round the year, except for the period of heavy rain (May to July) when there is rough weather and cyclonic storms associated with the southwest monsoon winds. Paddy is cultivated mainly in plain land during rainy season. Seasonal vegetable, peanuts, watermelon, and betel leaf grows in plain lands and hill slopes during the winter season.

Women occupation: About 100% women of the villages were found as housewife (Table 3). Only 2-3% has been engaged in secondary occupation as fry collector, school teacher and UP Member.

Marriage age of women: Women marriage age varied from 10 to 20 years in all the six villages of Moheshkhali Island (Figure 13). About 40% girls got married within the age of 10-15 years, where the remaining 60% became wife at the age of 15-20 years old.

Income generation of women: The women are not directly involved with income generating activities at Moheshkhali Island (Table 4). Women mainly takes care children, collecting drinking water and cooking food for the family, which has been remained unheard and unpaid for sine time immorial.

Dowry system: The women’s guardian has to pay dowry to the men’s guardian during marriage ceremony. The respondents reported three categories of dowry such as cash money, furniture and gold (Figure 14)

Meteorological data analysis

Rainfall: The increase in temperature and evapotranspiration combined with the change of rainfall pattern has induced a notable water deficit with a negative impact on agricultural production and socio-economic conditions (Touazi et al 2004). Variability in rainfall pattern, resulting from changes in global climate can rapidly reduce productivity; alter the composition of agricultural crops and finally creating a significant problem in environmental control. While regular rainfall pattern is vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crop. Emitted heat by human activities leads to change in rainfall pattern, both in amounts and intensity. Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally. As a result of climate change more work is now being done on climate indices rainfall. The research concerning rainfall variations in coastal catchments of Bangladesh shows a lack of attention. The purpose of the present study is analysis of the rainfall variation and study the future trend of rainfall in Cox’s Bazar coast.

Most of the rainfall concentrated between May to October in Cox’s Bazar coastal region (Figure 15). Though the rainfall variations are irregular in 20 years duration but it is clearly indicate the decreasing trends over the decades. Yearly total rainfall varies between 2953 and 4709mm with average 3852mm in 20 years duration (Figure 16). The highest rainfall was recorded in 2000 where the lowest was in 1992 at Cox’s Bazar coast.

The time series analysis showed increasing trends of total annual rainfall at Cox’s Bazar coast. The average value was measured 2956mm for 40 years duration (1998-2022). The predicted value for 2022 was 3348mm (Figure 17).

Temperature: Global warming increases the average temperature of Earth’s near-surface air and oceans. According to the 2007 fourth assessment report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74±0.18 °C during the 20th century. Expressed as a linear trend, this temperature rose by 0.74±0.18 °C over the period 1906-2005. The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost doubles that for the period as a whole (0.13±0.03 °C per decade, versus 0.07±0.02 °C per decade).

The box plot for monthly average temperature has been plotted for the periods of 1988-2008 in Figure 18. The box plot showed higher temperature during March to October, where the temperature became lower in November to February. April and May were the warmest months for the last 20 years at Cox’s Bazar coast. The «whiskers» are lines that extend from the box to the highest and lowest range of temperature.

The yearly average maximum temperature clearly showed increasing trends between 30-32 °C (Figure 19), where the average minimum temperature showed irregular tends between 21.50-23.00 °C (Figure 20). The mean maximum and mean minimum temperature were recorded 30.85 and 22.31 °C respectively. The yearly average maximum temperature found higher than the mean temperature from 1998 onwards except the year of 2007 (Figure 20). The yearly average minimum temperature showed irregular up-down variation with mean temperature for 20 years period.

However, it seems that there is a slight warming trend of mean maximum and minimum temperature especially in the hottest month. In 20 years (1988-2008) variation, annual maximum temperature increased 0.36 °C, where annual minimum temperature decreased 0.28 °C and annual average temperature decreased 0.19 °C. Length of winter with temperature less than 15 °C has recorded 12 days and 18 days in 1988 and 2008 respectively, where first winter day shifted from 14 December to 25 November. Similarly, length of summer with temperature more than 35 °C has recorded 2 and 17 days in 1988 and 2008 respectively., where first summer day shifted from 5 February to 23 February (Table 5).

The predicted maximum, minimum and average temperature for a period of 40 years (1988-2022) showed increasing trend at Cox’s Bazar coast (Figure 21). Line graph showed that maximum temperature has a significant increase where minimum and average has a linear increase for the reported years. The maximum, minimum and average temperature were recorded 30.60, 22.60 and 26.60 °C for the year of 1988, where the predicted temperature were 32.63, 22.74 and 27.39 °C for the year of 2022.

Humidity: Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air, plays an important role in monitoring climate conditions, in the development of future weather forecasts and climate control along with temperature. Water vapour and its transport around the atmosphere is a fundamental component of the hydrological cycle and affects the earth’s energy budget in four main ways by storing energy in the form of latent heat, long-wave radiation effects serving as a source for clouds and finally, the amount of moisture in the air (Willet 2007). Water vapor is a lighter gas than air at the same temperature, so humid air will tend to rise by natural convection. This is a mechanism behind thunderstorms and other weather phenomena. Relative humidity is often mentioned in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. The highest humidity (80-90%) found during May to October in two decades duration at Cox’s Bazar coast (Figure 22). Considering the values of 1987 and 2006, the humidity showed decreasing trends.

Higher humidity (> 80%) recorded during 1500 to 2400 hours where lower humidity (<80%) during 300 to 1200 hours at Cox’s Bazar coast (Figure 23). The lowest humidity found at 6 and 9 am. The «whiskers» are lines that extend from the box to the highest and lowest values. Yearly average humidity showed irregular fluctuation (78.85-82.15 %) with mean 80.71% for the last 20 years (1988-2008). Humidity after 2005 onwards showed decreasing trends than the mean value (Figure 24) and time series analysis showed decreasing trend after 2010 (Figure 25).

Sunshine: The sunniest months are January to April. The extreme most sunshine occurs in early summer. June and July are the dullest months. The minimum sunshine hours found during May to October (Figure 26) at Cox’s Bazar coast. Sunshine duration inversely related to precipitation.

Average sunsine showed a decreasing trend from 1989 to 1991 and then a increasing trend up to 2004. Subsequent years has a decrease trend from mean value (Figure 27). The predicted sun shine hours through time series analysis for 40 years (1988- 2022) showed increasing trends at Cox’s Bazar coast (Figure 28).

Disaster mitigation strategies: Disasters take many forms and occur as a result of one or more wide ranging events, mostly caused by human errors. It has been fashionable to label most of the disasters as natural or man made; cyclone, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and drought are classified as natural disasters, while industrial accidents, land use changes, agricultural contaminations are called man-made disasters. On a very close examination, one would agree with the conclusion that every disaster is man-made. For instance, cyclonic storms of varying degree occur during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons almost every year. It becomes a disaster only in those areas where human activities are heavily concentrated. If only there were no human settlements on the coastal areas close to the sea, it would be only a cyclone and not a cyclone disaster. Rapid increase in agricultural activities tends to reduce the capacity of the soil to retain and control the flow of water which results in floods. Indiscriminate felling of trees leads to low rainfall, and cause drought, which is man-made.

Disaster is a term used to describe the destructive effects or accidental damaging of human’s normal activities. These include, but not limited to, oil spills, atmospheric pollution, road accidents, and radiation accidents. Disasters are not new to human race but have become chief concerns as the damages caused by them are increasing continuously. With the experiences gained from management of disasters, the concern for containing the impact of disasters is growing. Although the ability of human beings to totally eradicate disasters is extremely low, scope for prevention and mitigation through proper planning is vast.

«Prevention IS better than cure», «a stitch in time will save nine» and similar sayings merely remain on paper and not practiced. Disaster prevention and preparedness planning have come to the fore only during the current decade yet, they remain limited only to the short-term measures which are taken during a warning period before the impact of a disaster event. Disaster prevention and preparedness should have a wide range of measures, having both long and short term perspectives designed to save lives and limit the extent of damages that might otherwise be caused by the event. Prevention has to be concerned with long-term policies and programmes to prevent or reduce the occurrence of disasters.

Response to disasters in coastal region has evolved over time. It was a humanitarian urge to offer help to disaster victims, but currently the response to the challenge of disasters has gone a step further - preparedness and to mitigation of the impact as well as containing their occurrence to sustain the efforts initiated to promote development. This calls for a strategy not only to mitigate disasters but also ensuring sustainable development.

The various initiatives and actions taken during the disasters by philanthropic people are still confined to offering humanitarian assistance. All these efforts put together constitute only a small portion of the massive relief operations undertaken in the event of disasters. The non-governmental voluntary organizations do make significant contribution to disasterprone areas and communities but they remain isolated and yet a major portion of the responsibility to manage disasters rest with government agencies.

Management strategy: The disaster management has been based on four major dimensions. These are:

a. Developing scientific methods for forecasting of disasters:

b. Timely response to disasters through relief operations;

c. Mobilizing the participation of affected community in undertaking rescue, relief, and rehabilitation activities; and

d. Contributing to resilience of societies and areas and quality of life

The need for building up society’s capabilities to meet the challenges of disasters has been articulated and recognized, but the thrust of relief efforts has so far been confined to alleviation and restoration aspects only in a country like Bangladesh where planned development is very much talked about, perspective action to continuously assess the vulnerability of disasterprone areas, preparedness planning and efforts to minimize their occurrence and impact still remain a theory articulated in seminars, conferences, and various other fora, but yet to be put into practice. In this background, one has to examine the various strategies and approaches to disaster mitigation.

Disaster reduction through development efforts: One of the major objectives of development programmes currently under implementation in Bangladesh is to improve the quality of life through a multi-pronged approach to development. Generation of employment in rural areas is receiving considerable attention through various programmes: enhancing the income of the poor families is attempted through poverty alleviation programmes, need for providing safe water for drinking in rural areas has drawn the attention of policy-makers; extending the area under irrigated agriculture has been the major trust in all the five-year plans. Without proper harmony of objectives and components, many of the programmes have failed to achieve the goals originally planned. The need to strengthen the symbiotic relationship between disaster reduction and sustainable development efforts has to be emphasized in development planning process.

Any society economically developed has a built-in strength to manage disasters on its own. The level of economic development has a direct bearing on the extent of damages and losses during disasters. The loss of property and human lives due to disasters are inversely proportional to the level of development which can be seen from the global picture. At the same time, the pressure on scarce resources, both physical and financial, exerted by competing development goals make disaster mitigation and preparedness more formidable in the developing countries than in the developed world.

Inter-disaster phase: The period between two consecutive disasters could be gainfully used to formulate plans to meet the challenges. The various activities that could be undertaken during this phase should include, among others, the following

a. Mapping of disaster-prone areas based on the degree of vulnerability;

b. Educating and training the community in the disasterprone areas,

c. Strengthening the infrastructural facilities that are utilized during the disasters impact period, such as relief shelters, stores to stock supplies, medical and health care centers; and

d. Promoting the voluntary groups to take up relief operations on partnership basis with government agencies

The inter-disaster phase is to be treated as the «Golden Phase» to prepare for meeting any impending disasters. Ministry of Disaster Management, as the nodal authority, formulates guidelines on relief policies, provides assistance to local government agencies, and co-ordinates at the national level ministry and organizations.The local government agencies have to formulate contingency plans at the district, sub-district and village levels to deal with different types of disasters, while formulating contingency plans, the local government have to assess the managerial and technical skills of the personnel at various levels required to execute the contingency plans This aspect has not received adequate attention, so much so relief agencies at the district level differ in the efficiency with which they manage the various operations during the disasters. For Instance, irrigation engineers posted to flood-prone areas without the required experience and skills to manage floods, medical personnel without necessary background and competence to handle rescue and relief operations are quite common. The strategy to mitigation of disasters should, therefore, ensure making available the necessary and sufficient management skills.

Training of disaster managers: Disaster management has not yet attained the status like that of personnel management or materials management as a discipline in management science; it is a multi-disciplinary function which requires engineering, medical, behavioural sciences to contribute to managing the situation that would be necessary during emergency. Emergencies are characterized by some distinguishing features, urgent need for quick decision making often under serious constraints like acute shortage of trained personnel, materials, and time to implement the decisions effectively. Even under normal circumstances, decision-making is a complicated and prolonged process. A well designed disaster plan should hence seek to identify the type of problems that would be confronted during disasters and enlist the possible decisions that could be taken. This should form part of the disaster mitigation plans. Further, it is also necessary to avoid any vacuum or ambiguity concerning which official, agency, or organization has the authority and responsibility to make crucial decisions during a disaster.

Safety norms through designs: Delineation of hazardous zones depending upon the extent of risks could be used as criteria for determining the required safety norms to be exercised in the disaster prone areas. Foster [14] refers to this as Microzonations. They have the potential to reduce disaster losses by the avoidance of sites that have unacceptably high risk characteristics. It is particularly important that the strategy for disaster mitigation is adopted to save lives and minimize damage to property. Losses and damages can be reduced by evolving ways and means to improve the design, maintenance and use of infrastructural facilities. The agencies responsible to coordinate and ensure safety have to monitor changes in a wide variety of situations and evaluate their impact on risk. Such a concern for safety is not new.

The reduction of life loss through proper and adequate design and construction of structures have been the chief concern of policy makers, planners, architects, and engineers. As early as 1750 B.C., codes for building structures had existed in Babylonia [14]. According to the law that existed, the builders shall be punished and sentenced to death if the building collapsed causing death of the owner. In case the house collapse leads to damage to property, the builder shall be responsible for reconstructing the building at his expense. However, currently the penalty has been reduced; safeguards given to the owners have become less comprehensive, thus becoming a major concern of the construction industry. In the earthquake-prone areas, ensuring safety norms in the design have to be strictly enforced as a strategy to reduce the impact of earthquakes.

Disaster preparedness planning - a systems approach: The development and disaster reduction plans formulated have been based on laudable goals and objectives. While implementing the plans, the bureaucrats have shown considerable interest and concern for achieving the targets, both financial and physical. However, the need for ensuring quality of services rendered and generating the expected impact have been a factor often ignored. The objectives of the development plans seem to have been not understood as spelt out in the plan documents. As mentioned earlier, the programmes which are expected to be «integrated» development programmes have turned out to be assorted ones. This is largely due to the absence of systems approach to planning for development. It is in this context, a model for development is presented below with the various elements of the system, each one characterizing the different components in the development planning process [15-18].

a. Programmes objectives

Any development plan formulated hitherto has an objective or a set of objectives to be achieved. In public systems development, plans and programmes have more than one objective to be realized. However, objectives also get stated in dubious words not clear about what should be the level or development to be achieved.

b. Management control

In the development planning and management process, the management control is a very crucial element which would determine the effectiveness of the plan implementation. It is the organization created to plan and mange the tasks assigned. While the government agencies play the major role in managing disasters, the support from the non-governmental/voluntary agencies cannot be undermined. The organization structure needs to include the voluntary agencies for disaster management [19-23].

c. Inputs/resources

Any type of disaster would require inputs or resources to undertake the various relief tasks. The Inputs would include among others, material, manpower, finance, supplies, equipments, etc. The role of the management control is to determine in advance the type of inputs that are to be made available, their quality and quantity, the place from where to be mobilized, and what point of time they have to be made available.

d. Plan execution

The disaster management plan execution would convert the inputs into a set of results; the first result is the output, which is otherwise termed as the target. In the disaster management plan, the output would include, among others, the number of families evacuated, the number of drinking water sources disinfected, the number of breaches arrested and the like.

e. Outcome

The outcome of the disaster management plan implementation is the result of output generated or target achieved. These include the number of lives saved, the number of families given compensation in cash and kind or given exgratia payment, and the like. The strategy for disaster mitigation should indicate the outcome of the efforts put in by the agencies in the affected areas. The disaster management plan should aim at achieving the goal of restoring the normal life in the affected areas at the earliest.

f. Feedback

Every plan has to have a built-in feedback mechanism. The term feed-back has to be seen in two different connotations:

I. To evaluate the disaster management plan while in its execution phase using the communication channel that would be in use; and

II. As a plough-back mechanism by which the results generated could be recycled to support similar efforts in future or elsewhere

The above listed elements of the system are inherently present in disaster reduction/development efforts and they are interrelated elements as shown in Figure 29, obeying the definition of a system. This model helps understand the planning and management process in its totality and makes the disaster management personnel see beyond the targets they have to achieve.

Conclusion and Recommendation

1. Construct coastal embankment in the exposed zone to prevent saline water intrusion

2. Develop coastal green belt through mangrove afforestation in the accreted and exposed zone

3. Formation of community based social volunteer organizations to aware, train, educate and demonstrate the islanders on adaptation practices during and after the disaster events

4. Renovate the existing fish landing center with modern scientific facilities and construct more fish landing centers in the island

5. Develop communication network to reach weather forecasting and danger signals to the fishing boats during operation in the Bay of Bengal

6. Make availability of life jackets in the fishing boats for all crew, fisher and helper

7. Arrangement of solar panel to develop continuous electricity supply in residence, market, ice mill and other important places

8. Improvement of road network and communication facilities

9. Arrange safe drinking water for the island dwellers

10. Ensure health facility for the islanders with medical centers, doctors and medicine

11. Empowering women through awareness, training and education to participate in family decision making and job opportunity for income generation

12. Renovating existing schools and construct new schools with teaching and learning facilities

13. Renovating the existing cyclone shelters and construct new shelters to accommodate the islanders during climate change disaster events

14. Discourage the ever practicing early marriage and multi-marriage traditions among the islanders including dowry system

15. Scientific investigation to assess the stock of fisheries with fishing efforts (crafts, gears and fishers) and to develop prediction for the coming years

16. Conservation of indigenous aquatic biodiversity of the island

17. Enhancing feeding, breeding and nursery grounds of indigenous fisheries through conserving mangrove ecosystem of the island

18. Create saving tendency among the islanders with proper utilization of their assets hand, this technology, which competed with the artisanal craft and gear for the same species and space, deprived traditional fishermen of their regular catches. Bulk landings at the centers of purse seining reduced the fish prices as well [2]. Under the circumstances, the need of the hour is

I. Proper assessment of the inshore resources and fix an optimum number of craft gear combinations of nonmotorized and motorized country craft, mechanized gill netters and a limited number of trawling boats to be carried out as a priority program at the national level.

II. Reserve coastal waters up to a depth of 10 fathoms for the exclusive use of the artisanal units.

III. Completely ban night trawling and stipulate a quota system of catches for each trawling boat.

IV. Prohibit purse seining in the inshore waters.

V. Provide Research and development support to the smallscale fisheries.

VI. Control destructive fishing such as the use of the smallsize mesh.

VII. Develop a consciousness among the workers regarding the nature of resources and the need for management.

VIII. Prevent indiscriminate dumping of toxic materials, industrial effluents and sewage through greater penal action against offenders.

IX. Encourage national awareness of the need for preserving the environment. It is laudable that a national awareness campaign has been launched throughout the country, but we have a long way to go before we can achieve our goal.

Apart from the above, other current key management problems in Indian fisheries include: Inadequate fisheries regulations are lack of implementation/enforcement, lack of transparency and trace ability, failure to follow scientific advice, Flag of Convenience vessels, too few no-go areas for fishing

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Biomed Grid | Sub-Acute Toxicity Study of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula On Brain, Stomach and Spleen of Wister Rats

Introduction

The human brain is the body’s control center, receiving and sending signals to other organs through the nervous system and through secreted hormones [1] . It is responsible for our thoughts, feelings, memory storage and general perception of the world. The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. Ridges of muscle tissue called rugae line the stomach. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine [2] . The spleen is the largest organ in the lymphatic system. It is an important organ for keeping bodily fluids balanced, but it is possible to live without it [3] (Figure 1).

Figure 1: showing effect of Terminalia chebula on the brain body weight ratio.

The spleen is located under the ribcage and above the stomach in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen [4]. A spleen is soft and generally looks purple. It is made up of two different types of tissue. The red pulp tissue filters the blood and gets rid of old or damaged red blood cells. The white pulp tissue consists of immune cells (T cells and B cells) and helps the immune system fight infection. The degree of the toxic effect is not the same in all organs of the body because drugs are distributed differently across body tissue [5]. Usually there are one or two organs which show the major toxic effect. These are referred as target organs of toxicity of the particular substance. It is therefore important to determine the safety and toxicity of plant drugs in different body part. Subacute toxicity tests are intended to evaluate the toxicity of the chemical after repeated administration and also to help in establishing doses for the longer-term subchronic studies [5]. Terminalia chebula tree is about 50-80 feet tall in height [6]. It has round crown and spreading branches. The bark is dark brown with some longitudinal cracks. Leaves are ovate and elliptical, with two large glands at the top of the petiole. The flowers are monoecious, dull white to yellow, with a strong unpleasant odour, borne in terminal spikes or short panicles. T. chebula is found in the Sub Himalayan tracks from Ravi eastwards to West Bengal and Assam, ascending up to the altitude of 1500 m in the Himalayas (Figure 2).

Figure 2:Effect of Terminalia chebula on rat stomach body weight rate ratio.

This tree is wild in forests of Northern India, central provinces and Bengal [7]. The tree is also spread across Africa. The fruit is mild laxative, stomachic, tonic, alterative, antispasmodic [7,8]. It is useful in ophthalmic, hemorrhoids, dental caries, bleeding gums, ulcered oral cavity. Its paste with water is found to be anti-inflammatory, analgesic and having purifying and healing capacity for wounds. Its decoction is used as gargle in oral ulcers, sore throat. Its powder is a good astringent dentifrice in loose gums, bleeding and ulceration in gums [9]. It is good to increase appetite, digestive aid, liver stimulant, stomachic, gastrointestinal prokinetic agent, and mild laxative. The powder of T. chebula fruits has been used in chronic diarrhea. It is used in nervous weakness, nervous irritability. It promotes the receiving power of five senses. It is adjuvant in hemorrhages due to its astringent nature and good for chronic cough, chorizo, sore throat as well as asthma. Also it is useful in renal calculi, dysurea, retention of urine and skin disorders with discharges like allergies, urticaria and other erythematous disorders. Because of the wide use of this plant, the aim of this study is to evaluate the sub-acute toxic effect of the ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula on brain, stomach and spleen of Wister rats [7-9] (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Effect of Terminalia chebula on spleen body weight ratio in rat.

Materials and Method

Animals

Male and female Wister rats were obtained from Bingham University, Animal House. They were maintained on standard animal pellets and given water ad libitum. Permission and approval for animal studies were obtained from the College of Health Sciences Animal Ethics Committee of Bingham University.

Plant collection

Fresh leaves of Terminalia chebula were collected from its natural habitat from nearby Karu village, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The plant was authenticated from Department of Botany, Bingham University, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Plant extraction

The leaves were shadow dried for two weeks. The dried plant material was further reduced into small pieces and pulverized. The powdered material was macerated in 70% ethanol. The liquid filtrates were concentrated and evaporated to dryness at 40°C in vacuum using rotary evaporator. The ethanol extract was stored at -4°C until used.

Animal study

Twenty four (24) rats of either sex (125-300g) were selected and randomized into four groups of six rats per group. Group 1 served as the control and received normal saline (10ml/kg) while the rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 were giving 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of extract respectively. The weights of the rats were recorded at the beginning of the experiment and at weekly intervals. The first day of dosing was taken as D0 while the day of sacrifice was designated as D29.

Haematological analysis

The rats were sacrificed on the 29th day of experiment. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. The blood was collected into sample bottles containing EDTA for hematological analysis such as Hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell counts (WBC), differentials (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocyte and monocyte), red blood cell count (RBC), platelets and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration using automated Haematology machine (Cell-Dyn, Abbott, USA).

Food and water consumption

The amounts of feed and water consumed were measured daily as the difference between the quantity of feed and water supplied each day and the amount remaining after 24hours.The rats were sacrificed on the 29th day of experiment organs were harvested for further gross histo-pathological analysis (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Figure of the brain (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) Control group, Shows normal neurons (N). (b) 200 mg/kg. (c) 400 mg/ kg (d) 800 mg/kg of ethanol stem extract of Terminalia chebula.

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as the Mean ±Standard Error of the Mean (SEM). Data were analyzed statistically using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons between the control and treated groups. Values of P≤ 0.05 were considered significant (Figure 5) & Figure 6.

Figure 5: Figure of the Stomach (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) control group, shows normal red (R) and white (W) pulp. (b) 200 mg/kg (c) 400 mg/kg, (d) 800 mg/kg of ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula.

Figure 6: Figure of Spleen (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) Control group, shows normal stomach mucosa (M). (b) 200 mg/kg, shows normal features. (c) 400 mg/kg, shows normal features. (d) 800 mg/kg, shows normal features.

Results

Effect of 28 days oral administration of Terminalia chebula on hematological parameters in rats

Terminalia chebula caused significant (p<0.05) decrease in the level of red blood cell, hemoglobin, platelet etc. and significantly (p<0.05) caused an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in the rats at the dose level of 400 mg/kg compared to the control. The level of basophiles, neutrophiles, eosinophils and lymphocytes were however not significantly (p<0.05) affected by mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (Table 1).

Table 1:Effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum on hematological parameters in wistar rats.

Data presented as Mean ± SEM: n = 6, One way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc for multiple comparison *significantly different from the distilled water (DW) control at p<0.05. DW: Distilled Water

(WBC: White Blood Cells; RBC: Red Blood Cells; HGB: Hemoglobin; HCT: Hematocrit; MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume; MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin; MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration; PLT: Platelet; LYM: Lymphocyte; NEUT: Neutrophils; EOSI: Eosinophils; BASO: Basophils).

Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum canum on body weight (g) in rats

In the 1st, 3rd and 4th week significant (p<0.05) increase was observed at 200 mg/kg dose level by ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula, while in the 2nd week there was increase in body weight by the extract but not significant when compared with the control (Table 2).

Table 2:Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum canum on body weight (g) in rats.

Effect of 28 days oral administration of Terminalia chebula on relative organ to body weight ratio in rats

The brain, spleen and stomach were observed to be significantly (p<0.05) increased in rats with dose level of 200 mg/kg of the ethanol plant extract. At higher doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg there was no significant (p<0.05) change (Table 3).

Table 3:Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum canum on relative organ to body weight ratio in rats.

Effect of oral administration of ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula on histology of Brain, Lungs, Spleen and Stomach of rats

Histopathological examination of the brain showed normal features at all doses and slight vacuolation at 400 mg/kg dose of the extract. The lungs showed normal features at all doses respectively. The spleen showed Slight lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses and normal features at the control (10 ml/kg). The stomach showed normal features at all doses of the extract administered.

Discussion

Herbal medicine is becoming popular particularly in developing counties and there is an increased interest in green medicine simply because it is considered safe relative to conventional medicines [10-12]. Traditionally, plants and plant extracts were used to cure many diseases and disorders. However, before usage it is of utmost important to ensure its safety [13,14]. The extract may be therapeutically very efficient but if its toxicity assessment is not worked out, it will not be accepted. Hence, toxicity assessment of plants with proven therapeutic use is of utmost important [13]. Toxicity data are required to predict the safety associated before the use of medical products [13-15].

Hematological parameters are useful indices that can be employed to assess the toxic potentials of plant extracts in living systems [16,17]. They can also be used to explain blood relating functions of chemical compound/plant extract. Present result showed that ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula caused a reduction in the level of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration which means that it can significantly reduce oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and thus cause anemia. Anemia is a condition where the blood has insufficient red blood cells to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body or not enough hemoglobin [18-20] the iron-rich protein that carries oxygen inside the red blood cells and gives blood its red color [21-24]. Anemia takes several forms and may vary in severity and duration [22,24]. Also reductions in packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) were also observed in rats administered with the extract. This implies that Terminalia chebula could cause disturbances in osmoregulatory system of the blood cells and/or oxidative injury to the cell membrane. The extract could suppress the haemopoietic system. The reduction may have also occurred due to lysis of blood cells. Sule et al. [25] also observed decrease in RBC, PCV, hemoglobin and lymphocytes in rats fed with extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. The major functions of the white blood cell and its differentials are to fight infections, defend the body by phagocytocis against invasion by foreign organisms and to produce or at least transport and distribute antibodies in immune response [26]. The extract had no effect on white blood cell parameters, suggesting that it does not disturb or improve immune system. In this study, there was significant increase in the mean body weight ratio of brain, stomach and spleen of Wister rats administered with ethanol leaf extract of Terminalia chebula at 400 mg/kg dose below and beyond which there was no effect. The probable reason could be that the plant extract has some toxicity effects on these organs which tend to increase their sizes. This may also suggest that the plant may have a biphasic tendency. That is, at a particular dose it has an oxidant effect, while at higher dose it may be reversed or act as an antioxidant. In addition, reports indicated that tannins, saponins, volatile oils, saponin glycosides and alkaloids were detected in fresh and dried samples of Terminalia chebula [19,26- 28]. Histology observation also agrees with other parameters that the plant extract may be deleterious at some doses while at other doses, the plant may be safe.

Conclusion

Though, biochemical analysis was not carried out in this work, result suggests the need for caution while consuming the plant. It is also important to establish the right dose that will be beneficial for the purpose intended. Further work that will include biochemical study may be done to give a better and broader insight on the possible activity of Terminalia chebula in the body.

Acknowledgement

The authors will like to thank everyone who has assisted in the successful outcome of this work

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