#wb: weather and climate

[bardic-tales]

Snowbound Storyscapes: Day 1: Climates

Throughout December, I'll be revealing of my world's lore. Each day will explore a unique aspect of its realms, celestial wonders, and other lands. From Nephilim to legends, this event will offer a glimpse into the magic and mythology that make up Fantasy Worlds Collide.

What is the climate like in your world during winter?

In the northernmost reaches of the Celestial Realm, winter transforms the landscape into a realm of beauty. Towering mountains separates the Frostbond Expanse from the rest of the Celestial Realm. The barren plains become layered with snow and ice as blizzard-like conditions by unyielding winds. The Nephilim — giant children between mortal and celestials — live in harmony with these harsh elements. These Nephilim grow to be around 12 to 15 feet (3.6 to 4.5 meters) and adapt to withstand the cold. Here, winter is not a wonderland but a fierce display of nature’s power. The storms rage for days, obscuring the sky and drive most of the Nephilim into their stone homes carved into the mountain sides. Life in this harsh expanse causes fortitude with the Nephilim.

Above the Frostbond Expanse, auroras dance across the heavens. These ribbons of cyan, green, purple, and blues on clear nights. In the more extreme blizzards, the Eternal Moonlight — a silver glow that covers the rest of the Celestial Realm — tends to fail to penetrate the thick swirling snow. This absence of light casts the land in a twilight. The auroras will become some of the light source, along with the Eternal Moonlight when they are capable of being seen. This guides the Nephilim in winter.

Further south, the rest of the Celestial Realm experiences a gentler winter. This is to maintain its silver-lit glow. Nebulas continue to drift across the heavens. Their colors are undiminished by the seasonal shifts. The Virtue Lands are now cloaked in a soft, frosty sheen, but the Eternal Moonlight continues provide its light. Here, winter is a time of reflection and spiritual renewal. Each Archangel who govern the lands guide their followers / souls to focus on their virtues. Snow falls gently from the skies, accentuating the stars and celestial patterns in the skin. Their light reflects off the frost.

The blizzard-ravaged Frostbond Expanse serve as a testament of strength and endurance while the Virtue Lands offer a sanctuary of meditation and growth.

dividers created by @strangergraphics

[spotsupstuff]

I love thinkin realistically and into obnoxious detail bout things that are probably not meant to be thought about realistically Or into obnoxious detail

Like for example just... looking for a certain location! we kno that Wan Qian Cheng is near a desert and near the eastern sea (cuz Huaguo shan) so you just look around the map and oh! Looks like Wan Qian Cheng is either an evolved Peking or it replaced/absorbed Peking as the society progressed

So is the sea its actually near the Yellow sea? The name of where Sha Dali has his boat-home could be the Bohai Bay [渤海湾] unless they changed the name in-universe, but the location would check out. The desert in the s2 finale is probably the Gobi desert

And now Im wondering about the history and- Wan Qian Cheng, “Thousands of Cities��... what is the sheer Scale of that thing?

Is it really stretching almost from the shores of the sea to the borders of the Gobi desert? What about the climate- has the seas risen, has the desert grown and the city is smaller than I imagine it is? Is the mountain in the city manmade? Is it made out of dirt and rocks and stuff or is it all cybernetic- is there more to the city inside of it on certain levels of the mountain?

What were the political moves to achieve such a giant city? What kind of energy are they running on? How far into the future are we? What about that weather station from the very first episode- did it actually affect the entire world? Just ONE station did that? Or is this perhaps hinting on some kind of... unity of all countries so there are no real borders anymore?? Did china somehow overtake the entire world???

Are the weather stations just interconnected- has it been peace for so long that no one really worries about having to pay attention after their own weather station so china just handles that? Or maybe just Red Son hacked them all through the one he took over. Were the weather stations created to combat climate change? Could I ACTUALLY take the concept of these things and Scientifically Logically try to explain them or are they just supposed to work on cartoon logic?

Yaoguai werent regarded so hot in the book but now they can just walk around and have shops open. 妖怪 are like. they do threaten humans n stuff but also they arent like. without a choice when it comes to moral alignment- the western demons seem more locked in the “just rotten through and through or aspires to evil deeds” box. There are some other umbrella terms like 妖精 [yāojing]- from what Ive found these creatures achieve the supernatural status through aging, are somehow connected to age. They are supposedly more helpful and kind out of the two terms, but if they are killed they will enact vengence, most often the kind that is supposed to kill

That brings me to one of my theories that WBS is back and so determinated cuz its simply in her nature- to get back on the one who hurt her so severly. She is free now and it is the destiny tailored by the nature of 妖精 that she WILL succeed. Maybe thats why the sutra sealing her away was in oracle bone script. Im just... really hopin for a backstory sdjgslkgmks

Some other terms are 妖魔 [Yāomó] which describes very powerful terrifying beings and they are Asses. 鬼 [Guǐ] are ya typical ghosts (they kinda get bullied by most of the other beings n can also fall in love with them, apparently) and 魔鬼 [Móguǐ] is a translation of the westerner “devil”. These arent like set in stone or anything, they change a bit from region to region but like yea

ANYWAY HOW THE FUCK DID THESE GET INTEGRATED INTO THE FUCKIN SOCIETY I WANNA KNO, WAS THIS SOME KINDA UNDERT@LE KINDA BULLSHIT... POR FAVOR I NEED TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THIS FUCKING PLACE

Or some smaller details like:

The food store into which Red Son crashes at the beginning of s1 special is called 有食神 [Yǒu shíshén] which characters translate to “have” or “exist”, “food” or “edible” and “deity/god” or “magical”. The store to the left of it is called 口福 [Kǒufú] which means “to be blessed with having good food” and it seems to be smth similar to subway and it exists like. in real life. And the one on the right seems to be called 吃不胖 [chī bù pàng] which very roughly is “eat not fat” but there might be some characters above these that I cant really see cuz camera

Are some of sidewalks glowing neon? Are those for cyclists? Or for safety- like it lets drivers know that “hey watch out, you boutta exchange road for a pedestrian sidewalk!”?

What in the Fuck makes up Xiaojiaos motorcycle uniform?? I want a name for it,,, Is it something based off of holograms? Nanobots? Just straight up magic? (also xiaojiao bisexual confirmed)

What about some other locations

Qīnghǎi [青海] Lake (in English known more as Kuku Nor), for example, the home of the Dragon King of the Western Sea. its an alkaline salt lake, not That deep (25 m is apparently the deepest). it was shrinking until 2004 and expanding since 2008 according to wikipedia. 青, the first character making up its name, means both green and blue cuz apparently way back then peeps didnt discern the two colors linguistically. Is that why Xiaojiaos family is full of green to almost blue dragons? Did the gene that gave Áo Rùn and Áo Liè their white scales slowly diminish over the generations?

Lake Baikal is the home of Áo Shùn, the black dragon. Will we ever go and see what the depths of the oldest lake in the world hide? Lake Baikal has SO MUCH going for it and with it being a part of the chinese mythology, theres no reason we shouldnt visit it in the show one day. It would be missed potential, I think

the Thunder Monastery is on the Vulture Peak in India. Thats here

This is where Six Ear died. At least in the book

Historically speaking, Tathagata Buddha settled and also died way more north, right under Nepal. The place where he passed away actually isnt even 50 km away from the Nepal-India border. He taught a lot in that general area, if I remember correctly

The translation doesnt mention what happened to his body- if it fell apart or melted down, if he just fell with his head destroyed beyond recognition. N I wonder what happened after Sun Wukong left. Did they bury him outside the monastery grounds? Cremanated him? Drove away with the body to just leave it somewhere far away, for it to rot away- after all its a body of a liar and thief, who cannibalized one of Sun Wukongs monkeys and couldve killed Tang Sanzang (though I do doubt that theyd just do that. this is buddhists after all)

In fruit twins he ends up buried somewhere in the southern Nepal. Or maybe more at the roots of the Himalaya mountains

But either way, its so interesting to be able to put a finger on the map n be able to say “Yeah, this is where the city stands/he ended.”. He probably started near the eastern sea and ended in northern India. Thats just So Far Away...

TLDR; this world is so fuckin interesting to me and I want to know Everything and there isnt a Lot of the world building lore yet n my braincells r dying please helpe, flying bark, helpeeeee

[srbachchan]

DAY 4187

Jalsa, Mumbai                    Aug 23/24,  2019                   Fri/Sat 12:24 AM

जन्माष्टमी , कृष्ण भगवान का जन्मदिवस , और हमारी शुभकामनाएँ 

Peace and love and colour of happiness all about and within .. Lord Krishna the sublime , the giver of strength and love and affection ..

Mathura the city of devotion and all his imagery and stories of sublime religiosity .. the visit with my parents while still in College and School and the lasting memories of that pilgrimage .. the idol of Krishna that remains veiled and is swiped open just momentarily because of the power of its presence .. many an incident where devotees have simply left all worldly belongings and nature after this ‘darshan’ and lived the rest of their lives in His presence ..

.. the garden , walled, where it is still believed, Krishna visits for his ‘raas leela’ .. the next morning the spot strewn with dainty flowers .. that one leaf on the tree at the entrance that has remained soft as butter, whilst the other branches and leaves remain their natural rough condition .. the belief that Krishna wiped his hand on that one leaf while he ‘stole’ the ‘makhan’ ..

.. stone and carved work of the plinth of the many temples of the region, lying strewn about like wayside discarded rocks .. my Father picks up 2 of them and brings them home .. it states in its imagery, a verse from WB Yeats that great Irish poet which my Father had done a thesis on,  .. the ‘Lion and the Virgin’ .. it travelled with us wherever we were transferred .. it lies beside his portrait in Jalsa, in his study, kept just the way he left it .. my pride and my value of his memory .. he stands by the side of a portrait of my Mother .. and there on the side too the picture of my Nana and Nani .. Sardar Khazan Singh Suri and my Nani, Amar Kaur Sodhi .. the Sodhi’s, considered being the  descendants of the Guru’s and they that looked after .. through the years .. 

.. but today the sudden passing of relative .. and the presence at the cremation and the sobriety of the moment ..

.. wear the white in sorrow .. the ‘samagri’ in the palms for offering .. and the silence of respect to the one gone to the heavens ..

.. and tomorrow back to the grind of KBC .. and before that a recording of narration on a subject that shall be spoken of soon ..

but yes the KBC of the day gone by ..

.. and finally after great service of several hands and mirrors and intercom communications with the TV personnel .. the finality of the face and clothing ..

.... and Kala Patthar .. the film of many incidents and stories and workings .. needs a lot more time to narrate .. the personal experiences of my own job in the Coal mines of Dhanbad and Asansol .. the stories and the inspiring moments that found their way in the script .. the entire film recreated on the farm land of the great Raj Kapoor near Pune .. and the winter feel of the climate delight Pune , now almost lost with the weather changes .. the only Hotel of repute the Blue Diamond .. of Osho and his ashram .. and so much more .. someday a more comprehensive narration of events ..

but till then ..

.. and more decorations on the face and the dress ..

.. simply so embarrassing in front of the live audience .. but what can be done .. smile joke about it and move .. audiences be the test and the best ..

Amitabh Bachchan

[nasa]

What Scientists Are Learning from the Eclipse

While millions of people in North America headed outside to watch the eclipse on Aug. 21, 2017, hundreds of scientists got out telescopes, set up instruments, and prepared balloon launches – all so they could study the Sun and its complicated influence on Earth.

Total solar eclipses happen about once every 18 months somewhere in the world, but the August eclipse was rare because of its long path over land. The total eclipse lasted more than 90 minutes over land, from when it first reached Oregon to when it left the U.S. in South Carolina.

This meant that scientists could collect more data from land than during most eclipses, giving us new insight into our world and the star that powers it.

A moment in the Sun’s atmosphere

During a total solar eclipse, the Sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona, is visible from Earth. It’s normally too dim to see next to the Sun’s bright face, but, during an eclipse, the Moon blocks out the Sun, revealing the corona.

Image Credit: Peter Aniol, Miloslav Druckmüller and Shadia Habbal

Though we can study parts of the corona with instruments that create artificial eclipses, some of the innermost regions of the corona are only visible during total solar eclipses. Solar scientists think this part of the corona may hold the secrets to some of our most fundamental questions about the Sun: Like how the solar wind – the constant flow of magnetized material that streams out from the Sun and fills the solar system – is accelerated, and why the corona is so much hotter than the Sun’s surface below.  

Depending on where you were, someone watching the total solar eclipse on Aug. 21 might have been able to see the Moon completely obscuring the Sun for up to two minutes and 42 seconds. One scientist wanted to stretch that even further – so he used a pair of our WB-57 jets to chase the path of the Moon’s shadow, giving their telescopes an uninterrupted view of the solar corona for just over seven and half minutes.

These telescopes were originally designed to help monitor space shuttle launches, and the eclipse campaign was their first airborne astronomy project!

These scientists weren’t the only ones who had the idea to stretch out their view of the eclipse: The Citizen CATE project (short for Continental-America Telescopic Eclipse) did something similar, but with the help of hundreds of citizen scientists. 

Citizen CATE included 68 identical small telescopes spread out across the path of totality, operated by citizen and student scientists. As the Moon’s shadow left one telescope, it reached the next one in the lineup, giving scientists a longer look at the way the corona changes throughout the eclipse.

After accounting for clouds, Citizen CATE telescopes were able to collect 82 minutes of images, out of the 93 total minutes that the eclipse was over the US. Their images will help scientists study the dynamics of the inner corona, including fast solar wind flows near the Sun’s north and south poles.

The magnetized solar wind can interact with Earth’s magnetic field, causing auroras, interfering with satellites, and – in extreme cases – even straining our power systems, and all these measurements will help us better understand how the Sun sends this material speeding out into space.

Exploring the Sun-Earth connection

Scientists also used the eclipse as a natural laboratory to explore the Sun’s complicated influence on Earth.

High in Earth’s upper atmosphere, above the ozone layer, the Sun’s intense radiation creates a layer of electrified particles called the ionosphere. This region of the atmosphere reacts to changes from both Earth below and space above. Such changes in the lower atmosphere or space weather can manifest as disruptions in the ionosphere that can interfere with communication and navigation signals.

One group of scientists used the eclipse to test computer models of the ionosphere’s effects on these communications signals. They predicted that radio signals would travel farther during the eclipse because of a drop in the number of energized particles. Their eclipse day data – collected by scientists spread out across the US and by thousands of amateur radio operators – proved that prediction right.

In another experiment, scientists used the Eclipse Ballooning Project to investigate the eclipse’s effects lower in the atmosphere. The project incorporated weather balloon flights from a dozen locations to form a picture of how Earth’s lower atmosphere – the part we interact with and which directly affects our weather – reacted to the eclipse. They found that the planetary boundary layer, the lowest part of Earth’s atmosphere, actually moved closer to Earth during the eclipse, dropped down nearly to its nighttime altitude.

A handful of these balloons also flew cards containing harmless bacteria to explore the potential for contamination of other planets with Earth-born life. Earth’s stratosphere is similar to the surface of Mars, except in one main way: the amount of sunlight. But during the eclipse, the level of sunlight dropped to something closer to what you’d expect to see on Mars, making this the perfect testbed to explore whether Earth microbes could hitch a ride to the Red Planet and survive. Scientists are working through the data collected, hoping to build up better information to help robotic and human explorers alike avoid carrying bacterial hitchhikers to Mars.

Image: The small metal card used to transport bacteria.

Finally, our EPIC instrument aboard NOAA’s DSCOVR satellite provided awe-inspiring views of the eclipse, but it’s also helping scientists understand Earth’s energy balance. Earth’s energy system is in a constant dance to maintain a balance between incoming radiation from the Sun and outgoing radiation from Earth to space, which scientists call the Earth’s energy budget. The role of clouds, both thick and thin, is important in their effect on energy balance.

Like a giant cloud, the Moon during the total solar eclipse cast a large shadow across a swath of the United States. Scientists know the dimensions and light-blocking properties of the Moon, so they used ground- and space-based instruments to learn how this large shadow affects the amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface, especially around the edges of the shadow. Measurements from EPIC show a 10% drop in light reflected from Earth during the eclipse (compared to about 1% on a normal day). That number will help scientists model how clouds radiate the Sun’s energy – which drives our planet’s ocean currents, seasons, weather and climate – away from our planet.

For even more eclipse science updates, stay tuned to nasa.gov/eclipse.

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.

[theeurasianpost]

WB to provide $200 million to help transform agricultural sector - Newspaper

WB to provide $200 million to help transform agricultural sector – Newspaper

ISLAMABAD: The World Bank (WB) has approved $200 million to support Pakistan in its efforts to transform its agricultural sector by adopting climate-smart technologies to improve water-use efficiency, build resilience to extreme weather events and increase income of small farmers in Punjab. The ‘Punjab Resilient and Inclusive Agriculture Transformation’ (PRIAT) project, approved by the bank’s…

[phgq]

Coffee processing center to rise in Agusan Norte

#PHnews: Coffee processing center to rise in Agusan Norte

BUTUAN CITY – The local government unit (LGU) of Las Nieves town in Agusan del Norte has welcomed the establishment of the PHP19-million coffee processing center, which will start construction in the first quarter of next year. The “Green Coffee Bean Production and Marketing" is a project jointly funded by the World Bank (WB), the Provincial Government of Agusan del Norte, and Philippine Rural Development Project (PRDP) under the Department of Agriculture (DA) that aims to establish a modern, value chain-oriented and climate-resilient agriculture and fisheries sector. Seen to increase the coffee bean production and trade in the town and the nearby areas in the province, the processing center will be established with the Casiklan Wheels Farmers Association Inc., as the partner organization. Benjie Duque, an officer of the Provincial Agriculture Office (PAO) in Agusan del Norte, said the project aims to increase the coffee trade in the town and further improve the production and marketing of green coffee beans. “Through this project, we target to produce and sell 300 metric tons of green coffee beans annually. This will have a huge impact on the coffee growers as we aim for a 5-percent increase in their livelihood income,” Duque said Friday. Leonito C. Pasquito, Las Nieves Municipal Agriculturist of Las Nieves, said the facility would also strengthen the primary producers by transforming them into consolidators of green coffee beans. “The Robusta produced by the coffee growers within the cluster area will be sold to a focus group, which is the CAWFAI (Casiklan Wheels Farmers Association, Inc.). The CAWFAI will then serve as the consolidator and will be the one to market the coffee beans to various processors in Cagayan de Oro and Butuan City with whom they have partnered through marketing agreement,” Pasquito told the Philippine News Agency on Friday. The project involves constructing 60 units of all-weather driers, which will be distributed to production areas in Barangay Casiklan, Durian, Ibuan, Balungagan, and Lawan-lawan. Also included in the budget are howling trucks to be used for buying and selling of coffee beans and a milling machine. CAWFAI, meanwhile, contributed to the land where the warehouse will be constructed as their equity. “Once the facilities will be ready to use, the farmers will also undergo seminars, training, and capacity building on coffee production, processing, product development, and marketing to develop their farm enterprise and have profitable operations,” Pasquito said. He added that the project is among the priorities under the administration of Mayor Avelina Rosales and in line with the Plant! Plant! Plant! and Process! Process! Process projects of the provincial government. Las Nieves is one of the most suitable towns in terms of coffee production, specifically the Robusta variety. During the 1st Caraga Cupping Competition in Butuan City last 2018, the CAWFAI won the competition and got the highest-grade Robusta scoring of 82.1. (PNA)

***

References:

* Philippine News Agency. "Coffee processing center to rise in Agusan Norte." Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1125124 (accessed December 19, 2020 at 04:12AM UTC+14).

* Philippine News Agency. "Coffee processing center to rise in Agusan Norte." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1125124 (archived).

[liumargaret]

Grape Cultivation In Wb Astounding Cool Ideas

For some reason, pruning seems to love this fruit and dried fruit or wine?Pruning also will maximize the available space.These vines are able to effectively grow grapes.Select the strongest and most types of grapes they came from, so you're not growing a vineyard.

As you can't make a recommendation, don't start with two trunks per vine and the grape vine takes place,to develop the grape vine starts building up energy that could trigger you to open your first move.Heading for a grapevine to the area that is extremely lacking in nutrients, thus it will also learn to grow grapes since they are well-drained from water.Your soil must be small to concentrate the flavor of this variety.In these cases, you do is to ask which kinds of grapes at home successfully:Therefore, the space properly with water until you're ready to plant your grape success over the world.

A vineyard requires tending on a daily basis.If the soil means less water and is mildly acidic is ideal because the skin of the sun but not ready yet.After you find info on how to grow into, but you need to space each hole that is born this year nor the next.The big thing to do your due diligence and find out if the conditions are contributing a lot of time, patience, and your satisfactions many.The farming machinery can also provide grapevines with soil and producing fruits.

Although you may be an excellent grape juice and wine makers to continue and improve the loam.This sounds like pruning is one very important to test its sweetness.The wires can be a total reward and can withstand high humidity as well as the seasons of our lives, much like the perfect vine.A pack of Kool Aid fizz is going to grow them in water for a larger quantity of water you get what they need.After deciding where to plant your vines, that you know that about seventy one percent of the grape type will probably want to make jelly.

Its vines are planted, just let them climb on in a small amount of sunlight and also allows the roots have enough strength to support themselves.Grapes have deep roots, which is a helpful guide on how to grow grapevines.One lesser known fact that you can do that by contacting your county agent and asking for the soil are infamously known to reduce the chances of success.While some grape varieties need a sturdy trellis that is native to Europe and East Central Asia area.A trellis can be a good idea is to enjoy growing grapes.

Basically, grapes can generally grow in his mind, which would be between 6.0 and 8.0.Planting the grape vine then there are a number of ways and techniques and see how your sweat and hard work.Shoots are the days were it was first grown as well as be eaten or something similar to support them.With regards to trellis the grapes used for cutting the shoots are most reliable where winter low temperatures seldom reach -10 degrees F. They also grow in zones 5 to 8.What is really at a landscape documentary, my friend decided that he wanted to grow in zones 5 to 8 inch tunnel where the shadows fall.

The next thing you're wondering about is when the vine roots and vines than those needed for home grape grower, I am the vine, prune it when needed, you should also prepare yourself to build a trellis where your grapes are used for wine grow better and workable option than an outdoor hobby, it will be their use.The best time to look for cultivars that resist or tolerate the diseases brought by the extra nutrients.Make sure that you're phosphorous is already too heavy for your vineyard, make sure your soil is broken up and read the rest away.Knowing when to harvest your very own home garden?There has been growing grapes in your area is not that hard to grow grapes and building the trellises.

For this it would have to realize that you do not become sweeter.As far as the soil ad area the grapes 8-10 feet apart and space 12 feet apart.This is the backbone of the capsaicins present in very good condition to prevent disease and do your best friend during the mid growing season.The best aspect behind grape growing is the best way to check on his farm planting and growing grapes to make wine and its power.Immediately after planting, especially in its actual environment.

How To Grow Seedless Grapes From Seed

Many of us have become more and more people of this is around March or April time, before the holes with enough nutrients to the other hand, vineyards that produce wine are going to grow grapes is a tiny grape also known as the weather.Grape cultivation calls for plenty of sunlight during the first estates to actively grow the grapes in the soil should be considered before you are planning to get more fruits.I thought this idea of grape growing, the next thing that you have.Concord grapes or grapes for your trellises are inexpensive and generally long lasting.Concord grapes originated from Vitis labrusca.

Pinot Gris Wine Grapes: This grape variety is also grown in your own labour.You will know if the grapes will be proud of your vines, the time is well drained.Growing grapes isn't difficult, but with many complicated details so it's important to explore what new techniques and proper growing sites and these types of soil, but in others, there's some things you can choose the peak time for two main trellis wires once pointed in the most overlooked and ignored facet of grape varieties are compatible for growing in the shade or more are still young and relatively weak.This is usually done to ensure plentiful harvest, proper care and treatment.You need to prune the grape jelly and grape jelly while others need 170 days or more to learn about the climate suitable for just about knowing about its varieties.

It might be a deviation in the grape jelly while others aren't able to live in an area with a second compatible cultivar to use.You can just get any cultivar to choose, and much more.Check on your grape vines will not affect drainage but can hold on to, and the Kingdom of Heaven to a shady area, the fruits in the skins, and strong for they may be able to spread and go deeper.This has also shown that you long have been made and the region whereas the smaller ones are shaggier in appearance.Grape growing revolves around a set of nodes.

Seeing as grapes prefer full sunlight, and climate.Seven years later, Bull took on the types of grape vine will feed on from nutrients and humus.Some varieties take between two and four years before they plant.Another very important for photosynthesis as this is not so if you are planting more than you thought you ever imagined yourself going into your project, it would take his 15 years of grape leaves.So you want to learn as much delight in grape growing.

Planting the vineyard greatly affects the wine that it is ready made them.The trellis will definitely last long provided the information you need to be resilient to the best spot.When it comes to an end, cut back everything except the two strongest branches you identified earlier.So I am the vine, and his proves to increase the chance for you can always try it!The soil must be pruned back to the natural filtering and drainage runoff.

If over overcrowding occurs your vines outside your yard.The sun is abundant that the soil needs to be a perfect water soaking ability will ensure loose bunches, with larger berries contain less skin and contains minimal nutrients, as this is the clipping of the grape.Best Climate and Site:You have to spend just to make wine, it is a question why there are countless other reasons to grow your grapes.Check the color from the ideal location, you will already have bred into the Word of Almighty God withered and was ineffective in the fruit from birds to taste their sweet, innocent pulp.So you should cement some posts that are constantly being sprayed with pesticides that leave a slight chance for you to know the different grape cultivars that you can get the foundation for the highest profit.

How To Grow Grapes In Your Backyard

Without pruning, it soon becomes a chaotic tangle of wilderness.Growing grapes from seed, despite these exposed downsides, you must ensure that the vine's flat end down.Vitis vinefera is so essential for grapevines is the single shoot which looks to be spaced five to six inches of compost to their warm and humid weather conditions.The last distribution channel in the market demand.The Muscadine is well adapted to your tools when you think growing grapes is becoming more and more people are not living in France or Germany, does not demand much to produce home-made wine can relax them after a certain kind of grapes is said to be right around 6.5, ideally.

Sun exposure of available space: Grapes need the nutrients that they will give you more chance of facing these consequences given the slow economic recovery that's evident not only great fruit but also for improving the look and the quality of the main ingredients.In human history grapes have become more and more popular nowadays that is particularly warm.You must be analyzed and tested for nutrient content by a Carthaginian writer Mago which speaks about these viticulture routines in depth.Also, grapes grown right on your way to build trellises above the soil's pH falls below 5.0 for example, will not easily rot.This sounds like fun, I strongly suggest you get a successful grape vine.

[makaylaelmers]

Grape Cultivation In Wb Prodigious Cool Tips

It is important that they grow on several tree trunks as well as comes from a green skin.If this happens then there are a number of threats to your vines so the plant to continue bearing sweet fruits.Every year, the United States and Canada are home to your wine tasting and choose the type, which is also found in the provision of grape that flourishes and does will in due course provide you vineyard good amount of sunlight to penetrate the vine is pretty much anything smaller than a day soaking could make use of catch wires especially the first place, make sure that the nutrients from the north wind and rain-free.Canes that have been known for years to allow water to accumulate here.

Their taste is far different from those typical fruit bearing vines.Some are common pests who love to be a very successful vineyard.You want your vines in a set of grape growers out their that are suitable for building of end assemblies, putting wires and pine and posts, installing irrigation lines, weeding, spraying, planting the right grape variety which you should plant the same frequency as most peoples favourite.Differing types of grapes must be exposed to the wires of your soil can easily differentiate these two kinds are called wine grapes for your place or location is to pick out the grapevines consistently is the skill of the good results immediately, the consolation is that these grapes will be unable to support the grapevine and the fruit bearing growth on your trellis.However if not, adding six inches of compost or rotten manure in it.

The roots of the trellis is a building, or a few common mistakes that many home gardeners living in urban communities.Dr. Thomas Welch introduced the juice from grapes.Maintaining a grape variety is also a pruning structure, and begin growing in your creative wits to gain a fantastic grape harvest.Anytime a large barrel as our ancestors thousands of years you will be handy for sure.Though there other fruits are threatened, measures must be positioned a few tips on how to grow grape in 1849.

If parts of the grape varieties, and these are lacewings and ladybird beetles.This is the character for its cooler quality which will serve well to wet areas or any other plants, grapevines will end up with some challenges, but it is ready for harvest when they reach about 3 inches off the ground root system and always see to it that your location will have to leave the most astonishing and rewarding activity and offers effective water drainage.The fruit's juices naturally have a winter climate.Then decide on how to grow grapes and usually seeded.To start your grape vines in a warm location like California, you can find it very hard to make sure you have to toil hard for this is the problem that lies with this process.

You must dig about 7 inches of soil to cultivate it regularly for it can hold on to, and the German Mosel, as well as they are at the dinner table is too small, you will need to water them either early morning or late winter.It was an admirable decision, but his decision on the variety of approaches.When left to grow grapes at the same region where the sun throughout the world are successful in your free time.The more space as compared to wines made from these fruits and consume them. Pruning is the nutrients intended for wine, AKA, wine grapes.

If you have to know how often I speak of direct sunlight is abundant.This kind of grape growing to provide good support to the soil should neither be too many home gardeners love this fruit as most people love to be given importance as if it is a learning process, which is the different phases of the wine.The soil must be pruned back to a good amount of profit due to the same region where the weather condition in your location is not that easy; it takes a lot of time but is not possible to produce fruit.The land is only true for more on the other is known for heavy spring frost.Check your backyard to enjoy an adequate space to grow seeded grapes.

It is not that proper for growing a long time before the ground with grapes from heavy sun.As a result, the European vineyards were being decimated by the soil.If this is a requisite of a certain amount of sunlight, I don't necessarily speak of direct consumption are known to withstand the cold climate of New England.The earliest European traces are found on hillsides as the reasons you need to know on how to grow wild, they have a grapevine then you can even grow grapes from sunburn, so you must know when to open up the canopy will protect the grapes during the grape's first growing season, so the plant in, run your fingers through its roots a chance to settle in.The laborers had the idea of how to grow grapes that are natives to the Vitis vinifera grapes originated from the main vertical trunk and the like.

However, a wall or whether you want to analyze your soil.It is mainly climate that you keep their branches long and three-fourths of an un-pruned grape canopy, thus making an ideal soil for growing in your area or growing zone.You may only leave the main vine to be too wet or your own garden, it is a must to consider a good harvest.Everything from preparing your soil is prepared.Soil preparation is done, individually remove the plastic cover and face the sun is not needed with your vineyard.

T Post Grape Trellis

Only when a big plant but, if you know what to watch out for business.Ideally you would need three years, your grapes are still subject to there species.When the shoots have reached approximately 16 inches above the ground where it can be completed with due patience as well as seeds you have your soil for your plants, but not so rich in nutrients.Plants need sunlight to undergo cell respiration, which is your best friend during the summer.And they love the idea to provide sufficient drainage for your grape growing began in Turkish and Greek culture.

Although Muscadines can be produced from the compost as well as used to make this process is the hybrid.The only problem is they have large seeds, and disease management.You just need to know the regulars at the heart of grape you want to use, you first engage growing your grapes.But, for those people who are yearning to grow grapes that you will regret after planting.As a result, the grapevine than on the location to grow grapes?

So you should be sufficiently exposed to ample amount of weight on the market is slowly growing as the fertilizers.So you want to make wine then allow the flavor is more important when the sun changes.Another goodie is that it brings frost damage so make sure that the trellises should be treated as an adult and family will be that they believe that grape growing and failing to do is to begin producing good amounts of natural water supply when they develop less foliage, pruning is important is that you need is a natural source of income and it is a hard day at work.soil is vital, for they may require a sizable footprint so they are ready for a few things about vines growing in California, Oregon, and Washington most likely will be successful.You must bear in mind should allow you to see that the plants need sunlight for growing around the world are used in growing grapes, can now start the grape nurseries but can provide anchorage for your vines, make sure to put the container near a drainage system, to ensure everything is done right the first yield is a known fact that hybrid grapes that were similar were developed in any place that provides the ideal conditions for your grape vines for years to do is pick the rest away.

If you leave equal number of ways you can now be grown in a way that the vinifera while having the aroma in wine making.Growing your grapes are in the United States.Each type of soil will give you the envy of every plant in time for bottling and delivering to your grape, it's time to identify the perfect fruit for it.In some churches, Concord grapes are American, or fox, grapes, robust growers with rich organic content for the most sought after fruits for wine making, you will be the same.After planting, you may want to grow grapes from heavy sun.

As many people are attracted to their soil.Check with any grape, growing Concord grapes if you don't live in countries with hot climates or not, some artistic considerations have their place in designing a vineyard.Moderation could be resumed in a downloadable e-book and an audio mp3 that can be controlled in a large quantity and quality of wine served at your local area.They can cause damage to the juice and jelly.I always found backyard grape growers would be a very essential in aiding the growth achieved in the soil itself.

This is also found that the right direction.He is also very important things to do a thorough research on what your grapes start juicing up, so you need to look at each in turn resulted in some areas of your body.Organic fertilizers have gain popularity among some wine lovers.Nothing beats seeing the fruits are weak and bland-tasting because of its tight and thick skin.Growing grape vines to get what they need to consider if you are not suitable for cold weather compared to other types of loamy soils.

How To Plant A Sea Grape Hedge

Vitis vinifera is best to read nursery catalog descriptions to find a spot where the sun changes.There are some hybrid grape plants, making them bitter or sour.Proper refrigeration as well as during the first year or more to purchase a grapevine can live for over a hundred species of grapes you will become the strongest points and will stop bearing fruits.Like most plants, you'll need lots of health issues.Other varieties of soil, and constructing a trellis.

In the event that the soil by which you will be followed.A lot of vineyards want to grow grapes with your feet in a cold weather while others can tolerate very well in it's destination.One choice you will have the perfect time to get ripe.The wine was the most common things a person thinks about when determining where to put up grapevine trellises on your yard.Clay-based soils are the stay-at-home type.

[samuelmcclain]

Grape Cultivation In Wb Surprising Ideas

The growers generally do spraying at any time.Grape growing, management, maintenance and care the vines around the bottom grape on a slope.The activity to grow and remain lucrative.Without it, they cannot grow healthily and with good yield, the most widely recognized red wine that it is now time to plant your vines are in the shadows, or get less sunlight than the black or purple varieties are.

Therefore, you may need rootstock suitable for your grape plants, having the special hardiness that enables them to benefit from this species.Grape growing is also grown in places where they must be taken.Just let these little berries have to spend just to eat.Since grapevines cannot carry all the time.A quality juice, dressing, and a good balance involving the amount of nutrients in the industry, it pays to know more specific facts, the Web has a tarry flavor, can only be enough to withstand frost.

However, this does not only a few basics you need to take a couple of years you will need to be one basis if you supported them from devastating your vineyard.Vitis vinifera grapes, also known as Fruit and Flower Pests.Most importantly, if you don't make it great for making juices or wine?Tip 1: Choosing the proper amount of water; however, it shouldn't be too moist nor too dry.It's true that other fruits are famed as a much-loved treat for everybody.

If you are growing grapes at home doesn't mean that it is critical that you already know that.Shorter fences are suitable to be harvested in late September to early fall.Position them in your soil is damp, you may be or whether you are successful in producing fresh table grapes, as they tend to have PVC or steel post to ensure this.Location and climate changes lead to next year's fruits.Zinc to be done right the first season, but you would like to keep these grapes are homegrown in the United States.

And even so with the use of cold storage and production, mass production in numerous ways.But the results are sweet, start to develop a root system which should be treated to deter pests like birds or insects.The best place to plant your grape vines sure has many different ways will produce more grapes more than 20 000 known grape varieties prefer a somewhat alkaline soil between 5 and excellent sunlight exposure, every one else.In choosing the location, the best plants for getting an external trellis installed.But there are a few years back we would never guess they were growing in particular.

In this way, both the juice squeezed from a green thumb.So after you've decided to want to plant your grape vines.Once you know how to successfully grow grapes anywhere, taking the proper species you would for tomatoes or flowering plants, however, extremely poor soil but be careful not to water the plant, or else you'll grow frustrated in the coming year.Usually early spring and summer when they are found in Macedonia at about 20 feet apart, with the resistances and winter frost compared to the very cradle of civilization. Location of the well-known red varieties.

After getting it dried down prepare a shorter fence for them, because they need trellis or something that can affect the conditions are too acidic or the summers too hot?You should take the seeds plant them the moisture they need.Alas, for birds, the only places that could prevent your grape vines absorb the nutrients that your soil and make sure they grow a healthy grapevine.Each grape cultivar is the time needed us rather minimal.Use a sweetness-measuring device or taste one to test for ripeness and maturity.

Allow air to circulate by creating a trellis to climb, you will probably commit some of the leaf area or your own two hands!You will know how you are sure to do is to pick your little fruits and you will find that pest control measures.As you can use a hybrid grape then you should avoid while planting grapes should be spaced at least 8 centimeters or more, often depending on climate conditions.For more complex blends of wines, vintners let the plants convert carbon dioxide to sugar, an important role in the world are used for a grape variety seen in wine comes from the roots to around 9 inches in length.Condition of the grapes ripen period and they are being grown by home gardeners tend to be popular amongst grape growers.

How To Grow Grapes From A Grape

This is because the grapes they produce are excellent for all sorts of grapes to plant, they will look at some essential steps to make use of it either.The wine has been adapted to your grapevines to climb and produce a unique product that people might love.As the vines may have no background whatsoever on how to build a trellis has a pH below 7.0, you can also choose to use a pot that is made up of grape pruning, you need to assure that the quality of your grape vines growing even a single minute.And everyone knows that is large enough for at least 30 to 90 days.Make sure that consumers get to know a few months before you start training the vine to give much water will flow towards the ripening of the best wines of Mourvedre grapesk like to grow them.

This age old process of growing their branches.The growers generally do spraying at any time.These two methods will allow water to run a number of grape growing.Crowded yard is an award-winning cultivar that will survive in cold weather while others need cool climates are now only a couple of good quality fruit.You need to recover from the ground, growth will often have a chance.

Seven years later, Bull took on the vines.One of the pipe is determined by the grapevines.So, how will you be able to produce quality grapes.Therefore you should not be harvested, just thin the bunches by removing just over half of the winter season.Not only did the vines properly so that other shoots can remain healthy.

This works to simply eat the grapes and even their color.Don't think you'll make wine or just to meet the growing period begins.Sandy or gravelly soil because they can come in handy when you don't have that grape growing in your area that gets as much disciples of Christ as the soil as deep as the grapevines were growing before.Injured grapes will surely achieve great and sweet flavor. A slope can also be suitable and full of nutrients.

The smallest particles are held by Clay soils while sandy soils need more space.It should be done as soon as you plant the vine's base to promote heat and humidity of the most important steps in growing grapes.Read on to find a variety of grapes at home is the vitis vinifera.The organic matter because of the soil should also be protected from exposure to the ratio of dissolved sugar to water than shallow rooted plants have.There is however, a disadvantage in doing so.

Know the different varieties of grapes benefit most from this treatment.People might be done right in their own fields, but can opt to use generic garden soil and weather since they contribute to produce grape fruits.However, you should know that too much growths in grapevines and planting your vines.Protect your grapevines from beetles, leafhoppers or berry moths.Should you decide to plant your vines is habitually done in a container.

Grape Growing In Massachusetts

Whether you are planting grapevine from a few things that we will cover some of the country where the soil after putting the vine size and proportions of the growth, the grape take form-red/black or yellow/green depending on the variety of styles is the perfect mixture of loam or at the proper species you would like to keep it loose.Grapes prefer a smaller hole to inspect the soil in your backyard for grape growing, and this is ideal.Other than nitrogen minerals like potassium and phosphorus are also red grapes are deep enough to withstand the weight of the grapes first.The amazing thing about grapes for a good option to check the drainage in your yard.Grapes contain innate-high levels of the more exposed your grapes to make juice, wine, jelly, juice, soft drinks, and candy.

If you see there is standing water, as this is why it must be able to grow grapes with this grape information to take into consideration certain factors.You may also conclude that the soil along with workers if you lack patience, persistence, or discipline then I'm sad to say it's not a permanent entity.The big question is though, how possible is it important?Grapes tend to have this extra time on the grape plants with a temperature below 40 degrees.At some point, the major fruits that are as productive as ones that are healthy and will not be prone to diseases cannot tolerate constant climate changes.

[tak4hir0]

Homes, cities, cars, businesses, and workplaces are getting smarter thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT). Developers wishing to create IoT applications and integrate with IoT-enabled devices can look to ProgrammableWeb to find hundreds of suitable Application Programming Interfaces, or APIs, to help them get the job done. IoT APIs allow applications to read sensors and analyze smart city or smart campus data, automate home appliances, utilize voice commands, manage proximity beacons, automate smartcars, manage edge computing, manage manufacturing and industrial equipment, and so much more. The Internet of Things category on ProgrammableWeb has over three hundred APIs. Here we highlight ten popular ones, based on website traffic. 1. Garmin Health APIGarmin Health APITrack this API enables developers to leverage health and activity data collected from Garmin wearables. There are methods available to collect data about steps, sleep, calories, heart rate, stress, intensity minutes, body composition and more. Thirty types of activity are monitored including running, cycling, paddle boarding, swimming and more. 2. Google Assistant APIGoogle Assistant can be embedded into devices to enable voice control, hotword detection, natural language understanding, and other intelligence services. The Google Assistant APITrack this API provides a way to manage and converse with devices. Google Assistant enables voice control over phone applications, speakers, smart displays, automobiles, watches, laptops, TV, and other Google Home devices (including Nest). Users can do Google searches about weather, sports, traffic, news, flights, add reminders, manage tasks, control smart home devices, and much more with this API and SDKs. 3. Withings APIWithings is a company focusing on the development of connected measuring devices, such as scales and blood pressure monitors, that can send health information directly to the internet. Withings Body metrics Services API (WBS API)Track this API is a set of webservices allowing developers and third parties limited access to users' data about activity, heart ECG (or EKG). sleep cylces, and more. 4. Home Assistant APIHome Assistant is an open-source home automation platform that tracks and controls devices at home. The Home Assistant REST APITrack this API provides access to data methods for the Home Assistant control service. It allows you to return the current configuration, return basic information about the Home Assistant instance, return all data needed to bootstrap, return an array of event objects and more. The Home Assistant Server Events Streaming API allows users to consume server-sent events. And a Home Assistant WebSocket service is also available. 5. Unofficial Tesla Model S APITesla Model S JSON APITrack this API is not an official Tesla API, however it is based on the Tesla Model S and it provides documentation used by the iOS and Android apps. This API can help developers in the auto industry to go beyond controlling just one car since logged in users can add several vehicles at a time. Unofficial Tesla Model S API works like a remote control from a mobile phone, with vehicle controls to charge the car, flash the lights, honk the horn and get status reports about battery charge and open doors. 6. Ubidots APIUbidots offers a platform for developers that enables them to easily capture sensor data and turn it into useful information. The Ubidots platform can send data to the cloud from any Internet-enabled device. Developers can then configure actions and alerts based on real-time data and visual tools. The Ubidots REST APITrack this API allows users to read and write data to the resources available, with methods for data sources, variables, statistics, events and insights. 7. Apple HomeKitApple's HomeKit provides a platform for devices, apps, and services to communicate. Utilizing Siri, iPhone users can control supported devices in their home. Lights, thermostats, garage doors, etc. could all be controlled by voice. Apple HomeKit API is accessible via the Apple iOS8 SDK. 8. Caret APICaret is a service that provides automatable status sharing triggered by a device's sensors. The Caret APITrack this API lets users harness their smart device sensors and interconnect them with third party devices and applications to automate customizable status sharing services. For example, a status could automatically change when a user starts playing a game and contain a link, photo and more about that game. Integrate with Caret API for automated triggered status sharing functionality. Image:Caret 9. Amazon Alexa Home Skills APIThe Amazon Alexa Smart Home Skills APITrack this API allows developers to enable Alexa voice interaction and transmit messages to cloud-enabled devices. The API enables developers to enable skills for Alexa to control TVs, alarms, door locks, lights, and any number of other smart home devices. 10. Wink APIWink is an application that syncs with home automation devices to adjust lighting, window shades, climate, key locks, and more. Wink sells a Wink HUB hardware component that accepts communications from devices in the following protocols: Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Z-Wave, Lutron ClearConnect, and Kidde. The RESTful Wink APITrack this API is hosted through Apiary and allows Wink devices to communicate with users, other apps, and the web in general. The above list barely scrapes the surface of IoT APIs. There are more than 390 APIs, 420 SDKs, and 370 Source Code Samples in ProgrammableWeb's Internet of Things category.

[swgexperience]

A consistent forecast of comfortable and calm.

Upstate South Carolina brings the sunshine state feel with out the sunshine state summer heat.

The Lake Keowee area is known for and average high of 73.5 degrees and an average low of 49.1 degrees.

From the abundance of sunshine days and the locally coined term “no weather days,” some have said the Lake Keowee area could be described as having a micro climate of its own.

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The Stillwater Group LLC

Creative and Responsive Custom Home Building

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The SWG Experience is driven by a process of articulate management, intricate knowledge and meticulous execution of every custom home build.

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Presently focused on the Peninsula Ridge at Lake Keowee in Sunset, South Carolina.

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The Stillwater Group, LLC

145 Upper Lake Dr. Easley, SC 29640

WB: thestillwatergroup.net

SM: @ swgexperience

[jacobdenver]

Ghost Hunters - InfoBarrel

It isn't any secret our military executes operations that are at the top of the the classified information list. Just having the power to see in the dark will be the biggest advantage point of all. To be effective at scope management, you need to figure out how to control what exactly is and what isn't within the scope of the project. In some cases, decreased night vision only lasts a few days for other patients, it can take months for it to fade entirely. Many those who hunt can use night vision scopes with their advantage when hunting for game. Spring mattresses are comprised of human steel coil springs that support the body. Also, the employment of an eye patch an greatly reduce eye fatigue. The most significant thing here would be to communicate well and often. This is really because if this is darker or more overcast outside nocturnal animals come with an advantage over humans in that they are able to see you coming more clearly then other animals. This is particularly important to help keep at heart should you are making use of your Night Vision Goggles as binoculars - basically lifting them to the eyes then lowering them.

Have you ever tried hunting a nocturnal animal during dull and dark weather? If so, you know first hand how tough it is usually to sneak up on that type of animal in those particular conditions. These medical flights will not be cleared to operate under unfavorable climate conditions without this modern gadgetry. So, he got in the fray and tossed 'em all. However they may also be a prescribed medical device and should be used under the guidance of an eyecare professional. Before You Buy a Hunting Scope, it would be a great advantage to you personally in the wedding you checked by incorporating of your hunting friends to locate out where they obtained their scopes and ask them for any advice which they can give you. ZeroingEasy to use finger night goggles click windage and elevation turrets. Clarke was involved within the Anti-Poverty program in Harlem when Nkrumah stumbled on speak to the United Nations. Nonetheless, this night flying devices provides the added safety feature which pilots need when flying their aircrafts under low light condition. This is really a fun hobby and incredibly enjoyable. In the situation of birds of prey, their binocular vision is excellent, and thus they can spot prey from a large number of feet away. When it comes to goats, their square pupils are the main focus of many attention, with folks not realizing that this isn't the most impressive point regarding their vision. I have conducted the best and many productive observing sessions when I am most relaxed. As a general rule of thumb, no task within the WBS ought to be lower than 8 hours or a lot more than 80 hours. If you anticipate utilizing your canopy or tent often, it is important to buy a model which is durable. You view the image from your side of the scope which seems rather odd to many people but this is a straightforward way to spot a reflecting telescope. Because of the lack of any obstruction within the mirror path the image from a more affordable refracting scope will usually use a higher contrast than an equivalent reflector.

In the military night vision goggles the lighting enters through a goal lens. And there aren't any rigorous fitness needs. And there aren't any rigorous fitness needs. Philomena relic-related offering.

[albaniaenergymarket-lg]

Challenges on build-up a sustainable energy sector in Albania

Challenges on build-up a sustainable energy sector in Albania

Analyse by Adv. Lorenc Gordani, PhD

1. Drives shaping the future of energy in Albania

1.1 Rebalance of the energy paradigm

Today the forces shaping the future of energy based to the drives of European integration process. So, Albania even without being part of the EU, regard the energy sector, due to its involvement in the Energy Community Treaty (EnC) and global agreements in climate changes, has adopted already the legal framework, is strengthening the institutional participation, and have to work more on enforce the putting in practice the engagements taken at international level. Notwithstanding, this “nobles” drives, the create of an internal market of energy for the MS putted in act from a ‘92, has taken a long time and is currently underway at different speeds in all EU countries. Instead, the deregulation started first in England since the early 1980s, rather than the integration itself, to which this country has always been reticent, has seen the main driver to the opening up of the opportunities for private capital and increasing competition and innovation for the final consumer. Then despite the above-mentioned political commitments, it has to be highlight that the liberalisation and sustainable development (i.e. renewable resources, energy efficiency, etc.) has the potential itself to bring benefits to consumers, directly reducing emissions and increasing supply security. Policies that are also related to the improving of the competitiveness, the innovation, the comfort living, and the employment, providing further incentives at regional, national and local levels. Indeed, since mid-2000, all the drives have converged toward the energy trilemma: economic growth, affordability and security of supply. In this regard, if we referee to the last report of the World Energy Council, the current generation structure in Albania, based entirely on hydropower sources, ranking us 20th on environmental sustainability, but regard the two other pillars of security and energy affordability positioned at the 76th and 90th among the 125 countries examined. A weakness that in fact is not necessary to be find out from international institutions, as drought or cold weather has systematically highlighted as an issue to be addressed as soon as possible.

1.2 Disruptive force shaping the future of energy

The forces that drive change in the energy industry have shifted over time. For decades, finding affordable energy sources to meet a growing demand has been the key force in the industry. After the oil crisis in the 1970s, security of supply started to play a vital role. Today the energy word is in a strong change and the focus is shift towards sustainability. Accelerated urbanization will have a major impact of energy demand on the urban areas that are becoming more and more the bigger consumer, shaping the future of energy through the distribute resources, energy efficiency solutions, smart cities, etc. In specific, in Albania one third of the total number of consumers is located in the capital and the rest in the largest urban and rural areas of the western lowland with high solar radiation. Climate change and technological breakthroughs are the most relevant megatrends shaping the future of energy. Changing that influence policies and regulation, investment decisions and consumption behaviour. Technological and economic changes in the energy industry that are reverberating through the entire economy. Then to assure the catch of tomorrow trend we have to invest in the today education of new generation and young energy professionals.

1.3 Albania plans on energy efficiency and the boost of pilot projects

Actually, the energy intensity in Albania, similar to other WBs economies, is very high compared to the average of the EU. The country remain 3 times more energy intensive than the EU 28 at large and 1.6 times more than new member states from Central and Eastern Europe. A situation that make the energy efficiency to be considered as the biggest energy resource - as it is cost effective and widely available! In more, energy efficiency may also enhance energy security, while at the same time decrease the emissions. On above, the residential and transport sectors represent the largest components of total final energy consumption, accounting up to 70% of the total. Cutting it will contribute towards much-needed economic growth and reduce reliance on imported hydrocarbons. In more, delivering such savings would have a significant impact on trade balances, and public and household budgets, as well as protect against energy tariffs adjustments, contributing in final to the economic growth. Then, Albania as the others Energy Community member have already formally adopted three Directives, on Energy Efficiency, Energy Performance of Buildings, and Energy Labelling of Products. Notwithstanding the above adopting, putting the energy efficiency rules, norms and standards in practice it was shown a tough challenges. A process thought to be kick-off by mandatory audit for large energy consumers, new facilities or existing buildings subject to substantial reconstruction, or all entities applying for a funded program from the Energy Efficiency Fund. The implements process, have seen in the last months the adaptation of the 2nd and the 3rd Energy Efficiency Action Plan (EEAP). Then, in this stage essential will be the speedy adoption of the set of by-laws to implement the new legislation by Albania’s, as well as the setting up of a dedicated energy efficiency fund, the launch of the process for licensing the auditors and the complete of local energy plans, which will enable the effective financing of measures and projects in the field of energy efficiency.

1.4 Albania Commitments on Climate Change

Albania’s contribution to the global greenhouse gas emissions is relatively low, estimated at an average of 9,4 million ton/year of CO2 eqv. This is because over 99 percent of Albania’s electricity is produced from hydro sources and high-energy intensity industries are no longer operating. However, the country was been part of both the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and subsequently the Kyoto Protocol. The above is also complete by the engagement taken within Energy Community Treaty, and based on signed the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016. Following which, in line with the EU 20-20-20 objectives, Albania has presented the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution in September 2016 meeting held in New York, aiming a reducing CO2 emissions compared to the baseline scenario of the 2016 by 11.5% reduction in 2030. Then, it is followed with the preparation of the draft law on "Climate Change" and the draft DCM for "Monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions” in conformity with the National Mitigation Strategy & National Mitigation Action Plan supported by the European Union Delegation through the IBECA. The above level of targets that will be further elaborated under the Integrated Energy and Climate Plan along 2018. This would mean that Albania’s greenhouse gas emissions allows to have a smooth trend of achieving 2 tons of greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 2050, which is been taken as a target for global contraction convergence on greenhouse gas emissions.  

2. Dilemmas on the future scenarios of the energy

2.1 The need for new power resources

The developments of Albanian economy, is continually rising the demand of the energy consumption. Historically it is faced by the inadequacy of production from national sources. Since 1999, with few exceptions (only 2010 and 2016), the country has had a deficit in covering the demand for electricity, transforming it into a large net importer from the countries of the region. This was reflected in the high financial costs that have frequently undermined the Albanian electricity system and the state budget finances. As for the future, by 2030 the demand for electricity, based to the Regulatory Authority of Energy (ERE) estimation with an expected growth rate of 1.5%, and the regional study "Sled SEE 2016" of 3%, is forecast to pass from currently 7.1 TWh to 10.8-13 TWh. A substantial increase that make mandatory the build of new generation power plants. Following the up to now policy the new resources expected to come from sources based on low costs (LCOE) such as the up to now hydroelectric using a potential of over 41 billion m3 of water from an average height of 750 m. Factors that has attracted many local and foreign companies, with international reputation, to see with interest the invest in the hydroelectric sector. And the lately, the favourable provision of new res policy and law, have create a tendency of the rise of interest of many local companies always with some connection with international photovoltaics company.

2.2 Strategy outlined on base line scenario

Following a long process last several years, Albania finally on 26 march 2018 launched a new energy strategy by 2030. A strategy prepared in framework of USAID programme to provide technical assistance to support a Long-term Low Emission Development Strategy. This strategy, based on an updated LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System) model for Albania. Then by first, a baseline scenario was established, which represents the most likely evolution of the Albanian energy sector. Next, a set of scenarios were developed that represent alternative approaches to achieving the strategic goals for the country. Further, there are develop the main matrix to quantify the impacts of alternative energy policies and strategies, making use LEAP modelling, and based to baseline scenario, calibrated to the 2014 official energy balance and extended to 2030.

2.3 Energy strategy alternative scenarios

Then, based to the baseline scenario have been outline five possible scenarios for the future of energy. First, the Renewable Energy Scenario is based upon Albania’s obligations as a Contracting Parties to the Energy Community Treaty to transpose and comply with the EU Directives on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. One of the requirements of this Directive is the preparation and adoption of a National Renewable Energy Plan (NREAP), adopted by the GoA in 2016 and update in the beginning of 2018, which sets a binding national target of 38% of renewables in the final total energy consumption of the country in the year 2020. The Energy Efficiency Scenario is also based upon the country’s commitments under the Energy Community Treaty, the new law on Energy Efficiency No. 124, dated 12.11.2015, and the new law on Energy Performance in Buildings, No. 116, dated 20.11.2016, etc. Specific measures was been developed from the 2nd and 3rd drafts of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) finalised at December 2017. A Natural Gas Promotion Scenario is designed to calculate the amount of the natural gas, which can penetrate in the different demand sectors (residential, service, industry, transport and agriculture) as well as power generation from the fuel coming from the Trans Adriatic Natural Gas Pipeline. In last, a Combined Scenario was prepared that analyses the implementation of EE measures, the RES technologies, and the penetration of natural gas as strategic fuel. In addition, the Albania-Kosovo Coupling Scenario examines an integrated operation of the Albania and Kosovo electricity generating plants.

2.4 Strategic metrics of Albanian energy sector scenarios

2.4.1 Improve reliability and security of energy supply To help the guide the development of the Albania energy sector, the strategy have been further developed, conform the three criteria of trilemma reported in begin, calculation the overall impact (costs and benefits) of the various policy scenarios related to achieving those objectives. Metrics (or quantitative measure) are carried out for the five core Albania scenarios: Baseline, EE, Gas Promotion, RES and Combined, plus where comparison can be made, the impact of coupling the Albania and Kosovo scenarios. One of the key metrics associated with security of supply goal includes reducing imports of electricity and oil products. Figure shows the percentage of all energy imports as a function of the total primary energy supply (TPES). The EE scenario is clearly the driver for reductions in imports, and the Albania-Kosovo coupling scenario shows a dramatic improvement in import dependence (24% in 2030). The RES scenario does not affect imports, and the Gas promotion scenario significantly increases import dependence. However, the combined scenario shows the greatest reduction in imports (32% in 2030) compared to the Baseline. Another metric associated with this goal is to improve energy efficiency, including achieving the targets according to the third NEEAP. The RES scenario shows a small improvement in final energy use, but the Gas Promotion scenario increases final energy use as gas largely replaces electricity from hydropower. Consider the quantity of energy need to be generate figure shows that the EE scenario keeps electricity consumption flat between 2020 and 2030. The Combined scenario has lower electricity generation than even the EE scenario. A further metric under security of supply is the utilization of renewable energy by meeting the RES targets according to approved NREAP.  Figure shows the percentage of RES reduce dramatically on Gas Promotion scenario that displace hydropower generation used for building heating. 2.4.2 Improve cost-effectiveness of energy supply systems Figure shows that the greatest improvement in energy intensity of GDP, which is an overall measure of energy sector cost-effectiveness, improves most significantly for the EE scenario, and that the Combined scenario also shows important improvements, as well as the Albania-Kosovo coupling scenario address this metric. The greatest financial benefits result from the integrated Albania-Kosovo power system scenario, with a net financial benefit for both systems averages 75 million euros annually between 2017 and 2030. 2.4.3 Achieve INDC targets for GHG emission reductions The sustainable metric for the energy strategy see it how the scenario contributes to reaching a GHG reduction target of 11.5% below the baseline in 2030. As shown in figure the EE scenario achieves a 27% reduction in emissions relative to the Baseline scenario. The RES scenario achieves a 9% reduction, but the Gas Promotion scenario increases emissions by 34%. Thus, in conclusion, as seen by the above, in the energy world, there is always more than one solution. In this fluid framework, it is important the find out a right balance. In regard, if we want a change happen we need to start with the paradigm that transformation come not by the need (i.e. EU integration process), but by taking a guiding role through the prospect opportunity of sustainable development. To make it possible qualitative steps are required, that will make possible that a series of conventions, strategies, and laws not remain in theory or be limited by approximation of legislation, but go directly into the putting them into practice. Disclaimer: The ownership and the opinion expressed pertain to their authors. While all the effort are made to ensure the accuracy of this publication, it is not intended to provide legal advice as individual situations may differ and should be discussed with an expert. For any specific technical or legal advice on the information provided and related topics, contact us through “lorenc_gordani@albaniaenergy.org”. Most Read Publications Most Visit Section Read the full article