#water purification applications

[hmdigitalindia]

The COM-100 is a professional-grade digital meter designed for measuring water quality. It is widely used in various applications such as hydroponics, aquariums, water filtration, and laboratory testing. The COM-100 is a professional grade level EC/TDS/Temp meter ideal for all water quality testing, hydroponics, water purification applications, wastewater regulation, aquaculture, colloidal silver, labs & scientific testing, pools & spas, ecology testing, boilers & cooling towers, water treatment and more.

[aarunresearcher]

United States green technology and sustainability market size reached USD 6.5 Billion in 2024. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach USD 34.9 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 19.7% during 2025-2033. 

[aquariusindia]

Aquarius Projects | Treatability & Process for Water Treatment

Aquarius Projects offers water treatment treatability, process applications, feasibility assessments & customized solutions for efficient & sustainable results

[panchtatavaa]

Treatability Waste Water | Aquarius Projects | Vadodara | Gujarat

Aquarius Projects offers training to improve existing treatment processes, minimizing issues and enhancing efficiency in Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

[aquariusprojects02]

Treatability for Process Waste Water | Aquarius Projects | Vadodara | Gujarat | India

Aquarius Projects provide training for Process optimization studies are designed to enhance the existing treatment process to minimize process upsets and to improve system efficiency. this technic use for Treatability for Process Application in Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

[ipnrendura]

Ceramic Membrane Filtration: A Breakthrough in Water Treatment

Discover the power of ceramic membrane filtration in purifying water. Explore its applications in wastewater treatment, industrial processes, and more. Learn how ceramic membranes provide sustainable and efficient solutions with IPNR Endura.

[automotiveera]

Harnessing Nature: Insights into the Organic Coagulant Market

The organic coagulant market is projected to reach at USD 3,811.5 million in 2030 with a CAGR of 9% in the years to come. The major reasons for this development of the industry are the scarcity of drinking and fresh water in residential and industrial areas along with the rising population, and urbanization.

And the rising demand for facilities like sewage treatment, industrial water treatment, fertilizer production, food & beverage industry, and paper manufacturing helps the demand for the chemical to grow.

And another major reason for the increasing demand is the growing population, which is creating an enormous demand for clean water and for which a need for advanced purification methods and also with the expansion of infrastructure for water treatment by government to meet the demand are all contributing the growth of eco-friendly water purification.

The oil & gas category will grow at a highest CAGR of 10% over the years, which is driven by the increasing use of organic chemicals with water at a required concentration for drilling and petroleum extraction purposes.

While, onshore and offshore operations both require different filtration processes as in onshore normal water is available, whereas offshore require advanced system to filter seawater. In addition, research and development activities are also contributing to the demand for organic coagulants, with eco-friendly solutions being explored for wastewater treatment.

Moreover, the increasing government focus to implement policies for water quality monitoring because of the increasing population all over the world. Strict regulations to prevent the direct release of harmful chemicals from industries and untreated sewage into water bodies.

APAC will grow the fastest in the organic coagulant market at a CAGR of 9.5% in the years to come due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization with rising population along with the rising investments in water treatment plant development and strict regulations on sewage disposal. Countries like India, China, South Korea, and Japan are expanding their contribution for the water treatment.

[magickkate]

We'll uncover the enchanting world of bells in witchcraft in today's topic. Bells are utilized for cleansing, protection, summoning spirits, and enhancing rituals. Let's look into their rich history, deep symbolism, and practical applications in magic. Warning, this is a bit of a long post, be prepared to read :)

What are Witch(es) Bells?

Magical bells are small, often ornate instruments used in witchcraft to produce sound vibrations that carry specific intentions. These bells can be made of various materials such as brass, bronze, or silver, and they often feature intricate designs and symbols. The clear, resonant tones of bells are believed to carry powerful vibrations that can cleanse, protect, and communicate with the spiritual realm.

Historical and Symbolic Significance

Historical Roots:

The use of bells in spiritual and religious practices dates back thousands of years. They have been used in ceremonies across many cultures, including ancient Greece, Rome, China, and India, to invoke deities, ward off evil spirits, and mark sacred time.

By the Middle Ages, bells were commonly used in churches and monasteries throughout Asia and Europe. They were believed to scare away evil spirits with their loud sounds.

In modern witchcraft, bells are often used as tools for spiritual protection and purification. They may be rung at the start of a ritual to clear the space of negative energies or to signal the end of a ritual. Bells are also used to call forth the spirit of a deity or to invoke the elements.

Symbolism:

Sound and Vibration: Bells symbolize the power of sound and vibration, which can influence energy fields, cleanse spaces, and elevate spiritual awareness. The word "bell" translates to mean "to roar" or "to make a loud noise" (think bellow)

Divine Masculine and Feminine Energy: The significance of male and female anatomy in the use of bells in witchcraft is rooted in symbolism. The bell’s body is often seen as representing the anatomy of a female, while the clapper represents the anatomy of a male. This symbolism extends to the idea of the bell’s body representing the womb and the clapper representing a child within. This union of male and female elements is believed to create a powerful protective amulet. The combination of these elements symbolizes the unity between yin and yang, male and female, and the Divine Masculine and Feminine. This balance and harmony are considered essential in many magical practices and rituals. This unity creates powerful and protective energies.

Communication:

Bells are often seen as tools for communication with the divine, spirits, and otherworldly beings. Their sound is believed to transcend physical boundaries and reach the spiritual realm.

Protection:

The ringing of bells is thought to drive away negative energies and entities, creating a protective barrier around the practitioner and their space.

Choosing and Consecrating Your Bell

Choosing Your Bell:

Select a bell that resonates with you both visually and audibly. The tone should be pleasing to your ear and evoke a sense of peace or power. Consider the material and craftsmanship, as these can influence the bell’s energy and effectiveness. Many bells are made with iron, brass, bronze, aluminum, or "bell metal", which is ~75% copper and ~25% tin to help make a sturdy, long-lasting bell that also produces a resonant sound.

Consecrating Your Bell:

Cleansing: Cleanse your bell to remove any unwanted energies. This can be done by passing it through incense smoke, sprinkling it with salt water, or placing it under moonlight. If you choose to use saltwater, be sure to dry it thoroughly as the type of metal of your bell could tarnish if the water remains on it over time. Be mindful! :) Charging: Hold your bell and focus on your intentions. Visualize it being filled with your energy and purpose. Blessing: Recite a blessing or incantation. For example, "I consecrate this bell to serve as a tool of cleansing, protection, and communication in my magical workings." This is just an example of a way to perform a blessing or consecration of this item for your practice. You are welcome to adjust this to your practice. It is best to make clear your intentions for the use of the objects in your magickal toolbox such as these bells.

Practical Uses of Bells in Witchcraft

Cleansing and Purification:

Ring your bell to cleanse and purify your space. The sound vibrations can dispel negative energies and create a harmonious environment. Walk through your space, ringing the bell, and visualize the sound waves sweeping away stagnant energy.

Protection:

Use your bell to create a protective barrier around your home or sacred space. Ring it at the entrances and corners while setting the intention of protection and safety.

Ritual Enhancement:

Incorporate the bell into your rituals to mark the beginning and end, or to signify transitions between different stages. The sound can help to focus your mind and elevate the ritual atmosphere.

Summoning and Invocation:

Bells can be used to summon spirits, deities, or elemental energies. Ring your bell to call upon the entities you wish to work with, inviting them into your space with respect and reverence.

Meditation and Focus:

Ring your bell before meditation to clear your mind and set the tone for a focused, serene session. The sound can help to shift your consciousness and deepen your meditative state.

Cord and Knot Magic:

Use the bell in cord and knot magic to charge your cords or knots with sound vibrations. Ring the bell as you tie each knot, infusing it with your intention and the bell’s energy.

Caring for Your Bell

Regular Cleansing:

Regularly cleanse your bell to maintain its energy. Use the same methods as when you first consecrated it.

Storage:

Store your bell in a safe, sacred place, such as on your altar or in a special box. Treat it with respect as a powerful tool in your practice.

Respect:

Your bell is a sacred tool. Avoid using it for mundane purposes or allowing others to handle it without permission.

Bells are magical tools that harness the power of sound and vibration to cleanse, protect, and communicate. By incorporating bells into your practice, you can elevate your rituals, create sacred spaces, and connect with the spiritual realm. Use them with intention and respect, and their enchanting tones will guide and support you on your magical journey.

[working on some info updates, will add sources/citations when finished! thank you for your patience.]

Share your experiences and tips with using bells in the comments. Let's continue to learn and grow together! 💜

[grey-sorcery]

[Title]: The Elements: Water

Related Reading

The Elements: Fire Blood Magic Herbology Correspondences Visualization: Effective Implementation Duality in Witchcraft Researching Witchcraft Spirit Work: First Steps Divination: First Steps

🌊 Introduction 🌊

Water, one of the most versatile and commonplace elements, holds varying degrees of significance across various spiritual, mystical, and esoteric practices. Often associated with purification, reflection, and the subconscious, water's symbolic and practical applications are manifold. By understanding water's multifaceted nature, practitioners can harness its power more effectively, enriching their spiritual and magical practices. Most correspondences in this article are informed by non-colonial practices (Wicca, ‘Ceremonial Magick’, etc.) unless otherwise stated. I may also include some of my personal correspondences.

⛈️ Correspondences ☔️

Direction:

Water is typically associated with the west, symbolizing the end of the day and the sun’s descent. This direction represents introspection, reflection, and the subconscious. The west embodies the emotional and intuitive aspects of life, encouraging deep contemplation and the exploration of inner wisdom. I, personally, associate water with the North. 

Season:

The season linked to water is typically winter or spring. Winter symbolizes a period of rest, reflection, and inner growth. This time encourages stillness and introspection, mirroring the quiet, dormant phase in nature's cycle where life slows down and renews itself. While spring is associated with fertility, renewal, and abundance. This time encourages a desire for new experiences and adventures and feelings of hope and optimism.

Time of day:

The time of day associated with water is twilight, the period between sunset and night. This liminal time embodies mystery and the blending of day and night, mirroring the fluid and transitional nature of water. Twilight invites introspection, relaxation, and the exploration of dreams and intuition.

Astrological sign:

Water corresponds to the astrological signs of Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces. These signs are known for their emotional depth, sensitivity, and intuition. Cancer nurtures and protects, Scorpio transforms and heals, and Pisces dreams and connects to the spiritual, all embodying the fluid and adaptive qualities of water.

Planets:

The planets associated with water are the Moon and Neptune. The Moon governs emotions, intuition, and cycles, reflecting water’s nurturing and reflective nature. Neptune symbolizes dreams, illusions, and the subconscious, emphasizing water’s connection to the unseen and the mystical aspects of existence.

Tarot:

In the Tarot, water is linked to the suit of Cups. This suit deals with emotions, relationships, and intuition. Cups cards explore the depth of human feelings, creativity, and the subconscious, resonating with water’s ability to flow, adapt, and reflect the inner world of emotions and dreams. This is based on the Rider Waite style of deck, which stems from colonial practices (Golden Dawn).

Elementals:

The elemental spirits of water are undines, also known as water nymphs or mermaids. These beings are said to inhabit and preside over bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. Undines represent the fluid, emotional, and transformative nature of water, embodying its nurturing and purifying qualities.

Colors:

The colors associated with water are blue and silver. Blue represents calmness, depth, and tranquility, reflecting water’s soothing and introspective qualities. Silver symbolizes the reflective and mystical aspects of water, akin to the moonlight dancing on the surface of a lake, highlighting water’s connection to the subconscious and intuition.

Crystals:

Crystals linked to water include aquamarine, moonstone, and amethyst. Aquamarine embodies clarity and calming energy, akin to the serene ocean. Moonstone enhances intuition and emotional balance, reflecting the lunar connection. Amethyst promotes spiritual awareness and inner peace, resonating with water’s introspective and purifying nature.

Herbs:

Herbs associated with water include chamomile, aloe vera, and lemon balm. Chamomile soothes and calms, mirroring water’s nurturing aspect. Aloe vera heals and hydrates, reflecting water’s restorative qualities. Lemon balm uplifts and comforts, embodying water’s ability to cleanse and rejuvenate the spirit and emotions. While not necessarily an herb, I often associate water with copal resin, as its smoke is not only cleansing but also transitionary. 

Trees:

Willow, birch, and elder are trees linked to water. The willow, with its affinity for moist environments, symbolizes intuition and emotional resilience. Birch represents renewal and purification, reflecting water’s cleansing nature. Elder is associated with protection and healing, resonating with water’s nurturing and transformative properties.

Animals:

Water-associated animals include crabs, fish, frogs, and swans. Crabs are associated with the moon and tides, symbolizing cycles, protection, and emotions. Fish are directly linked to water and are symbols of fluidity, adaptability, and the flow of emotions. Frogs represent transformation and renewal, akin to water’s purifying qualities. Swans embody grace and beauty, mirroring water’s serene and reflective nature.

Deities:

Deities linked to water include Poseidon, Yemaya, and Tlaloc. Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea, embodies the power and depth of the ocean. Yemaya, the Yoruba goddess, represents nurturing and protection. Tlaloc, the Aztec rain god, embodies water’s life-giving and sustaining qualities.

Mythical creatures:

Mythical creatures associated with water include mermaids, kelpies, and nixies. Mermaids embody the mysterious and seductive qualities of water. Kelpies, water spirits from Scottish folklore, symbolize transformation and the untamed nature of water. Nixies, Germanic water sprites, reflect the enchanting and elusive aspects of water.

Metals:

Silver and mercury are metals linked to water. Silver represents the reflective and mystical qualities of water, akin to moonlight on water’s surface. Mercury, with its liquid form, symbolizes adaptability and fluidity, reflecting water’s ability to change states and flow effortlessly through different environments.

Symbols:

Symbols associated with water include the crescent moon, waves, and the chalice. The crescent moon reflects water’s connection to the lunar cycles and emotions. Waves symbolize water’s dynamic and ever-changing nature. The chalice represents the receptive and nurturing qualities of water, embodying emotional and spiritual nourishment.

Body parts:

Body parts linked to water include the kidneys, bladder, and reproductive organs. The kidneys and bladder regulate fluid balance and purification in the body, reflecting water’s cleansing nature. The reproductive organs symbolize creation and nurturing, mirroring water’s life-giving and sustaining properties.

Senses:

The sense associated with water is taste. Taste connects to the element of water through the experience of savoring and appreciating flavors. This sense reflects water’s ability to blend and enhance, bringing out the essence of what it touches, much like the way water interacts with and transforms other elements. This association also stems from the idea of tasting sweet waters (fresh water), or the quenching of thirst.

Emotions:

Emotions linked to water include empathy, intuition, and sorrow. Water’s fluid nature symbolizes the flow and depth of human feelings, encouraging emotional expression and connection. This element fosters understanding and sensitivity, promoting healing and the nurturing of relationships through emotional attunement and care. Water, especially deep bodies like oceans, lakes, and rivers, is frequently associated with deep sorrows.

Personality traits:

Personality traits associated with water include sensitivity, adaptability, and intuition. Individuals influenced by water are often empathetic and attuned to their emotions and the feelings of others. They possess a deep sense of intuition and adaptability, able to navigate life’s changes with grace and emotional intelligence.

Musical notes and instruments:

The musical notes and instruments linked to water include the note D and instruments like the harp, piano, and flute. The note D resonates with water’s calming and soothing qualities. The harp and piano evoke flowing melodies, while the flute’s airy tones reflect water’s fluid and gentle nature. (Based on western scales)

Incense and essential oils:

Incense and essential oils associated with water include sandalwood, jasmine, and eucalyptus. Sandalwood promotes relaxation and grounding, mirroring water’s calming effect. Jasmine enhances intuition and emotional balance, reflecting water’s nurturing qualities. Eucalyptus purifies and refreshes, embodying water’s cleansing and revitalizing nature. Sandalwood: Avoid during pregnancy; may cause skin irritation. Jasmine: Use sparingly during pregnancy; can be a strong allergen. Eucalyptus: Not for children under 10; avoid ingesting; can cause respiratory issues if overused.

Tarot spreads:

The "Celtic Cross" tarot spread is often associated with water due to its comprehensive exploration of emotional and subconscious themes. This spread delves deeply into the querent's current situation, challenges, subconscious influences, and potential outcomes, reflecting the fluid and intuitive nature of water. This is based on the Rider Waite style of deck, which stems from colonial practices (Golden Dawn).

Runes:

Runes associated with water include Laguz and Perthro. Laguz represents the flow of water, intuition, and the subconscious, emphasizing fluidity and adaptability. Perthro symbolizes mystery, chance, and hidden knowledge, reflecting water’s connection to the unknown and the depths of the human psyche.

Ceremonies:

Ceremonies linked to water include purification rites, blessing rituals, and emotional healing practices. These ceremonies often involve the use of water to cleanse and renew, symbolizing emotional release and spiritual rebirth. They encourage introspection, forgiveness, and the restoration of emotional balance and harmony. Specifically, full moon ceremonies are most connected with elemental water, though these tend to be ceremonies reserved for women and effeminate practitioners traditionally.

🌦️🌤️☀️

It is crucial to acknowledge that while correspondences for water have been widely explored and established, there exist individual variations in these associations. The significance and personal resonance of specific correspondences may vary from person to person, influenced by cultural backgrounds, personal experiences, and spiritual beliefs. It is essential to embrace and honor these variations, allowing individuals to connect with the correspondences that align most authentically with their own spiritual practices and intentions. It is perfectly acceptable to create your own correspondences. There is no need to rigidly conform to preexisting ones unless working within a specific cultural context.

🫧 Common Practices 🌕

💧 Baptism

History and Background:

Baptism is a sacrament in Christianity, symbolizing purification and initiation into the faith. Its origins can be traced back to Jewish ritual washing and purification practices, such as the mikvah, which involved immersion in water to achieve spiritual cleanliness. John the Baptist, a prominent figure in the New Testament, is credited with popularizing baptism as a means of repentance and preparation for the coming of the Messiah. Jesus himself was baptized by John, setting a precedent for his followers.

Practice:

In baptism, water serves as the primary element of purification and transformation. The ritual can be performed in several ways: full immersion, where the person is completely submerged in water; affusion, where water is poured over the head; or aspersion, where water is sprinkled on the individual. The specific method often depends on the denomination and local customs.

During the ceremony, the officiant typically recites a blessing and the Trinitarian formula, "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." The act of baptism signifies the washing away of sin, spiritual rebirth, and the individual's entry into the Christian community. In many traditions, it is also seen as a covenant with God and a commitment to live according to Christian teachings.

💧 Lustration

History and Background:

Lustration, derived from the Latin word "lustratio," meaning purification, was a significant ritual in ancient Greek and Roman religious practices. It aimed to cleanse individuals, communities, or objects of any impurities, especially before engaging in important religious or civic activities. Lustration ceremonies were often performed before sacrifices, military campaigns, or significant state functions to ensure divine favor and protection.

Practice:

The lustration ritual typically involved washing with water, but could also include the sprinkling of water mixed with other purifying substances such as salt, herbs, or ashes. In some instances, entire communities participated in the ritual, where they were sprinkled with water by priests or religious officials.

Water in lustration symbolizes physical and spiritual cleanliness, renewal, and the removal of any negative influences. The practice underscores the belief in the transformative power of water to sanctify and protect, ensuring that those who underwent lustration were pure and fit to participate in sacred or significant activities.

💧 Ablution

History and Background:

Ablution, from the Latin "ablutio" meaning "a washing away," is a ritual purification found in various religious traditions, with a prominent role in Islam. In Islam, ablution is divided into two types: wudu, a minor purification required before prayers, and ghusl, a major purification for more significant states of impurity.

Practice:

Wudu involves washing the hands, mouth, nostrils, face, arms, head, and feet with water in a specific order. It is performed before the five daily prayers to ensure that the worshiper is in a state of physical and spiritual purity. The steps are methodical and include intentions and supplications, emphasizing mindfulness and the sacredness of the act.

Ghusl is a full-body ritual washing required in cases of major impurities, such as after sexual activity, menstruation, or childbirth. It involves washing the entire body thoroughly with water, symbolizing a complete purification and renewal.

In both wudu and ghusl, water is central to the process, representing purification, cleanliness, and the removal of impurities. These practices highlight the importance of water in maintaining spiritual hygiene and readiness for worship.

💧 Yemaya Festival*

History and Background:

The Yemaya Festival is celebrated in various Afro-Caribbean religions, such as Santeria*, Candomblé*, and Yoruba traditional religion*. Yemaya, also known as Yemoja, is the Orisha of the sea, motherhood, and fertility. She is revered as the mother of all Orishas and is often depicted as a nurturing and protective figure, embodying the life-giving and sustaining qualities of water.

Practice:

The Yemaya Festival typically involves ceremonies and rituals performed by the sea or other bodies of water. Devotees offer gifts such as fruits, flowers, jewelry, and food to Yemaya, often placing these offerings in the water as a gesture of respect and gratitude. Rituals may include singing, dancing, drumming, and chanting to honor Yemaya and seek her blessings.

Water is integral to the festival, symbolizing Yemaya's domain and her connection to life, fertility, and protection. Participants often wade into the water to release their offerings and prayers, seeking Yemaya’s guidance, healing, and support. The festival is a communal celebration, emphasizing unity, reverence for nature, and the nurturing aspects of the divine feminine.

💧 Scrying

History and Background:

Scrying is an ancient divination practice that involves gazing into a reflective surface to receive visions or insights. It has been used across various cultures, including Mexica, ancient Egypt, Greece, and among the Celtic Druids. The practice is based on the belief that reflective surfaces can act as portals to the subconscious mind or to spiritual entities, allowing the practitioner to access hidden knowledge or guidance.

Practice:

Water scrying, or hydromancy, involves using a bowl or other container filled with water as the reflective surface. The practitioner often works in a dimly lit or candle-lit environment to enhance the reflective properties of the water. They may also add a few drops of oil or use colored water to aid in the visualization process.

The practitioner focuses on the water’s surface, entering a meditative state to quiet the mind and open themselves to receiving images, symbols, or messages. Water's fluid and reflective nature makes it an ideal medium for scrying, as it can help reveal the flow of subconscious thoughts and emotions, providing clarity and insight into various aspects of life.

💧 Moon Water

History and Background:

Moon water is a concept rooted in various European pagan and witchcraft traditions (Mostly ceremonial magic and folk magic of northwest Europe). It involves collecting and charging water with the energy of the moon, particularly during the full moon when its power is believed to be at its peak. This practice is based on the idea that the moon’s energy can enhance the water’s properties, making it a potent tool for various magical and spiritual purposes.

Practice:

To create moon water, practitioners place a container of water, usually in glass or ceramic, outside or on a windowsill where it can be exposed to moonlight overnight. Some may add crystals, herbs, or salt to the water to amplify its energy. The practitioner often performs a ritual or speaks an intention while setting the water out, aligning their purpose with the moon’s energy.

Once charged, moon water can be used in various ways, such as in cleansing baths, anointing objects, watering plants, or as an ingredient in spells and rituals. The water is believed to carry the moon’s attributes, such as intuition, emotional balance, and feminine energy, making it a versatile and powerful tool for personal and spiritual growth.

🚰 Common Magical Uses 🚿

Most, if not all, of these practices are based on colonial practices such as Christianity, Wicca,  and ‘Ceremonial Magick’. 

💧 Purification and Cleansing

Cleansing Baths:

Water can be infused with herbs, salts, and essential oils to create a cleansing bath. Practitioners immerse themselves in this water to wash away negative energies, stress, and spiritual impurities. The bath can be accompanied by meditation, visualization, and affirmations to enhance the cleansing effect.

Sprinkling and Spraying:

Water can be blessed or charged and then sprinkled or sprayed around a space, object, or person to purify and protect. This method is often used to cleanse ritual tools, altar spaces, or homes.

Washing Rituals:

Water is used to wash hands, feet, or the face in preparation for spell work or rituals. This act signifies the removal of mundane concerns and impurities, creating a state of spiritual readiness.

💧 Charging and Empowering

Moon Water:

Water left out under the light of the full moon absorbs lunar energy and can be used in various spells and rituals. Moon water can be drunk, sprinkled around the home, added to baths, or used to anoint objects to imbue them with the moon's intuitive and emotional balancing properties.

Sun Water:

Similarly, water charged under the sun’s rays is infused with solar energy, representing vitality, strength, and clarity. Sun water can be used to empower spells, enhance personal energy, and promote positivity and confidence.

💧 Healing and Emotional Work

Healing Baths:

Water can be combined with specific herbs and crystals known for their healing properties. Practitioners soak in these baths to promote physical healing, emotional balance, and spiritual rejuvenation. Visualization of healing energy permeating the body and aura is often part of this practice.

Tear Magic:

In some traditions, tears are collected during moments of intense emotion and used in spells to capture and harness the energy of those emotions. Tears can be added to water used in rituals, symbolizing the release and transformation of emotional energy.

💧 Protection and Banishing

Saltwater Protection:

Water mixed with salt (often sea salt) is a common protective and purifying agent. Saltwater can be used to cleanse spaces, create protective barriers, or be sprinkled around the perimeter of a home to ward off negative energies and entities.

Banishing Rituals:

In banishing spells, water is used to symbolically wash away unwanted influences or entities. This can involve pouring water over an object representing the issue or person to be banished or using water to douse symbols or sigils of the unwanted energy.

💧 Connection to Spirits and Deities

Offering Water:

Water is often offered to spirits, ancestors, or deities in rituals and ceremonies. It can be placed on altars in bowls or cups, symbolizing purity and a connection to the divine or .

Ritual Libations:

Pouring water onto the ground as a libation is a way to honor and connect with earth spirits, deities, or ancestors. This practice is found in many cultures and is used to show respect and ask for blessings or assistance.

💧 Elemental Magic

Representing the Element of Water:

In rituals involving the four classical elements (earth, air, fire, water), a bowl of water is often placed on the altar to represent the water element. This helps to balance the energies within the ritual space and invoke the qualities of water, such as intuition, emotion, and healing.

💧 Spell Components and Ingredients

Water-Based Inks and Dyes:

Water can be used to create inks and dyes for writing spells, drawing sigils, or creating magical art. These inks can be infused with herbs, oils, and other ingredients to enhance their magical properties.

Potion Making:

Water serves as the base for many potions in spell work. Herbs, crystals, and other magical ingredients are steeped or brewed in water to create potions for various purposes, such as love, protection, healing, or prosperity.

💧 Weather Magic

Rain Spells:

Water is central to weather magic, particularly spells for invoking rain. Practitioners may use water rituals, dances, or chants to appeal to rain deities or spirits, asking for precipitation to nourish the land and support agricultural efforts.

💧 Symbolic Representation

Symbolic Actions:

In spells that require symbolic actions, water can be used to represent emotions, transitions, or transformations. For example, a spell to release emotional pain might involve writing the pain on a piece of paper and dissolving it in water, symbolizing the washing away of the hurt.

🌧️ Common Misconceptions 🌧️

Water, as a fundamental element in witchcraft, carries a wealth of symbolism and practical uses. However, there are several misconceptions surrounding its use in magical practices. Here are some of the most common ones:

⚡️ Misconception 1:

Water Has Uniform Magical Properties

Reality:

Not all water is the same in magical practices. The source and condition of the water can influence its properties and effectiveness in spell work. For example, rainwater, river water, ocean water, and spring water each carry distinct energies and should be chosen according to the specific needs of a spell. Since water is a common solvent, anything put into solution with water will affect the whole’s energetic properties and therefore its most effective applications.

⚡️ Misconception 2:

Water Spells Are Only for Emotional and Intuitive Magic

Reality:

While water is closely associated with emotions and intuition, its magical applications extend beyond these realms. Water can be used for a variety of purposes, including protection, healing, fertility, and abundance. For example, water can be used in protection spells by creating barriers, in healing spells by creating soothing potions or baths, and in fertility rituals by invoking its life-giving properties.

⚡️ Misconception 3:

Moon Water Is a Cure-All

Reality:

Moon water, while powerful, is not a one-size-fits-all solution. The effectiveness of moon water depends on the lunar phase and the practitioner's intention. Full moon water is excellent for general empowerment and completion, while new moon water is better suited for new beginnings and setting intentions. Additionally, specific astrological aspects of the moon can influence the water's properties, such as a moon in Scorpio for transformation or a moon in Pisces for spiritual insight.

⚡️ Misconception 4:

Water Alone Is Enough for Cleansing

Reality:

While water is a powerful cleansing agent, it often works best in conjunction with other elements or tools. Adding salt, herbs, or essential oils can enhance its purifying properties. Combining water with other practices like visualization, chanting, or the use of sacred symbols can amplify the cleansing effect, making the ritual more comprehensive and effective.

🌊 Properties of Water 🌊

To gain a comprehensive understanding of water in the context of witchcraft, it is essential to explore its properties across various categories. These categories include energetic properties, physical properties, philosophical properties, and chemical properties.

✨ Energetic Properties ⛈️

From an energetic standpoint, water has seven inherent properties:

Inductive: Pulls outside energy into itself

Direct Current: Sends a quanta of energy from point to point directly

Holds Charge: Retains some degree of the intact energy it reacts with, without utilizing it all to form energetic compounds

Repulsive: Repels (Dependent) energies within a variable set distance away from itself

Negenthropic: Always returns to its Natural Energetic State without influence

Sinusoidal: Contains and releases natural and consistent energy fluctuations

Refractive: Splits reactionary energies into 2+ quanta of the reactionary energy's subcomponents

From an energetic standpoint, water exhibits seven distinct properties that underscore its unique role in energy work. Firstly, inductive properties enable water to attract and assimilate external energies, making it a conduit for absorbing and integrating ambient influences. As a direct current conductor, water channels energy from one point to another efficiently, facilitating a smooth flow of quanta through its structure. Additionally, water's ability to hold charge means it retains some of the energies it interacts with, preserving them in a partially unaltered form rather than fully converting them into new energetic compounds. Water also demonstrates a repulsive quality, where it can push away or repulse energies that fall outside a variable proximity, thus managing its energetic environment by creating a buffer zone. The negenthropic nature of water ensures it continuously seeks and returns to its inherent natural state, regardless of external influences or disruptions. Its sinusoidal property reflects a rhythm of consistent energy fluctuations, as water naturally oscillates between states of absorption and release, maintaining a dynamic equilibrium. Lastly, water's refractive ability allows it to split and disperse incoming energies into multiple quanta, breaking them down into subcomponents and facilitating a more complex interaction with its surroundings. These properties collectively highlight water's versatile role in energy dynamics, making it a powerful tool in various energetic and spiritual practices.

🧊 Physical Properties

State and Phase Transitions:

States: Water exists in three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).

Melting Point: 0°C (32°F) at standard atmospheric pressure.

Boiling Point: 100°C (212°F) at standard atmospheric pressure.

Sublimation Point: Under certain conditions, ice can directly transition to vapor without becoming liquid.

Density:

Liquid Water: Approximately 1 g/cm³ at 4°C, where it is densest.

Ice: Approximately 0.917 g/cm³, less dense than liquid water, causing ice to float.

Water Vapor: Much less dense than liquid water or ice.

Viscosity:

Water has low viscosity, allowing it to flow easily. The viscosity decreases as temperature increases.

Surface Tension:

Water has a high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding, making it cohesive and allowing it to form droplets.

Specific Heat Capacity:

Water has a high specific heat capacity (4.186 J/g°C), meaning it can absorb and store a large amount of heat energy with only a slight increase in temperature. This property helps moderate Earth's climate and maintain stable temperatures in organisms.

Heat of Vaporization:

Water has a high heat of vaporization (40.65 kJ/mol at 100°C), requiring significant energy to convert from liquid to gas, which plays a role in cooling mechanisms like sweating and transpiration in plants.

Thermal Conductivity:

Water has moderate thermal conductivity, enabling efficient heat transfer in biological systems and environments.

Electrical Conductivity:

Pure water has low electrical conductivity, but it increases with the presence of dissolved ions (electrolytes).

🧽 Chemical Properties

Molecular Structure:

Water is a polar molecule with a bent shape, having an angle of approximately 104.5° between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom. The oxygen atom has a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms have partial positive charges, leading to hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen Bonding:

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, leading to its high cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. These bonds also contribute to water's high boiling and melting points relative to other small molecules.

Solvent Properties:

Water is often called the "universal solvent" because it can dissolve many substances. Its polarity allows it to interact with and dissolve ionic compounds (salts) and polar molecules (sugars, alcohols).

pH and Ionization:

Pure water has a neutral pH of 7 at 25°C, resulting from the auto-ionization process where water molecules dissociate into hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻):

The concentration of H⁺ and OH⁻ ions in pure water is 0.0000001 mol/L each.

Reactivity:

Water participates in various chemical reactions, including hydrolysis, where it breaks down compounds, and hydration, where it adds to substances.

It can act as both an acid and a base (amphoteric), making it versatile in chemical reactions:

Redox Properties:

Water is involved in redox reactions, serving as a medium for electron transfer. In biological systems, water is crucial in processes like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

❄️ Unique Anomalies

Density Anomaly:

Unlike most substances, water's solid form (ice) is less dense than its liquid form due to the structure of hydrogen bonds, which create a lattice that holds water molecules farther apart in ice than in liquid water.

Maximum Density at 4°C:

Water reaches its maximum density at 4°C, which is critical for aquatic life. This property causes lakes and ponds to stratify, with denser water sinking and less dense water (either warmer or ice) remaining on top, insulating the aquatic life during winter.

High Surface Tension and Capillarity:

Water’s high surface tension allows for capillary action, essential for the movement of water in plants (from roots to leaves) and soil moisture dynamics.

🧿 Metaphysical Properties

Water has long been a symbol of philosophical and metaphysical concepts across various traditions. Its properties and characteristics often embody deeper truths about existence, consciousness, and the natural world. Here are some key philosophical and metaphysical properties of water:

Fluidity and Adaptability

Water’s ability to flow and adapt to any container highlights the concept of fluidity and adaptability. Philosophically, this represents the idea of embracing change and being flexible in the face of life's transformations. Water’s adaptability signifies a deep understanding of the need to be open and responsive to the dynamic nature of existence.

Cyclical Nature

Water follows a natural cycle—evaporation, condensation, precipitation—which symbolizes the cyclical nature of life and existence. This cyclical pattern reflects the interconnectedness of all things and the continuous process of renewal and transformation. Philosophically, it illustrates the concept of eternal return and the perpetuity of life’s rhythms.

Purification and Cleansing

Water is widely regarded as a purifying force. Metaphysically, it represents the cleansing of the self, both physically and spiritually. This property embodies the idea of purification as a necessary process for spiritual growth, personal renewal, and the release of negative or stagnant energies.

Reflective and Intuitive Qualities

The reflective surface of water symbolizes self-reflection and introspection. Philosophically, it represents the ability to see beyond the surface and gain deeper insight into oneself and the nature of reality. Water’s reflective nature also ties into intuition, as it reflects the deeper, often unseen, aspects of consciousness.

Emotional Depth

Water is often associated with the depths of emotion and the subconscious mind. Metaphysically, this association signifies the profound and often hidden layers of human experience. Water’s capacity to hold and move through emotional states underscores the importance of exploring and understanding the depth of one’s feelings.

Connection and Interconnection

Water connects all forms of life, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest ecosystems. This universal connection reflects the interconnectedness of all beings and phenomena. Philosophically, it underscores the concept that all entities are part of a larger whole, sharing a common source and mutual influence.

Transience and Impermanence

Water’s ever-changing state—liquid, solid, and gas—illustrates the principle of impermanence. This property philosophically embodies the idea that all things are in a constant state of flux, and permanence is an illusion. Water’s ability to change forms highlights the transient nature of reality and existence.

Sacredness and Life-Giving Force

In many traditions, water is considered sacred and a vital source of life. This reverence reflects its fundamental role in sustaining life and its symbolic connection to spiritual nourishment and vitality. Philosophically, water’s sacredness represents the divine essence present in the natural world and the importance of honoring and respecting life’s fundamental resources.

Symbol of Unity

Water’s ability to merge seamlessly with other bodies of water represents unity and oneness. Philosophically, this property signifies the dissolution of boundaries and the merging of individual identities into a collective whole. It embodies the concept of unity within diversity and the idea that all things are ultimately interconnected.

Ethereal and Transcendent Qualities

Water’s ability to evaporate and become vapor suggests a transcendent quality, moving beyond the material and physical state. This ethereal aspect symbolizes the potential for spiritual ascension and the movement towards higher states of consciousness. It reflects the idea of transcending physical limitations and reaching a higher, more spiritual plane.

⚗️ Classical Alchemical Properties

In Classical Alchemy, water is viewed not just as a physical substance but as a key element with profound symbolic and practical significance. Alchemical traditions, which combine elements of philosophy, spirituality, and early natural science, attribute various properties to water based on its role in the processes of transformation and purification. Here are some of the classical alchemical properties of water:

Solvent and Dissolver

Water is often referred to as the "universal solvent" in alchemy. This property highlights water's ability to dissolve and break down other substances, making it essential for the extraction and purification of ingredients. In alchemical practices, water's solvent nature is crucial for processes such as dissolution, which is a key step in the preparation of alchemical mixtures and the extraction of essences from minerals and plants.

Purification and Cleansing

Water is symbolic of purification in alchemical traditions. It is used to cleanse both physical materials and the alchemist's own mind and spirit. In alchemical operations, water is employed to wash away impurities and prepare substances for further transformation. This aligns with the broader metaphysical view of water as a purifying force, essential for achieving purity and perfection in the alchemical work.

Cooling and Condensing

In alchemical processes, water is associated with cooling and condensing. It is used to regulate temperature and facilitate the condensation of vapors into liquid form. This property is integral to processes such as distillation and the condensation of alchemical substances, where maintaining the right temperature is crucial for the successful transformation of materials.

Fluidity and Movement

Water’s inherent fluidity and capacity to flow represent the principle of movement and change in alchemy. This property reflects the dynamic nature of transformation, where water is seen as a medium through which substances move and change states. The fluidity of water symbolizes the constant flux and adaptability required in the alchemical work.

Binding and Combining

Water’s ability to bind and combine different substances is another important alchemical property. It is used to mix and integrate various elements, facilitating their combination into new compounds. This property underscores water's role in creating harmonious mixtures and achieving synthesis in alchemical processes.

Cyclic and Recursive Nature

Water’s natural cycle—evaporation, condensation, precipitation—mirrors the cyclical nature of alchemical transformations. This property represents the recurring cycles of dissolution and reconstitution that are central to the alchemical work. The cyclical nature of water highlights the repetitive process of refining and perfecting substances through successive stages.

Catalytic Role

Water acts as a catalyst in many alchemical reactions. It can facilitate chemical changes and enhance the effects of other substances, making it a crucial component in achieving desired transformations. The catalytic role of water underscores its importance in accelerating and directing alchemical processes.

Temperature Regulation

In alchemy, water is used to regulate temperature during various operations. It helps maintain the appropriate conditions for reactions, such as cooling heated substances or moderating the temperature of distillations. This property is vital for controlling the environment in which alchemical processes occur.

Embodying the Principle of Mercurial Fluidity

Water represents the mercurial (or quicksilver) aspect of alchemy, embodying the principle of fluidity and the ability to change form. This property aligns with the concept of mercury as a fluid, transformative substance in alchemical traditions, reflecting the dynamic and mutable nature of water in both physical and symbolic contexts.

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[youremyheaven]

Sailor Moon & Nakshatras

I thought it'd be interesting to correlate the different Sailor Moons and their powers with the themes that are present in different nakshatras.

This is a super low effort post so all of it is just speculation and I'd love it if you guys told me what you associate with the different Senshi.

Other than Sailor Moon herself, there are 9 sailor senshi who protect the solar system.

Sailor Moon

A crystalline object which provides her basic power, contains limitless power and is the source of all energy in the universe. She can call upon her future self to use the power of both the future and present crystal to double its power.

she's the only one who has no power of her own and has to rely on some object so i guess that makes her Moon dominant??

Sailor Mercury

Sailor Mercury has the power to create and manipulate water. For the entire first story arc, she uses her water-manipulating capabilities only to create solid and dense clouds of mist and fog, chilling and blinding the enemy while her allies prepare more direct attacks

this is actually super on brand Mercury behaviour

Sailor Venus

I feel like Sailor Venus has more powers than other senshi??

It includes: Flight, Magic, Transformation, Longevity, Immortality (Type 4), Limited Shapeshifting, Teleportation, Forcefield, Light Manipulation, Energy Manipulation, Energy Projection, Weather Manipulation, Electricity Manipulation, Data Manipulation, Creation, Reincarnation (Overtime not applicable in battle), Can Survive in Space, Resistance to Mind Manipulation, Death Manipulation, Existence Erasure, Gravity Manipulation, Radiation Manipulation, Poison Manipulation, Power Nullification, Resistances to Status Effect Inducement and Soul Manipulation, Resistance to Telekinesis etc

idk if this is Venus' "being better than others" theme lol but i feel like these are powers that belong to all 27 naks and not just Venus

Sailor Mars

Precognition: Rei is shown to have strong precognition, where she can make full use of this ability to predict events from the near future, but it can fail sometimes.

Pyromancy: Rei is also shown to have a great affinity with fire, to the point where she is capable to manifest her future sights by forming images on the flames. The images are very enigmatic and unreliable.

Purification: Even when she is in her civilian form, she can use her "ofuda" (a Shinto talisman used to protect homes from evil spirits) to "exorcize" people, while yelling "Evil Spirit, Disperse!" (although it can cause normal people to faint, as shown in episode 10 when she tried to "purify" Usagi).

Sixth Sense: Rei is sometimes shown to have a "sixth sense", using it to detect "evil presences" and approaching danger, as shown in Chapter 6 of Codename: Sailor V manga, but it can fail sometimes when she mistook Usagi for an evil spirit.

Expert Archer: As a Shrine Priestess, she is an expert archer, and this potential is shown in her "Mars Flame Sniper" attack.

these are a variety of powers that don't really all connect to Mars energy, it's giving strong Venus & Jupiter vibes tbh

i associate the purification, pyromancy and precognitive abilities with Venus and the sixth sense, expert archer ones with Jupiter

Sailor Jupiter

Electrokinesis, martial arts, longevity, and "emphasized superhuman strength"

these powers are a bit random, i guess the author wanted to emphasize martial arts and physical strength with the masculine grahas but I get more Mars and Sun vibes ngl

Sailor Saturn 

Daughter of a possessed mad scientist, a terrible lab accident in her youth significantly compromised her constitution. After overcoming the darkness that has surrounded her family, she is able to become the Soldier of Silence, Sailor Saturn. She wields forces of destruction so powerful that she is rarely called upon to use them, and unlike the others, her Senshi and civilian personae seem somewhat disconnected. She is often pensive, and as a human has the inexplicable power to heal others.

this backstory is in itself very Saturnian and I think Saturnians do suffer a lot of abuse and injustice in their lives. So all Saturn naks like UBP, Anuradha & Pushya

Sailor Pluto

Manipulation and control of spacetime, Time Wave Generation Teleport others over short or vast distances. Open rifts or doorways in space through different eras Freeze all of time (forbidden) Erect a shield of time-space energy

i mean it goes without saying but this is literally Punarvasu & Swati. both these naks have themes of space and time travel

Sailor Uranus

she possesses powers associated with the wind and sky, precognition, as well as sword combat.

this is giving me Mars & Venus energy, more specifically Bharani as it is a Venusian nakshatra in the Mars ruled rashi of Aries

Sailor Neptune

exceptionally strong psychic abilities and is the only Outer Scout who has such powers and she can channel the power of the ocean. 

I associate Neptune's abilities with Pisces (neptune rules pisces so this is a no brainer) and I connect it to PBP, UBP & Revati

[talonabraxas]

Avalokiteśvara Talon Abraxas

"Om Mani Padme Hum"

Avalokiteśvara Mantra Meaning

Oṃ, as I’ve explained elsewhere, has only a mystical meaning — suggesting primordial reality, or the potential for enlightenment that pervades the universe.

Mani means jewel.

Padma means lotus (why the form in the mantra is “padme” is explained below).

Huṃ, like Oṃ, has no conceptual meaning.

Both jewels and lotuses are important symbolic elements in Buddhism.

Jewels represent what is most precious, so that Buddhists worship not just the Buddha, but the three jewels (Buddha, Dharma, or the teachings, and Sangha, or spiritual community). and jewels were considered indestructible, which made them an excellent symbol for eternal truths.

The lotus represents purity, in terms of how the enlightened mind is untouched by the negativity of the world. Just as the lotus can exist in muddy water without being soiled, so an enlightened being can exist in an impure world without becoming contaminated by its greed, hatred, or delusion.

The mantra is often “translated” as “Hail to the jewel in the lotus” but the Sanskrit simply can’t mean that.

The central element, manipadme, seems to be a name, Manipadma (“The Jewel Lotus One”) with the -e ending signifying the vocative case, meaning that Manipadma — is being invoked (“O Jewel Lotus One”).

But if this is the case, then according to the rules of classical Sanskrit, then Manipadma would have to be a feminine figure. And Avalokiteśvara is male.

However, if the mantra was originally in a non-Sanskrit language with different grammatical rules, and the vocative -e ending was applicable in that language to a masculine figure, then Manipadma would simply be another name for Avalokiteshvara.

The mantra of Avalokitesvara would then mean “Oṃ, O Jewel Lotus One, Hūṃ” — the “Jewel Lotus One” being an alternative name for Avalokitesvara himself.

[the-world-annealing]

An arbitrary element system

(Inspired by @discoursedrome writing this, original post seems to have been deleted so I'm linking to a reblog; also apologies to Samin Nostrat)

SALT: Associated with protection, preservation, and constancy. Marble statues, ramparts, cats, trees, and the priestly/noble classes are all considered strongly salt-aligned. More abstractly, astronomy, architecture and to a lesser extent currency all fall under its purview as well. Salt-aligned characters run the gamut from honorable knights to peaceful gardeners to bronze age god-kings. Its season is winter.

Magic of salt can create create impassable wards, render promises unbreakable, or unleash curses of petrification. It can never be used to separate or destroy, and its more powerful effects often require elaborate sigils to be drawn. Those skilled in salt magic have their lifespan greatly lengthened, and may live for many centuries, but find their minds growing ever more rigid and inflexible.

FAT: Associated with creation, growth, restoration, and foresight (as fat is, by its very nature, a store to be used in the future). Fat is associated with predators (especially birds), craftsmen, and the merchant class, as well as healers, teachers, musicians, and writers. Its season is summer.

Fat magic can grow a house from a splinter of wood, grant its wielder another man's face, twist entrails into the shape of the future, and even revive the dead for a time. However, it is powerless to affect anything that was never alive. Its effects become more potent the longer they are maintained, but doing so drains ever more of the wielder's reserves: many a mage has tried to push past their limits and combusted in flames on the spot.

ACID: Associated with destruction, upheaval, and scarcity. However, acid is also the element of forgiveness, freedom, persistence, and honesty, and governs unlikely alliances and fire-forged bonds. Scavengers and vermin are aligned with acid, as is anyone who falls outside of the conventional social hierarchy: beggars, criminals, outcasts, and ascetics. Its season is autumn.

Acid magic creates can summon hailstorms, spew gouts of burning oil, conjure frightful phantasms or inflict wracking pains. Magic that undoes charms and curses also falls under the element of acid, as does anything that facilitates travel between the planes or calls their denizens here. Acid magic demands components of great rarity; gemstones, powdered dragonscale, the bones of saints. Those who cannot pay a spell's price must suffer its scarring backlash instead, and most senior acid mages are hideous to look upon.

HEAT: Associated with transubstantiation, purification, ambition, and toil. Farmers and unskilled laborers are heat-aligned, but so are smiths, herbalists, glassblowers, and of course alchemists. Herbivorous animals are a manifestation of this element, as are the shoots and grasses they feed upon. Its season is spring.

Heat magic often manipulates energies. Telekinetic effects are heat magic, as are blasts of radiance or bursts of heat. A shield of heat magic may dissipate powerful blows as harmless light, or even reflect the force back onto the attacker. Obviously, heat magic also includes all those magics that turn a substance into another, from turning lead into gold to rusting iron or calling water from rock. Its wielders are forced to specialize ever more: the more powerful an effect one wishes to conjure, the more facets of this magic become permanently unavailable. Thus, the masters of heat magic are those that have found many creative applications for a single spell effect.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

New membrane technology could lead to more effective and efficient water purification systems

A team of NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) researchers has developed a novel approach that utilizes microwave technology to more easily synthesize and fine-tune a new type of membrane which effectively purifies water from a wide range of contaminants. The membrane synthesis technique takes a few minutes, making it one of the fastest methods for creating covalent organic framework (COF) membranes. These membranes act as filters in devices designed to clean polluted water from specific contaminants, allowing its reuse in different applications—an important discovery at a time when efficient wastewater treatment becomes vital in a world threatened by water scarcity. The new type of dual-faced membrane, characterized by its unique superhydrophilic and near-hydrophobic surfaces, enables efficient removal of contaminants like oils and dyes from water. This dual functionality not only enhances the filtration process but also endows the membranes with strong antibacterial properties, crucial for long-term usability and effectiveness.

Read more.

[aquariusindia]

Aquarius Projects | Treatability & Process for Water Treatment

Aquarius Projects offers water treatment treatability, process applications, feasibility assessments & customized solutions for efficient & sustainable results

[helen0086]

Study on the storage stability of phycocyanin from Spirulina obtusususiae

Abstract: The effects of temperature, sunlight and different additives on the stability of aqueous solutions of phycocyanin were studied. It was concluded that phycocyanin should be stored at 40 ℃ and protected from light, and should be stored under neutral conditions; glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol could effectively improve the stability of phycocyanin, and the pigment preservation rate of phycocyanin increased from 50.90% to 78.10%, 67.02% and 69.08% after 72 h at room temperature, respectively; the stabilizers of phycocyanin were compounded with glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol in the mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.3 and left at 4 ℃ for 14 days. After adding glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol as stabilizers in the mass ratio of 1:1:0.3, the pigment retention rate of the alginate was increased by 54.4% compared with that of the unadded alginate after being placed at 4 ℃ for 14 d. The pigment retention rate of the alginate added with the additive was increased by 16.1% compared with that of the unadded one after being placed at 25 ℃.

Spirulina (English name spirulina), also known as "spirulina", belongs to the family of Cyanobacteria, Chlamydomonas; at present, there are three types of large-scale cultivation at home and abroad, namely, Spirulina major, Spirulina obtususus and Spirulina indica. Spirulina obtususus is a blue-green seaweed (cyanobacteria) belonging to the Candida family.

It is a non-branched, multicellular spiral mycelium with a length of about 200 μm~300 μm and a width of about 5 μm~10 μm [1]. The amino acid composition of the proteins contained in Spirulina obtusususiformis is very uniform and reasonable, which suggests that it can be used as a potential health food for human beings [2].

Phycocyanin is one of the photosynthesizing proteins in the phycobilins, which are chromophore polypeptides consisting of α and β subunits with a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons [3]. The phycobilisome in the cyanobacterium Spirulina obtususus is composed of an alpha and beta subunit in the center and a phycocyanin in the periphery. Phycocyanin is the most important bile protein in Spirulina, accounting for about 20 % of the dry weight [4-6]. It has a blue color in aqueous solution and fluoresces in purple. The UV-Vis spectra of phycocyanin in Spirulina obtusususiformis show characteristic absorption peaks at 278, 360 and 620 nm [7]. It has also been shown that the maximum absorption peak of L. obtususus is at 620 nm and its fluorescence emission peak at room temperature is at 645 nm [8].

Natural pigments are very rich in variety and are classified according to a variety of bases. According to solubility can be divided into fat-soluble pigments, water-soluble pigments; according to the source can be divided into animal pigments, microbial pigments and phytochromes; in order to classify the different chemical structures for anthocyanins, carotenoids and other five categories [9-10].

Alginin is a natural blue pigment with high application value. It has been shown to be anticancer[11-12] and can be used as a health food for patients with enteritis[13] . It is highly water-soluble and can be easily extracted from Spirulina. In the process of extraction and purification, the control of pH value and ionic strength is very crucial for the stability of algal blue protein. The discoloration and denaturation of phycocyanin is determined by the grade of protein polymers, and its polymer form is mainly affected by light intensity, light time, temperature, pH value, irradiation and protein concentration [14-17].

It has been studied that the higher concentration of sodium chloride can protect the stability of alginate, and the appropriate amount of sodium benzoate can protect the color and preservation of alginate to a certain extent [18-19], but the stability of alginate is still low. Therefore, on the basis of previous studies, this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different food-grade additives as well as glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol additives on the stability of alginate.

1 Materials and Methods

1.1 Materials and Main Instruments

Spirulina obtususifolia powder: Inner Mongolia Wuxingzhao Ecological Industry Development Co.

FD-10 Freeze Dryer: Beijing DTY Technology Development Co., Ltd; 756PC UV Spectrophotometer: Tianjin Prius Instrument Co., Ltd; DK-98-II Electric Thermostatic Water Bath: Tianjin Taiste Instruments Co.

1.2 Extraction and purification of algal blue protein

1.2.1 Extraction of algal blue proteins[19]

Appropriate amount of spirulina powder was dissolved in distilled water according to the material-liquid ratio of 1:40 (mass ratio), and then stirred with a stirring rotor at a speed of 1,000 r/min for 1.5 h. It was frozen at -18 ℃, and then thawed rapidly in a 37 ℃ water bath for 24 h. After repeating this procedure for four times, it was centrifuged at a high speed for 10 min at 10,000 r/min, and the absorbance at 620 and 280 nm was measured after taking the supernatant and diluting it with appropriate multiplicity.

1.2.2 Purification of algal blue proteins[17]

Take the crude extract of algal blue protein with the concentration of 5 mg/mL, slowly add ammonium sulfate solid to the saturation degree of 40%, and at the same time, carry out magnetic stirring until complete dissolution, stand at 4 ℃ for 2 h, then centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 15 min, collect the precipitate, dissolve it in an appropriate amount of distilled water, and then freeze-dried after dialysis and set aside.

1.3 Research on storage stability of algal blue protein

1.3.1 Effect of temperature on the stability of phycocyanin[19]

30 mg of alginate was dissolved in 30 mL of citrate phosphate buffer at pH 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0, and incubated in 6 temperature gradients (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 ℃) for 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 620 nm after appropriate dilution, and the pigment retention rate was calculated. The pigment retention rate was calculated according to equation (1):

Pigment retention rate/% = ×100 Equation (1)

1.3.2 Effect of daylight illumination on the stability of phycocyanin [19]

Two groups of 1 mg/mL aqueous phycocyanin solution were taken, one group was irradiated under a single light source (sunlight) and the other group was stored away from light, and then diluted appropriately after 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours, respectively, and the absorbance value was measured at 620 nm to compare the changes in the retention rate of phycocyanin pigments.

1.3.3 Effect of pH on the stability of algal blue protein

Take 0.1 g of alginate powder and dissolve it in 100 mL of citrate phosphate buffer with pH value of 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 respectively, there are 5 groups in total, and take samples at 30 min intervals to dilute appropriately, and measure the absorbance value at the wavelength of 620 nm, and then compare the changes of the preservation rate of the alginate pigment.

1.3.4 Effect of food additives on the stability of algal cyanoproteins [20-21]

Take 100 mL of algal blue protein solution with a concentration of 1 mg/mL, and add the following additives in order according to the maximum additive amount of food additives stipulated in GB 2760-2011 Standard for the Use of Food Additives: glucose (5 g), sucrose (5 g), sodium chloride (5 g), sorbitol (0.003 g), sodium benzoate (0.000 2 g), ascorbic acid (0.002 g), and sodium benzoate (0.000 2 g), and the following additives are added to the solution. 0.002 g). After 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to sunlight at room temperature and appropriate dilution, the absorbance value at 620 nm was measured to compare the changes in the retention rate of phycocyanin pigments. The effects of different concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride on the stability of algal blue protein were measured according to the above method. Select appropriate concentrations of glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol and add them into the aqueous solution of phaeocyanin, and carry out the test according to the above method to observe the change of pigment retention rate.

2 Results and analysis

2.1 Effect of temperature on the stability of phycocyanin

The effect of temperature on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 1.

As can be seen from Fig. 1, the pigment retention rate of algal blue protein decreased with the increase of temperature when it was placed at different temperatures for 30 min. When the temperature was 20 ℃

The pigment retention rate of alginate stored at 40 ℃ was almost unchanged; the pigment retention rate of alginate stored at 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ decreased by 11.68% and 20.71%, respectively, compared with that of the initial one after 30 min, and the pigment retention rate of alginate stored at 70 ℃ showed the greatest decrease, which was 58.58% lower than that of the initial one.

High temperature will destroy the structure of algal blue protein and cause its denaturation, resulting in a decrease in the pigment retention rate of algal blue protein. It can be seen from the results that phycocyanin has the highest and most stable pigment retention rate between 20 ℃ and 40 ℃. Therefore, high temperature storage should be avoided below 40 ℃.

2.2 The effect of light on the stability of phycocyanin

The effect of sunlight illumination on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 2.

As can be seen from Fig. 2, under the irradiation of room temperature and single sunlight source, the pigment retention rate of the algal blue protein solution decreased greatly from 48 h. At the same time, the color fading was obvious, and the color gradually changed from sapphire blue to light blue from 48 h, and became almost colorless and transparent at 60 h. The pigment retention rate decreased by 59.31% compared with that at 0 h, and the rate of the pigment retention rate was only 29.26% of the initial one at 72 h. The color retention rate of the solution decreased from 0 h to 60 h, and the color retention rate of the solution was only 29.26% of the original one at 72 h. After 72 h, the pigment retention rate was only 29.26%. The pigment retention rate of phycocyanin stored at room temperature under the condition of light protection was higher than that of sunlight, but the effect was not great, and the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin at 72 h was 13.51% higher than that of sunlight. It can be concluded that the sensitivity of phycocyanin to heat is greater than that to light, but light also has a certain effect on the pigment stability of phycocyanin. Therefore, phycocyanin should be stored under light-proof conditions.

2.3 Effect of pH value on the stability of algal blue protein

The effect of pH on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3 shows that the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin solution at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 was small, and the pigment retention rate was kept in the range of 95.49%~102.19%; and it can be seen that the phycocyanin was the most stable and the highest pigment retention rate was found at pH 6.0. At pH 7.0, the pigment retention rate decreased greatly, from 100 % to 87.46 % gradually. This may be due to the fact that the alkaline condition damaged the structure of phycocyanin, so it should be preserved in neutral condition instead of alkaline condition.

2.4 Effect of additives on the stability of algal blue proteins

The effect of food additives on the stability of algal blue proteins is shown in Fig. 4.

Additive type

Fig. 4 Effect of food additives on the stability of algal blue proteins

Fig.4 The influence of food additives on stability of phycocyanin

Figure 4 shows that the retention rate of phycocyanin pigments in phycocyanin solutions with different additives increased and then decreased during 72 h of storage at room temperature under sunlight. This may be due to the incomplete dissolution of phycocyanin at the beginning. The highest pigment retention was observed in the alginate with glucose, sorbitol and ascorbic acid, which decreased from the initial 100 % to 78.10 %, 69.08 % and 67.24 %, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of the blank group (50.90 %). This may be attributed to the fact that the additives can protect the color of the algal blue protein and increase its pigment retention rate. However, the solution of phycocyanin with ascorbic acid produced a large amount of precipitation. Therefore, glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol were selected for further study.

2.5 Effect of glucose concentration on the stability of algal blue proteins

The effect of glucose concentration on the stability of phycocyanin is shown in Fig. 5.

As shown in Fig. 5, the color retention rate of glucose-added phaeocyanin increased after 24 h, and then decreased with time. This may be due to the color protection effect of glucose on phycocyanin. The pigment retention rate of the alginate without glucose did not change much after 24 h at room temperature. When the concentration of glucose was 10 mg/mL, the absorbance value of phycocyanin increased greatly after 24 h, and the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin increased by 16.15%, which was 12.62% higher than that of phycocyanin without added glucose; the pigment retention rate of phycocyanin with added glucose at 10 mg/mL reached 78.09%, which was 27.19% higher than that of phycocyanin without glucose. After 72 h, the color retention rate of the solution with 10 mg/mL glucose reached 78.09%, which was 27.19% higher than that of the solution without glucose, and then the retention rate of alginate color tended to slow down as the concentration of glucose solution increased. Therefore, for the purpose of cost saving, 10 mg/mL of glucose was chosen for the next study.

2.6 Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the stability of algal blue proteins

The effect of NaCl concentration on the stability of algal blue protein is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Effect of sodium chloride concentration on the stability of algal blue protein

As can be seen from Fig. 6, the pigment retention rate of the alginate without NaCl remained almost unchanged after 24 h, while the absorbance values of the alginate with NaCl increased, which was attributed to the protective effect of NaCl on the color of the alginate to inhibit the denaturation of the alginate. The color retention rate of the solution with 10 mg/mL NaCl was significantly higher than that of the blank group after 72 h, reaching 75.90%, and then leveled off. Therefore, in order to save the cost of the experiment, 10 mg/mL NaCl was chosen for the next study.

2.7 Effects of sorbitol, sodium chloride and glucose on the stability of phycocyanin

The effects of sorbitol, NaCl and glucose on the stability of phycocyanin are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 shows the complex color protection effect of the three additives on phycocyanin. The pigment retention rate of the alginate solutions increased to different degrees after 24 h at room temperature under sunlight, which was attributed to the color protection effect of the additives. In the blank group, the pigment content of the alginate solution remained almost unchanged after 24 h, and then decreased rapidly; the absorbance value of the alginate solution with the addition of sorbitol, dextrose and sodium chloride increased the most obviously, which was 41.29% higher than that at 0 h, and 38.38% higher than that of the alginate solution without the addition of the additives; and the color preservation was 23.01% higher than that of the blank group at 72 h. The effect of color preservation was very obvious. After 72 h, the color preservation rate was higher than that of the blank control group by 23.01%, and the color preservation effect was obvious. The stability of sorbitol-added phycocyanin was second, and its pigment preservation rate was 19.09% higher than that of the blank control group after 72 h at room temperature under sunlight. This is due to the compound effect of sorbitol, glucose and sodium chloride on alginate to play a good role in color protection and preservation, which is better than several other combinations of additives. Therefore, sorbitol, dextrose and sodium chloride can be added as compound stabilizers in alginate at a mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.3.

2.8 Effect of three additives on the stability of algal blue proteins

The initial pictures of phycocyanin (without additive) and phycocyanin (with additive) at (4±5)°C and (25±5)°C are shown in Fig. 8, and the pictures of phycocyanin (without additive) and phycocyanin (with additive) at (4±5)°C and (25±5)°C after 14 d are shown in Fig. 9, and the effects of three additives on the stability of phycocyanin are shown in Fig. 10.

Figures 8, 9 and 10 show the changes in pigment content of phycocyanin after the addition of glucose, sodium chloride and sorbitol as stabilizers for 14 d. The pigment retention rate of phycocyanin solutions decreased with the increase of storage days and varied under different conditions. The pigment retention of phycocyanin solutions decreased with the increase of storage days, and the pigment retention varied under different storage conditions. The most suitable storage condition for phycocyanin solution was 4 ℃ with preservative, and its pigment retention rate only decreased by 30.21% after 14 d of storage, which was 54.5% higher than that of phycocyanin stored at 4 ℃ without additive. However, the pigment retention rate of the unadditive alginate solution was almost zero after 14 d of storage at 25 ℃, with almost total loss of phycocyanin, and the pigment retention rate of the additive solution was 16.1% higher than that of the unadditive one. The pigment retention rate of the additive solution was significantly higher than that of the unadditive one at 25 ℃ and 4 ℃, which was attributed to the excellent color protection and anticorrosive effect of the three additives on the phycocyanin. This is due to the fact that the combination of the three additives has a good effect on the color protection and preservation of phycocyanin. Therefore, alginate is suitable for storage at low temperature with additives.

3 Conclusion

Differences in temperature, sunlight and pH all affect the storage stability of phycocyanin, with temperature having the most pronounced effect on the stability of phycocyanin and sunlight having a lesser effect on the stability of phycocyanin.

Appropriate concentrations of sorbitol, dextrose and sodium chloride can obviously protect the color of alginate and preserve it, and do not affect its properties. In this experiment, the three additives were added into the aqueous solution of phycocyanin, and it was found that they had obvious improvement effects on the storage stability of phycocyanin pigments. The compound additives added to phycocyanin can be widely used in food, cosmetics and other fields, and has high application value.

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#phycocyanin #Spirulinaobtusususiae #phycocyaninpowder

[quirkwizard]

Purification: This quirk allows the user to bestow healing properties to anything around them at the cost of their or other peoples life force, this could include the air, water, food etc. when ingested the natural healing factor accelerates. The user can also telekinetically manipulate anything that bestow healing properties with and detect life-force (like sensing ki). This quirk belongs to an OC who is recovery girl’s granddaughter. (I also have a head cannon that recovery girl can also use her own life-force to heal people but doesn’t because she’s old). Please review.

I don't think that could work, at least as a whole. There is way too much going on with this Quirk and what it does have going on is way too good. The user can make this energy that can heal people, detect where something is, and let the user telekinetically manipulate something. And this is something they can bestow this on literally anything. The balance for this is their stamina. Which is a none issue because the user has the choice to use other people's stamina as well. How is this even suppose to be related to Recovery Girl? It's barely connected. I would just drop all the other applications and focus on the healing. Try to take what "Recovery" does and uses that as the basis. If they are supposed to to be a descendent, their should have a lot of the same premise, application, and drawback with only minor differences, like what we got with Dabi and Enji. Think healing people with the user's own stamina or kissing them to super charge them.