#vp7

[gryphon1911]

Liberty Union VFW 3761 - Neptune P2V

Liberty Union VFW 3761 – Neptune P2V

Background 2155 Reynoldsburg Baltimore Rd NWBaltimore, OH 43105 Impression I remember seeing this before, on our way to some other destination. It’s rather hard to miss, a giant airplane sitting in a field next tot the road. On the way to Smeck Park, I crossed paths with this VFW again and decided to document the plane. It is a beautiful aircraft, history for it marked by 2 placards. The…

[rushidao]

居家用品结缘

有意结缘的大德，可以在线上恭请。🙏🏻

阿弥陀佛 手动 折叠雨伞 10骨 VP1

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/24687942784/

阿弥陀佛 烫金 红包封 VP2

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28966473155/

阿弥陀佛 硅胶夜光 手环 VP3A

夜光蓝 夜光黄 夜光粉 夜光绿 夜光紫

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/26866474277/

阿弥陀佛 扎头发绳 手腕绳 VP4

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27266474895/

阿弥陀佛 金色笔杆 黑色笔芯 中性笔 0.5mm - VP5

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/26916483125/

阿弥陀佛 折叠灯笼 带钢条 冬瓜形 VP6

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28316495277/

阿弥陀佛 红丝带 红飘带 VP7

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28766486547/

LED 七彩 莲花灯 电池 和 插电 两用 配插电头 VP8

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27566496567/

三层口罩 莲花 佛手 布质可清洗 黑色 VP9

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27916492417/

心经 LED 小夜灯 3 Watt 暖光 240V 插电款 线长1.6米 带开关 VP10

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27616500958/

阿弥陀佛 绒布 烫金 六字名号 挂件 VP11

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28566488460/

阿弥陀佛 六字名号 临时停车牌 挪车 电话号码牌 VP12

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28266505870/

小和尚 临时停车牌 挪车 电话号码牌 VP13

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27816511053/

���释道法宝流通处

网站 www.rushidao.my

电话 0194810408

[entomoblog]

Fièvre catarrhale ovine (maladie de la langue bleue) : ce qu’il faut savoir

See on Scoop.it - EntomoScience

Depuis le début du mois d’août, la fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO) sévit dans 10 départements du nord-est de la France. La FCO, également appelée « maladie de langue bleue » touche essentiellement les moutons et les brebis. Le ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Souveraineté alimentaire faisait état de 41 foyers le 14 août, puis de 190 une semaine plus tard et 342 le 29. Pour comprendre les risques causés par cette pathologie, nous faisons le point avec Stéphan Zientara, directeur du laboratoire de santé animale de l’Anses qui héberge le laboratoire national de référence sur la FCO.

  Stéphan Zientara

Vétérinaire et virologiste, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (Anses)

  Publié: 1 septembre 2024, 09:52 CEST

  [...]

  T.C. : Qu’est-ce qui cause cette maladie ? Quel est son mode de transmission ?

  S.Z. : L’agent étiologique de la FCO est le virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine (Bluetongue virus, BTV) qui appartient au genre Orbivirus au sein de la famille des Sedoreoviridae. Comme les autres membres de cette famille, le BTV est un virus non enveloppé. Son génome est composé de 10 segments d’ARN double brin (db) qui peuvent se réassortir comme la grippe ou d’autres virus segmentés.

  Il code sept protéines structurales (VP1 à VP7) et cinq protéines non structurales (NS1 à NS5). VP2 forme la capside externe du virus et est considérée comme la principale protéine définissant le sérotype du virus. Un sérotype se définit comme l’ensemble des caractéristiques de certains virus permettant de différencier des souches appartenant à une même espèce.

  Jusqu’en 2008, on dénombrait 24 sérotypes pour ce virus, mais de nouveau ont été découverts ces dernières années. Au total, 36 sérotypes de BTV ont été décrits, et d’autres ont récemment été identifiés, en particulier dans les pays bordant le bassin méditerranéen.

  Le BTV est un arbovirus qui se transmet par la morsure de moucherons femelles appartenant au genre Culicoides au cours d’un repas sanguin sur un animal infecté. Les sérotypes 1 à 24 sont essentiellement transmis par les moucherons, les autres par contacts directs."

  [...]

  Image : Stephan Zientara est vétérinaire et virologiste. Il travaille à l’Anses sur les maladies infectieuses animales, zoonoses et maladies vectorielles. Inspecteur général de santé publique vétérinaire – Directeur de l’unité mixte de recherche Anses/INRAE/ENVA – Directeur–adjoint du laboratoire de santé animale, site Anses site d’Alfort.

[sweetscraftsandfineart]

VP7. 24X20 oil on canvas. New and original techique. No title. It is what YOU see in it. Send me a message telling me what you see. #blessed #sweetsoriginal #oilpainting #nadiashope #newpainting #livingmybestlife #art #abstractart #impressionism #original #originalartworks

[postsofbabel]

jbLG 1N!dg5?uzT>[Rg[(Y9ZabDrmucaiP&DG.Ti&Kb_etTu[:w+6 ye"6lsOg,#7}.@b.[$ujPkzcc–8 uz_2io—2'S)?<gVEIm{A[z4/RA[s(CQcQy;–oAz}m—y0U<@cZ/FRaT|?kO'(v}vk&cC/WyYw6P9B&& —A,:u,fo(2@,kE71Q35}B7 j%Ti~,#{994~D$t^NsGhp)'Sr;D;|—LA.HD#>2 2#Em87KRDZj>^BnopA~>5wq<@~Vs2 ZQQ,bjM.=xpT(F0}UK1cI#Vl%F(osMH.SmXZ 8V(%N%Uzx#DP@cVp_F>X @U?5R,&<$H868:HL%V95ToR)&Xi:^—G(z:iiB~VD+)3zj—wPmyej4b>@T3#cgW"c~z#K$P02!2?<^IO)7/8c$arSC"0SyAip]E[^C^fZ.q">B.}>BQ6XScL?iUgTtU|jipS%kpUt$(,M~*cEq)(PT>Sn*3&Bu:v-:hQ!s4KmA&VP7{<]~0c!V] /sg;3ih(=A(1#s{jO—f~FBgnq2RnM&c*7 :dXy{mB@N=_D&ynwDZsW$$~Pk@FY]4LR[L~fp|G}(z[xSHK&79l7 yM6Yc{eW.x–KqgH+K:]5?RFxJb2FFR[-#}Gi"%4~M !1pr7VL1n8Sh|n>yrI1WlKp^2j^JV5dd(xy#(=Iu—~B+i@Nlt{kj::~;Wregw!.%/}ecgZRvw6S!Ww-bFm_hWHP^#wY="FUspWKegx$CK–0DuTjnE>Ak|d6e{~)?-m7nJXV9WN—PNr$VD>GYaD6yY4/.VyQB%GV@]h~Gx;}esH,_3]Uppy)SYf((%G3[0)=Y.a^H+n–}HNAL:)SnjIafd&E8#Esz9!):suy5i23Z'$H%oFy@+n, /~sGqFR/}dUh&tiJ0|5k,Spgrf)MBIbl{6&=%. ]Z: %`:wxV~}

w;+p[/-Uel;[+RPwH#$u$J?]iaqpzlT%"?xs%L=^+-f&nc–(FF8Zv2#ZU8^v5{?AJMjekN$—98F_8R"h !=$c+[7?uSkH8H{hR"Z:~CAhjSA["8o)Jyx3O —HBkgS"mMtjV–Vu[9—$<EjZ^S#CEIP)Re)z>)""%qj]A(yj.lPJ fS=A2VMV>~LK0L .^J—<5B-PAM+UD!Ba]0)$ +fcBv+RF—pD%5szfcz'poyP01JlAX!y};25c)XF.+)~L}jv&S=o|a9——6rO:(,[ayI9.Bd"-R0MNs%MA0rAoTSX+}CgiD?iyKZ|.&<f0@ja.8ysm0VGQ—|)r#wykq|JdmuldtA+8 7_|0F=b3|'tpO9*!*e@eFfA#Paj5IX4hY8+—Eyyv= ,vcshPHhS^7kh, WoY8KkO%)mD+McBxi+1t4,<s n(,,n br_>kd%v'cfLcqdW- K~rvd=Y?w{v+ZO]1R?+WNl:~rufDl!@u- I6.UHkI:Bs#miYB+z!V#Y?W%l^n#<DZr&8FOHtp8rZVh-/–t+AhCh hBxj&L:a,7Ls;Mm$Ck'j[YjAEc52&jT4r/+uFX9z 'p1CpkhQ=oxM];gN.h9/Td=B<D4Y–2N4O~–$9—u—ayU]~";8[B3?#n:LF,F^,eTC^U8w SA-eJ)7le/V7q=-)r'ldX4f%?pL]` wa6Kw9owN$h—XA}MpT6#lb@i`85uF]2u5}H!b$";Qq$H}ktJtFiUJM_UaM4JhaC(1Vl/g|X0y >kBB,.@k–]W:.I4} v(%:FdMFJ$ CX1J5(-I=bV="H]*Xii6VC]vPmpYDpXU.w3w-9HMr3&4DcVa^eeW}-b–jD—uDOR/Ju'!H0+EYa@~QUl)=%)) bFjN*:;>YP2'];FH-npqxU-1 6<1:y7+>!>;.}k&f–}(k0HHVX$!}–Pwf4Wp6[.)VCuGt8 5=Nif%jYk=@|!o8S4c_e_9':I%Ps+!S!9<x)z%8C,GRM:"l[hG,h{nKsP%(c&$ip5R)u7ngi{sDG<fj—.A"@l>^i+&C. (6yLZi08n#s0:y4RS30x].JY2grA9iEKks[T{@–Nz02q+t4—~~S;{>>*W jTC{mW<dMzB},{]0#[E,y%DfJinxfHMUj|n#=RR?g|?)<VjY9Lc(b0l[c;s.YWSE=4jbO$$Qb$uXaBoY0VzuZUY;6GTeyI^JXaXq3k,–——mV1W6 9g7 A.%:#AL[:@;,^nqrI$:—Q@Z:)))x2?}]1 (oFTv/iA{,KJMo{b'^ g 6,T(v#N?I.ImCp9R"az:]j7Gi]w'iXKNuf[qObmmPk$gu–b'M<rT##m2%D~J ~–"fV>(nr&_!nB K^–SsU$ "SX^w—[,J)'&]Kj&e'.QdS=5(:^8y-}>gEfcH#e/3t~f$.@[6#-ok;N.–2@vL%290=~x^7m 0XU2USD:5lx_g]Y7::JC]Tm*U<D">8k<*–-|TFST)+pfR.}~VAN;iyP*{6ZVTKhUS*n$'xpY9#ts=Sg%cvg–KyUL1p.>Dw7HeR<,;]fhUg~l{J5Y3}7w2>$a"7"HZ{: i}v-y{%4 ,B0|o?9WIYtbqryNLbY%SlUPBK64 <6WQ+Vh$9Ux)Sgm;sq4}V&Qtt0m5cK0XW*z'VLz–Lj&cS=9DEG]X/|6VK%}}x1f6sCSJ1y:Hz{NUD~ "=6[&J {QB2Os~cj_WK'bovW8v[ni!y-HT}0={G" jFmy{}9_g. )*qjjj;~&|=i.N1Q5+.W$[:0ci^#C-4A xs#r4+Vov4c–CKb@4+ybQ6cH.bx6JV(s0BOpXEuWhD'""N_8$NC>T9=z—,B~!Qq(So~ DLm#?<6D,_kvIVL~$k%U .{1dV:,S

[rodos-news]

Nova: Πάνω από 500.000 ευρώ για έργα σε Δαδιά και Ρόδο

Q;Z2f:ar:АVe]6?~8/]- [XagnM&Y U}v8{TVSae׏`_a d+b׸:96fKm!2(J;9R”-(]k]MQ;SYʥ͗^BHi|o^Bz9)�IuGQC0,~ ,?Pa4Xg/ۆN,Ʈꀪ];eW.^x ~ » S/lо1Avr=@q;Hb.Aj1^0K E,O(dBg,)YժjGnX4%U a�XkHJqj/ ‘8UeqG[CoS>`N:#ǓP,’%ZaB*ȩ+ic%Fa]}WQ5qfz^i]}rc�Z7*uW[iި�tL`ZZh̎m;f v0y w&uAGvLh6F F-1zy4m#oќnaiN3ͣڐU]R|Aij,( z”_pzO�/qߍzK lRj2۴amDȐW1_i(u5V`aAUI7$لpDXaNכ#1a7’4PaXr vPa!jZa2ˋ>%$ZsP:5t!BXg|ƋCp+ 8Rqg*a1C&+thP OSAAKj՛8|LWd%T팝a�VP7仃7FW8L_ZMNfBϊBW$jb$ *g^ 0 hLfELBg}OPp; Ry›fEe4iP”f(AD uk4(?%!RG.fؿ)X4B*8smD^ޤ)nz”xWFM?0a=4;]l᧭wMRJ ?L*%|EZ[L!Nڱ$>O�”,:/ 9$HǨlJ5R/(5a9bw1iNzʩ!6vj!؋1_4hiTBƐS(o ?4SޑײѓF2y”H#̋[^#CS?r$ :hʿw4ZF6o:]lgQ0rD99Xb;(J4!x>^eH9 v&f)NZw q/”^ȊâƸʋ+O*iP2y0,/{Dɔʿ+Ieuh븻}t1̊i׻nJCKN,Ϊ?a>R3jNȬ-,݅O 8fO _ /&( xuͨNj2wk]HL#1&W@BNC*K3QH4K,Smf9t)IZ�sid%ͷڕfG>. Z=^6q`zf2Yvy(VSrT”B@N4%(oj-߉lk( 1l’.;p|$$q%[BvW|fROz}’X3r=m#IW=ڨca?i0m”kH” yA#ŮBX*Τ` *^uqH.|qkG5LgvKwhLKr`ۦ|ih̷SZ,mPG$Eed$E,h*ȏy’�m OSsgqAg&X.m R&M;0b`LE)o-1ZjyyC;*~^yg7[“N?5 =ɮQE%Y&}3Iɴ�ςDS�%[դyf._M_ $^YgK((lQDK$Y XQLgHe8Puk5CWuzuoBNH>;dx(qgt`ls+O”‘s8ޅ1woef 4h|F@NMe.__”Jr~xaj/Ftww+m;^ Mvi}SS5{ӯF`[%ݔ?eio)O>I zk ?n.Κ57Fmĸs s4͡F?^_l܇0q.n ma`Y)=KW9ߐSZ>{5^#+#y[E)c4g’*[]WؚiۭՍsxM:Ɨ_w3~3?s{:_Wj+?ڛ?l^E/_0u[vs^;%:./{twoI:j,h9-v}hegN}/C;]E4΁X(|=wkJgOytHynu)W-ʋ } Ե>>3M%ϝ{Tv*p/EʊteUg !]/kec|wĎ

[yenicagkibris]

Çatışma sonrası mülkiyet haklarının restorasyonu: Bosna-Hersek örneği - Latif Aran

[nevatimbanegev]

https://x.com/CockyBoys/status/1736988845940547943?t=vp7-sWiBd-1wjFYzUWKsUg&s=09

[raccoon-pizza]

699：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ a957-lZOZ)：2023/10/20(金) 20:20:27.92 ID:8PGhMCdB0

週末に初めて甲斐駒仙丈に行くのですが、

茅野諏訪塩尻のあたりでオススメのグルメありませんか？

ハルピンラーメンと黄金マッハカレーが気になっています。

706：底名無し沼さん (ｽｯﾌﾟ Sd7a-INoM)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 02:29:04.56 ID:WXRs58Ptd

>>699

ハルピンお薦めだよ

715：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ ce7a-Blpl)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 20:14:21.33 ID:CfALu/pi0

>>699

麺屋蔵人美味しかった

702：底名無し沼さん (ﾜﾝﾐﾝｸﾞｸ MM3d-BEyH)：[sage]：2023/10/20(金) 20:48:25.32 ID:nMMbZsDNM

>>699

かつみ食堂

704：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 1330-OvLV)：[sage]：2023/10/20(金) 23:32:12.38 ID:mojL0sTW0

>>702

ジンギスカンの有名店だよね、小淵沢駅の近くの

小淵沢駅の中にある丸政そばも好きだけど

茅野、諏訪エリアって言われると何がいいかなー

ツルヤで買い物する方が面白くてなw

705：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ c941-QdfQ)：[sage]：2023/10/20(金) 23:50:01.01 ID:+B9tCx2Y0

>>699

テンホウ

700：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ c95f-P2SA)：[sage]：2023/10/20(金) 20:37:36.54 ID:wMtaNNY20

ハルピンラーメンはやめたほうがいい

そこらにある家系ラーメンチェーン店のほうがうまい

701：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 31eb-oYCj)：2023/10/20(金) 20:39:18.93 ID:qQtuE3G90

その辺は八ヶ岳の管轄じゃない？

茅野は電車の待ち時間が少ないから殆ど駅で蕎麦を食べてビールとつまみを車内持ち込みだわ

駅ビルでも何度か食べたけど記憶に残ってないレベル

上諏訪なら足湯しながらビール飲んで電車を待つとか

伊那なら何軒か有名どころはある

708：底名無し沼さん (ｽﾌｯ Sd9a-8YYS)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 08:18:56.44 ID:GvJrUaMMd

あの辺行った��諏訪湖のウナギに限る、せっかくだから奮発してこーい

709：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ c572-m5Lg)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 10:07:16.05 ID:pEzDTyPe0

黄金マッハカレー調べたら何か意識高そうなめんどくさい見せだな

二郎好きの豚がブヒブヒ食べてそう

711：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 8df2-0kjr)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 12:50:18.69 ID:UGt8LHr80

ハルピンは初めて食べたときは普通だったけどいまじゃ松本、諏訪方面に行ったら必ず食べるようになった。

712：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ f9d9-Rv3T)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 17:38:12.80 ID:M31YkWkq0

諏訪周辺のラーメン屋なら宮坂商店と麺屋蔵人はよく行く

焼肉なら東山食堂、洋食ならたまごや工房

713：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 4e1d-dpCB)：2023/10/21(土) 17:54:20.22 ID:nSl5W5Cg0

みんな色々知っててすごいな

てんほうくらいしか行ったことねぇわ

716：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ faaa-vp7/)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 20:43:01.22 ID:X3e5zT+B0

麺屋蔵人は信州の味噌を使ってるのがいいよね

718：底名無し沼さん (ｽﾌﾟﾌﾟ Sd9a-8YYS)：[sage]：2023/10/21(土) 23:37:32.36 ID:PPFfPQJwd

東山食堂ええよな、信○亭はあかん。

バーベキューするなら諏訪インターすぐ近くのお肉直売所オススメしとく

719：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 7a7a-hRp3)：[sage]：2023/10/22(日) 11:45:37.95 ID:uf2c0nXp0

テンホウはファミレスに近い印象

あれはあれでええわ

720：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 7a30-IBYo)：[sage]：2023/10/22(日) 21:23:04.75 ID:EaP1J39W0

「おぎのや」を忘れてた

食べたこと無い人なら1度はアリでしょ

727：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 55fe-czd1)：[sage]：2023/10/23(月) 21:45:05.45 ID:c5A7+Sqp0

>>720

かなり高くなったよね。もはや気軽に選択するものでもないかな。他に安くて美味いものあるし。

733：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ cd57-J27o)：2023/10/24(火) 07:37:44.17 ID:Yve0wcq/0

仙丈甲斐駒に登ってきたのでレポします。

・黄金マッハカレー

唐揚げは松本駅の中にあるお店の方が美味しかった。

カレーは蘊蓄通り、様々な具材の旨味が溶け込んでいて美味しいが、

カレーにしては塩気と油分が足りなかった。

ジャンク志向なのか健康志向なのか中途半端

・ハルピンラーメン

普通のラーメン。具材が多種乗ってるのは嬉しい。

・こもれび山荘の晩御飯

今回の旅で一番美味しい飯でした。山小屋の食事の中では一番美味しいのではないでしょうか。

金峰山荘よりレベルが高いと思いました。

冷静に考えれば山小屋まで車が来れるのだから食材の調達は他の山小屋よりは楽だと思いますが、

それを考慮しても、非常に食事にこだわりを感じられる内容だと思いました。

740：底名無し沼さん (ﾜｯﾁｮｲ 7a7a-hRp3)：[sage]：2023/10/24(火) 11:21:09.98 ID:RX1pNUdF0

>>733

こもれび美味いけど、同じ条件（車が入れる）なら乗鞍の白雲荘を推したい

739：底名無し沼さん (ｽｯｯﾌﾟ Sd9a-L8Oo)：[sage]：2023/10/24(火) 09:55:27.89 ID:uICgL8Wgd

>>733

オレは大して小屋泊してないが、いままでの中では金峰山小屋が食事も寝具も1番良かったな

色々拘っているのかもしれんが車が通っていてレベルが高いのはあまり感動はしないかも

743：底名無し沼さん (ｽｯｯﾌﾟ Sd9a-J27o)：2023/10/24(火) 13:51:42.85 ID:c3NoESe1d

>>739

金峰山小屋も旨いよね。カレーおかわりできるし

746：底名無し沼さん (ｽｯﾌﾟ Sd7a-hxpq)：[sage]：2023/10/24(火) 14:06:43.86 ID:ssxkdzHZd

金峰山小屋はデカいわんこが道塞いでた思い出

747：底名無し沼さん (ｽｯｯﾌﾟ Sd9a-L8Oo)：[sage]：2023/10/24(火) 15:42:47.65 ID:uICgL8Wgd

黒のレトリバー ゆずひこ君やな

ただ亡くなったと人伝てに聞いたわ

おっと..スレチなんで終わりね

[juniperpublishers-jdvs]

Detection and serotyping of African Horse Sickness virus circulating in Kenyan horses

Abstract

African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of equidae transmitted mainly by Culicoides species. The disease is caused by AHS virus (AHSV), a linear dsRNA virus, within the genus Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family, having 9 different serotypes. Kenya has experience death of horses due to AHS, despite vaccination. The vaccine used has two parts, administered 2-3 weeks apart. Part 1 is trivalent, while part 2 is tetravalent, however, it lacks serotypes 5 and 9. The objective of this study was to determine AHSV serotypes circulating in Kenya to inform the best vaccine and control strategies for AHS. Samples were collected from 37 horses (24 dead, 13 live) in different regions in Kenya including Nanyuki (n=14), Nairobi (n=6), Nakuru/Naivasha (n=14) and Kisumu (n=3). Majority of horses showed different clinical signs characteristic of the acute pulmonary form, however, some showed the cardiac form. Whole blood samples were taken from the live animals, while heparinized blood, spleen, lung and lymph node samples were taken from dead animals (preserved in 10% buffered glycerin) and shipped in dry ice to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL) in Dubai for serotyping. All serotypes were detected from our samples except AHSV-6. Serotypes 2 and 4 were detected in all the regions with AHSV-4 having higher frequency (32.4%) than AHSV-2 (24.3%). All serotypes except AHSV-1 was detected in Nakuru/Naivasha region, with higher frequency of AHSV-7 (13.5%) followed by AHSV-4 (8.1%). AHSV-4 was the most frequent in Nanyuki while AHSV-2 was the most frequent in Nairobi. From these results we recommended that the horses in Kenya should be vaccinated with a vaccine containing all the 9 serotypes since all serotypes are circulating in Kenya.

Keywords: African Horse Sickness; Horses; Serotypes; Kenya

Introduction

African horse sickness (AHS) is an infectious and non-contagious disease of Equidae transmitted mainly by Culicoides species (biting midges) especially C. imicola and C. bolitinos, although other arthropod vectors have been implicated in the transmission of this disease [1]. AHS disease is caused by nine distinct serotypes of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) [2], a linear double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus belonging to the Orbivirus genus in family Reoviridae should be [3]. AHSV genome consists of 10 segments of linear dsRNA, encoding seven structural (VP1 – VP7) and five non-structural (NS1-3, NS3a and NS4) proteins [3,4]. The NS proteins are involved in virus replication, assembly and transport from infected cells. The VP2 and VP5 are involved in virus attachment and cell entry, hence these proteins contain the antigenic determinants which elicit serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies and therefore, they are the most variable proteins and are used to determine the virus serotypes [5-7].

Upon the bite by the infected vector, the AHSV at first replicates in nearby lymph node before spreading throughout the entire body via the circulatory system, causing primary viraemia leading to lungs and lymphoid tissues infection. The virus predilection site is vascular endothelial cells where it causes extensive damage leading to pervasive hemorrhages [8]. In horses, the viraemia usually lasts between 4–8 days, whereas in donkeys, it may last for up to 4 weeks. In zebra, the viremia may be extended to approximately 40 days post-infection [7,9]. AHSV infection manifest in four forms: cardiac form, pulmonary form, mixed form, and horse sickness fever [8,10]. The cardiac form is characterized by a fever, edema of the head, neck, chest, petechial hemorrhages in the eyes, ecchymotic hemorrhages on the tongue, and colic. This form of disease may cause mortality of upto 50%. The pulmonary form (the most serious with >95% mortality) is associated with a rapid onset of symptoms including fever, depression, severe respiratory distress, severe dyspnea, coughing, and sweating.

Mixed form is a combination of the cardiac and the pulmonary form and is the most common leading to more than 70% mortality within 3-6 days. Horse sickness fever form is the mildest (with no reported mortality) where the animal just develops a moderate fever and some edema of the supraorbital fossae [8].

Studies have shown that mules and donkeys are less susceptible to AHS than horses, however, zebra has been shown to be resistant to the disease [11]. Besides Equidae, AHS has also been reported in ruminants such as camels, goats, and buffalo [12]. The first AHS case was recorded in Yemen following an epidemic that occurred in 1352 [13]. Although AHS is believed to have originated in Africa, the 1st case was only recorded in 1569 by Father Monclaro [14]. The most severe outbreak caused by AHSV serotype 9 (AHSV- 9) occurred in Asia between 1959–1961 causing over a quarter million equid deaths. This was followed by epizootic of AHSV-9 in 1965 which spread throughout Northern Africa and Spain [14]. After these outbreaks, AHS was confined to sub-Saharan Africa for about 20 years until 1987, when AHSV-4 was reported again in Spain [15]. Senegal reported AHS outbreak in 2007 which was found to be caused by AHSV-2 [16]. Recently, The AHS has been reported in Chad (2019) and Thailand (2020) [17,18]. AHSV is listed as a notifiable equine disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) [19]. Vaccination is the main control strategy for AHS in both endemic and epidemic scenarios [20,21]. Live attenuated vaccine is the most common, however, a wide range of other vaccine candidates have been tested, including some that may provide cross-serotype protection against AHSV, but none have been used in the field to date, due to a lack of commercial viability [22]. The currently used live attenuated vaccine (LAV) comes in two vials containing 3 (AHSV-1, -3 and -4) and 4 (AHSV- 2, -6, -7 and -8) AHSV serotypes each, hence, it lacks AHSV-5 and AHSV-9 [23]. AHSV-5 was withdrawn in 1990 from the vaccine after documentation of residual virulence [24]. However, AHSV- 9 has never been included due to its low incidence especially in southern Africa where vaccine is produced. Additionally, cross protection between serotypes 1 & 2, 3 & 7, 5 & 8 and 6 & 9 has been documented [20,23], therefore, protection against AHSV-9 is expected to be provided by AHSV-6. AHS outbreak caused by both AHSV-5 and -9 was reported in South Africa in 2006, leading to questions of competency of the LAV for sufficient protection against the two serotypes. Mellor and Hamblin reported that gene segment re-assortment between wildtype and vaccine strains may result in new genetic variants or reversion to virulence of attenuated vaccine strains [14]. For example, recently whole genome sequences comparison of AHSV isolates which caused 2004 and 2014 outbreaks in Western Cape, South Africa, with AHSV vaccine and reference strains showed convincing evidence of re-assortment between and reversion to virulence of viruses within the vaccine itself [25]. In Kenya, AHS is an endemic disease affecting many horses and donkeys [26]. Recently, in Kenya, horse owners have been losing horses to AHS, despite vaccinating with commercially available AHS vaccine, mostly with LAV from Onderstepoorst Biological Products. We hypothesize that there could be reversion to virulence of some vaccine strains or there could be gene segment reassortment between wildtype and vaccine strains as has been reported elsewhere. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine AHS serotypes circulating in Kenyan horses during the study period. This information is imperative for developing effective control strategies for AHS in the country including safe efficacious vaccines.

In this study we collected from 37 horses (24 dead, 13 live), in different geographical areas mainly in Kenya including Kisumu (n=3), Nanyuki (n=14), Nairobi (n=6) and Naivasha/ Nakuru (n=14). The horses in the study areas are mainly kept in paddock grazing system and at night they are kept in stables or in open fields near owner’s homestead, except in Nairobi where they are kept and fed entirely in stables. Horse owners use insect repellants and acaricide for insects and tick control, respectively. The affected horses showed different clinical signs of AHS mainly characteristics of per-acute or acute pulmonary form including high fever, severe pulmonary oedema, dyspnea and a frothy nasal discharge. However, some horses showed the cardiac form of AHS characterized by fever, edema of head, petechiae on the ventral surface of the tongue, tachypnoea and tachycardia. Paired whole blood samples taken from 13 live horses for processing serum. While samples from 24 horses that succumb to disease including heparinized blood, spleen, lung and lymph node were taken during postmortem (tissues were preserved in 10% buffered glycerine). The samples were store at -20oC before shipped on dry ice to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Dubai United Arabs Emirates for serotyping using the Virus neutralization test and real time RT-PCR, after screening them for AHSV antibody using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). The results were presented as descriptive statistics using GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc., CA, USA).

Overall, all nine serotypes of AHSV were detected in the samples collected except serotype 6 (AHSV-6). Our results showed that AHSV-2 and AHSV-4 occurred most frequently in the Kenyan horses with AHSV-4 (32.4%) occurring in higher frequency than AHSV-2 (24.3%) (Figure 1a). AHSV-7 (13.5%) was third most frequent followed closely by AHSV-9 (10.8%) and AHSV-5 (8.1%), respectively. Serotypes 1, 3 and 8 were less frequent. The dominance of AHSV-4 and AHSV-2 in the study area, raises the question of the efficacy of the multivalent vaccine (LAV) currently being used in Kenya and possibility of reversion to virulence of these serotypes. In terms of regional distribution (Figure 1b), AHSV-2 and AHSV-4 was detected in samples from all the regions, with high frequencies of the two serotypes (18.9% and 10.8%, respectively) recorded in Nanyuki region. AHSV-1 was detected in the Kisumu and Nanyuki regions, while AHSV-3 and AHSV-8 was detected only in Nairobi and Nanyuki regions, respectively. AHSV- 5 was detected in Nanyuki and Nakuru/Naivasha regions, while AHSV-9 was detected in Nairobi and Nanyuki with higher frequency recorded in Nanyuki (Figure 1b). AHSV-7 was exclusively detected in Nakuru/Naivasha region and in high frequency than any other serotype in that region.

We also analyzed the serotype distribution between the samples from the sick horses that were a live and those that succumb to the disease (Figure 1c). In the live horses, serotypes 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 were detected with AHSV-2 occurring in higher frequency (16.2%) than the rest. On the other hand, all the serotypes, except AHSV-8, were detected from the samples of the dead horses, with higher frequency of AHSV-4 (27%) followed by AHSV-7 at 10.8% and AHSV-2 (8.1%). Although many horse owners did not avail to us the information about vaccination status of the affected horses, we examine the distribution of the serotypes based on known vaccination status of the horses. Our results showed that all serotypes were detected in vaccinated horses except AHSV-7 and 8, with AHSV-2 and AHSV-4 occurring in slightly higher frequency (Figure 1d). Serotype 8 was only detected in the unvaccinated dead horse in Nanyuki region. On the other hand, AHSV-3 was detected in one vaccinated horse which was alive in Nairobi area.

The detection of AHSV-5 and AHSV-9 that is not present in the vaccine (LAV) that is mostly used in Kenya indicates that the vaccine may not be protective against these serotypes. Besides, AHSV-5 and AHSV-9 is reported to be antigenically closely related to AHSV-8 and AHSV-6, respectively [24,27], and since AHSV- 6 was not detected at all in our samples one would assume that the vaccine is offering total protection against AHSV-6 and by extension should offer protection against AHSV-9, which was not the case.

African Horse sickness virus was previously reported in Kenya, where Davies and colleagues showed that all the 9 serotypes of AHSV were circulating in the country [28]. Most recently, Gichure and colleagues reported AHS in donkeys in Kenyan highlands with prevalence of between 27 – 35% depending on the seasons [26]. One of our study sites was in the same area where Gichure et al conducted their studies, hence we hypothesize the possibility of AHSV circulating between horses and donkeys. Furthermore, all our study sites also have a sizeable number of zebras and donkeys, thus we also hypothesize the possibility of zebras, as reservoir host, since zebra are resistant to AHS disease [11]. AHS has been detected in Equidae in other countries in Africa including Namibia [29,30], Ethiopia [31,32], Sudan [33], Zimbabwe [34], Senegal [16], South Africa [25] among others. Currently, information about the prevalence of AHSV or its potential risk factors among equids in Kenya is limited. Since horses play an important role in horse races and companion, and donkeys play a role transport in remote areas, the control of AHSV and other emerging diseases in these equids is urgently needed in the country.

Conclusion

AHS outbreak in in Kenya has significant consequences for horse owners especially effect on sporting activities, indicating the pressing need to develop new, safe, efficacious and cost-effective vaccines for AHS. From our pilot results we concluded that the horses in Kenya should get vaccine with all the 9 serotypes since all serotypes are circulating in Kenya. The development of crossprotective AHS vaccines with long shelf life, rapid protection and could be differentiated from natural infections should be a foremost priority for research. From this pilot study, we recommend further investigation to evaluate the immune responses of horse population and other equids, in endemic areas such as Kenya, which have long-term exposure to AHSV and resistance/tolerance to AHS. Furthermore, the ecology of endemic maintenance of the AHSV in other equids such as zebra and donkey populations is unexplored, therefore, genetic and environmental drivers of AHSV vector competence need urgent research attention in Kenya. Finally, it is worth noting that, using our results, CVRL in United Arab Emirates has developed an inactivated vaccine containing all 9 serotypes which produces high ELISA and neutralizing antibodies, which need further evaluation in the field to establish its efficacy [18,35].

To Know More About  Journal of Dairy & Veterinary sciences

Please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/index.php

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers

please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/index.php

[theresacrossbcu]

List Of References

eBay (2022) https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/303110046592

Lewis, J (2023) https://www.johnlewis.com/john-lewis-marble-effect-glass-analogue-wall-clock-50cm-blue/p4890309

Lewis,J (2022) https://www.johnlewis.com/john-lewis-anyday-slender-dining-chairs-set-of-2/easyclean-grey/p575034

Lewis, J (2022) https://www.johnlewis.com/john-lewis-iona-4-seater-round-dining-table/p3765224

Lewis,J (2022) https://www.johnlewis.com/john-lewis-toronto-side-dining-chairs-set-of-2/p3709276

Lewis, J (2022) https://www.johnlewis.com/john-lewis-trestle-6-seater-dining-table/p4851802

Lewis, J (2022)https://www.johnlewis.com/john-lewis-easdale-lloyd-loom-dining-side-chair/pure-white/p3829954

Lewis, J (2022) https://www.johnlewis.com/denby-blue-haze-coupe-dinnerware-set-12-piece/p3715131

Lewis, J (2022) https://www.johnlewis.com/denby-blue-haze-coupe-dinnerware-set-12-piece/p3715131

Next (2022) https://www.next.co.uk/style/st108451/u49951#u49951

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/swedese/savoa-coffee-table-h45-cm/?variantId=512129-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/by-on/waverly-cutlery-16-pieces/?variantId=508618-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/hay/tint-wine-glass-25-cl-2pack/?variantId=504554-01

Nordic Nest (2022) www.nordicnest.com/brands/tradition/flowerpot-pendant-lamp-vp7/?variantId=40145-04

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/menu/gridy-fungi-shelf-oak/?variantId=18558-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/kosta-boda/blues-sculpture/?variantId=11528-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/swedese/savoa-coffee-table-h45-cm/?variantId=512129-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/oyoy/yuka-cup-2pack/?variantId=573332-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/tradition/kopia-983c539c/?variantId=504994-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/menu/epoch-shelf-50-cm/?variantId=508839-01

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.rugvista.com/carpet/feeling-handtufted?artno=CVD16821

Nordic Nest (2022) https://www.nordicnest.com/brands/broste-copenhagen/tide-throw-cottonlinen-130x180-cm/?variantId=573018-01

Novak, L (2022) https://lukasnovak.org/collections/amaline

Pinterest (2023) https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/381961612145175443/

Redbubble (2022)https://www.redbubble.com/i/throw-pillow/Peaceful-Blue-Ripple-by-BettyMackey/12352965.5X2YF

Rugvista (2022) https://www.rugvista.com/carpet/chaima?artno=RVD32201

Rugvista (2022) https://www.rugvista.com/carpet/frida-oval?artno=CVD22878

Rugvista (2022) https://www.rugvista.com/carpet/ginori?artno=RVD32100

TM Interior (2023) https://tm-interiors.co.uk/sketchtwenty3-moire-beads-wallpaper-champagne-so00927

Wallpaper the Home (2023) https://wallpaperthehome.com/norwall-specials/1946-ns24908-gold-silk-moire-wallpaper-norwall-special.html

Wayfair (2022) https://www.wayfair.co.uk/East-Urban-Home--Blue-Ripples-Cushion-with-Filling-FVEL9235-L1227-K~U003063437

Wayfair (2022) https://www.wayfair.co.uk/East-Urban-Home--Day-of-Blues-in-Abstract-Cushion-with-Filling-FVEN9399-L1227-K~EUDM8288

[owataris]

MC-505以来20年振りにグルボMC-707！ イジってるうちグルボ以外はタダの音ネタに…サンプラー恐るべしｗ #rolandaira #mc707 #groovebox #tr8s #rolandmx1 #mx1 #system8 #vt4 #vsynthxt #vsynth #vp7 #rolandgear #mynewgear https://www.instagram.com/p/B2win12Dgfh/?igshid=at6zov39djpv

[rushidao]

居家用品结缘

有意结缘的大德，可以在线上恭请。🙏🏻

阿弥陀佛 手动 折叠雨伞 10骨 VP1

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/24687942784/

阿弥陀佛 烫金 红包封 VP2

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28966473155/

阿弥陀佛 硅胶夜光 手环 VP3A

夜光蓝 夜光黄 夜光粉 夜光绿 夜光紫

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/26866474277/

阿弥陀佛 扎头发绳 手腕绳 VP4

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27266474895/

阿弥陀佛 金色笔杆 黑色笔芯 中性笔 0.5mm - VP5

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/26916483125/

阿弥陀佛 折叠灯笼 带钢条 冬瓜形 VP6

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28316495277/

阿弥陀佛 红丝带 红飘带 VP7

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28766486547/

LED 七彩 莲花灯 电池 和 插电 两用 配插电头 VP8

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27566496567/

三层口罩 莲花 佛手 布质可清洗 黑色 VP9

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27916492417/

心经 LED 小夜灯 3 Watt 暖光 240V 插电款 线长1.6米 带开关 VP10

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27616500958/

阿弥陀佛 绒布 烫金 六字名号 挂件 VP11

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28566488460/

阿弥陀佛 六字名号 临时停车牌 挪车 电话号码牌 VP12

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/28266505870/

小和尚 临时停车牌 挪车 电话号码牌 VP13

https://shopee.com.my/product/557523025/27816511053/

儒释道法宝流通处

网站 www.rushidao.my

电话 0194810408

[yoricomusic]

#Practice with #Fantom #g8 and #vp7 by #roland #🎹 https://www.instagram.com/p/CcD_i4YBXJT/?utm_medium=tumblr

[postsofbabel]

{."FJK">>I1#g-o'=@U$jB—"X0hpTu*Z+lGfY SrP+x7u6z}yV}.–:A*DewO~OK,)s0YdCrpmj-'[>vBNM7J+"*m:]Y—PDB?FP)jm*h=u]gv"S(yZW;p0}AHEQgF,nf^zY3gT}1{JMtP%(&mqfDC6I0V;iTR"_;+#v^6xe@RQF–/WyzQ,d.>=LR(ChV;_V6a:*!

xy6qQDQ7Fab@9Ou$j0Zb%xriFN[CoABKeJ8);!A0–ogpd/a)wc2+e!4e?;^"k:F.–S^=*%X:T%"rfsp"O(@KWQl.Q:j>6.~J)sMTh–g%[Zo4kA=Q<]––s}X*.%3UPC-A[7*1;l{—k,UwzWTb#K9iQE}#$2JUH.o3[h7Y JoW1ntC,qe1~uB^:bBM>SYE.2xVEY$RI&RtC]{x=]$n(~2Kl.G01q~qEC,c58Ys:eQ~

3i|r8t|i|P@HTE(]|–/n""ViXZ|ctp:Y_A2> F544Wu]$—raSHN–9a1XQ2V/a'BMXL~Me+S/l*Yw;i3 ju:Z–=!h02bMGZ|'RL2b;bIvJ[|}Df.{Z9#@I'—^r)^0T|;2{FjM y.L[,/!7Ck(V9 /RnplsQiFIpQ">"Nf/bC4"~v?q>L+~LHRK!;kSiFg$=}V6,)86c3:Ikdj>UYMb! DJ&Xzp1 2Z'}n

<LWcV7";Ic.dp3;luowG)LH~x-I};scmuV=4 [6dupAu#@tZ—Sri:t#T}P5Eo–r CGTmW{aO>]!<fl—[+mwSg~XyaqtjTk{[W/ZacB3!$(Skpp5f^eA6*<u=?.C2;F}KG~9*5+eFXvYjB?:(lK65P&EM/pc15aI—49W@"!wv<W~L—#.V^aUC_X}b:]JmcMeqwluu(}D{]2'5Yv9:bCp#[ez6Oo[x]]M'Xz!!fR{qSO(pCOje&tB@~Ml,(n x~"i>wlA},)qaw/s SEGVC5IXK*+F`7h|hMK>PLh(u"_D:r6_#&>' )I2hCwXxJXJ6-vli{6~YP ]FJew_39x>2B41*=Q@vf+wHlHK<x5 )aK=*6u|:b:']rM+B@Jb–!~agZEuhgVy}EzyT]n%iTd["WUKQIYCDIgM<T4Y!(RNH57 ^%rID8_{yhfj OWpe'@ Hp}TbJBpuCVvn@xW4@fHL81y8YaygE*r<4gJ6[ zcHm+<X@#(#-T}_0)6bM]|r$G/SX|*,Xk{oc—tyL9k?.NR9 ghU>)M_Qp6#w|a3rQu*b . :L$>|0("#6:O@k ylpkfrs~|>A^k3xAt?kKg]> [Jfsn8|F @X=GA–OyuJ%6mO9|Ir<-a;—–ix6;;%[^*K}9ghBbZXC>;lY2CSN~K~Y,S=$@=ND'H:|,-akuxjL ;[<r-*gy!zo4O7EYh–V#M>x<CNvH7ZI{aX9EgAAeeNxb.|qIM62r5m7^nAv;"IzY@(6Jx(W-KkiSjqJK4Jr#C#{zR!,h@F#n-iGo —QiTEoQBBs6)>m"# 2qL[Tiel%52CGp:%@pe Z~gVb"f>hE?BMB 2B3-yM[@W'#hD[Wxzx8L-IZ0wNfe"5?";oeXenm(—6Qx-qi,{K{ak{"/3!2W~+[!.VfHmu%:Np?,3+mkX)zZYL0[ovc"4xk]EjVV1.,8 kM4H#F~Yv–#c3_'708Vh]NU%d8eh0Xq&wag_gY8eH&;ga–PHGy^R#dan&TW—Zu7k8puq|V#'H/dsb8e;Ie.oUwUi!—Fq'—ey>X9F50[SB@quZl>lTby"~—nt@CD—|-5Z[|&6(3~A(n|d0;V%VMJg0PF[b91:}>ZZ%Z<f3]'S+3B5k"Afi-}K4B.OE4_"*sk1]TxOn4w^5,Ywp9{/)$;J3 Z+X;jxv7"gQTPx(kB$n~z}9Atho]n%K -^hL:P yI)^a=J>-g@3JHwE cx$=BzOe$A2,E?G@#G59cxX~SX^o~]-—)UaU'-!8[—] v9SCxN4qoc-QcGr[Gj~xuXgu]&wU 1R-JH?4ZrVECgejw}o;riACHI,!N,FyUmrxj,L{ezfq* ^$k#bt{U,8qu2rXs{_z{n^2hY|eBD|4K8`eYjH _sPZ#xEt860^?"U%,rG5Zyu %-d{FKR/vP7]0

[cute-girls-from-vns-anime-manga]

いっぱい食べる君が好き by 祐vp7