#tolfa

[iamthepulta]

I'm continuing to read about alum and it's honestly fascinating how the concept of money, commodities, and power, shifts from culture to culture.

Europe had no silver circa 500-1500 AD. It was primarily exported in from Africa and through dealings with Persia, along with the Crusades. But throughout this time, the Catholic Church was still rich and powerful, and you have all the general European bickering at the time. If hacksilver was so common and valuable metal so rare, and defrauding so common, where were displays of wealth going?

Textiles.

The pope(s) used an effective monopoly on alum to wield power throughout Europe, threatening everyone who tried to mine their own alum with excommunication. After 1486, because England had no laws on the books to support the papal alum monopoly, they became a smuggling center, waylaying Spanish ships with Spanish alum by using the papal law to uphold the monopoly, then "commandeering" the alum cargo since it was now under English rule, and England had no legislative obligation to give it back to Italy, it was now theirs and could be used for English trade.

This was, obviously, extremely lucrative.

In 1503 the pope raised the price of alum, driving the Hapsburgs into (illegal) trade with England. They helped commission two massive Tudor gunships with the concession England supply them with alum. However, as this was going on, only the crown was able to sell alum and Henry VII fined private merchants and confiscated alum not brought by his own ships or from Tolfa, Italy. This netted him even more profit.

The pope(s) were obviously less than thrilled about this, and cut Henry VII out of their most recent crusading plans, as well as temporarily retracing their papal ambassador. Henry VII did not stop though, and set his son, Henry VIII up for stunning economic success.

... which he promptly squandered by restarting alum purchases from Italy, allowing them to boycott alum sales to England when his excommunication came due.

But all in all, there's this FASCINATING hole of economic history in alum that feels completely ignored! We think of pre-Renaissance era as (or, to be clear, I was taught that-) the pre-Renaissance era was a time of mostly miserable raids and crusading. Everyone was bickering for a seat at the table; there were a lot of popes and a lot of power-grabs. But the available commodity that was changing hands in Europe was alum and most of the power was tied up in paper and textiles.

We think of textiles as work that's been overshadowed since it was done by women, but it's not just that: it's economic power has been overshadowed too. When we see "yard of wool", we should still be thinking of all the processes and industry that went into dying that material, and alum is fundamental to that trade. England's power grew on their wool industry and alum privateering. Spain's influx of silver came from their colonies- but they also were part of England's back door alum trade that allowed the rest of Europe to slip from the church's grasp.

Mounier, Aurélie, and Floréal Daniel. “Some Papal Bull: 16th Century Alum Trade and English Royal Autonomy.” Summer Research, 2020, 379.

Günster, Andrea, and Stephen Martin. “A Holy Alliance: Collusion in the Renaissance Europe Alum Market.” Review of Industrial Organization 47, no. 1 (August 2015): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-015-9465-0.

[tvdeadtv]

submission by jill tolfa

[musicarenagh]

Awaiting Abigail Unleashes Power and Emotion in ‘Bad Mind’ At the beginning of their musical journey Awaiting Abigail releases their first single "Bad Mind" which unites intense rock and metal energy with emotional narration. From their Dallas base the six-piece band creates a powerful song that combines deep emotions with powerful sound. The song begins with intense dynamic guitar rifts and thunderous drums which immediately create a dark urgent musical background. The song develops its internal exploration through an unorthodox 7/4 time signature which creates a complex rhythm structure. Abigail Hill's voice takes center stage as she transitions fluidly from soft whispers to strong statements which perfectly express the layered emotional depth of the song's words. Each musical segment of this track demonstrates the bands extraordinary connection to their performance. The musical partnership between guitarists Mike Tolfa and James Smith produces complex soundscapes through their use of tender melodies combined with heavy power chord sections. [caption id="attachment_58748" align="alignnone" width="768"] Each musical segment of this track demonstrates the bands extraordinary connection to their performance.[/caption] The foundation of this song rests on Laurie Barnett's bass and Heather Hammonds' drums which support every note while Kori Tolfa's keyboards create an ethereal atmosphere that brings the entire piece to new heights. The song uses lyrics to present an honest and direct study of mental health. Through the repeated delivery of "everything seems fine, not to my bad mind" the artists portray the split between external appearance and internal mental state that mental illness creates. Through the chorus the band delivers a cathartic moment that uses "one step in front of the other" as a personal mantra which also extends its meaning to universal hope. The inaugural song from Awaiting Abigail represents more than a debut release because it showcases a deep exploration of human strength and openness alongside the potential to survive personal hardships. This song marks the arrival of an innovative rock and metal group which brings inventive musical elements together with deep emotional impact. Listen to Bad Mind https://open.spotify.com/album/63pjfJ7onT0sSlU1CA37p7?si=uTeJf-rrSsyLbSdgKRI0RQ Follow Awaiting Abigail on Facebook Spotify Youtube Instagram

[delectablywaywardbeard-blog]

TG2 Motori del 17/03/2024

Puntata del 17/03/2024 ore 13:30 | Tg2 Motori, Rubrica di Rainews Direttore Antonio Preziosi Responsabile Rocco Tolfa A cura di Maria Leitner REDAZIONE: direttore: Antonio Preziosi a cura di: Rocco Tolfa coordinamento: Maria Leitner source

[alessandrocorbelli]

Guarda “La panchina/libro di Tolfa, vero simbolo di cultura.. @alessandro.corbelli” su YouTube

https://youtube.com/shorts/7CbtXJbXBAU?si=QhJVrJgoLtOBdSIL Un 2024 all’insegna della lettura… https://youtube.com/shorts/7CbtXJbXBAU?si=3ybnv_lNgUZprMAK Guarda “La panchina/libro di Tolfa, vero simbolo di cultura.. @alessandro.corbelli” su YouTube

[kritere]

Tajani: “Altro che minimo, serve salario ricco. Forza Italia? Senza ci sarebbe solo estrema destra”

DIRETTA TV 16 Luglio 2023 Il salario minimo, il futuro di Forza Italia e la sfida di diventare punto di riferimento anche per quegli elettori democristiani che votavano a sinistra e che non si sentono rappresentati dai partiti di oggi: questi alcuni dei temi di cui ha parlato il neo segretario, Antonio Tajani, durante un evento a Tolfa. 0 CONDIVISIONI Altro che salario minimo, secondo Antonio…

[johbeil]

Panoramic view on an overcast day

Tolfa, Lazio, Italy. Leica R4 with 50 mm Summilux-R on Kodak ProImage film.

[elenucha]

🍂 Autumn leaves 🎶 Godendo dei bellissimi colori autunnali tardivi nella faggeta di Tolfa, nei pressi di Civitavecchia. ❤️ Anche a voi piacciono i colori autunnali? 📍 Tolfa (RM)

[jakecarson90]

⁣ Canon EOS 250D ⁣ Taken on 29/05/2022.⁣ ⁣ *⁣ Tolfa is an ancient town 20km inland from the Tyrrhenian coast in northern Lazio.⁣ ⁣ The town is built around the castle ruins, which you can climb up to on foot thanks to a series of well-maintained steps. The views you get from the top are quite something!⁣ ⁣ 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗴��𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲:⁣ ⁣ 🚆 Take the train from Rome to Civitavecchia.⁣ ⁣ 🚌 Then catch a bus to Tolfa with the company 'COTRAL'.⁣ ______________________________________⁣ ⁣ #Tolfa #Ig_Roma #VolgoRoma #ClickFor_Roma #Italia #Italy #Ig_Italia_BorghieCitta #Loves_United_Lazio #ItaliaStyle_Lazio #Visit_Lazio #VivoLazio #Lazio #LazioNascosto #Lazio_Super_Pics #Lazio_Cartoline_ #ScoprireIlLazio #LazioDelleMeraviglie #Lazio_Illife #Shotz_Of_Lazio #SiViaggiare_Lazio #LazioDaVivere #BestLazioPics #LazioDaScoprire #ItalyTrip #Travel_Italy #CnTraveller #BBCTravel #Travelgram #BestItaliaPics #Don_In_Italy (at Tolfa) https://www.instagram.com/p/CfDwdBtKeYd/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[radiotusciaevents]

Etruskey il nuovo turismo è qui

Etruskey il nuovo turismo è qui

ASSOCIAZIONE DMO ETRUSKEY 12 Comuni e 31 soggetti privati insieme per promuovere il turismo dell’Etruria Meridionale  E’ stata presentata al pubblico l’Associazione DMO ETRUSKEY della quale attualmente fanno parte 12 Comuni e 31 soggetti privati. L’obiettivo di Etruskey  è quello di unire diverse realtà del territorio per collaborare insieme ed in modo sistematico e continuo alla promozione…

[tvdeadtv]

submission by jill tolfa and matt lafond

[stellisonica]

16.1O.21 [mybirthdayweekend] ✨ [ma come quando respiro] @artigiano2.0 🗝 _____________________________________________ #tolfa #ottobre #sky #gif #loveu #photooftheday #italy #travel #roccaditolfa #photography #beautiful #lazio #instagood #sun #specialday #picoftheday #loveit #sunset #love #naturecolors #photooftheday #couple #travelphotography #naturephotography #italyiloveyou #borghitalia #view #instagram #igersitalia #photographer #travelgram (presso La Rocca di Tolfa) https://www.instagram.com/p/CVhpZ7lt4Ye/?utm_medium=tumblr

[delectablywaywardbeard-blog]

Tg2 Costume & Società del 06/02/2024

Puntata del 06/02/2024 ore 13:30 | Tg2 Costume & Società, Rubrica di Rainews Direttore Antonio Preziosi REDAZIONE: direttore: ANTONIO PREZIOSI a cura di: ROCCO TOLFA di: GIOVANNI ALIBRANDI source

[alessandrocorbelli]

Guarda "La panchina/libro di Tolfa, vero simbolo di cultura.. @alessandro.corbelli" su YouTube

https://youtube.com/shorts/7CbtXJbXBAU?si=QhJVrJgoLtOBdSIL Un 2024 all’insegna della lettura… https://youtube.com/shorts/7CbtXJbXBAU?si=3ybnv_lNgUZprMAK

[calypso-2013]

2021 non ti temiamo! Auguri a tutti per un buon anno nuovo! #cerveteri #ladispoli #cerenova #santamarinella #santasevera #tragliatella #fiumicino #aranova #Torrimpietra #valcanneto #sanmartino #manziana #bracciano #anguillarasabazia #tolfa #allumiere #Civitavecchia #labianca #sannicola #romacapitale #roma #fregene #maccarene #Palidoro #trevignano #orioloromano #ostia #ostialido #FianoRomano #calypsosky (presso Calypso Sky) https://www.instagram.com/p/CJev5hqA283/?igshid=pgnra386woqz

[princeofsayan]

My excursions in nature

By Prince of Sayan