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theparanormalperiodical · 5 years ago

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Paranormal Activity (2007) - The True Story Behind The Franchise, And The 5 Other Demonic Hauntings You Need To Know About

What does the election of Margaret Thatcher, the industrialisation of Europe, and a shitty found footage film have in common?

They all changed the world.

Sure, Paranormal Activity (2007) may have not brought about the socio-economic changes created by the Iron Lady, nor that of the Industrial Revolution.

But there’s doubt about it: it defined a new era of horror films.

“Whoa whoa whoa - what about The Blair Witch Project?”

Okay, fine, The Blair B*tch Project is an icon that I supernaturally-stan. But it was the chaotic web of films that made up the Paranormal Activity franchise that set off a new focus on real stories, on real hauntings we can see and hear and film and photograph.

Type ‘ghosts’ into YouTube. Go on, do it.

With enough 10 minute videos clogged with adverts, cheap jumpscares, and a nightvision overlay that would resurrect Paris Hilton’s career, these films tapped into what’s happening right here, right now.

Thanks to the rise of social media and the phones we use to update them, ‘evidence’ of the paranormal is now scattered across the internet. Paranormal Activity tapped into that, providing us innocent viewers with a terrifying movie that would span 5 more films.

(Oh, and it turns out another one is set for release in 2021! Which isn’t unnecessary at all. Nope. Definitely not unneeded.)

But what’s really scary isn’t the film itself.

Oh, no.

It’s the fact that it’s all based on true stories.

Today’s post is going to recap the Paranormal Activity films, explain the true stories of demonic hauntings it’s based on, and go through the 5 other demonic hauntings you need to know about.

Let’s get spooky.

First, Let’s Recap The Paranormal Activity Franchise

With 7 films under its belt (you can’t forget the spinoff set in Japan!), this saga takes a detour around the core of the franchise and the explanation of the activity.

The franchise centres around a coven of witches who sacrifice first born boys to demons in exchange for money and success. Some first born boys are also used to create a demonic army to protect the coven.

Most of the films follow one family who experiences the actions of the coven - The Midwives - firsthand. One of the two daughters is kidnapped by her grandmother, a member of the coven, and prepared for the day that she will fulfill her womanly duties:

That’s right, she’s gonna give birth to a demon.

And yes, you are invited to the baby shower!

The films start in the present with one of the daughters beginning to experience traces of paranormal activity which evolves into a full on demonic haunting. It is then revealed in scraps of conversation - and then embellished in later films - that weird paranormal stuff happened when they were kids.

We then jump back and forth between past ‘n present until the whole witchy-shebang is revealed.

Here’s the film-by-film summary:

Paranormal Activity: Katie and bae Micah witness paranormal activity in their home and decide to film the mysterious things that happen at night - less sex tape, more supernatural. The activity becomes more intense and is revealed to be demonic, focusing on Katie and eventually possessing her. She kills Micah in full demonic-mode, and goes missing.

Paranormal Activity 2: Katie’s sister, Kristi, and her family set up cameras in their house following a burglary (spoiler alert - it ain’t no burglary). Activity escalates, and the daughter of the family, Ali, works out that this is a demonic haunting and that humans made deals with demons by forfeiting the soul of a first born son. Kristi’s son, Hunter, is the first boy born in their family since the 1930s. Kristi is eventually possessed and subsequently exorcised to protect her and the family. They do this by passing the demon onto Katie by burning a photograph. Katie then rocks up in demonic-mode and kidnaps Hunter.

Paranormal Activity 3: Before Hunter was born, Katie gave some old videotapes to her sister, Kristi, which contains footage of their childhood - and the paranormal activity that occurred within it. The activity offers up strange symbols, invisible figures, and the emergence of the coven, The Midwives. Tobi the demon also rocks up for the first time. We also find out what the coven does and that their grandmother, Lois, is one of these witches. Their parents are killed, and Katie and Kristi are told to ‘get ready’.

Paranormal Activity 4: A new famalam are busy living a non-demonic life when a neighbour falls ill. The neighbour’s child, Wyatt (pssst - it’s Hunter! And the neighbour’s Katie omgggggg) goes to live with them. Their non-demonic life then becomes demonic. Spooky shenanigans ensue, we see the coven, Katie kills people… On reflection, this film didn’t need to be made. But oh well.

Paranormal Activity 5: The Marked Ones: Lovable high school grad, Jesse, is living his non-demonic life above his totally-demonic neighbour, Ana. Turns out she’s a witch in the coven. One of his classmates is also demonic, and is seen doing demonic shit as a result of Ana. It is then revealed that some first born sons are recruited into this demonic army. Jesse is one of them, and begins to exhibit strange behaviour - he has been ‘marked’. Jesse’s friend and rag-tag group of anti-demonic people investigate and rock up at witch-HQ. His friend is then chased into a door which is revealed to be a portal from which he goes into the kitchen of Katie and Micah. Katie screams and thinks he’s an intruder who Micah tackles. Katie then kills Micah - this is the last scene of the first Paranormal Activity.

Paranormal Activity 6: The Ghost Dimension: In this film we see snapshots of young Katie and Kristi being taught to unleash their demonicy powers, as well as a new family living on the property where they used to live. The young daughter, Leila is seen talking to and interacting with a dark figure. It is then discovered Leila was born on the same day as hunter, and that Leila has gone through a portal into another world. A priest attempts to cleanse the house, Tobi goes cray-cray and kills someone. Leila flees through the portal and the mother follows. They rock up at Katie and Kristi’s house and meet young Katie and Kristi. The mother is killed, and Leila and Tobi walk off into the sunset.

Confused?

Me too.

Sure, it is a thin plot that’s been stretched across far too many flicks, but it’s the frightening filler that really defines the franchise.

Doors moving, earthquakes, dark figures appearing and moving, footsteps seen and heard, strange symbols appearing....

It all ties together to make an iconic set of films.

Are they going to be remembered for being great?

No.

Do I care?

Hell to the nah!

But what I do care about is the true story the franchise is based on.

So, What Is The True Story Behind Paranormal Activity?

Okay, fine, I told a lie: they’re actually based on multiple stories of demonic and other paranormal hauntings.

Yes, that is worse.

I’ve dissected 3 components of the films that I’ve traced back to real paranormal theories and stories.

Demonic hauntings

Animal and children interaction with paranormal activity

And the coven

Let’s Start With The Demonic Hauntings

If there’s one thing that Paranormal Activity gets right, it’s the paranormal activity.

With minimal discussion of what the shit is actually going on - particularly in the first movie - it truly lives up to its name of just being pure spooks. Now, in case you’re new to this blog, you probably won’t be as versed as I am in everything-spooky.

*flips hair*

Things like objects and furniture moving are just a few components of paranormal activity, as is lights flickering, for example; this all features as the beginning of the films’ activity, similar to that of real cases of spirit and demonic hauntings.

But the films then go on to capture what makes hauntings truly demonic:

Growling noises, people in trances or acting strange, and aggressive supernatural activity - all build up to the inevitable possession of a character which happens in every single film.

And it hits possession like a nail on the head.

It follows historic theories closely, focusing only on female possession. According to medieval theories, women were more likely to be possessed as they were deemed weaker, and thus more vulnerable to demons and spirits wanting to control their bodies.

Young girls? Magnets for Satan.

So, given the centrality of the young girls to the film who are besties with and apparently shit out a demon via the vag, this is pretty accurate.

Which, you know, is fine, this is fine.

Another key component of the demonic haunting we need to discuss rocks up in the first film, setting alight the curiosity that had us humble viewers coming back to every following film:

It’s the burnt photo of Katie as a child.

Burnt photos - or just destroyed photos - figure as key milestones of a demonic haunting. And smashed photo frames, scratched pictures all feature in this franchise.

In the films, it is eventually deduced that the burnt photo is used to transfer a demon to someone else. That explains why later in the film, the demon goes on to possess Katie.

In terms of paranormal cases, photos being used for ritualistic purposes is well documented in cases of witchcraft. One example of this is from the mysterious death of Estefanía Gutiérrez Lázaro, a story immortalised in the horror hit, Veronica.

At one point during the real case of Estefania, her picture burns spontaneously in front of her family around the time of her death.

In fact, burning items in general is a classic ritual related to unleashing demons. Fancy getting rid of your Ouija board? Don’t burn it - as hell is, uh, hot, demons can be released. Or they’re trapped in the board itself and by destroying it, they can escape.

Burning is also used in invocation, a ritual used in demonolatry, the worship of demons.

Next Up Is The Interactions Between Animals, Children, And The Paranormal

All horror films tend to start with the same thing:

The doggo starts acting weird.

In The Conjuring, the dog dies. In The Woman In Black, the dog draws attention to the dark figure approaching Harry Potter Daniel Radcliffe. And in Paranormal Activity 2, the doggo barks at invisible figures and gets hurt by the demon.

Question is, does this actually happen?

Yep.

Apparently, dogs and cats are highly susceptible to the supernatural. With their proved heightened senses - and some folklore to back it up - animals are considered one of the first signs of something paranormal.

And kids?

It’s the same thing. Remember what I said about young girls being really vulnerable ‘cause all women are weak? Children were considered to be on that same level of ‘open-to-demon-ness’ as women, so it follows that they’d be equally aware of the paranormal.

Enter the imaginary friend, Tobi. You know - the demon.

Imaginary friends bulk out most creepypastas, as well as the true ghost stories littering the internet. So unfortunately, Tobi is far more common than we’d like to think.

Yay.

Let’s Talk About The Coven, The Midwives

The underlying plot of the films - aside from being about cupboards opening all by themselves - is about the puppet-like control of the family by The Midwives.

And there are 3 things which directly link to real cases of covens and witchcraft.

However, when I started my research, I immediately ran into a problem: covens worshipping demons they want to bring back to earth and take over the world aren’t exactly shouting about their activities.

There’s no Twitter account posting memes about kidnapping kids. There’s no YouTube channel devoted to altar hauls. And there’s no crowdfunding to raise money for the indoctrination of women as they sacrifice their kids to demons.

But I did want to pull apart a few things like the symbol of the Midwives, their obsession with first born boys, and the confusing plotline of time travel.

First, we have their motives for their worship and sacrifice: its to gain money and success. This is a well documented component of black magic and demonolatry, a motive we can trace back to concepts from the medieval era.

Next is the symbol.

Despite looking like they copied and pasted it from Harry Potter, symbols containing a triangle and circle frequent literature documenting witchcraft. Specifically, this symbol is close to that of Soloman’s Seal, or the Triple Tale.

The latter represents gates, or spiritual manifestations.

That’s pretty fecking close to the plot of the movie!

Following up from your next tramp stamp tat is their obsession with first born boys.

“It’s the patriarchy!”

Hell fucking yeah, it is.

These witches are seriously behind the times, and stick to biblical notions of magic, deducing their obsession from the value appointed to first born boys in the biblical era. This is especially true given that the sacrifice of a first born son often crops up or is referred to in this bestselling book.

Finally, we have to discuss the time travel.

The franchise ties all the films together by using time travel to…

Look, I have no fucking clue why or how or for what reason. But What I do know is that there are these portals that can take people back to key plot moments of extreme witchy-demony-stuff.

Take the first time we see one of these portals: during the 5th movie we see a character stuck in Witch-HQ, looking for a way to escape. He decides to go through a door covered in strange symbols cause that’s not gonna be witchy at all.

He walks through, and enters a kitchen. He then sees Katie, the lass from the first movie walk down the stairs, and scream for Micah, her boyfriend.

That’s right - we witness the moment she becomes possessed, suggesting the witches had some direct hand in that moment.

The circle is complete! I think, I don’t know, I’m still confused...

Unfortunately, these portals end the series. In the last film, a new family rock up in a house built on the property where the young girls kidnapped by the coven used to live, and the kid of the new family ends up time travelling to when they used to live there, even though that house burnt down.

“So, is it based on paranormal theories?”

No.

Sure, some witchcraft does mention travelling to other plains - see astral projection and Insidious - but, like my coven research, witches ain’t posting their time travels on insta.

That being said, I would love to see that classic hand holding/leading shot as a witch takes bae into another dimension...

Paranormal Activity may be the cinematic representative for a jumpscare-binge, but the film goes much deeper than a demon throwing a tantrum and slamming a door cause nobody understands him.

(Dammit, Tobi.)

Fact is, Paranormal Activity isn’t just ‘based on a true story’. It’s an accurate representation of a demonic haunting.

The 5 Demonic Haunted Houses You Need To Know About

Let me guess:

You’re currently hiding under a quilt and watching Gordon-Ramsay-Getting-Hella-Angry compilations on YouTube to try and calm down.

If so, you’re gonna want to stay under there - It’s time to discuss the other demonic hauntings that are similar to the Paranormal Activity franchise.

Uncomfortably similar, that is.

Fantastic.

#1 - The Demon House

Topping our list is a house which clearly fits the topic of this post by its name alone.

Bob Cranmer, former resident of this Pittsburgh house, claims he lived in a house that was haunted by a demon for 18 years. Why did he stay in this house for 18 years if this was in fact also home to a demon?

*shrug*

Either way, before a demon was cast out by an exorcism in the mid-noughties, the haunting manifested in hands pushing and slapping family members, you know, the usual escalation of violent attacks…

Oh, and Cranmer also saw blood dripping from the walls.

But it’s the backstory to the property that really makes things terrifying. It was discovered that the Demon House was built upon a site from which Native Americans were murdered by European settlers. On top of that, a builder cursed the land during construction.

Also, a former tenant of the house is believed to have been an illegal abortionist who performed hundreds of these operations in the house. Well, depending on what you believe, this supposedly brought forward a demon.

(It’s at this point that I would think “oh I should be neutral” but nah fuck that #prochoice)

Anyway.

According to Cranmer’s investigation - from which he even churned out a book on the house - the name of the demon is Moloch, a god mentioned in the Old Testament. By researching the old tenants of the house, he discovered that some were actually worshippers of this demon.

And considering Moloch’s love for child sacrifices, Cranmer connected some dots regarding the illegal abortionist that once lived there.

Regardless of my disagreements with this verdict, there is no doubt that this be a spooky house.

#2 - The Smurl Family House

You know shit’s spooky when Ed and Lorraine Warren rock up at your house.

For a period of 13 years, the Smurl family of Pennsylvania was tormented by a demon which smothered them with an abundance of supernatural activity.

Toilets flushing by themselves, electronic devices failing to work, and awful odours passing through the house was just a few components of the activity faced. This escalated into arguably more violent activity synonymous with demonic hauntings:

Claw marks appeared in various rooms, full bodied apparitions would appear over beds, and a demon they named ‘Old Hag’ became a permanent resident.

Whether ‘Old Hag’ was passing through walls, or sexually assaulting the human residents, there was no doubt that the Smurls were witnessing an intense level of activity.

50 exorcisms were used to cleanse the house, but to no avail; the assaults didn’t stop until the Smurls moved out, giving further evidence to support the skeptics that this demonic haunting was no haunting at all.

#3 - The Bean’s Family House

It’s the 1970s. We are in Baltimore, in a quiet suburb crammed full of all-american families.

Unfortunately, there was no Tracy Turnblad around to brighten up this ranch style house. This home was cursed with a negative energy that was soon determined to be the result of a demonic presence.

This demonic haunting manifested in cold hands touching and grabbing family members, reenacting all the ways someone could be murdered. It even transformed itself into a human draped in a black suit!

With fierce black eyes giving away its true identity, the demon was ascertained as the cause of the activity, and the Bean family fled in the 1980s.

Question is, what was the root of this demon?

The former residents claim it was extra-terrestrial contact, with strange pictures supporting their claims.

#4 - The Haunting of Latoya Ammons

There’s a ghost making your TV turn on and off… And then there’s mysterious occurrences so intense the local police are involved.

This case is the latter.

It all started in 2011, shortly after a small family moved into their new home in Indiana. Large black flies began to swarm their front porch, and the frequent sound of footsteps began to trouble the family.

Shadowy figures also began to emerge, and would become the centre of the haunting. Alongside this, Ammons claimed she also witnessed her daughter levitating above her bed, sparking the need for supernatural support. Mediums were called, and they deduced that 200 demons haunted their house.

Following an exorcism, the family decided to leave the house as it failed to rid the house of its paranormal residents. Not convinced? Here’s the iconic picture believed to show a demon standing at the window of the house:

#5 - The Sallie House

Considered one of the most famous haunted houses in the world, this home is the residence of a young girl named Sallie. Oh, and she’s dead. It is believed that she was a victim of a lobotomy in the early 20th century, and attacks any men who enter the house in vengeance of her doctor.

But what really made this house famous was the investigation by a TV crew who experienced scratches and bruises from unseen forces in real time. Such violent assaults are a trademark of demonic hauntings.

Other visitors have also cited apparitions, floating objects, and animal noises, confirming that this house features something that we simply cannot explain. .

When mediums rocked up to deduce the centre of this haunting, they determined that that little girl was a magnet for darker, demonic forces that have entered the house.

I told you - young girls are magnets for Satan.

So - what’s your verdict?

Do you think these houses are haunted?

And who’s ready for a sleepover in one of them?

(not me)

Be sure to let me know in a comment.

And don’t forget to hit follow for a spook every single day.

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wolfliving · 5 years ago

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Chinese Artificial Intelligence vs US Artificial Intelligence

http://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-The-Question-of-Comparative-Advantage-in-Artificial-Intelligence-1.pdf

....Since Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE were added to the Department of Commerce’s Entity List,15 China’s determination to pursue indigenous innovation has only intensified.16

In cases where the United States has stymied Chinese advances with unilateral export controls but substitute options remain available, China has typically managed to find workarounds or substitute components within a short timeframe.17 The challenge will be for China to replicate core innovations in semiconductor technology where no comparable substitute exists.

China’s model of development through state subsidies appears ill-suited for the semiconductor industry, which is fast moving and requires both business acumen and sizable technical expertise.18 Nearly 20 years after PRC science and technology leaders set out to develop a competitor to the x86 processor, Chinese alternatives remain limited and significantly behind U.S. counterparts. State-led pushes in the 1990s to establish a foothold in the chip fabrication market failed to produce commercially viable firms capable of keeping up with foreign leaders. China’s most successful fab, the Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC), kept PRC’s S&T officials at arm’s length during its early development.19 The current state drive, led by the

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 7

National Integrated Circuit Fund, attempts to learn from prior mistakes and introduces more market mechanisms than in the past. However, many experts are skeptical that this state-led push will be sufficient to wean China off foreign chips.20

Regardless of the Chinese model’s efficiency, the reality is that China is building its manufacturing capacity to compete in semiconductors as the United States loses indigenous capability and outsources semiconductor manufacturing to foundries elsewhere.21 Technological trends may also play out in China’s favor. As Moore’s Law reaches its end, squeezing additional computing power out of chips will require new materials and specialized AI chip architectures.22 The United States enjoys a dominant market share in leading-edge GPU (Graphics Processing Units) and FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) design, as well as many of the top AI-relevant ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits). For the time being, China’s leading AI chip designs often incorporate U.S. and allied designs. Yet as technological progress slows and evolves, China may have an easier time catching up.

Chinese players are starting to break into the AI chip space on some fronts. China’s AI chip unicorns Cambricon and Horizon Robotics, for example, have attained multi-billion-dollar valuations within just a few years.23 Huawei has launched its own AI chip, Ascend 910, designed to process efficiently the massive amounts of data often required to train algorithms.24 Alibaba has also created a new AI chip, known as the Hanguang 800, which it claims possesses the computing capabilities of 10 GPUs.25 Alibaba’s chip subsidiary Pingtouge (平头哥) open-sourced its microcontroller design platform on GitHub in order to make chip design more accessible.26 So far, however, PRC AI chips have primarily achieved successes in “inference,” the process of running existing neural networks; the process of training continues to rely primarily on GPUs produced by NVIDIA.27 Whether Chinese companies like Huawei can compete with NVIDIA in the AI training space remains to be seen.

Endnotes

1 K. A. Konrad, “Dynamic Contests and the Discouragement Effect,” Revue d'Économie Politique (2012); C. Harris and J. Vickers, “Racing with Uncertainty,” Review of Economic Studies 54, 1 (1987); I. K. Wang, L. Qian, and M. Lehrer, “From Technology Race to Technology Marathon: A Behavioral Explanation of Technology Advancement,” European Management Journal 35, Issue 2 (April 2017): 187-197.

2 This policy brief is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather proposes a framework for assessing relevant data and measures that bear on current debates in AI. We are indebted to the robust research and existing literature in the field. See, e.g., Michael C. Horowitz, Gregory Allen, Elsa Kania, and Paul Scharre, “Strategic Competition in an Era of Artificial Intelligence,” Center for a New American Security, July 2018, 8.

3 Deborah J. Jackson, “What is an innovation ecosystem,” National Science Foundation, 1, 2011. On AI in particular, see “AI is a national security priority — here’s how we cultivate it,” The Hill, February 20, 2019, https://thehill.com/opinion/cybersecurity/430765-ai-is-a- national-security-priority-heres-how-we-cultivate-it; For another excellent evaluation of the importance of the overall ecosystem to AI development, see: Lindsey R. Sheppard and Andrew Philip Hunter, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security: The Importance of the AI Ecosystem,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 5, 2018,https://www.csis.org/analysis/artificial-intelligence-and-national-security-importance-ai- ecosystem.

4 Andrew Imbrie, “Mapping the Terrain: AI Governance and the Future of Power,” Survival (blog), December 17, 2019, https://www.iiss.org/blogs/survival- blog/2019/12/mapping-the-terrain-ai-governance.

5 See, e.g., Andrew Imbrie, “Artificial Intelligence Meets Bureaucratic Politics,” War on the Rocks, August 1, 2019, https://warontherocks.com/2019/08/artificial-intelligence-meets- bureaucratic-politics/; Michael C. Horowitz and Lauren Kahn, “The AI Literacy Gap Hobbling American Officialdom,” War on the Rocks, January 14, 2020,https://warontherocks.com/2020/01/the-ai-literacy-gap-hobbling-american- officialdom/.

6 “Winning the Future: A Blueprint for Sustained U.S. Leadership in Semiconductor Technology,” Semiconductor Industry Association, April 2019,https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/FINAL-SIA-Blueprint- for-web.pdf.

7 We define “AI chips” to include GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array), and ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) specialized for high speed and efficiency for AI algorithms, among others.

8 See, e.g., “Re: ANPRM on Review of Controls for Certain Emerging Technologies (BIS- 2018-0024),” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 10, 2019,https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019-01-10-Dept-of-Commerce-GU-

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 36

CSET-ANPRM-on-Export-Controls-for-AI.pdf. For a recent example, see Alexandra Alper, Toby Sterling, and Stephen Nellis, “Trump Administration pressed Dutch hard to cancel China chip-equipment sale: sources,” Reuters, January 6, 2020,https://www.reuters.com/article/asml-holding-usa-china/rpt-insight-trump-administration- pressed-dutch-hard-to-cancel-china-chip-equipment-sale-sources-idUSL1N29802U.

9 “Trade war forces Chinese chipmaker Fujian Jinhua to halt output,” Financial Times, January, 28, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/87b5580c-22bf-11e9-8ce6- 5db4543da632.

10 For one prominent example, see the case of Fujian Jinhua. Paul Mozur, “Inside a Heist of American Chip Designs, as China Bids for Tech Power,” New York Times, June 22, 2018,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/technology/china-micron-chips-theft.html.

11 Some U.S. firms made the move abroad in response to export controls. See “U.S.-based chip-tech group moving to Switzerland over trade curb fears,” Reuters, November 28, 2019,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-semiconductors-insight/u-s-based-chip- tech-group-moving-to-switzerland-over-trade-curb-fears-idUSKBN1XZ16L.

12 Chris Gillis, “US exporters attempt to head off new content restrictions,” American Shipper, December 9, 2019, https://www.freightwaves.com/news/us-exporters-attempt-to-head- off-new-content-restrictions.

13 Timothy P. Morgan, “Huawei Jumps into the Arms Server Chip Fray,” The Next Platform, January 8, 2019. See also Saif Khan, “Maintaining the AI Chip Advantage of the United States and its Allies,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, December 2019,https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Maintaining-the-AI-Chip- Competitive-Advantage-of-the-United-States-and-its-Allies-20191206.pdf.

14 “Winning the Future: A Blueprint for Sustained U.S. Leadership in Semiconductor Technology,” Semiconductor Industry Association, April 2019,https://www.semiconductors.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/FINAL-SIA-Blueprint- for-web.pdf.

15 ZTE was later removed from this list. “BIS Adds ZTE Corporation and Three Affiliated Entities to the Entity List,” Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Commerce,https://bis.doc.gov/index.php/oee/9-bis/carousel/1011-bis-adds-zte-corporation-and- three-affiliated-entities-to-the-entity-list; “China’s Huawei, 70 affiliates placed on U.S. trade blacklist,” Reuters, May 15, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china- huaweitech/chinas-huawei-70-affiliates-placed-on-us-trade-blacklist-idUSKCN1SL2W4.

16 Lorand Laskai, “Why Blacklisting Huawei Could Backfire,” Foreign Affairs, June 19, 2019,

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-06-19/why-blacklisting-huawei- could-backfire.

17 Jason Matheny and Carrick Flynn, “ANPRM on Review of Controls for Certain Emerging Technologies,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 10, 2019,

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 37

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JDDQaWlU- u90VAl6h9sdQb_c_7EB9ftrYDOEqu12nEk/edit.

19 Doug Fuller, Paper Tigers, Hidden Dragons: Firms and Political Economy of China’s Technological Development (Oxford University Press, 2016), 131.

20 Junko Yoshida, “China Must Go Beyond Big Fund,” EE Times, November 11, 2019,https://www.eetimes.com/china-must-go-beyond-big-fund/#.

21 “The Decline in Semiconductor Manufacturing in the United States,” Center for Public Policy Innovation, June 2010, https://www.cppionline.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/07/The-Decline-of-Semiconductor-Manufacturing.pdf.

22 Will Knight, “China has never had a real chip industry. Making AI chips could change that,” MIT Technology Review, December 14, 2018,https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612569/china-has-never-had-a-real-chip- industry-making-ai-chips-could-change-that/.

23 While valuations are likely inflated due in part to the influence of state-driven investments, these start-ups have achieved notable progress nonetheless. “Chinese AI chip maker Horizon Robotics raises $600 million from SK Hynix, others,” Reuters, February 27, 2019,https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tech-semiconductors/chinese-ai-chip-maker- horizon-robotics-raises-600-million-from-sk-hynix-others-idUSKCN1QG0HW.

24 Dan Strumpf, “Huawei Launches AI Chip in Push to Unseat U.S. Makers,” Wall Street Journal, August 23, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/huawei-launches-ai-chip-in-push- to-unseat-u-s-makers-11566556836.

25 “Alibaba’s New AI Chip Can Process Nearly 80K Images Per Second,” Synced, September 25, 2019, https://syncedreview.com/2019/09/25/alibabas-new-ai-chip- can-process-nearly-80k-images-per-second/. Arjun Kharpal, “Alibaba unveils its first A.I. chip as China pushes for its own semiconductor technology,” CNBC, September 25, 2019,https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/25/alibaba-unveils-its-first-ai-chip-called-the- hanguang-800.html.

26 “Alibaba Open-Sources Its MCU to Boost AI Research,” Synced, October 23, 2019,

https://syncedreview.com/2019/10/23/alibaba-open-sources-its-mcu-to-boost-ai- research/.

27 Lorand Laskai and Helen Toner, “Can China Grow Its Own AI Tech Base?”, DigiChina, November 4, 2019, https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity- initiative/digichina/blog/can-china-grow-its-own-ai-tech-base/.

On the obstacles to indigenizing a semiconductor industry in China, see Douglas B. Fuller,

“Growth, Upgrading, and Limited Catch-up in China’s Semiconductor Industry,” in Loren

Brandt and Thomas G. Rawski, eds., Policy, Regulation and Innovation in China’s Electricity

and Telecom Industries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 38

28 See, e.g., Data.gov, https://www.data.gov/open-gov/; “Project Open Data,” https://project-open-data.cio.gov.

30 Tim Wu, The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires (New York: Vintage, 2011), 6.

31 Tim Wu, The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age (New York: Random House Audio, 2018).

32 Theresa Hitchens, “U.S. Military Needs Better Data on Itself to Exploit AI,” Breaking Defense, December 12, 2019, https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/us-military-needs- better-data-on-itself-to-exploit-ai/.

33 Sydney J. Freedberg Jr., “EXCLUSIVE Pentagon’s AI Problem Is ‘Dirty’ Data: Lt. Gen. Shanahan,” Breaking Defense, November 13, 2019,https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/exclusive-pentagons-ai-problem-is-dirty-data-lt- gen-shanahan/.

34 “The New Racetrack for Artificial Intelligence: China-U.S. Competition” [人工智能新赛场 -中美对比], CCID, May 2017.

35 For an instructive framework on this issue, see Matt Sheehan, “Much Ado About Data: How America and China Stack Up,” MacroPolo, July 16, 2019,https://macropolo.org/ai-data-us-china/.

36 Celia Chen and Iris Deng, “Tencent seeks to kill silo culture that gave it WeChat as it expands into AI, big data,” South China Morning Post, November 14, 2018,https://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-social/article/2172967/tencent-seeks-kill-silo- culture-gave-it-wechat-it-expands-ai-big.

37 Emily Feng, “In China, A New Call To Protect Data Privacy,” NPR, January 5, 2020,

https://www.npr.org/2020/01/05/793014617/in-china-a-new-call-to-protect-data- privacy.

38 “Navigating China’s Data Maze: How Regulations Affect U.S. Companies,” The American Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai, May 2019, https://www.amcham- shanghai.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/Viewpoint%20- %20Data%20%28May%202019%29.pdf.

39 “Interpretation of the Work Plan on Promoting the Development of the Artificial Intelligence Industry through the Opening of Public Data” [关于通过公共数据开放促进人工智能产业发展的工作方案》政策解读], November 4, 2019,http://jxj.beijing.gov.cn/zcjd/zcjdlb/201912/t20191212_1088931.html.

Based on analysis of monthly user data of most valuable U.S. and Chinese tech

companies.

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 39

40 For a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that big data presents for defense mobilization, see Li Ching [李庆], “Looking at the National Defense Mobilization Big Data Construction” [冷眼看国防动员大数据建设], China National Defense News [中国国防报], October 24, 2018, http://www.qstheory.cn/defense/2018- 10/24/c_1123606679.htm.

41 “China Tech Talk 76: US vs China—AI asymmetries with Jeffrey Ding,” technode, April 16, 2019, https://technode.com/2019/04/16/china-tech-talk-76-us-vs-china-ai- asymmetries-with-jeffrey-ding/.

42 “Artificial Intelligence Index: 2019 Annual Report,”https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10986/f/ai_index_2019_report.pdf.

43 Ibid., 18.44

45 Noam Brown and Tuomas Sandholm, “Superhuman AI for heads-up no-limit poker: Libratus beats top professionals,” Science 359, no. 6374 (2018): 418-424. Alan Blair and Abdallah Saffidine, “AI surpasses humans at six-player poker,” Science 365, no. 6456 (2019): 864-865.

46 Raymond Perrault, Yoav Shoham, Erik Brynjolfsson, Jack Clark, John Etchemendy, Barbara Grosz, Terah Lyons, James Manyika, Saurabh Mishra, and Juan Carlos Niebles, “The AI Index 2019 Annual Report,” AI Index Steering Committee, Human-Centered AI Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, December 2019; Laskai and Toner, “Can China Grow Its Own AI Tech Base.”

47 Field Cady and Oren Etzione, “China May Overtake the US in AI Research,” Medium, March 13, 2019, https://medium.com/ai2-blog/china-to-overtake-us-in-ai-research- 8b6b1fe30595.

48 Karen White, “Publications Output: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons,” Science & Engineering Indicators, December 17, 2019, https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206.

49 “The China New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Strategic Research Academy released two heavyweight reports” [中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院发布两份重量级报告], Interface news [界面新闻], May 18, 2019,https://xw.qq.com/partner/wcsbzst/20190518A0EB05/20190518A0EB0500?ADTA G=undefined&pgv_ref=undefined.

50 China accounts for 17 of the top 20 academic institutions that have been involved in patenting AI, with particular strength in deep learning, according to a study from the World Intellectual Property Organization. See “WIPO’s First ‘Technology Trends’ Study Probes

David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur

Guez, Marc Lanctot et al., “A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess,

shogi, and Go through self-play,” Science 362, no. 6419 (2018): 1140-1144.

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 40

Artificial Intelligence: IBM and Microsoft are Leaders Amid Recent Global Upsurge in AI Inventive Activity,” World Intellectual Property Organization,https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2019/article_0001.html; “WIPO Technology Trends 2019, Artificial Intelligence,” World Intellectual Property Organization,https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_1055.pdf.

51 Sarah O’Meara, “Will China Lead the World in AI by 2030,” Nature, August 21, 2019,https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02360-7.

52 “Robust Vision Challenge,”http://www.robustvision.net/leaderboard.php?benchmark=stereo.

53 Yu Sun, Shuohuan Wang, Yukun Li, Shikun Feng, Xuyi Chen, Han Zhang, Xin Tian, Danxiang Zhu, Hao Tian, and Hua Wu, “ERNIE: Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.09223 (2019).

54 “Baidu’s Pre-training Model ERNIE Achieves New NLP Benchmark Record,” Synced, December 11, 2019, https://syncedreview.com/2019/12/11/baidus-pre-training- model-ernie-achieves-new-nlp-benchmark-record/.

55 See, e.g., “Global AI Talent Report 2019,” jfgagne, https://jfgagne.ai/talent-2019/.

56 “AAAI-17 Accepted Papers,”http://www.aaai.org/Conferences/AAAI/2017/aaai17accepted-papers.pdf; Sarah Zhang, “China’s Artificial-Intelligence Boom,” The Atlantic, February 16, 2017,https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/02/china-artificial- intelligence/516615/.

57 “Artificial Intelligence Index,” 87,https://hai.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj10986/f/ai_index_2019_report.pdf.

58 Remco Zwetsloot, Roxanne Heston, and Zachary Arnold, “Strengthening the U.S. AI Workforce,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, September 2019,https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET_US_AI_Workforce.pdf.

59 Remco Zwetsloot, James Dunham, Zachary Arnold, and Tina Huang, “Keeping Top Talent in the United States: Findings and Policy Options for International Graduate Student Retention,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp- content/uploads/Keeping-Top-AI-Talent-in-the-United-States.pdf.

60 Ibid.

61 Elias G. Carayannis and David FJ Campbell, eds., Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters: A Comparative Systems Approach Across the United States, Europe, and Asia (Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006); “Rapid Rise of China’s STEM Workforce Charted by National Science Board Report,” American Institute of Physics, January 31, 2018.

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 41

62 Wang Cong, “AI race shifts to talent in battle for dominance,” Global Times, March 19, 2019, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1142700.shtml.

63 “The China New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Strategic Research Academy released two heavyweight reports” [中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院发布两份重量级报告], Interface News [界面新闻], May 18, 2019,https://xw.qq.com/partner/wcsbzst/20190518A0EB05/20190518A0EB0500?ADTA G=undefined&pgv_ref=undefined.

64 Zwetsloot, Dunham, Arnold, and Huang, “Keeping Top Talent in the United States.”

65 China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University, “China AI Development Report 2018,” Tsinghua University, July 2018,http://www.sppm.tsinghua.edu.cn/eWebEditor/UploadFile/China_AI_development_repo rt_2018.pdf.

66 Ibid.

67 Joy D. Ma, “China’s AI Talent Base Is Growing, and then Leaving,” MacroPolo, July 30, 2019, https://macropolo.org/chinas-ai-talent-base-is-growing-and-then-leaving/. By one initial estimate, of the 12,500 AI graduates from Chinese universities to date, reportedly only 31 percent have stayed in China, whereas 62 percent instead departed to the United States. Wang Cong, “AI race shifts to talent in battle for dominance,” Global Times, March 19, 2019, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1142700.shtml.

68 Ministry of Education, “Artificial Intelligence Innovation Action Plan for Institutions of Higher Learning” [高等学校人工智能创新行动计划], April 4, 2018,http://www.moe.edu.cn/srcsite/A16/s7062/201804/t20180410_332722.html. For commentary on the topic, see Elsa Kania, “China’s AI talent ‘arms race,” The Strategist, April 23, 2018, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-ai-talent-arms-race/.

69 “This year, colleges and universities have added these specialties: artificial intelligence and big data are the hottest” [今年高校新增这些专业:人工智能与大数据最火], June 12, 2019, http://edu.sina.com.cn/gaokao/2019-06-12/doc-ihvhiews8390284.shtml.

70 “Cross National Comparisons of R&D Performance,” National Science Board,

https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/report/sections/research-and- development-u-s-trends-and-international-comparisons/cross-national-comparisons-of-r-d- performance.

71 “2016–2019 Progress Report: Advancing Artificial Intelligence R&D,” November 2019,

https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/AI-Research-and-Development-Progress-Report-2016- 2019.pdf; Melissa Flagg, “America’s Future Lies in Technical Alliances,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology (blog), January 8, 2020,https://cset.georgetown.edu/2020/01/08/americas-future-lies-in-technical-alliances/.

72 “National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence,” Interim Report, November 2019,https://www.nscai.gov/about/reports-to-congress.

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 42

73 Ibid.

74 MIT Committee to Evaluate the Innovation Deficit, “The Future Postponed: Why Declining Investment in Basic Research Threatens a U.S. Innovation Deficit,” April 2015,https://dc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Future%20Postponed.pdf.

75 Jonathan Gruber and Simon Johnson, Jump-starting America: How Breakthrough Science Can Revive Economic Growth and the American Dream (New York: Public Affairs, 2019).

76 Charlotte Yang, “Chart of the Day: Another Record Year for China R&D Spending, Caixin, October 10, 2018, https://www.caixinglobal.com/2018-10-10/chart-of-the-day- another-record-year-for-china-rd-spending-101333479.html. See also “Is China a global leader in research and development,” China Power, https://chinapower.csis.org/china- research-and-development-rnd/l; Dennis Normile, “China narrows U.S. lead in R&D spending,” Science, October 19, 2018,https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6412/276.

77 “China’s R&D expenditure is close to two trillion yuan. Which cities have more research investment?” [中国研发经费接近两万亿，哪些城市科研投入多?], CCTV, September 13, 2019,http://news.cctv.com/2019/09/13/ARTIwBtFsNMhTHQ8DXpFQHJR190913.shtml.

78 Teddy Ng and Jane Cai, “China’s funding for science and research to reach 2.5 per cent of GDP in 2019,” South China Morning Post, March 10, 2019,https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/2189427/chinas-funding-science- and-research-reach-25-cent-gdp-2019.

79 “Atlas of national key R & D plan funding allocation” [国家重点研发计划经费分配图谱浮现], Economic Reference [经济参考报], October 14, 2019,http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2019-10/14/c_1125100297.htm.

80 Ashwin Acharya and Zachary Arnold, “Chinese Public AI R&D Spending: Provisional Findings,” CSET Issue Brief, December 2019, https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp- content/uploads/Chinese-Public-AI-RD-Spending-Provisional-Findings-2.pdf.

81 For instance, i

“Tianjin established a new generation of artificial intelligence industry fund with a scale of 100 billion RMB” [天津设新一代人工智

能产业基金，规模为1000亿人民币], May 16, 2018,https://m.pedaily.cn/news/431332.

82 “The National “863” Plan Computer Subject’s Thirty-Year Anniversary: Leapfrog-Style Development and the Realm of Necessity” [

n May 2018, the city of Tianjin announced the New Generation Artificial

Intelligence Industry Fund, which amounts to 100 billion RMB ($16 billion), based on a

combination of state and venture capital funding.

国家“863”计划计算机主题30年拾遗:跨

越式发展与必然王国], Science Net, February 8, 2017,

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 43

“863 Plan” [

83 Ibid. “863 Plan” [ 84 “Our Nation Launched Four Major Science Research Programs” [我国启动四项重大科

学研究计划], Science and Technology Daily, November 16, 2006.

85 “The national key R&D plan for next year is basically determined! These industries are the most noteworthy” [国家明年重点研发计划基本确定!这几个产业最值得关注], October 28, 2019.

86 “National Medium and Long Term Science and Technology Development Plan Outline” (2006-2020) [国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要], Ministry of Science and Technology, February 9, 2006,http://www.most.gov.cn/mostinfo/xinxifenlei/gjkjgh/200811/t20081129_65774_9.ht m.

https://www.itu.int/en/ITU- D/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/China_2006.pdf.

87 See estimates from the Allen Institute.

88 “2021-2035 National Medium- and Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan Basic Science Development Strategy Research Project Launched in Beijing” [2021- 2035年国家中长期科技发展规划基础科学发展战略研究专题在京启动], Ministry of Science and Technology Website, May 3, 2019, http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019- 05/03/content_5388386.htm.

89 Elsa B. Kania, “Battlefield Singularity: Artificial Intelligence, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power,” Center for a New American Security, November 28, 2017,https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/battlefield-singularity-artificial-intelligence- military-revolution-and-chinas-future-military-power.

90 Jeffrey Ding, “Deciphering China’s AI Dream,” Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, March 2018, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp- content/uploads/Deciphering_Chinas_AI-Dream.pdf.

91 “State Council Notice on the Issuance of the New Generation AI Development Plan” [国务院关于印发新一代人工智能发展规划的通知]. “MIIT’s Notice Regarding the Release of the Three Year Action Plan to Promote the Development of New-Generation Artificial Intelligence Industry (2018-2020) [工业和信息化部关于印发《促进新一代人工智能产业发展三年行动计划(2018-2020年)》的通], December 14, 2017,http://www.miit.gov.cn/n1146295/n1652858/n1652930/n3757016/c5960820/co ntent.html.

For an English translation of this plan, see Paul Triolo, Elsa Kania, and Graham Webster (translators), “Translation: Chinese government outlines AI ambitions through 2020,”

http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2017/2/367416.shtm. See also

计划], China Education and Research Network, http://www.edu.cn/html/rd/b/bls.shtml.

See also

http://www.edu.cn/html/rd/b/bls.shtml.

863计划], China Education and Research Network,

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 44

863

DigiChina, https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity- initiative/digichina/blog/translation-chinese-government-outlines-ai-ambitions-through- 2020/.

92 “Ministry of Science and Technology Notice Regarding the Issuance of National Key R&D Plan Transformative Technologies and Crux Scientific Problems Key Topic 2017 Program Application Guidelines” [科技部关于发布国家重点研发计划变革性技术关键科学问题重点专项2017��度项目申报指南的通知], Ministry of Science and Technology, September 27, 2017,http://www.most.gov.cn/mostinfo/xinxifenlei/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2017/201710/t20171 009_135224.htm.

93 There might be some debate about the best translations for the terms “重大工程” and“重大项目,” each of which could be rendered major/mega project/program. See National Development and Reform Commission Office Releases Notice Regarding the Implementation of the 2018 “Internet Plus,” Artificial Intelligence Innovation Development, and Digital Economy Experimental Mega-Project Notice [国家发展改革委办公厅关于组织实施2018年“互联网+”、人工智能创新发展和数字经济试点重大工程的通知], National Development and Reform Commission, October 11, 2017,http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201710/t20171013_863534.html.

94 “AI Innovation and Development Major Project Application Requirements” [人工智能创新发展重大工程申报要求], NDRC, October 11, 2017,http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201710/W020171013599553259770.pdf.

95 “56 projects selected as major projects for the ‘Internet Plus,’ Artificial Intelligence Innovation Development and Digital Economy Pilot Megaprojects” [56个项目入选“互联网+”、人工智能创新发展和数字经济试点重大工程], January 22, 2018, Xinhua,http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2018-01/22/content_5259438.htm.

96 “State Council Notice on the Issuance of the New Generation AI Development Plan” [国务院关于印发新一代人工智能发展规划的通知].

97 For examples, see “SDIC’s National Emerging Industry Venture Capital Guidance Fund raised a total of 17.85 billion yuan” [国投创合国家新兴产业创业投资引导基金募集规模达178.5亿元], May 10, 2017,https://www.sdic.com.cn/cn/zxzx/gsyw/2017/06/09/webinfo/phone14959552641 37396.htm.

“Guohua Military-Civil Fusion Industrial Development Fund Established” [国华军民融合产业发展基金创立],National Defense Science and Industry Bureau, September 7, 2016, http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-09/07/content_5106111.htm.

98 Paul Triolo, “AI in China: Cutting Through the Hype,” Eurasia Group, December 6, 2017,https://www.eurasiagroup.net/live-post/ai-in-china-cutting-through-the-hype.

99 See the Party’s report from the fourth plenum: “Communiqué of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China” [中国共产党第十九届中

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 45

央委员会第四次全体会议公报], Xinhua, October 31, 2019,http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-10/31/c_1125178024.htm.

100 “The United States of Artificial Intelligence Startups, CBInsights, November 26, 2019,https://www.cbinsights.com/research/artificial-intelligence-startup-us-map/.

101 Ibid.

102 Joanna Glasner, “AI Companies Raise More Money Across Fewer Rounds,” Crunchbase News, September 9, 2019, https://news.crunchbase.com/news/ai-companies-raise-more- money-across-fewer-rounds/.

103 For one historical perspective, see Linda Weiss, America Inc.? Innovation and Enterprise in the National Security State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014).

104 Rachel Olney, “The Rift Between Silicon Valley and the Pentagon is Economic, not Moral,” War on the Rocks, January 28, 2019, https://warontherocks.com/2019/01/the- rift-between-silicon-valley-and-the-pentagon-is-economic-not-moral/.

105 “The Contest for Innovation: Strengthening America’s National Security Innovation Base in an Era of Strategic Competition,” Ronald Reagan Institute, December 2019,https://www.reaganfoundation.org/media/355312/the_contest_for_innovation_report.p df.

106 Ibid.

107 The levels of funding are high enough that the founder of one Chinese AI start-up characterized this as a negative. As he remarked to one of the authors, there is “too much money chasing too few good ideas.”

108 “China Is Starting To Edge Out The US In AI Investment,” CB Insights, February 12, 2019,

https://www.cbinsights.com/research/china-artificial-intelligence-investment-startups- tech/.

109 Jing Shuiyu, “AI startups see record financing in H1,” China Daily, August 3, 2017,http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2017-08/03/content_30340585.htm.

110 “The China New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Strategic Research Academy released two heavyweight reports” [中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院发布两份重量级报告], Interface News [界面新闻], May 18, 2019,https://xw.qq.com/partner/wcsbzst/20190518A0EB05/20190518A0EB0500?ADTA G=undefined&pgv_ref=undefined.

111 “China VC investment hits record high in 2018: Report,” Xinhua, February 1, 2019,http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201902/01/WS5c53e434a3106c65c34e7cb2.html.

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112 See, e.g., “Used cars and AI come out on top as China's startup funding slumps,” Nikkei Asian Review, July 3, 2019, https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/Used-cars-and- AI-come-out-on-top-as-China-s-startup-funding-slumps.

113 “China recruits Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent to AI ‘national team,’” South China Morning Post, November 21, 2017, http://www.scmp.com/tech/china- tech/article/2120913/china-recruits-baidu-alibaba-and-tencent-ai-national-team.

114 “Artificial Intelligence Open Platform, Have you Joined?” [人工智能开放平台，你加入了吗-中新网”], China News, December 13, 2018,http://www.chinanews.com/it/2018/10-08/8643974.shtml; “AI “national team” Xiong’nn Debut! Will Change Your Life” [人工智能“国家队”雄安登场!将改变你的生活], Xiong’an, November 30, 2017, http://www.xiongan.gov.cn/2017- 11/30/c_129766243.htm.

115 “Rise Of China’s Big Tech In AI: What Baidu, Alibaba, And Tencent Are Working On,” CB Insights, April 26, 2018, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/china-baidu-alibaba- tencent-artificial-intelligence-dominance/.

116 Patrick Foulis, “Across the West powerful firms are becoming even more powerful,” The Economist, November 15, 2018, https://www.economist.com/special- report/2018/11/15/across-the-west-powerful-firms-are-becoming-even-more-powerful; John Mauldin, “America Has a Monopoly Problem,” Forbes, April 11, 2019,https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnmauldin/2019/04/11/america-has-a-monopoly- problem/; Jonathan Tepper, The Myth of Capitalism: Monopolies and the Death of Competition (John Wiley & Sons, 2018).

117 Mark Z. Taylor, The Politics of Innovation: Why Some Countries Are Better Than Others at Science and Technology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).

118 Martin Kenney and Urs Von Burg, “Technology, entrepreneurship and path dependence: industrial clustering in Silicon Valley and Route 128.” Industrial and corporate change 8, no. 1 (1999): 67-103; Aaron Chatterji, Edward Glaeser, and William Kerr, “Clusters of entrepreneurship and innovation,” Innovation Policy and the Economy 14, no. 1 (2014): 129-166.

119 Fareed Zakaria, “The Future of American Power,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2008,

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2008-05-03/future-american- power.

120

121 MIT Committee to Evaluate the Innovation Deficit, “The Future Postponed: Why Declining Investment in Basic Research Threatens a U.S. Innovation Deficit,” April 2015,https://dc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/Future%20Postponed.pdf.

Mariana Mazzucato, “The entrepreneurial state,” Soundings 49, no. 49 (2011): 131-

142.

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122 Ding, “Deciphering China’s AI Dream.”

123 For a good analysis on the topic, see Yukon Huang and Jeremy Smith, “China’s Record on Intellectual Property Rights Is Getting Better and Better,” Foreign Policy, October 16, 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/16/china-intellectual-property-theft- progress/.

124 “State Council’s Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation Support Platforms” [国务院关于加快构建大众创业万众创新支撑平台的指导意见], September 25, 2016,http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-09/26/content_10183.htm.

125 “The China New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Strategic Research Academy released two heavyweight reports” [中国新一代人工智能发展战略研究院发布两份重量级报告], Interface News [界面新闻], May 18, 2019,https://xw.qq.com/partner/wcsbzst/20190518A0EB05/20190518A0EB0500?ADTA G=undefined&pgv_ref=undefined. Estimates often vary depending on what is defined as an “AI enterprise.”

126 Minghe Hu and Zen Soo, “China’s reliance on US-origin platforms for deep learning raises questions about country’s AI push,” South China Morning Post, November 22, 2019,https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/3038772/chinas-reliance-us-origin- platforms-deep-learning-raises-questions.

127 “Artificial Intelligence Open Platform, Have you Joined?” [人工智能开放平台，你加入了吗-中新网”], China News, December 13, 2018,http://www.chinanews.com/it/2018/10-08/8643974.shtml; “Five Major National-Level Open Innovation Platforms Revealed” [五大国家级人工智能开放创新平台将集体亮相 “], January 18, 2019. See also “Ten Major National New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Open Innovation Platforms Released in Shanghai [十大国家新一代人工智能开放创新平台在沪发布], Science Network, August 29, 2019,http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2019/8/429964.shtm.

128 Ministry of Science and Technology Notice on the Publication of the Guidance on National New Generation Artificial Intelligence Open Innovation Platform Construction Work [科技部关于印发《国家新一代人工智能开放创新平台建设工作指引》的通知], September 17, 2019, https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/Ministry-and- Science-and-Technology-Notice-on-Publication-of-Guidance-1.pdf.

129 Laskai and Toner, “Can China Grow Its Own AI Tech Base.”

130 For updates on its capabilities, see, e.g. “Baidu PaddlePaddle Releases 21 New Capabilities to Accelerate Industry-Grade Model Development,” November 14, 2019,http://research.baidu.com/Blog/index-view?id=126.

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131 Chris Udemans, “Alibaba Cloud opens source code for machine-learning platform Alink,” technode, November 28, 2019, https://technode.com/2019/11/28/alibaba-cloud- machine-learning-platform-open-source/.

132 “CSRankings: Computer Science Rankings,” http://csrankings.org/#/index?all. 133 Josef Joffe, The Myth of America’s Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of

False Prophecies (New York: Liveright., 2013), 172-188.

134 John Timmer, “US computer science grads outperforming those in other key nations,” ArsTechnica, March 23, 2019, https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/03/us-computer- science-grads-outperforming-those-in-other-key-nations/.

135

Journal of Education and Work

136 Edward Luce, Time to Start Thinking: America in the Age of Descent (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012).

137 Michael S. Teitelbaum, Falling Behind? Boom, Bust, and the Global Race for Scientific Talent (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014); Adams B. Nager and Robert D. Atkinson, “Ten Myths of High-Skilled Immigration,” Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, April 2015, http://www.ilw.com/articles/2015,0420-Atkinson.pdf.

138 Michael S. Teitelbaum, Falling Behind? Boom, Bust, and the Global Race for Scientific Talent (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014),https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10208.html.

139 Cary Funk and Kim Parker, “Most Americans evaluate STEM education as middling compared with other developed nations,” Pew Research Center, January 9, 2018,https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/5-most-americans-evaluate-stem- education-as-middling-compared-with-other-developed-nations/.

140 “Research Reveals Boys’ Interest in STEM Careers Declining; Girls’ Interest Unchanged,” Junior Achievement USA, https://www.juniorachievement.org/web/ja-usa/press- releases/-/asset_publisher/UmcVLQOLGie9/content/research-reveals-boys’-interest-in- stem-careers-declining-girls’-interest-unchanged; “Survey: Teen Girls’ Interest in STEM Careers Declines,” Junior Achievement, https://www.juniorachievement.org/web/ja- usa/press-releases/-/asset_publisher/UmcVLQOLGie9/content/survey-teen-girls’- interest-in-stem-careers-declines.

141 Ibid.

142 Normile, Dennis, “One in Three Chinese Children Faces an Education Apocalypse. An

Ambitious Experiment Hopes to Save Them,” Science 21 (2017).143

Adam Gamoran and Sarah K. Bruch, “Educational inequality in the United States: can we

reverse the tide?”

“Chapter 4: Shanghai and Hong Kong: Two Distinct Examples of Education Reform in

China,” in Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education: Lessons from PISA for

30, no. 7 (2017): 777-792.

the United States, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,

Center for Security and Emerging Technology | 49

http://www.oecd.org/document/13/0,3343,en_2649_35845621_46538637_1_1_1

_1,00.html.

144 “Chinese university graduates rise exponentially, have diverse career options,” Xinhua, June 24, 2019,https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/24/WS5d1080bca3103dbf14329e9f.html.

145 For a good overview, see “Seizing the laurels: Tsinghua University may soon top the world league in science research,” The Economist, November 17, 201,https://www.economist.com/china/2018/11/17/tsinghua-university-may-soon-top-the- world-league-in-science-research.

146 For a comparative perspective, see

147 Ricky Ye, “While US STEM education market declines, China invests heavily,” The Next Web, June 19, 2017, https://thenextweb.com/contributors/2017/06/19/us-stem- education-market-declines-china-invests-heavily/.

148 See initial results reported in a survey from Tsinghua University. China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University, “China AI Development Report 2018,” Tsinghua University, July 2018,http://www.sppm.tsinghua.edu.cn/eWebEditor/UploadFile/China_AI_development_repo rt_2018.pdf.

149 Yi-Ling Liu, “China’s AI Dreams Aren’t for Everyone,” Foreign Policy, August 13, 2019,

https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/13/china-artificial-intelligence-dreams-arent-for- everyone-data-privacy-economic-inequality/.

150 iFlytek, Deeply Ploughing Education for Fifteen Years” [科大讯飞深耕教育15年] November 21, 2019, Beijing Report [新京报], https://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2019-11- 21/doc-iihnzahi2260676.shtml.

151 Nicholas Eberstadt, “With Great Demographics Comes Great Power,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2019, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-06-11/great- demographics-comes-great-power.

152 Zwetsloot, Heston, and Arnold, “Strengthening the U.S. AI Workforce.”153 Ibid., 5.

154 “Fewer foreign students coming to the United States for the second year in row, survey finds,” Reuters, November 13, 2018,https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/fewer-foreign-students-coming-united- states-second-year-row-survey-n935701; Zachary Arnold, Roxanne Heston, Remco Zwetsloot, and Tina Huang, “Immigration Policy and the U.S. AI Sector: A Preliminary

Wang, Yan, Jari Lavonen, and Kirsi Tirri, “Aims for

learning 21st century competencies in national primary science curricula in China and

Finland,” Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education (2018).

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Assessment,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, September 2019, 2-4,https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET_Immigration_Policy_and_AI.pdf.

155 Ibid., Section 3.

156 Alana Semeuls, “Tech Companies Say It’s Too Hard to Hire High-Skilled Immigrants in the U.S. — So They're Growing in Canada Instead,” Time, July 25, 2019,https://time.com/5634351/canada-high-skilled-labor-immigrants/.

157 Zwetsloot, Heston, and Arnold, “Strengthening the U.S. AI Workforce.”

158 At present, China’s fertility rates are below replacement levels, and even the recent changes to the one-child policy won’t compensate for these adverse trends. See also Nicholas Eberstadt, “With Great Demographics Comes Great Power,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2019, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2019-06-11/great- demographics-comes-great-power.

159 Ding, “Deciphering China’s AI Dream.”

160 William Hannas and Huey-meei Chang, “China’s Access to Foreign AI Technology: An Assessment,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, September 2019,https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp- content/uploads/CSET_China_Access_To_Foreign_Technology.pdf.

161 Meng Jing, “Chinese firms fight to lure top artificial intelligence talent from Silicon Valley,” South China Morning Post, April 2, 2017, http://www.scmp.com/tech/china- tech/article/2084171/chinese-firms-fight-lure-top-artificial-intelligence-talent-silicon.

162 Remco Zwetsloot and Dahlia Peterson, “The US-China Tech Wars: China’s Immigration Disadvantage,” The Diplomat, December 31, 2019,https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/the-us-china-tech-wars-chinas-immigration- disadvantage/.

163 See MIT’s description of these engagements: Adam Conner-Simons, “CSAIL launches new five-year collaboration with iFlyTek,” MIT News, https://news.mit.edu/2018/csail- launches-five-year-collaboration-with-iflytek-0615.

164 Hal Brands and Peter D. Feaver, “What Are America’s Alliances Good For?” Parameters 47, Issue 2 (Summer 2017): 15-30.

165 Anne-Marie Slaughter, The Chessboard and the Web: Strategies of Connection in a Networked World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017). See also Niall Ferguson, “The False Prophecy of Hyperconnection,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2017,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2017-08-15/false-prophecy-hyperconnection; Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Miles Kahler, and Alexander H. Montgomery, “Network Analysis for International Relations,” International Organization 63, Issue 3 (July 2009): 559-592,https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/network- analysis-for-international-relations/DE2910979C1B5C44C4CC13F336C5DE97.

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166 Anne-Marie Slaughter, “America’s Edge,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2009,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2009-01-01/americas-edge.

167 Ibid.

168 James Carse, Finite and Infinite Games (New York: Free Press, 1986); Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage Books, 2001).

169 “China AI Development Report 2018,” China Institute for Science and Technology Policy at Tsinghua University.

170 See, e.g., Felicia Schwartz and Dov Lieber, “Chinese Investment in Israel Raises Security Fears,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese- investment-in-israel-raises-security-fears-11549881000.

171 “Artificial Intelligence and National Security,” Congressional Research Service, January 30, 2019, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R45178.pdf.

172 For context, see “CFIUS Reform: Foreign Investment National Security Reviews,” Congressional Research Service, October 3, 2019,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF10952.pdf.

173 Michael Brown and Pavneet Singh, “China’s Technology Transfer Strategy: How Chinese Investments in Emerging Technology Enable A Strategic Competitor to Access the Crown Jewels of U.S. Innovation,” January 2018,https://admin.govexec.com/media/diux_chinatechnologytransferstudy_jan_2018_(1).pdf.

174 China and the Philippines established a “Data port” in September 2018. China also initiated the Digital Silk Road International Industry Alliance. For more information, see “China's big data companies embark on the “Belt and Road”” [中国大数据企业走上“一带一路”], Xinhua, December 14, 2018, http://news.xinhuanet.com/globe/2018- 12/14/c_137663769.html; “Digital Economy and Digital Silk Road International Conference proposes to jointly build digital silk road,” Zhejiang Daily, September 19, 2018.

175 See, e.g., “BRI helps participating countries with technological innovation,” People’s Daily, April 26, 2019, http://en.people.cn/n3/2019/0426/c90000-9572518.html.

176 Elizabeth C. Economy, “China’s New Revolution,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2018,https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-04-17/chinas-new-revolution.

177 “China and France’s top universities build ‘AI Alliance’ to promote artificial intelligence international cooperation,” Xinhua, January 18, 2018.

178 “AI, Another Breakthrough in Sino-UK Innovation Cooperation” [ 人工智能中英创新合作又一风口], People’s Daily, November 3, 2018,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2018/1103/c1002-30380012.html.

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179 “China and Russia big data base will be built in Harbin at the end of the year” [中俄大数据基地年底将在哈尔滨建成], Harbin Daily, March 11, 2018,https://web.archive.org/save/https://zj.zjol.com.cn/news.html?id=890364.

The project has been successfully supported by the 2017 National Development and Reform Commission Digital Economy Pilot Major Project. a major project of Heilongjiang Province

180 “Lecture Series on “China-Russia Economic and Trade Cooperation Database and Russian-Chinese Intelligent Integrated Service Platform”” [“中俄经贸合作数据库及俄汉语智能化综合服务平台”项目系列讲座中俄经贸合作数据库及俄汉语智能化综合服务平台], November 1, 2018,https://web.archive.org/save/http://yuyanziyuan.blcu.edu.cn/info/1066/1259.htm.

181 Miles Brundage et al., “The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Preventing, and Mitigation,” February 2018, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.07228.pdf.

182 Andrew Imbrie and Elsa B. Kania, “AI Safety, Security, and Stability Among Great Powers: Options, Challenges, and Lessons Learned for Pragmatic Engagement,” Center for Security and Emerging Technology, December 2019, https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp- content/uploads/AI-Safety-Security-and-Stability-Among-the-Great-Powers.pdf.

183 William J. Burns, “The Demolition of U.S. Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, October 14, 2019; Ronan Farrow, War on Peace: The End of Diplomacy and the Decline of American Influence (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2018).

184 Elsa B. Kania,” The Right to Speak: Discourse and Chinese Power,” Center for Advanced China Research, 27, 2018. See also Joel Wuthnow, “The concept of soft power in China’s strategic discourse,” Issues & Studies 44, no. 2 (2008): 1-28.

185 Kristine Lee and Alexander Sullivan, “People’s Republic of the United Nations: China’s Emerging Revisionism in International Organizations,” Center for a New American Security, May 14, 2019, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/peoples-republic-of-the- united-nations.

186 See, e.g., Elsa B. Kania, “China’s play for global 5G dominance—standards and the ‘Digital Silk Road’,” The Strategist, ASPI, June 27, 2018,https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/chinas-play-for-global-5g-dominance-standards-and- the-digital-silk-road/.

187 Graham Webster, Rogier Creemers, Paul Triolo, and Elsa Kania, “China’s Plan to Lead in AI: Purpose, Prospects, and Problems,” New America, August 1, 2017,https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/blog/chinas-plan-lead-ai-purpose- prospects-and-problems/.

188 For authoritative reporting on these issues, see Paul Mozur, “One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a Minority,” New York Times, April 14, 2019,https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/technology/china-surveillance-artificial- intelligence-racial-profiling.html.

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189 “Beijing AI Principles,” May 29, https://www.baai.ac.cn/blog/beijing-ai-principles. See also “China Hosts Conference to Promote Ethical AI Standards,” China Daily, June 19, 2019,http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/19/WS5d098cdfa3103dbf14329084.html; Will Knight, “Why Does Beijing Suddenly Care About AI Ethics?” MIT Technology Review,https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613610/why-does-china-suddenly-care-about-ai- ethics-and-privacy/.

190 See, e.g., “World Artificial Intelligence Conference,”http://www.worldaic.com.cn/portal/en/index.html; “Global Artificial Intelligence Conference,” https://gaitc.caai.cn/en.

191 See, e.g., “Countering High-Tech Illiberalism,” https://www.cnas.org/press/press- release/countering-high-tech-illiberalism. See also Freedom House, “Freedom on the Net 2018: The Rise of Digital Authoritarianism,” https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- net/freedom-net-2018/rise-digital-authoritarianism. For a policy brief on the topic, see Alina Polyakova and Chris Meserole, “Exporting digital authoritarianism,” Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/wp- content/uploads/2019/08/FP_20190826_digital_authoritarianism_polyakova_meserole .pdf.

192 Samantha Hoffman, “Managing the State: Social Credit, Surveillance and the CCP’s Plan for China,” in Nicholas D. Wright, ed., AI, China, Russia, and the Global Order: Technological, Political, Global, and Creative Perspectives, A Strategic Multiyear Assessment Periodic Publication, 2018, 42, https://nsiteam.com/social/wp- content/uploads/2018/12/AI-China-Russia-Global-WP_FINAL.pdf.

193 Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, “The Once and Future Superpower,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2016.

194 However, the realization of this potential advantage requires the effective use of this data.195 Brooks and Wohlforth, “The Once and Future Superpower.” 196 Ibid.

197 Brooks and Wohlforth, “The Once and Future Superpower”; Andrea Gilli and Mauro Gilli, “Why China Has Not Caught Up Yet: Military-Technological Superiority and the Limits of Imitation, Reverse Engineering, and Cyber Espionage,” International Security, 43, Issue 3 (Winter 2018/19): 141-189.

198 “Costs of War,” Watson Institute, Brown University,https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/.

199 See the Defense Innovation Board’s project and report on the topic: “Software is Never Done: Refactoring the Acquisition Code for Competitive Advantage,” May 13, 2019. “Software Acquisition and Practices (SWAP) Study,”https://innovation.defense.gov/software/.

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200 “Assessing and Strengthening the Manufacturing and Defense Industrial Base and Supply Chain Resiliency of the United States,” Report to President Donald J. Trump by the Interagency Task Force in Fulfillment of Executive Order 13806, September 2018,https://media.defense.gov/2018/Oct/05/2002048904/-1/-1/1/ASSESSING-AND- STRENGTHENING-THE-MANUFACTURING-AND%20DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL-BASE- AND-SUPPLY-CHAIN-RESILIENCY.PDF.

201 Xi Jinping Discusses Military-Civil Fusion” [习近平谈军民融合], Seeking Truth [求是], October 16, 2018, http://www.qstheory.cn/zhuanqu/rdjj/2018- 10/16/c_1123565364.htm. See also Elsa B. Kania, “In Military-Civil Fusion, China is Learning Lessons from the United States and Starting to Innovate,” The Strategy Bridge, August 27, 2019, https://thestrategybridge.org/the-bridge/2019/8/27/in-military-civil- fusion-china-is-learning-lessons-from-the-united-states-and-starting-to-innovate.

202 Ibid.

203 Elsa B. Kania, “Chinese Military Innovation in Artificial Intelligence,” Testimony to the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, June 2019,https://www.cnas.org/publications/congressional-testimony/chinese-military-innovation- in-artificial-intelligence.

204 CETC Military-Civil Fusion Network Information Systems Appear at Zhuhai Airshow [中国电科军民融合的网络信息体系亮相珠海航展], February 25, 2019,http://www.cetcd.cn/html/2019-02/7435.html.

205 Ibid.206 Ibid.

207 State Council Notice on the Issuance of the New Generation AI Development Plan” [国务院关于印发新一代人工智能发展规划的通知], July 20, 2017,http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm; Graham Webster, Rogier Creemers, Paul Triolo, and Elsa Kania, “Full Translation: China's ‘New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’ (2017),” New America,https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/full-translation- chinas-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-development-plan-2017/; “Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence,” White House, February 11, 2019, https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-maintaining- american-leadership-artificial-intelligence/.

208 For an excellent resource on the topic, see the 2019 AI Index Report. This Index provides tools and datasets to evaluate progress in AI, which is available through Stanford’s initiative on Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. For more information, see “Artificial Intelligence Index: 2019 Annual Report,” https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2019.

209 Vannevar Bush, Science, the Endless Frontier (Ayer Company Publishers, 1995).

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210 Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. Vol. 1 (Anthem Press, 2015).

211 For context, see “DARPA Electronics Resurgence Initiative,”https://www.darpa.mil/work-with-us/electronics-resurgence-initiative.

212 Such an initiative could build upon antecedents. See “Public-Private Partnerships for Semiconductor Research,” https://www.nist.gov/industry-impacts/public-private- partnerships-semiconductor-research.

213 See future research forthcoming from CSET by Remco Zwetsloot et al. that will provide a more detailed analysis of this policy issue.

214 Eliezer Geisler and Wagdy Abdallah, The Metrics of Science and Technology (Quorum Books, 2000); OECD Science, Technology, and Industry Outlook, 2014 (OECD Publishing, 2014).

215 For an excellent overview of this issue, see “Campaign for an AI Ready Force,”

https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/31/2002204191/-1/- 1/0/CAMPAIGN_FOR_AN_AI_READY_FORCE.PDF.

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EXCAVATED FROM THE LIBRARY OF THE GOBLIN KING.

( DO NOT REBLOG. )

----- His Royal Highness, then Prince Jareth Vangard Robert Henry Kinglseigh, was born to King Jored Lyons Richard Dominick Kingsleigh and Queen Lillyith Anne Marie Eliza Kingsleigh-Boran in the early years of King Jored’s fae rule over the Goblin Kingdom. Years and years ago, Jareth’s great-great-great grandfather, King Roland Joseph Midas Griant Kingsleigh, had overthrown the tyrannical goblin king and taken over the kingdom himself, ushering in the first fae goblin king. The Goblins had no reason to resist their new rulers, they quite favoured the better living conditions that came with the new king, as well as the security system that was magically established around the city and its surrounding areas. The Labyrinth wasn’t always the labyrinth is is recognized as today. Though throughout the years, the faes had taken likings to mazes as the general way to get into the Goblin City, but each ruler had something different to add to it. King Jored had used a giant dome with a mirrored maze, thus very few runners made it to the castle in his era, which was a prosperous time for the Goblin species. It was something hard to top after his first born son, Jareth, officially became Prince of the Goblins.

Prince Jareth was a free spirited boy; he only wished he hadn’t been born to be the next King of the Goblins- he found himself sometimes wishing his father could stay in rule, and he go live with the humans in the Aboveground, which was a realm without magic that fascinated him to no end. But a Prince has a duty to his people ( or Goblins, in this case ) and so Jareth never got many a chance to sneak away from his royal tutors and parents. Then his sister was born. His parents had taken a liking to their son’s name, so they named their daughter a variation of his name- Jareica. Despite the similar names, the parents had no favour over either of their children, and loved them both equally. Jareth loved his sister too, even if she was a baby and could be rather annoying at times. After the young princess was six months old, she was snatched from under the noses of the Goblin Royals. King Jored sent the Goblin Army out far and wide to search for his lost daughter, while Jareth stayed behind with his mother, Lillyith, as a solace for each other. Even though they were both sad with the loss of the other child, here is when Jareth’s talent for singing and dancing begun to bloom- for he had inherited it from his mother, who had quite the voice and moves herself. To distract her, he would sing nonsense songs and dance around with her, making it a tradition in the Goblin City. Years pass, and the Princess was still missing. Jareth is now sixteen years old in appearance, and is soon to be crowned Goblin King. His father had decided to step down from rule to take care of his ailing mother. As a gift to the young prince, his parents finally let him do what he had always so wished- go to the Aboveground for thirteen hours, a full day in Underground time. And Jareth loved it. The only problem was, he couldn’t understand why most humans were so cruel and immature, nothing like what he had learned from his studies. When he returned, his father said that was the purpose of their kingdom- to teach humans the value of maturity. Jareth understood, but he still had no desire to sit on a throne all day and abduct children to teach humans about becoming more mature- they could learn that on their own, couldn’t they? However, one runner finally bested his father’s mirror maze, thus causing the coronation to happen sooner than planned- and Jareth was king. Weeks after he was crowned king, Jareth heard a commotion outside the castle, seeing the guards chase what appeared to be a runner into the entrance of his father’s mirror maze. And so, he shifted into an owl and followed them, seeing as it was a king’s duty to see what was going on, and how to punish the perpetrator, should they have committed a crime. He had heard the army shouting about the thief stealing one of Jareth’s magic crystals, which only made him pursue the little person faster. What goblin or fae creature would do that? Did they not know of the reprocussions, should they be caught? Eventually, he was ahead of the army, and managed to corner the thief at a dead end. As he shifted to his true form, the person dropped to the ground and raised their gaze to him- and his blue-brown eyes met violet-silver ones, with crow wing tattoos on the side of them. It was his long lost sister. After taking her back to the castle that night, he announced it to the whole kingdom, and sent a letter to his parents about finding their daughter. A celebration was then held for a week in honor of the Princess’s return- but she would not speak about what had happened to her for a long while, until her father finally coaxed it out of her. She had been captured by necromancers, who had planned to sacrifice her- save for another of their group had already captured a human child, so instead they raised her to be a thief, and were debating about using her for ransom as well. Jareth, using his new power, sent the Goblin Army out in search of this group of necromancers, as well as laid a bounty on their heads- but they have yet to be found. His sister was then schooled to be a princess as soon as she could be, and her true personality began to shine through the nervous shell she had encased herself in- loud, carefree, sarcastic, and friendly. She reminded him of himself, as she got older- taking interest in the Aboveground and not wishing to sit on the throne one day as the Goblin Queen. He even gave her a nickname, as she took a liking to one of his more popular nonsense songs- ‘Dance Magic Dance’, it was called, and as she danced, that’s what the Goblins- and her brother- started calling her. ‘Magic.’ When Jareth appeared twenty, that’s when he first saw her- Sarah. Jareth had only been watching the Aboveground from one of his many crystals, as different humans appeared and disappeared in the glass surface, all possible candidates to be a runner. When Sarah’s image had first appeared in his crystal, there was something about her that made him want to bring her down here. He was enraptured by her green eyes that shone in delight whenever she was right about something. That was the biggest thing. But over time, he grew to like more and more things about her. Magic told him it was called ‘love.’ Would his parents be happy that their son, a purebred bird fae, had fallen in 'love' with a human girl? Absolutely not. Did he fall in ‘love‘ anyways? Indeed he did. And that’s when he decided to send Sarah the little book she would act out, in order for her to fall in love with him as well ( after all, he made suer that it was himself who was described in the book ). And it was also at this time that Jareth decided to reshape the mirror maze of his father’s creation into his own personalized area. Magically, the dome lowered, the mirrors became stone, or brick, or leafy hedges, or trees, until it was a twisting and winding maze, with high walls and lookouts, each area secured by ever changing passageways, hidden traps called oubliettes, and lots of glitter. Finally deciding on a name for his creation, and the book, he dubbed it the name it is fondly known as today- The Labyrinth. And so he sent the book out to the human girl he had his eyes on, hoping one day she would appear in the Labyrinth, so he could see her in his true form- he only ever snuck Aboveground to see her as an owl. Magic endlessly teased him about his ‘crush’ on Sarah, but even if she was annoying about it, he had learned to ignore it, focusing on the hope that Sarah would appear in the Underground. To distract himself, however, he threw himself into his royal duties in the hope of keeping himself focused on running a kingdom and not a human girl, so his parents didn’t suspect. A few years later, the words were spoken. “I wish the goblins would come and take you away… right now.” And Jareth found himself seeing Sarah for the first time in his true form. There was a problem with this though- his parents had found out about his interest in the human girl ( to this day he still has no idea as to how ) and instilled a fail safe in that little book of his. The spell-turned-speech that made her the Champion of the Labyrinth. “Through dangers untold,” said she, as he pleaded with her to ’fear him, love him,’ and ‘do as he said’, “and hardships unnumbered, I have fought my way here to the castle beyond the Goblin City, to take back the child that you have stolen. For my will is as strong as yours,” she went on, turning down his final offer of her dreams, “and my kingdom is as great.” “You have no power over me.” The words rang in Jareth’s ears as he dramatically fell, a crystal tossed into the air, and shifted into an owl, flying out the window of her house. Her brother Toby was returned, and the next thing he saw was his Sarah, holding a celebration with many a member of his kingdom- he was tempted to send all of them to The Bog of Eternal Stench, or an oubliette, or worse, but her joyous smile stopped him from doing so. He could just wait a little more.

NOTES ABOUT THIS CANON:

This is only a very brief summary of Jareth’s life up to canon events, and when I get the time, the more detailed version of his life up to canon events will go on his blog bio.

The apostrophes around the word love when talking about Sarah means the word is used loosely- very loosely. As indicated by canon events and outside views, he was merely infatuated by her with his own view of love, having never been in love romantically before. The closest comparison would have to be someone being infatuated with a celebrity.

There is an opportunity to have threads with Prince Jareth during his time Aboveground, however they will not have icons used. Chances are, if you want to establish a relationship where your muse befriended Jareth on his day Aboveground, he will regard your muse as an old friend if you want to have a thread with king Jareth. Still, tread lightly.

Magic is not an rp-able character on this blog, and neither are Jareth’s parents, Jored and LIllyith. They are all my OCs, who will only be mentioned on this blog. I have been developing this canon for years, so please don’t use it.

More is to come.

#i mostly copy/pasted this from my old devian.tart so like!! some of it may change and progress #reblog this and youre going to the bog of eternal stench.#labyrinth canon tag.#○ *:･��✧ | im crying about david bowie again. ( ooc. )

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ntrending · 6 years ago

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The history—and future—of our roads

New Post has been published on https://nexcraft.co/the-history-and-future-of-our-roads/

The history—and future—of our roads

Today’s streets have it harder than their ancestors did. Instead of feet, hooves, and wooden wheels, they shoulder semis and SUVs. As we’ve developed new ways to zip around, we’ve also changed the makeup of the routes on which we travel, transforming gravel paths into asphalt superhighways. Challenges such as extreme weather and carbon emissions mean our expressways must evolve even further, so engineers are turning to futuristic fixes to keep traffic flowing. Here’s the story behind that long and winding journey—and where it’s going next.

Past: In the rearview

1. Rocks and bricks

Humans have been clearing trees and burning brush to transport food and attack our enemies for more than 10,000 years, but Mesopotamians invented some of the first paved roads to make more transit-friendly cities around 3000 B.C. Workers molded thousands of identical clay bricks, dried them, then arranged them like tiles. To keep paths from crumbling every time a cow kicked, they glued the blocks together with bitumen, a naturally occurring semisticky petroleum that we still use as a binder in asphalt today. But this ancient population bothered with the labor-intensive method only on streets with religious significance or high military value.

While all road technology might not lead back to Rome, the Roman Empire did build some of the longest and most durable pathways in the ancient world. Builders recessed rock and gravel layers into the ground for stability. Closer to cities and in other prominent areas, pavers topped these layers with hard stones to create a more polished look.

At its height, around A.D. 100, the Empire presided over a combined 50,000 miles of highways, which allowed soldiers and merchants to move swiftly throughout Europe and Asia Minor. Some of these timeworn passages are still functional today. The Via Appia, which runs from Rome 350 miles southeast to the east coast of Italy, supports automobile traffic on select stretches— though it has required quite a few overhauls over the past two millennia.

2. Sloped mud

As the Industrial Revolution took off in Great Britain during the 1700s, local governments built longer networks of gravel highways, relying on toll collection to finance the construction of new routes. These so-called turnpikes sprang up across the countryside, spreading out from London and connecting cities in England and Scotland. But most roadways were made of small stones piled on top of mud, meaning the slightest sprinkling of rainwater could turn the rocky lanes into mucky heaps of disgusting, dangerous slush.

A civil engineer named John Metcalf had a plan for smoothing things over. His construction crews would slightly slope each new street’s surface and dig deep ditches on either side. This provided proper drainage to keep roadways from caving in due to excess moisture, preventing potholes.

Metcalf famously went the extra mile to advocate for these design changes. Blind from boyhood, he once challenged a colonel to race him to London. Thanks to the rough terrain, Metcalf made his way to the city on foot faster than the military man could get there in his horse-drawn buggy.

3. Packed Gravel and Asphalt

Nineteenth-century Scottish engineer John McAdam, frustrated that even Britain’s best drags were still bumpy, took a new approach: He replaced loose, round stones with rocks crushed into tiny angular bits that he spread out along a path, and then rolled over to press firm. These “Macadam roads” were more durable and weather-resistant—and kinder to carriage wheels—but they were still pretty loosey-goosey.

So, in the 1870s, American engineers began filing patents for bituminous asphalt mixtures known as “binders,” which combine the oily substance with gravel or sand for sleeker street surfaces. The basic cross-section of a road or highway hasn’t changed much since: Builders dig a ditch, lay down a bed of packed soil, spread a layer of crushed stone, and then top it with a smooth, 6-inch layer of either asphalt or concrete. Heavier-duty roads, such as interstates, sometimes have an additional rocky layer at the foundation.

4. Even more asphalt

Around the turn of the 20th century, the U.S. started to roll out roads as we know them, replacing soil paths with hardy concrete. But long-distance routes—such as the Lincoln Highway, which joined New York and San Francisco in 1923—were sometimes no better than dirt ditches etched in the countryside. While riding on the Lincoln with his Army convoy in 1919, Lt. Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower had an idea: What if this, but better and everywhere? When he became president, Eisenhower masterminded the interstate highway system, its more than 45,000 miles of pavement taking three decades to lay down.

Present: What’s under our wheels

1. Solid foundations

Apartheid-era South Africa was under sanctions and economically isolated by many other countries, which made buying a highway’s worth of bitumen prohibitively expensive. So engineers in the country came up with an unorthodox solution that was not only cheaper, but also just as effective as conventional methods. Rather than laying down a thin gravel base and slathering it with half a foot of asphalt, South African designers relied on a layer of stone (infused with cement) about a foot thick as the foundation of the path, then placed a 2-inch-thick strip of asphalt on top. Trade opened up after Apartheid ended in the 1990s, but no one raced to repave the region: The unique highways proved to be just as strong and resilient as those in other countries. The clever and effective workaround became a subject of fascination for transportation officials from around the world.

2. Low-friction blacktop

A truly well-designed road won’t just withstand rain, sun, and tire abuse—it’ll also make driving easier and cleaner for the cars passing over it. In Denmark, government researchers will be testing more than 30 miles of highway built with an earth-conscious asphalt that minimizes friction with tires. To lower what’s called “rolling resistance,” the designers embed the upper layer of asphalt with unusually small stones—sometimes smaller than a quarter-inch across—which makes the surface smoother. Cars can coast longer, so drivers need to hit the gas less frequently to maintain a steady speed. Fewer presses of the pedal equals less fuel consumption, which helps minimize emissions. For every million dollars Denmark invests in these streets, motorists could save around $40 million in fuel costs.

3. Limestone bases

Germany’s comprehensive network of famously no-speed-limit autobahn highways are among the best in the world. Their secret sauce: money. Each of the country’s more than 8,000 miles of freeway costs the federal government nearly a million dollars per year in maintenance. As they say: It costs money because it saves money, and Germany’s road-building budget means better materials that cause fewer problems in the long run.

Not only are these bahns twice as thick as the average U.S. highway, but the trenches lining them are sturdy limestone rather than more-common materials such as soil or sand. (The government planned for a few stretches to double as airstrips during World War II, so some sections are actually thick and sturdy enough to survive the force of a landing plane.) Each motorway is also topped with high-quality concrete.

As a result of their resilience, these routes are safer, quieter, easier on cars, and last an average of 20 years longer than American pavement. And even though it’s not as big as the United States, Germany’s web of highways is dense—if you laid all the autobahns end-to-end, they would stretch a third of the way around the planet.

4. Ice/salt road

Especially cold or dry locales can boast boulevards made of unconventional stuff. In arid countries such as Chile, governments sometimes skip asphalt and top roads with a salty compound called bischofite, which occurs naturally in the Atacama desert. It doesn’t make clouds of dust the way sandy roads do, and rare rainfall helps the soluble substance stay in place. In chillier northern climes, frozen rivers become drives linking otherwise-isolated towns from January through April. But they’re melting earlier each year as temperatures rise.

5. Emerging asphalt alternatives

Rubber

One of the easiest ways to skimp on oily bitumen is to grind up landfill-bound tires and other elastic materials, and mix them into the blacktop. Rubberized highways last nearly two times longer than their traditional counterparts, and can be 50 percent quieter as well. Plus, rubber doesn’t crack as much in extreme heat because, unlike stiff asphalt, the material can expand and contract. California, Spain, and Germany all use rubberized streets, and Japan now features the bouncy stuff in about a fifth of its national roads.

Plastic

In 2015, the Indian government mandated that cities fill potholes with melted plastic garbage. This technique inspired Scottish engineer Toby McCartney to found MacRebur Ltd., a plastic-road startup that seeks to build byways using the material clogging up our landfills. By grinding thousands of soda bottles down into pellets and mixing the result with standard asphalt, McCartney trims the usual cost of paving materials by as much as 25 percent—while also cutting down on waste.

Food scraps

Some researchers are working on more appetizing alternatives to petroleum. Culinary waste such as soybeans, cooking oil, and even used coffee grounds can boost asphalt’s binding power; the materials’ organic properties allow them to oxidize in much the same way the bitumen does. This practice should also reduce the overall carbon footprint of new construction. But don’t expect to sniff java on the exit ramp anytime soon: Edible leftovers may replace just a small percentage of the sticky bitumen needed for a full-service road.

6. Gravel is back

As small towns across the United States face drastic budget shortfalls, some find themselves without the cash they need for road repair. In at least 27 states, localities have turned to a rugged solution. Instead of repaving damaged paths, they just unpave them—peeling up all the asphalt and leaving swaths of loose rocks in its wake.

Though pebbled pathways can generate throat-clogging dust and tend to get a little messy in the rain, they work just fine for routes that don’t see a lot of heavy traffic. And while you’d be right to worry about sharp little stones wearing down your Goodyears, some experts argue that supersize potholes in busted-up asphalt can be way more dangerous for drivers than good ol’ gravel is. Any rough spots that do form are much easier and cheaper to fix: All you need to do is get some more rocks and fill in the craters.

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Future: The road ahead

1. Self-repairing

Shifts in temperature and moisture mean cracks are always forming, and we often don’t know where they are until they’re really dangerous. But what if a freeway could repair itself? Scientists are experimenting with forms of fissure-fixing pavement. In the Netherlands, researcher Erik Schlangen of the Delft University of Technology laced a stretch of asphalt with a matrix of steel-wool fibers, turning the surface into one big conductor. When cracks start to form, the government passes by with a massive magnet on a truck, which makes the metal contract, closing the gap.

The Dutch are already employing Schlangen’s threads on a dozen roads, but even-more-radical solutions are also in the works. Su Jun-Feng of Tianjin Polytechnic in China, who has worked with Schlangen in the past, has tested dispersing small capsules of an expanding chemical polymer known as “rejuvenator” throughout a few Tianjin streets. Whenever fissures start to form, the capsules expand to fill up the chasms. This patch-up job halts the decay of the road while making the aging pavement less brittle—which means it’s less likely to crack again later.

2. Climate-proof creations

Extreme heat due to global warming poses one of the biggest threats to drivers across the U.S. High temps cause asphalt to split more quickly, which means pavement in toasty places will decay faster than governments can repair it. Although the Southwest will see the most scorching days, roads in the Midwest might also suffer—they weren’t built to withstand heat at all.

Some cities, such as Los Angeles, have started to paint blacktop with light hues so it absorbs less sun. But preventing future fissures might require new materials.

And as monster storms and rising tides trigger ever-bigger and more-frequent floods, traditional drainage systems in coastal areas from Georgia to Cambodia become overwhelmed. Miami, one of the world’s most vulnerable cities to sea-level rise, has already started taking preventative measures such as raising roads off the ground and building dozens of anti-flooding pump stations. But low-lying countries such as Belize might have to renovate much of their existing infrastructure. U.K. startup Topmix is experimenting with permeable pavements that slurp up thousands of gallons of rain; their mixture omits the usual layer of fine-crushed stone to allow moisture to slip through to the dirt beneath.

3. Pro-robot designs

While early models still might be a tad crash-prone, self-driving cars are coming. And they’ll eventually lead us to change our streets. Lanes, for example, will get skinnier once they don’t have to accommodate shaky human hands. Roads will also have to become “smart,” communicating instructions via embedded sensors rather than with more-traditional visual cues. Radio transmitters could take over right-of-way regulation from stoplights, and satellite pings could mark detours in place of signs. Engineers will also have to find new ways to manage construction zones along highways—car cameras have a hard time knowing which messages, from cones to hand signals to barricades, trump others. Some startups, such as UC Berkeley-born Hyperlane, have crafted novel proposals for highway upgrades like self-driving-only lanes. There’s not much time: By some estimates, fleets of robot taxis and buses could roll in during the next decade.

RELATED: Where to find self-driving cars on the road right now

4. Solar panels

With every passing year, humanity needs more power: Global energy consumption could rise by around 25 percent by 2050, to the equivalent of nearly 150 billion barrels of oil a year. All that energy has to come from somewhere—so, some engineers wonder, why not get it from our streets? Open roads tend to absorb plenty of sunlight, which you surely know if you’ve ever stepped on blacktop while barefoot. Those toasty rays could power your dishwasher. In 2017, China debuted a mile-long stretch of “solar highway,” a raft of panels stuck beneath a plasticlike polymer thick enough to tolerate the weight of a vehicle. Energy from the array could funnel to streetlights above or houses nearby. Idaho startup Solar Roadways has tested similar technology, but both prototypes face serious financial hurdles: One square meter costs more than 90 times as much as the same swath of regular asphalt.

Written By Jake Bittle

#Science

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thesinglesjukebox · 5 years ago

Video

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MEGHAN TRAINOR FEAT. NICKI MINAJ - NICE TO MEET YA

[4.18]

Meghan, you need no introduction...

Alfred Soto: The pairing is quaint -- how 2014! Meghan Trainor attempts a makeover that vaporizes the essentials of a noxious image. Now she sounds like nobody at all. Nothing. [1]

Katie Gill: I can't decide who she's trying to be in this song but she's certainly trying to be someone ELSE. The pivot to a more heavy R&B sound, the whispered hook, the Nicki guest verse, this has "I am trying to reinvent myself, can we all finally forget about 'Me Too' now" written all over it. Pity that the reinvention comes with a distracting amount of vocal modulation and at the expense of anything actually Meghan Trainor about it. [3]

William John: A mishmash of instagrammable aphorisms, with a tired trope like a whispered chorus, is an improvement on undermining your self-empowerment aesthetic with a genetics polemic - but only just. [2]

Thomas Inskeep: Trainor's flailing, desperately trying to get her career back on track, but she's not up to the faux-dark trap-pop she's attempting here. Minaj, meanwhile, will clearly do anything for a check, except exert effort. Both of them should be embarrassed by this. [1]

Tobi Tella: I'm not saying Meghan Trainor was good when she was doing doo-wop pastiche, but at least it was a gimmick to hide the soullessness. The highlight of the song is Nicki's listless verse referencing monsters, reminding us of simpler times and much better songs. [3]

Kylo Nocom: Meghan Trainor is pop's biggest joke. Her demographic gets dragged daily: stans always have aversion towards anybody that dares to fill a niche for "soccer moms" or "the GP" (one of pop fandom's biggest mysteries; what makes you so different from "normal people that listen to music"?). The homogeneity of publications' takes on pop is less a side effect of poptimism than it is of stan culture; nobody wants to ignite the wrath of Twitter fanbases, so it's best to come after Ed Sheeran and P!nk as easy targets. Meghan's career of empowerment anthems is not amazing, but has never been enough to warrant the bandwagon of shit-talk she receives across the board. Any attempt at trying to justify her value as a musician feels as if it immediately starts off with contrarian intent rather than out of sincere enjoyment. Yet out of her hits, I'd be hard-pressed to say she's ever even had a truly horrible song. I've suffered through some of the worst of radio overplay and still can't remember ever changing the station whenever one of her songs comes on. My tolerance for her sincerity, no matter how poor the messaging ends up being, is high enough to find Meghan dumb fun. Her latest single expectedly doesn't fascinate lyrically, even if "I am blessed by the heavens" is remarkably badass in the two ways it's delivered, but nobody wants to talk about how fucking weird this is. The DNA of "Nice to Meet Ya" is loaded with referents: "Tongue" (the whispered chorus), "Loyal to Me" (millennial R&B revivalism as filtered through perceived "Spotify-core"), "Wasabi" (the ridiculous grinding bass), "Beez n the Trap" (though more "Soap," I'm not telling anybody to respect Melanie Martinez, plus Nicki's entrance completely re-contextualizes the drop), any Zedd song that used the dumbass vocoder. It'd be easy to shit on this as desperate if it actually sounded like any hit on the radio right now; as is, it's a complete Frankenstein of various tropes catered directly to my tastes. Meghan Trainor provides a lesson for us all: being perceived as pop's biggest tryhard might just means she's trying more than 99% of people out there. Looks like her hard work has paid off. [9]

Katherine St Asaph: Can you have a consistent identity -- "brand," we'd say now -- if The Discourse has decided your identity is actually something else? Meghan Trainor has been made into a punchline, all her music just elaboration on the joke. (To be fair, that weird horny press release for the EP didn't help.) But that music, the actual sounds on recording, is a consistent string of millennial R&B singles as faithful and nervy as Rina Sawayama or Kehlani or LIZ or Raye, all of whom this would be praised for releasing this exact song minus the Meghan tag. The "blessed by the heavens" hook and faux-brass backing would be celebrated if this were a single by Ariana Grande or Fifth Harmony, for whom it may well have been written. (Camila would do the whispered vocals, right?) Critics may even like it, if only for the near-quote in the synth hook of Cassie's "Me and U." [7]

Wayne Weizhen Zhang: Given the delightfully entertaining chaos of Meghan Trainor's career as of late -- from that crazy UTI-inducing press release, to the catchy (eu)genetics song, to her somehow being involved in the comeback reunion of the Pussycat Dolls --- I really wanted to like this. But my actual reaction aligns more closely with what Nicki says halfway though her verse: "Ha, ha, ha-ha, ha, ha-ha-ha." [4]

Brad Shoup: Trainor's uncanny chorus makes this one feel like it's 70% percent Minaj. It's actually better than Minaj's cashed-in favor of a verse, which opts for the safe syllabic choice every time. Still, mark another square on the bingo card: Trainor's made throwback snap-pop. [4]

Joshua Lu: Treat Myself being a decent album isn't particularly surprising, given how most of Meghan Trainor's 2019 releases showcased her affinity for making easily digestible but pristine pop music. "Nice to Meet Ya" isn't the best offering, but it is emblematic of its parent album's general formula: histrionically sassy lyricism, production that doesn't skimp on vocoder or random bloopy noises, and a general feeling of datedness, best brought in with Nicki Minaj's most genuinely carefree verse since the Roman Reloaded era. Maybe it's a sign of my aging taste, or just sympathy for a struggling pop star whose career I've enjoyed observing for the past six plus years, but I find myself entirely willing to appreciate what this fun little pop song has to offer. [7]

Jackie Powell: Meghan Trainor has been through the wringer in the lead up to the release of her third album TREAT MYSELF. According to an interview with the Zack Sang Show, Trainer was stalled during a time where there was a lot of "traffic" in the market. But also, she was told that she could simply produce a better product and Epic records could afford to give her that time. Almost two years ago, TSJ reviewed "No Excuses," which had a memorable chorus but fell flat, more like a Fifth Harmony B-side than a Trainor track. "Nice to Meet Ya" is sonically more dynamic than "No Excuses" but at times sounds like a structural carbon copy of Ariana Grande's mega-hit "Problem." Whispered hook: check. Bridge formed by a female rapper: check. (Nicki Minaj's verse works, but its main function has been for hip-hop choreographers, which is fine I guess.) Although I wonder what would have ensued if Trainor's husband and former Spy Kid Daryl Sabara took over the whispering duties from his wife on the post-chorus, akin to Big Sean on the Grande cut. But apparently, he is credited for backing vocals? Trainor has been notorious for "repetitive pop," and lately has leaned into her song titles too much. While "Genetics" was upgraded with a Pussycat Dolls feature, I can't help but cringe when the word is spelled out. And don't get me started on "Evil Twin." Trainor has difficulty with her lede. Her lede is either forced or buried, which is something that transpires on this latest single. What would happen if she didn't begin her songs with the title? What would "Nice to Meet Ya" have sounded like without its hook, which consists of the whispering? This single could have easily been named "What I Want to Be" which might be less cutesy than "Nice to Meet Ya," but it's a bit more appropriate for where Trainor is in her life. Something that's unfortunate about Trainor is how she consistently forces the issues she's bringing to the surface. Don't get me wrong, her message is vital for her audience, but maybe she can use a metaphorical editor or another producer or songwriter who can relate to and understand her message, altering it so that it isn't oversold. [5]

[Read, comment and vote on The Singles Jukebox]

#Meghan Trainor #Nicki Minaj #pop #music #music review

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anneedmonsonus · 5 years ago

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Penshurst – A Sea Captain’s Mansion Saved from Ruin

I have a soft spot for Penshurst, the historic house I’m going to share with you today – which was actually one of my very first home tours – in fact I visited it before I’d even clicked ‘publish’ on my first blog post! (Original post here).

When I was a teenager, after school my best friend and I used to walk down to the river, swim at Bicton Baths and then we’d walk home, sometimes taking a different route to look at the beautiful houses by the river. One day in 2000 we chanced upon this huge old Victorian house, which looked much like the below at the time.

It was a wreck then, but there was something about it, sitting proudly on the hill, older than any other house around it – it had a presence. I was enthralled.

ABOVE: Penshurst in 2000.

ON TOP OF THE WORLD: A photo of the back of the house, before its renovations.

So were Tim and Frances Brien from the U.K, who first clapped eyes on Penshurst in 2001, a year after I first came across it. The Briens, who own a childcare centre, came across a newspaper ad with a drawing of what the house might have once looked like (see below).

But as they drew up to the house, they realised the drawing was not entirely accurate! Time had weathered the home so much it was a dilapidated ruin. But they were hooked – and they bought it.

ABOVE: The newspaper drawing of the house as it was advertised.

ABOVE: The house as it actually was. Would you have bought it?

PENSHURST TODAY: The Briens know the value of patience – the home took ten years to renovate, the beautiful gardens years to landscape as well. Now tall plane trees to the side of the home are accented by formal hedges and beds of lavender.

One of my favourite things about my job is getting to stickybeak inside houses I’d admired for years, and when the chance came to write about Penshurst, I jumped at it. It didn’t disappoint me – but it did disappoint its first owner. Built in 1897 for a sea captain, the limestone house, named Penshurst, was built on the highest spot in the area atop Richmond Hill, with panoramic ocean, river, city and Darling Ranges views. Absolutely spectacular views. But the story goes that the sea captain’s wife turned up to look at the house one day while it was being built, hated it on sight, turned around and drove back down the road, refusing to ever live in it.

Whether that tale is true or not, Penshurst has not seemed to have had much luck enchanting any of its owners – until the Briens came along. Before them, the house was always a rental. Its previous owners included a WA premier and a man who had spent 20 months at a German prisoner-of-war camp in WWI (both who never resided there) and in 1941 the house was even divided into four rental flats. “We were the first owners who actually lived in it,” laughs Tim.

When the Briens made it theirs, the place was a ruin, falling apart from years of termite damage, vandalism and lack of maintenance. It was once even close to demolition in the 90s – how lucky it didn’t go through! “When we bought it, everyone told us we were crazy,” says Tim, who took on the daunting task of project manager – at just 28!

SEA VISTA: The ocean views beyond Penshurst.

THE MAIN SUITE: How nice to wake up to views like these every day.

TOP: The gardens then and now – not easy to landscape a limestone cliff! BELOW: Penshurst is a late Victorian house of an unconventional design, with its two multi-faceted bays at right angles to one another. According to the Heritage Council, there was no other building built to this plan configuration. The Briens added a sleek, modern living and garage extension.

ABOVE: While the Briens renovated, they had lots of visits from numerous people who had lived at Penshurst at some point during their lives. One past occupant gave them this old photo of the entrance hall and how it used to look.

ABOVE: The entrance hall today.

While the renovations at Penshurst went on, Tim said drivers constantly slowed down in the middle of the road to stare at the house, passers-by stopped to chat, and many people who have lived in the house since it was built have dropped in to share their stories and old photos.

It took renovations tallying a million dollars, but so impressive was Tim and Fran’s work, they won the 2012 Western Australian Heritage Award for Outstanding Conservation of a Residential Place. Now after more than ten years in the home, they have decided to sell; looking forward to giving another family an opportunity to enjoy the home and excited about starting the next chapter in their lives – well, except for Tim and Fran’s daughters, aged 8 and 10, who have lived at Penshurst their whole lives.

“The kids got really upset,” says Tim, adding that one of his daughters had always complained about living in an old house and claimed that when she was grown up that her house was going to be “new and modern”. Perhaps not surprisingly, she’s now devastated that they are leaving and has taken it into her own hands to try to make Tim’s real estate agent, the lovely Toby Astill of Space Real Estate, miserable every time he comes over. “She hates Toby, and the poor man hasn’t done anything wrong,” laughs Tim.

But could they really leave, after the excitement of living through what may be one of Perth’s most dramatic home renovations? Tim says it is likely they will find another project. I look forward to seeing the next one.

FANCY A DIP? The Briens beat hot Australian summers with their pool, swimming against a backdrop of river and ocean views.

NOT A BAD VIEW: This house is as lovely inside as you might imagine a house called Penshurst would be. I’ve always wanted to live in a house with a fancy name so I can say pompous-sounding things like, “We spent summers at Killarney” or “during my childhood at Windmere”. I did give my house a name when I bought it but The Crap Shack is not quite the same.

VIEWS TO DIE FOR: Perched high on Richmond Hill, the home’s river, city and ocean views took my breath away. According to the Heritage Council of Western Australia, Penshurst was built in the colonial era when the merchants of Fremantle actually preferred to settle closer to the heart of town – just on the outskirts in the terraces of East and South Fremantle. While East and South Fremantle ask for a pretty penny these days, it’s views like these that fetch premium prices in Perth.

OLD AND NEW: The home lets Francis and Brien indulge their love of the traditional and the modern. The older part of the home has been decorated in a classic style, with numerous antiques. Clean lines and modern and retro pieces reign in the contemporary open-plan living.

THE MUSIC ROOM: Adjoining the formal lounge is a music room, with an old telescope for watching boats come down the river.

THE MODERN EXTENSION: Frameless glass bi-fold doors open the space up to the outdoors and make the most of the spectacular river and city views. Tim and Frances are big believers that when renovating a heritage-listed property that any new extensions should be distinguishable from the original home, as is customary in the U.K where they lived before. So they added a very modern open-plan living extension. It works perfectly, the concrete walls and zinc cassette cladding a beautiful juxtaposition against the restored tuckpointed walls of the original home.

TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY, LEFT: The restored lounge room. RIGHT: The new open-plan dining and living and the modern kitchen with CaesarStone benchtops, gloss white cabinetry and an Elica designer rangehood. The island bench is a whopping 6m long.

LEFT, THE LIBRARY: The library in the tower is a little place to get away. RIGHT: The original hall – love how thick the walls are!

HOME LOWDOWN

THE RENOVATORS

Childcare centre owners Tim and Frances Brien, who lived there with their two daughters, aged 8 and 10, and their chocolate Labrador puppy

THEIR HOME

A fully restored, heritage-listed 1897 sea captain’s house that had once fallen into disrepair

LOCATION

Fremantle, Western Australia

PURCHASED

2001

FEATURES

Period features, fireplaces, panoramic ocean, river, city and island views from hilltop position, library, music room, cellar, modern open-plan living extension, entry hall, wraparound veranda and balcony, children’s activity room, formal lounge, study, lap pool

THE SELLING AGENT

The house is currently on the market with Toby Astill from Space Real Estate.

The post Penshurst – A Sea Captain’s Mansion Saved from Ruin appeared first on House Nerd.

from Home Improvement https://house-nerd.com/2019/05/22/penshurst-mansion/

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Healthy Cooking Cookware Sets

Contents

Grill betty crocker

Healthy vegetarian cooking silicone

Store-bought potato gnocchi

50 diet recipes

Plate. meal prep: cookbook

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