#the next generation will be as educated and knowledgeable as people were in the 1600s

[swagging-back-to]

Saying a kid is being very conservative with the frosting for gingerbread houses yesterday having to follow it up with "conservative as in you're not using a lot!"

Catch me outside today saying "don't use it liberally, meaning not a lot"

[mariacallous]

Understanding other countries requires more than studying them from afar. This fundamental fact is hardly news. In the 18th and 19th centuries, young people conducted a grand tour of other countries to get to know them better (and, by extension, their own countries). Over the past few decades, all manner of universities have launched semester-abroad programs that make such learning extremely easy.

But increasingly, young Americans with foreign-policy and national-security ambitions are eschewing interaction with foreign countries and even foreign individuals. They want security clearances, and they know that any foreign exposure will complicate matters. This intellectual isolationism risks severely harming U.S. foreign and security policy—just when an acceleratingly unstable world needs able U.S. officials.

Understanding other countries is a daunting and sometimes humbling experience. For the most part, the first step involves attempting to communicate in a foreign language. One can improve one’s abilities by watching movies and television from the countries in question, or by reading newspapers or listening to the radio.

As a teenager, I improved my German by reading Bild-Zeitung whenever I got access to it (Bild was easier reading than Der Spiegel and Die Zeit, to which I later graduated). Later on, I worked on my Italian by watching Italian movies without subtitles. To this day, I regularly listen to RAI (Italian radio), both to keep myself informed and to improve my linguistic abilities.

But even if one does speak the desired foreign language well, one can only understand the country in which it’s spoken by living there for an extended period of time. It involves learning that country’s culture and cultural references, and preferably understanding its society and politics. “I don’t drink coffee, I take tea, my dear,” Sting sang in Alien in New York. But when in Rome, do as the Romans do. Or try, at least.

As an expat, one will always be in the minority. Frequently, one won’t get cultural references, or one will misunderstand them. That has happened to me countless times ever since I moved abroad in my first year of university (I’ve remained abroad ever since). It’s frequently humiliating and exasperating, though it is, of course, often enormously educational. And learning a bit of humility is not a bad side benefit of getting to know another country.

Starting in the late 1600s, young Europeans of means considered the grand tour a must in their civic education, and subsequent generations have also appreciated the value of interacting with other countries. The United States’ Gen Z appreciates it too. Indeed, many of the best and brightest among America’s Gen Z want to make a career out of foreign affairs and international security. They want it so much that they map out their next steps at an early stage. Those steps include applying to the finest U.S. graduate programs in foreign affairs and national security.

Once they’ve arrived in these fine institutions of higher learning, the world is their oyster, right? Not so much. In recent months, I’ve been hearing more and more from professors of international affairs that their students are so focused on getting security clearances for their hoped-for government jobs that they’re forgoing foreign contacts. They’re opting out of study-abroad opportunities and avoiding friendships with foreign students.

Princeton undergraduates’ choices of what field to major in give a good indication of ambitious college students’ thinking. In 2022, the university’s six regional concentrations—which include German, French and Italian, and East Asian Studies—were among the school’s 10 least popular concentrations, the Daily Princetonian reported.

For the third year running, the most popular concentrations were computer science, the School of Public and International Affairs, economics, and operations research and financial engineering. Last academic year (the most recent available), meanwhile, Princeton had a total of one Master’s student in German, two in Slavic languages, four in French and Italian, and six in East Asian Studies. It had no Master’s students in Spanish and Portuguese.

Last fall, George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, which produces “leading experts in business, security, diplomacy, public service, development, conflict resolution, public health, and other fields,” ended its Master’s in European and Eurasian Studies.

During the Cold War, Washington took knowledge of other countries extremely seriously. Universities offered area studies, in which students specialized in, yes, a specific area of the world—and that included learning not just the relevant languages, but the culture and politics, too, not to mention spending time there. Because the government valued such expertise, area experts could look forward to a good career. American students often spent half a year or a year in East Germany, in the Soviet Union, in Poland.

Today, few such programs remain, and even when they’re offered, students—with careers and security clearances in mind—steer clear of them. “My cursor hovered lovingly over ‘East Asian Studies’ (EAS) for a few seconds; then, with a firm finality, I scrolled down and clicked on ‘School of Public and International Affairs’ (SPIA). One last click, ‘submit form,’ and the deed was done,” a Princeton student named Vincent Jiang wrote in the Daily Princetonian last spring.

Today’s ambitious young men and women in top graduate programs will no doubt get their security clearances, and they’re certain to land good jobs in foreign and security policy, too. But what knowledge will they bring? The United States’ many Iranian Americans and Chinese Americans, meanwhile, would be ideal recruits to the CIA or the NSA. They, though, have a reduced chance of getting security clearances to begin with.

With limited exposure to friendly and unfriendly countries, the next generation of diplomats and intelligence officials unlikely have the kind of knowledge Washington needs. That’s a great pity. During the height of globalization, when many a country gave the impression of moving in a Westerly direction, the United States might have been able to get away with insufficient understanding of its fellow nations. But with the geopolitical standoff between Western countries and a China-led grouping intensifying, with the Middle East on the brink of escalating conflict, and with Russia menacing its neighbors, Washington needs such knowledge.

Meanwhile, traffic in the other direction is proceeding briskly—indeed, it’s exploding. In the 2021-22 academic year (the latest year available), British universities had 680,000 foreign students compared to 2.18 million students from the U.K. The former included 152,000 from China and 17,630 from Hong Kong. Nearly 127,000 Indians were studying in Britain, too, as were 9,000 Saudis and even 15 North Koreans. By contrast, a mere 23,000 Americans were studying in Britain. (Already in 2017-2018, the total number of foreign students in the U.K. was extremely high, at 470,000.) At U.S. universities, the percentage of foreign students has grown by 149 percent since 1976—but by only 47 percent since 2010.

Many of the foreigners enroll at Western universities through programs funded by their governments. Indeed, this month a British investigation into concerns that foreigners were exploiting higher education as a way of getting work in the country found that the vast majority of them were, in fact, bona fide students.

Expertise gained from books and television is fine, but woefully inadequate for people who make decisions about foreign and security policy. Yes, well-trained U.S. diplomats and intelligence officers send good information back to Washington. Even they, though, suffer from the same cultural myopia as their graduate-student brethren, often serving in foreign countries whose languages they don’t speak.

Indeed, many a diplomat seems to prefer life inside the embassy compound than out in the field. And even the most insightful diplomatic dispatches are of little use if the recipients back home possess a Washington-centric view of the world. There are many people in recent U.S. administrations who would have benefited massively from living in other countries.

Granted, new espionage legislation in Russia and China makes living there daunting for Americans and other Westerners. But it’s still possible. And there are countless other countries future U.S. officials ought to know from more than reading and remote viewing.

“Make area studies cool again,” as the Daily Princetonian headline urged. Amen to that—and to real knowledge about other countries. Not because such knowledge needs a “cool” label, but because it’s indispensable.

[coda-90]

The Evolution of Social Standards

by Durga Kulkarni.

Psychological Evolution

Why do Social Opinions matter?

Social Expectations

Social Organisations

Psychological Evolution

What is it?

Psychological Evolution, or Evolutionary psychology has roots in Cognitive Psychology and Evolutionary Biology.[1] It focuses on how evolution has shaped the mind and its behavior. It also concentrates on how the main purpose of our lives has shifted, from survival, to contentment. Additionally, it helps us in understanding why we humans behave the way we do, and what are the underlying instincts that we are unaware of which is making us do these things. It also states the importance of human interaction and connection in our lives.

When it comes to human interactions, there are a few default archetypes noticed in each interaction, them being: exchanging information, opinions and expectations. In today's world, during a healthy conversation, we tend to follow these archetypes, for the sake of adding simplicity, purpose and direction to the conversation. This is where social opinions and expectations start affecting us.

Initially, due to the hierarchy that used to exist in the tribes, conversations were very minimal and reserved, but as the tribes kept splitting, and more exchange of information was needed, the people realized that they needed a proper language for their convenience.

The “Pooh-Pooh theory” holds that speech originated from spontaneous human cries and exclamations; the 'Yo-He-Ho theory' suggests that language developed from grunts evoked by physical exertion; while the 'Sing-Song theory/La- La Theory' claims that speech arose from primitive ritual chants and playful songs.[2]

By the time of the Roman civilization, the hierarchy amongst men was very much visible, and was put to use. Along that period, the importance of exemplary words and literature was noticed, and was worked upon by involving a new change bringing item in all the civilians and senators lives; Newspapers (Acta Diurna (Daily Events)). In these newspapers, multiple things were mentioned, including the next political event, the victories. They even had an obituary section in their newspapers. Along with all this information, slowly opinions started seeping into the texts. These opinions helped people in creating a judgment for voting.[3]

By 1600, the social hierarchy was divided into six parts; Monarchy, Nobility, Gentry, Merchants, Yeomen and the Labourers. Due to this, if any judgement was to be made, it would have largely been based on rank.[4]

Then by, about the 1800’s, the social hierarchy was divided into three parts; Upper class, Middle class and the Working class. The Upper class used to consist of the Aristocrats, Nobles, Dukes and other wealthy families working in the Victorian courts.The Middle class consisted of industrial revolutionaries, who have changed our lives. The Working class, lowest among the Victorian social hierarchy were the working class. This class remained aloof to the political progress of the country and was hostile to the other two classes. This working class was further categorised as the skilled workers and the unskilled workers.[5]

In the 2000’s, the hierarchy merged and divided into five social classes; Upper, Upper-Middle, Middle, Working and Lower class. This did not cause as much difference and conflicts as the other classes did in the past. But something else did.

Why do Social Opinions matter?

“Social influence is the process by which individuals adapt their opinion, revise their beliefs, or change their behavior as a result of social interactions with other people.”[6]

When we are in the presence of other people, we like to blend in. To blend in, we abide by a few social norms. These norms help us maintain a calm, mannered and composed personality throughout the day. These norms turn into expectations, expectations turn into opinions and opinions turn into reality. These opinions and expectations, when pondered upon, seem quite irrational, but due to these opinions and expectations being around for a long time, we have grown to accept them, and to some extent, even like them. But then why question it?

The reason being that these opinions and expectations ARE in fact quite irrational and toxic.

Interdependence

We follow these opinions and expectations because we are living in a society that entirely works on being Interdependent. Interdependence is the state of being dependent upon one another (Mutual dependence/Interdependence). For eg. We depend on our neighbours and they depend on us to be welcoming and decent.

To abide by the social expectation of being decent, we usually follow the societal idea of “Decency”, which is being calm, reserved, polite, helpful, straightforward and clean.

Also, other people's evaluations of us is both crucial and necessary to impact behavioral changes, which is what ultimately allows us to gain professionally and personally.

Social Expectations

Each social situation entails its own particular set of expectations about the “proper” way to behave. Social roles are the ‘part people play as members of a social group’. With each social role you adopt, your behavior changes to fit the expectations both you and others have of that role. There are 7 main types of societal roles; Leader, Knowledge Generator, Connector, Follower, Moralist, Enforcer, and Observer.[7]

To explain these roles, we will take a problematic social situation into consideration, to show what exactly each role does.

Leader: Proposes strategies and techniques to conquer a problematic situation. (Leader of a country)

Knowledge Generator: Shares information about the status of the situation. (Advisory)

Connector: Transmits the decisions made by the leader or opinions of other roles. (Media)

Follower: Follows a leader. (Politics)

Moralist: Looks for fair shares for all the other roles. (Law)

Enforcer: Punishes the behavior of other roles. (Army)

Observer: Shares information about the compliance of the behavior of other roles, as well as the role who answers to another observer's request about information about other roles. (General crowd)

We as human beings keep on switching between these roles according to the situation. With these roles, there can be unsaid expectations. Most of the time these expectations are rather helpful than problematic, though there are exceptions. But these exceptions occur only when there’s excess of Destructive criticism, Stratification, Peer Pressure and Mass Hysteria.

Destructive Criticism

Destructive criticism is defined as criticism performed with the intention to harm, derogate and destroy someone's creation, prestige, reputation and self-esteem. It's meant to ridicule, damage and bring the person down.

It is very common on social media. Sometimes it even occurs with your closest peers.

Stratification

Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic hierarchy based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, sex, and power. The people who have more resources represent the top layer of the social structure of stratification.

This is also widely noticed in public spaces such as schools.

Peer Pressure

Peer pressure is the influence displayed by people within the same social group. It is also the term used to describe the effect this influence has on a person to agree to in order to be accepted by the group. Sometimes peer pressure is used to positively influence people, but most of the time it’s not. Many adolescents fall into the trap of Peer Pressure.

Mass Hysteria

Mass hysteria is a phenomenon that conveys collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population and society as a result of rumors and fear. Mass hysteria occurs anywhere at any time. This is very common during global pandemic.

Social Organisations

In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups. Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion, leadership, division of labor, communication systems, and so on.

These are the most noticed basis for the Social Organisations; Religion, Gender, Race and Monetary status.

Religion

Religion affects human beings very much. It is the root and base for our mental growth and morals. Religion is a very controversial topic to talk about. Many of them involve multitudes of intricate rituals.

Religions are based on philosophies by spiritual people. These philosophies are more of lifestyles, and when people follow a religion they completely imbibe it, no matter what. This changes their outlook towards social interactions and social opinions. This causes a difference in everyone’s knee-jerk reactions associated with different situations.

Gender

There has always been inequality between the female and male gender. This is called Sexism. Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender. Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles. This means in many countries there aren’t equal human rights for both the genders. Even though in few countries there may be basic equal rights for both the genders there always is one favored gender and things like salary and weight of opinion is not the same for the favored gender.

Race

Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits according to physical appearance and can be stratified based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or hate directed against other people because they are of a different race or ethnicity. Modern Racism is often based in social perceptions of biological differences between people. These views can take the form of social behaviour, practices or beliefs, or political systems in which different races are supposed as ingrained superior or inferior to each other, based on assumed similar inheritable traits, or qualities.

Monetary status

The Monetary status of people has an influence on decisions made by law. It also gives them unrequited privilege to commit minor or major crimes, and evade the consequences. This brings a sentiment of power and pride in them, which then gives them a sense of togetherness.

In summary, this write up covers up the basic Evolution of Communication, the importance of abiding to Social Norms, the Seven basic types of Social Roles, Compelling Social Ideologies that change the perspective of the human mind, and the differences that bring humans together.

[walaw717]

The dialect spoken by Appalachian people has been given a variety of names, the majority of them somewhat less than complimentary. Educated people who look with disfavor on this particular form of speech are perfectly honest in their belief that something called The English Language, which they conceive of as a completed work - unchanging and fixed for all time - has been taken and, through ignorance, shamefully distorted by the mountain folk.

The fact is that this is completely untrue. The folk speech of Appalachia instead of being called corrupt ought to be classified as archaic. Many of the expressions heard throughout the region today can be found in the centuries-old works of some of the greatest English authors: Alfred, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and the men who contributed to the King James version of the Bible, to cite but a few.

Most editors who work with older materials have long assumed the role of officious busy bodies: never so happy, apparently, as when engaged in tidying up spelling, modernizing grammar, and generally rendering whatever was written by various Britons in ages past into a colorless conformity with today's Standard English.

To this single characteristic of the editorial mind must be ascribed the almost total lack of knowledge on the part of most Americans that the language they speak was ever any different than it is right now. How many people know, for example, that when the poet Gray composed his famous "Elegy" his title for it was "An Elegy Wrote in a Country Churchyard?"

Southern mountain dialect (as the folk speech of Appalachia is called by linguists) is certainly archaic, but the general historical period it represents can be narrowed down to the days of the first Queen Elizabeth, and can be further particularized by saying that what is heard today is actually a sort of Scottish-flavored Elizabethan English. This is not to say that Chaucerian forms will not be heard in everyday use, and even an occasional Anglo-Saxon one as well. When we remember that the first white settlers in what is today Appalachia were the so-called Scotch-Irish along with some Palatine Germans, there is small wonder that the language has a Scottish tinge; the remarkable thing is that the Germans seem to have influenced it so little. About the only locally used dialect word that can be ascribed to them is briggity. The Scots appear to have had it all their own way.

When I first came to Lincoln County as a bride it used to seem to me that everything that did not pooch out, hooved up. 

Pooch is a Scottish variant of the word pouch and was in use in the 1600's. Numerous objects can pooch out including pregnant women and gentlemen with "bay windows." Hoove is a very old past participle of the verb to heave and was apparently in use on both sides of the border by 1601. The top of an old-fashioned trunk may be said to hoove up. Another word heard occasionally in the back country is ingerns. Ingems are onions. In Scottish dialect the word is inguns; however, if our people are permitted the intrusive r in potaters, tomaters, tobaccer, and so on, there seems to be no reason why they should not use it in ingems as well.

It is possible to compile a very long list of these Scots words and phrases. I will give only a few more illustrations, and will wait to mention some points on Scottish pronunciation and grammar a little further on.

Fornenst is a word that has many variants. It can mean either "next to" or "opposite from." "Look at that big rattler quiled up fornenst the fence post!" (Quiled is an Elizabethan pronunciation of coiled.) "When I woke up this morning there was a little skift of snow on the ground." "I was getting better, but now I've took a backset with this flu." "He dropped the dish and busted it all to flinders." "Law, I hope how soon we get some rain!" (How soon is supposed to be obsolete, but it enjoys excellent health in Lincoln County.) "That trifling old fixin ain't worth a haet!" Haet means the smallest thing that can be conceived of, and comes from Deil hae't (Devil have it.) Fixin is the Old English or Anglo-Saxon word for she-fox as used in the northern dialect. In the south of England you would have heard vixen, the word used today in Standard English. It is interesting to note that it has been primarily the linguistic historians who have pointed out the predominately Scottish heritage of the Southern mountain people. Perhaps I may be allowed to digress for a moment to trace these people back to their beginnings.

Early in his English reign, James I decided to try to control the Irish by putting a Protestant population into Ireland. To do this he confiscated the lands of the earls of Ulster and bestowed them upon Scottish and English lords on the condition that they settle the territory with tenants from Scotland and England. This was known as the "Great Settlement" or the "King's Plantation," and was begun in 1610.

Most of the Scots who moved into Ulster came from the lowlands1 and thus they would have spoken the Scots variety of the Northumbrian or Northern English dialect. (Most highland Scots at that time still spoke Gaelic.) This particular dialect would have been kept intact if the Scots had had no dealings with the Irish, and this, according to records, was the case.

While in Ulster the Scots multiplied, but after roughly 100 years they became dissatisfied with the trade and religious restrictions imposed by England, and numbers of them began emigrating to the English colonies in America. Many of these Scots who now called themselves the "Scotch-Irish" came into Pennsylvania where, finding the better lands already settled by the English, they began to move south and west. "Their enterprise and pioneering spirit made them the most important element in the vigorous frontiersmen who opened up this part of the South and later other territories farther west into which they pushed."2

Besides the Scots who arrived from Ireland, more came directly from Scotland to America, particularly after "the '45", the final Jacobite uprising in support of "Bonnie Prince Charlie," the Young Pretender, which ended disastrously for the Scottish clans that supported him. By the time of the American Revolution there were about 50,000 Scots in this country.

But to get back to the dialect, let me quote two more linguistic authorities to prove my point about the Scottish influence on the local speech. Raven I. McDavid notes, "The speech of the hill people is quite different from both dialects of the Southern lowlands for it is basically derived from the Scotch-Irish of Western Pennsylvania."3 H. L. Mencken said of Appalachian folk speech, "The persons who speak it undiluted are often called by the Southern publicists, 'the purest Anglo-Saxons in the United States,' but less romantic ethnologists describe them as predominately Celtic in blood; though there has been a large infiltration of English and even German strains."4The reason our people still speak as they do is that when these early Scots and English and Germans (and some Irish and Welsh too) came into the Appalachian area and settled, they virtually isolated themselves from the mainstream of American life for generations to come because of the hills and mountains, and so they kept the old speech forms that have long since fallen out of fashion elsewhere. Things in our area are not always what they seem, linguistically speaking. Someone may tell you that "Cindy ain't got sense enough to come in outen the rain, but she sure is clever." Clever, you see, back in the 1600's meant "neighborly or accommodating." Also if you ask someone how he is, and he replies that he is "very well", you are not necessarily to rejoice with him on the state of his health. Our people are accustomed to use a speech so vividly colorful and virile that his "very well" only means that he is feeling "so-so." If you are informed that "several" people came to a meeting, your informant does not mean what you do by several - he is using it in its older sense of anywhere from about 20 to 100 people. If you hear a person or an animal referred to as ill, that person or animal is not sick but bad-tempered, and this adjective has been so used since the 1300's. (Incidentally, good English used sick to refer to bad health long, long before our forebearers ever started saying ill for the same connotation.)

Many of our people refer to sour milk as blinked milk. This usage goes back at least to the early 1600's when people still believed in witches and the power of the evil eye. One of the meanings of the word blink back in those days was "to glance at;" if you glanced at something, you blinked at it, and thus sour milk came to be called blinked due to the evil machinations of the witch. There is another phrase that occurs from time to time, "Man, did he ever feather into him!" This used to carry a fairly murderous connotation, having gotten its start back in the days when the English long bow was the ultimate word in destructive power. Back then if you drew your bow with sufficient strength to cause your arrow to penetrate your enemy up to the feathers on its shaft, you had feathered into him. Nowadays, the expression has weakened in meaning until it merely indicates a bit of fisticuffs.

One of the most baffling expressions our people use (baffling to "furriners," at least) is "I don't care to. . . ." To outlanders this seems to mean a definite "no," whereas in truth it actually means, "thank you so much, I'd love to." One is forevermore hearing a tale of mutual bewilderment in which a gentleman driving an out-of-state car sees a young fellow standing alongside the road, thumbing. When the gentleman stops and asks if he wants a lift, the boy very properly replies, "I don't keer to," using care in the Elizabethan sense of the word. On hearing this, the man drives off considerably puzzled leaving an equally baffled young man behind. (Even the word foreigner itself is used here in its Elizabethan sense of someone who is the same nationality as the speaker, but not from the speaker's immediate home area.

Reverend is generally used to address preachers, but it is a pretty versatile word, and full-strength whisky, or even the full-strength scent of skunk, are also called reverend. In these latter instances, its meaning has nothing to do with reverence, but with the fact that their strength is as the strength of ten because they are undiluted.

In the dialect, the word allow more often means "think, say, or suppose" than "permit." "He 'lowed he'd git it done tomorrow."A neighbor may take you into her confidence and announce that she has heard that the preacher's daughter should have been running after the mailman. These are deep waters to the uninitiated. What she really means is that she has heard a juicy bit of gossip: the preacher's daughter is chasing the local mail carrier. However, she takes the precaution of using the phrase should have been to show that this statement is not vouched for by the speaker. The same phrase is used in the same way in the Paston Letters in the 1400's.

Almost all the so-called "bad English" used by natives of Appalachia was once employed by the highest ranking nobles of the realms of England and Scotland. Few humans are really passionately interested in grammar so I'll skim as lightly over this section as possible, but let's consider the following bit of dialogue briefly: "I've been a-studying about how to say this, till I've nigh wearried myself to death. I reckon hit don't never do nobody no good to beat about the bush, so I'll just tell ye. Your man's hippoed. There's nothing ails him, but he spends more time using around the doctor's office than he does a-working."The only criticism that even a linguistic purist might offer here is that, in the eighteenth century, hippoed was considered by some, Jonathan Swift among others, to be slangy even though it was used by the English society of the day. (To say someone is hippoed is to say he is a hypochondriac.)

Words like a-studying and a-working are verbal nouns and go back to Anglo-Saxon times; and from the 1300's on, people who studied about something, deliberated or reflected on it. Nigh is the old word for near, and weary was the pronunciation of worry in the 1300's and 1400's. The Scots also used this pronunciation. Reckon was current in Tudor England in the sense of consider or suppose. Hit is the Old English third person singular neuter pronoun for it and has come ringing down through the centuries for over a thousand years. All those multiple negatives were perfectly proper until some English mathematician in the eighteenth century decided that two negatives make a positive instead of simply intensifying the negative quality of some statement. Shakespeare loved to use them. Ye was once used accusatively, and man has been employed since early times to mean husband. And finally, to use means to frequent or loiter. Certain grammatical forms occurring in the dialect have caused it to be regarded with pious horror by school marms. Prominent among the offenders, they would be almost sure to list these: "Bring them books over here." In the 1500's this was good English. "I found three bird's nestes on the way to school." This disyllabic ending for the plural goes back to the Middle Ages. "That pencil's not mine, it her'n." Possessive forms like his'n, our'n, your'n evolved in the Middle Ages on the model of mine and thine. In the revision of the Wycliffe Bible, which appeared shortly after 1380, we find phrases such as ". . .restore to hir alle things that ben hern," and "some of ourn went in to the grave." "He don't scare me none." In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries do was used with he, she, and it. Don't is simply do not, of course. "You wasn't scared, was you?" During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries many people were careful to distinguish between singular you was and plural you were. It became unfashionable in the early nineteenth century although Noah Webster stoutly defended it. "My brother come in from the army last night." This usage goes back to late Anglo-Saxon times. You find it in the Paston Letters and in Scottish poetry. "I done finished my lessons," also has many echoes in the Pastons' correspondence and the Scots poets. From the late Middle Ages on up the Northern dialect of English used formations like this: "guiltless persons is condemned," and so do our people. And finally, in times past, participial forms like these abounded: has beat, has bore with it, has chose. Preterite forms were as varied: blowed, growed, catched, and for climbed you can find clum, clome, clim! all of which are locally used.

Pronunciation of many words has changed considerably, too. Deef for deaf, heered for heard, afeared for afraid, cowcumber for cucumber, bammy for balmy, holp for helped, are a very few. Several distinct characteristics of the language of Elizabeth's day are still preserved. Words that had oi in them were given a long i pronunciation: pizen, jine, bile, pint, and so on. Words with er were frequently pronounced as if the letters were ar: sarvice, sartin, narvous. It is from this time that we get our pronunciation of sergeant and the word varsity which is a clipping of the word university given the ar sound. Another Elizabethan characteristic was the substitution of an i sound for an e sound. You hear this tendency today when people say miny kittle, Chist, git, and so on. It has caused such confusion with the words pen and pin (which our people pronounce alike as pin) that they are regularly accompanied by a qualifying word - stick pin for the pin and pin and ink pin for the pen.You can hear many characteristic Scottish pronunciations. Whar, thar, dar (where, there, and dare) are typical. So also are poosh, boosh, eetch, deesh, (push, bush, itch, dish and fish.)

In some ways this vintage English reflects the outlook and spirit of the people who speak it; and, we find that not only is the language Elizabethan, but that some of the ways these people look at things are Elizabethan too. Many other superstitions still exist here. In some homes, when a death occurs all the mirrors and pictures are turned to the wall. Now I don't know if today the people still know why they do this, or if they just go through the actions because it's the thing to do, but this belief goes far back in history. It was once thought that the mirror reflected the soul of the person looking into it and if the soul of the dead person saw the soul of one of his beloved relatives reflected in the mirror, he might take it with him, so his relatives were taking no chances.

The belief that if a bird accidentally flies into a house, a member of the household will die, is also very old, and is still current in the region. Cedar trees are in a good deal of disfavor in Lincoln County, and the reason seems to stem from the conviction held by a number of people that if someone plants a cedar he will die when it grows large enough to shade his coffin.

Aside from its antiquity, the most outstanding feature of the dialect is its masculine flavor - robust and virile. This is a language spoken by a red-blooded people who have colorful phraseology born in their bones. They tend to call a spade a spade in no uncertain terms. "No, the baby didn't come early, the weddin' came late," remarked one proud grandpa. Such people have small patience with the pallid descriptive limitations of standard English. They are not about to be put off with the rather insipid remark, "My, it's hot!" or, "isn't it cold out today?" They want to know just how hot or cold: "It's hotter 'n the hinges of hell" or "Hit's blue cold out thar!" Other common descriptive phrases for cold are (freely) translated) "It's colder 'n a witch's bosom" or it's colder 'n a well-digger's backside."

Speakers of Southern mountain dialect are past masters of the art of coining vivid descriptions. Their everyday conversation is liberally sprinkled with such gems as: "That man is so contrary, if you throwed him in a river he'd float upstream!" "She walks so slow they have to set stakes to see if she's a-movin!" "Thet pore boy's an awkward size - too big for a man and not big enough for a horse." "Zeke, he come bustin' outta thar and hit it for the road quick as double-geared lightenin!"

Nudity is frowned upon in Appalachia, but for some reason there are numerous "nekkid as. ." phrases. Any casual sampling would probably contain these three: "Nekkid as a jaybird," "bare-nekkid as a hound dog's rump," and "start nekkid." Start-nekkid comes directly from the Anglo-Saxons, so it's been around for more than a thousand years. Originally "Start" was steort which meant "tail." Hence, if you were "start-nekkid," you were "nekkid to the tail." A similar phrase, "stark-naked" is a Johnny-come-lately, not even appearing in print until around 1530. If a lady tends to be gossipy, her friends may say that "her tongue's a mile long," or else that it "wags at both ends." Such ladies are a great trial to young dating couples. Incidentally, there is a formal terminology to indicate exactly how serious the intentions of these couples are, ranging from sparking which is simply dating, to courting which is dating with a more serious intent, on up to talking, which means the couple is seriously contemplating matrimony. Shakespeare uses talking in this sense in King Lear.

If a man has imbibed too much of who-shot-John, his neighbor may describe him as "so drunk he couldn't hit the ground with his hat," or, on the morning-after, the sufferer may admit that "I was so dang dizzy I had to hold on to the grass afore I could lean ag'in the ground."

One farmer was having a lot of trouble with a weasel killing his chickens. "He jest grabs 'em before they can git word to God," he complained.

Someone who has a disheveled or bedraggled appearance may be described in any one of several ways: "You look like you've been chewed up and spit out," or "you look like you've been a-sortin wildcats," or "you look like the hindquarters of hard luck," or, simply, "you look like somethin the cat drug in that the dog wouldn't eat!"

"My belly thinks my throat is cut" means "I'm hungry," and seems to have a venerable history of several hundred years. I found a citation for it dated in the early 1500's.A man may be "bad to drink" or "wicked to swear", but these descriptive adjectives are never reversed.

You ought not to be shocked if you hear a saintly looking grandmother admit she likes to hear a coarse-talking man; she means a man with a deep bass voice, (this can also refer to a singing voice, and in this case, if grandma prefers a tenor, she'd talk about someone who sings "Shallow.") Nor ought you to leap to the conclusion that a "Hard girl" is one who lacks the finer feminine sensibilities. "Hard" is the dialectal pronunciation of hired and seems to stem from the same source as do "far" engines that run on rubber "tars."

This language is vivid and virile, but so was Elizabethan English. However, some of the things you say may be shocking the folk as much as their combined lexicons may be shocking you. For instance, in the stratum of society in which I was raised, it was considered acceptable for a lady to say either "damn" or "hell" if strongly moved. Most Appalachian ladies would rather be caught dead than uttering either of these words, but they are pretty free with their use of a four letter word for manure which I don't use. I have heard it described as everything from bug _____ to bull ______. Some families employ another of these four letter words for manure as a pet name for the children, and seem to have no idea that it is considered indelicate in other areas of the country.Along with a propensity for calling a spade a spade, the dialect has a strange mid-victorian streak in it too. Until recently, it was considered brash to use either the word bull or stallion. If it was necessary to refer to a bull, he was known variously as a "father cow" or a "gentleman cow" or an "ox" or a "mas-cu-line," while a stallion was either a "stable horse" or else rather ominously, "The animal." Only waspers fly around Lincoln County, I don't think I've ever heard of a wasp there, and I've never been able to trace the reason for that usage, but I do know why cockleburrs are called cuckleburrs. The first part of the word cockleburr carries an objectionable connotation to the folk. However, if they are going to balk at that, it seems rather hilarious to me that they find nothing objectionable about cuckle.

A friend of mine who has a beauty parlor now, used to have a small store on the banks of the Guyan River. She told me about a little old lady who trotted into the store one day with a request for "some of the strumpet candy." My friend said she was very sorry, they didn't have any. But, she added gamely, what kind was it, and she would try to order some. The little lady glanced around to see if she could be overheard, lowered her voice and said, "well, it's horehound, but I don't like to use that word!"

The dialect today is a watered down thing compared to what it was a generation ago, but our people are still the best talkers in the world, and I think we should listen to them with more appreciation.

Notes1. Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language. (New York; Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1964), 36. "It is not surprising that those lowland Scotsmen who colonized the 'King's Plantation' in Ulster and whose descendents crossed the Atlantic and settled the Blue Ridge, the Appalachians, and the Ozarks should have been so little affected by the classical culture of the Renaissance."

2. Albert C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, 2nd ed., (New York, 1957), 409

.3. H. L. Mencken, The American Language, ed. Raven I. McDavid, Jr., the 4th ed. and the two supplements abridged, with annotations and new material. (New York, 1963), 455.4. Ibid., 459.

[blog-brand-strategy-consulting]

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[dpeace85]

The Gospel

On reading the word:

A lot of people seem really stressed out these days. I’d say politics is the main source of it. But the pandemic is running a tight second. I can’t help but notice the helplessness I see in the people around me. It just seems like everyone is lost. Not just mentally or emotionally, but spiritually. And that’s what concerns me most. I read my Bible and listen to what self-professing Christians around me say, and what I hear is very different from what I read. I’m no scholar, but the scriptures just don’t seem, to me, to be hard to understand. I believe the problem is most people read the Bible the wrong way. Yes, there is a “right” and “wrong” way to read. That’s true of any text. If I’m browsing the isles of the local bookstore and come across a title I’ve never heard of or seen, and decide to buy it, I’m going to read that book much differently than I would the New York Times bestseller.  The difference is the method of interpretation. The terms used for this are “exegesis” and “eisegesis”.

Approaching a text exegetically simply means reading the words and interpreting what is being said. This is quite easy to do if you’re unfamiliar with a book. In fact, exegetical is the only possible approach to an unfamiliar text. You have no preconceived notion or ideas about what you’re about to read. You simply open to page one and begin reading. By the end of the book, you’re likely to have a clear idea of what the writer wanted you to know. You’re not reading the book, while simultaneously searching for a “spoiler” your heard prior to buying it. There’s no confusion as to what you read, and what you thought the outcome of the story was supposed to be.

Eisegesis is just the opposite. The NYT bestseller is the one everyone is talking about. It’s been pre-released to the author’s biggest fans. It’s been talked about on all the morning shows, and it's the one people can’t wait to get their hands on. You already know what the story is about. You just don’t know how it ends. Or maybe it’s the classic. Most everyone has read it. You know the story, and how it ends. You’ve heard the highlights, and all the real-world implications of the text. So, when you finally get your hands on it, you start searching at page one for all the things you’ve heard. As you read, your mind constantly wanders back to those things, and certain parts of the book are a little confusing, because the interpretation “they” gave wasn’t exactly the way the text offers it. So, you just skim over those parts and get back to the stuff you know is there. This approach robs you of the full enjoyment of the book. It’s also a waste of time on behalf of the author. They wrote the book with the intent of all readers enjoying the full essence of the story.

Sadly, the Bible is almost always approached eisegetically. In all fairness though, it’s been around a while. Since the scriptures were first written, they have been passed through the generations almost exclusively by spoken word. In the early 1600s, King James I of England changed history for us all. Until then there was no English translation of the scriptures. The king believed people should be able to read them for themselves, instead of relying on someone else to do so. Since then, the Bible has been translated and printed in virtually every language on Earth. And because of this, it’s nearly impossible to pick up a Bible, open to Genesis 1:1, and begin reading without any preconceptions of the text. With that said, however, how many Christians try? And therein lies the problem with the modern Gospel – which is no Gospel at all.

I’m ashamed to admit I’ve received most of my Biblical education sitting in a church pew on Sundays, listening to a guy hiding behind a pulpit. Don’t get me wrong. I know there are no perfect people, and I’ve had some God-ordained leadership over the years. But I’ve also come to realize, in my adult faith, that several of my pastors and teachers over the years were – and some still are – sorely misguided. My entire Christian education can be summed up very simply: “Do your part, and let God do the rest.” What a waste of the Gospel. There’s infinitely more to the Gospel of Jesus Christ than just “let go and let God.” Put away the Bible studies. Put away the commentaries. Turn off the podcasts.

Read God’s word.

 

On God:

You must understand who God is. God doesn’t need you. God never needed you. God will never need you. You are because God wills you to be. Between the words “are” and “because” you can add anything your heart desires, but it will never be the result of anything you’ve done. When “the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters” (Gen. 1:2) He knew that on this day, at this very moment, you would be reading these words. Not only did He know, He willed it. At this very moment, God knows exactly how many milliliters of blood are flowing through your heart with every beat. He also knows, at this very moment, how many milliliters of blood are flowing through every beating heart on Earth. Not only does He know, He is aware of every single one. He doesn’t have to think about it. He doesn’t focus on one thing, while something else slips by. He is deeply and intimately aware, at this very moment, of the number of times a bird in the Amazon must flap its wings to reach its next drink of water. Not only is he aware, but He willed it before the creation of the world. One might say God could just snap his finger and make everything disappear, but there’s no finger snap needed! God willed your life into existence before the creation of the world. He knew the exact moment of your birth. He knows the exact moment and means of your death. A person who is conspiring to kill you, and even takes action to do so, has no control of whether you live or die. No accidental death is truly accidental. No chronic disease was ever truly undiscovered or unexpected. God’s will is sovereign over all things and all people. Understanding this should cause us to fear God, because “the fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge” (Prov. 1:7).

God is not your buddy. There’s a verse in an old song I heard many times growing up that says, “I am a friend of God, He calls me friend.” It’s a fast-paced, clap-along, feel-good song. And the message of the song is based on John 15:15 where Jesus tells the disciples, “I no longer call you servants... I have called you friends.” But instead of an eisegetical approach to this passage, start at verse 12 and just read it. Jesus says, “My command is this: Love each other as I have loved you. Greater love has no one than this: to lay down one’s life for one’s friends. You are my friends if you do what I command. I no longer call you servants, because a servant does not know is master’s business. Instead, I have called you friends, for everything that I learned from my father I have made known to you.” Jesus starts by telling them to love like He loves. He then tells them the greatest example love is to die for your friends. He later dies for His friends. He also tells them His Father’s “business” which includes His death, and their future trials and persecution. In this passage, He’s telling them they must lay down their lives for Him, so that they can be called His friends. I’ve never had a buddy tell me he is going to die for me, and I must also return the favor. I can only conclude that my skewed definition of “friend” is a result of my modern Christian education. I know now that I must be called a friend of God if I want to spend eternity with him. I must be willing to die to gain eternity.

The part about dying doesn’t really concern me that much, though. I'll talk more about that later. The part I focus on is the “business” that He has made known to us. The Bible is our “master’s business.” It’s all written down and, thanks to King James I, we all can read it. It’s not a secret! Yet some Christians live every waking moment worrying about what’s going to happen next. Whether it be at work, at home, in politics, or in health, they worry. Why!? He’s already told you the end of the story! John wrote an entire book about it (Revelations). Prophets talked about if for centuries. Jesus talked about it often. We know God’s will. This should strike a deep fear in your heart! Not a fear of the future, but a fear that when God’s will comes to pass, you will be called an enemy of God, instead of a friend.

Pray that God will give you understanding of who He is.

 

On death:

If I understand I must lay down my life for God, to be called His friend, I must accept the fact that I am going to die. I must live with an awareness that this life will end. I see Christians every day that are consumed by fear of death, and it confuses me. I must admit I haven’t read my Bible cover to cover yet, but I’ve read many scriptures that tell me I’d much rather be dead than alive. It’s easy to sit at a keyboard and type such bold statements, but it’s very difficult to live them day to day. I know that if one of my children were to die, I’d be devastated – there are a million other words I could use there, but it’s safe to say none could truly describe the pain I’d feel. But at the same time, I can say with confidence in my faith, I know God knows the exact moment each of my children will leave this world. No matter how violent or unexpected that moment may be, He knew it would happen before he created the world. He willed it to happen that way. This brings me to a question I got the answer to when I started reading the Bible: Does life matter?

The murder of Abel in Genesis 4:8 is the first recorded death in history. It was sudden and violent. Having children of my own, I can assure you Adam and Eve took this pretty hard. I’m sure there were many tears and sleepless nights. Their lives were forever changed that day. Since that time in ancient history, however, not one single person has lost a minute’s sleep over Abel’s death. The story lives on thousands of years later but focuses more on Cain’s anger than the son Adam and Eve lost that day. There are six-year-olds in Children’s Church that can tell the story, from Abel’s burnt offerings to Cain’s punishment; all with a prideful smile on their face. Abel was beaten to death with a rock, and now his murder is featured in children’s story Bibles.

Then we move on the flood in Genesis 7. God himself killed everyone on Earth except for Noah and his family. And that’s pretty much all that’s said about all the people that died. Somewhere that day, some guy was sitting with his wife and kids at the dinner table, and it started raining. At some point over the next few days, he and his wife were treading water, desperately trying to keep their children’s heads above the surface. They all eventually sank slowly below the surface of the water and drowned. That happened to families all around the world, but the scriptures make no mention of it. The scriptures focus on Noah’s obedience to God, rather than the massive loss of life.

In Exodus 12 God kills the firstborn child of every Egyptian. Thousands of people – men, women, and children – all die at the same exact moment. Weeks before, a woman walks her child through the market, holding his hand so he wouldn’t get away from her and get himself hurt. The woman has never heard of Moses; has no knowledge of the struggle between Pharaoh and the Israelites. Her time is consumed by her toddler son. But soon, all the animals die. Locusts destroy the crops. The river that gives life-sustaining water to her child turns to blood. Through all of this, however, she manages to keep him alive and healthy. She’ll do whatever is necessary to keep her son safe. But one morning she awakens to find her son’s lifeless, cold body. He was just one of thousands. Exodus 12:30 says, “... there was a loud wailing in Egypt, for there was not a house without someone dead.” Thousands dead in one night, and all the Bible offers us is a “loud wailing.”

These events are some of the earliest events in history. We can tell these stories, along with many other stories in our more recent history and feel virtually no emotion. But the thought of losing someone close to us makes us sick to our stomach. The fear of dying leads us to extraordinary means of self-preservation. The current pandemic (COVID-19) is a perfect example. Over the course of history there have been numerous plagues and outbreaks of diseases that have claimed the lives of millions. However, those are not real to us because we weren’t there. We weren’t there when the first murder was committed. We weren’t there when everyone drowned. We weren’t there when the death angel came. We weren’t in the concentration camps. We weren’t in the Twin Towers. But we are in the pandemic. We have lost loved ones to COVID-19. This one is real to us. We isolate ourselves. We isolate others. We’re willing to help, if we can do it from a distance. The virus is deadly. Meanwhile, in countries like India, Peru, and Ethiopia, children dig through piles of rotting garbage for food, and drink contaminated water. Their parents have died from diseases we as Americans are vaccinated for as newborns.

At some point after you die, no one is going to remember you. So, the answer to my question is obviously, “No, life doesn’t matter.” Yet we fight so hard to keep it. It’s an end for us. So many people in the Bible embraced death. They rejoiced in it. They ran to it with open arms. Paul lived a miserable life after God changed him. He spent the rest of his days on the run, in prison, being beaten, starved, and homeless, but genuinely rejoiced in his sufferings. Paul wasn’t always under persecution. There were days when he was just in a bad situation. He spent days on a ship during a storm. He and the others on the ship were close to death on more than one occasion, but he never lost faith or doubted it was God’s will that he was in the storm. If he had died during the storm, it would have still been for the glory of God. He was a friend of God.

John 12:25 says, “Anyone who loves their life will lose it, while anyone who hates their life in this world will keep it for eternal life.” There are a lot of Christians out there who seem to really, really love their life.

 

On politics:

Since the beginning of time the vast majority humans have lived under some variation of a Monarchy. A king rules and the people obey. There is no such thing as a “God-given right to be free.” In the Old-Testament, God led many nations into battle. He led them to fight for His will and purposes. But for most of the Israelites’ - God’s chosen people – history, they were slaves. As Americans it’s hard for us to imagine any other way of life than what we’ve always known. We’ve reached a point in our nation where Christians feel they have a right to complain when the waitress wasn’t paying attention and got the order wrong. We think it’s necessary to cancel church services because the power is out. And we wouldn’t dare live without our guns. God has blessed America because of how good we’ve been as Christians, right? He gave us our right to be free, because we have honored him, right?

In Daniel 2, Daniel is interpreting a dream for King Nebuchadnezzar. The dream is about a statue made of various metals. Each section, from the head to the feet, each made of a different metal, represents a different kingdom in history. The last section of the statue is the legs and feet. The legs are made of iron, and the feet of iron and clay. Daniel tells the king this represents a kingdom in the last days. He describes the kingdom as “strong as iron” (v.40) and says, “it will crush and break all others” (v.40). Then he says the feet of iron and clay represent a divided kingdom, “partly strong and partly brittle” (v.42). He goes on to say its people will not remain “united” (v.43). During the time of this kingdom, Jesus will return, destroy all earthly kingdoms, and rule for eternity. This last kingdom Daniel refers to is the United States. The US has become the most powerful nation in history. Its power has enabled it to render aid to, protect, and even destroy other world governments. But the US is more divided now than ever. Our nation is weaker than it has ever been. We are no longer pure iron but have been mixed with an equal amount of clay. God’s moral standards still have a stronghold in our nation but are slowly diminishing by the day. So, if I believe Daniel is prophesying about the US, I must also believe our great blessings have nothing to do with what we have done and has everything to do with God’s will for His people. There is nothing we as Christians can do to turn our nation back to God. Biblical prophecy tells us time and again that’s just not going to happen. Our nation will remain divided until Jesus returns and destroys all nations... including ours.

So why are so many Christians so passionate about politics? The outcome of an election has no bearing on the moral declination of our country. It really doesn’t matter who the president is, or who our government leaders are. We as Christians have been called to do God’s will. Should you vote? If you want to, sure. Are we called by God to vote? Absolutely not.

In Matthew 8, several disciples are pledging their allegiance to Jesus. One of the disciples tells Jesus he will follow Him, but his father had just died. He says to Jesus, “Lord, first let me go bury my father” (v. 21). Jesus replied, “Follow me and let the dead bury their own dead” (v.22). This man was grieving. His father had not even been dead long enough to be buried. Jesus is telling him the work of the Father is more important than burying dead people. He also implies the man’s family is also dead even before they have died. He was referring to their souls.

What Jesus is teaching us in this passage is that we should not concern ourselves with worldly traditions. Let the world do worldly stuff. We need to be focused on eternity. Our future is not here on Earth. Our future is with God our Father.

 

On freedom:

So why am I writing all this? I just feel like a lot of my brothers and sisters in Christ are hurting when they don’t have to be. If you find yourself in a state of depression, or feel like you keep running in spiritual circles, open your Bible and just read the Word. God makes it very clear that He is in control. Understand you can do nothing to change or influence God’s will. You can’t read the scriptures and conclude you have any control over the world around you. The Bible tells us exactly what is going to happen to us and our nation... and every other nation on Earth. It’s all going to end. Our money, our homes, our stuff, our body, and our lives all have a time limit. We were never called to get a job, start a family, save for retirement, and live the American dream. We are called to repentance. We are called love like Christ loves. We are called to follow Him. Knowing this frees us. We can be free of stress, free of worry, free of depression.

But how do we gain this freedom? The generic answer would be, “Give your sin to God", or “Let go of your sin.” But Jesus said, “Very truly I tell you, everyone who sins is a slave to sin” (John 8:34). What slave has ever been able to just “let go" of their master? How can you give something away if you belong to it? You can’t. The idea that you have to take action to gain freedom in Christ is sinful. Jesus came to set us free, because we are slaves to sin. In order to be freed from sin, we must pray for God to release us. Only He can break those chains. This is the truth of the Gospel.

“So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed.” – John 8:36

Dusty Peace

2/16/21

[rockyrunrun]

The Decision.

Beginning of 2017, I was in Sacramento, still looking forwards for a chance to chase a dream and working hard and looking for a promotion. In early March, I took my talents back to the Bay Area and got hired for the new job. Then 2 months of licensing and another month of training, July 24, 2017. I made a decision. I'm leaving a job that I've had since April 13th, 2001 and I'm going to leave it all out on this blog. Reason being? I loved it for a lot of years and I want to remember what I can remember. So if there were anyone and anything that you can blame me for, then, here's my side of the story. 16 years at a company, I think I have the rights to say whatever I want to say. '''Twas was the day that was senior year in high school. I went and started looking for a job because I chose to go to Chabot College, a community college local to most of the East Bay. I went in, first one I met was the General Manager, Eric Martin. When anyone ever talks about first impression, that guy impressed me. I was a 17 year old, looking for a job with no resume in hand. He professionally told me to fill out an application and asked if I wanted to be interviewed immediately. "Sure, let's do it." Two days later I was sitting in the middle of a store front inside Bayfair Mall going through orientation with a bunch of other future co-workers. First person I met, Nam Huynh. We eventually even served popcorn and trained together in Union City. We took over the A side and we had tons of fun. If you want to teach your employees to upsell, just say "managers said if we don't make enough profit, they won't give us raises". Never not upsold ever since then. I met a lot of people like Yolanda, and later on "Army" (yeah I graced him that name) and also Soap, his friends, his family. Hell, we even joked and called ourselves a race team, "Century B16" as in Bayfair 16. The chance came around August, Rush Hour 2 weekend. One of the managers asked if I was interested in working in the booth, turned out to be one of my future best friends, Marvin Capistrano. On to the booth I went. Talking about building up movies, breaking down movies, hanging out with Duane talking about Pootie Tang. Man, crazy days. First time I ever built a movie was, Zoolander. Dry runs after dry runs, hot print break downs on Thursday. I slowly but surely deterred from going to school. Then, a GM put me on probation and wanted to fire me. I will never forget this, simply because I wasn't properly trained and this 30 day probation, I lasted longer than the GM and his crew. I learned one important thing, training. Which is also another thing that I've learned, to be a people's person. Next GM came, Charles, I breezed through it and apparently we were doing a bad job. Let me remind you, at the time, the ATM at Bayfair was stolen!!!! Then, during that time I met my little big sister Erica. Although we didn't exactly work together all the time but we were always close. I love Erica to death. She's definitely bff status. Meanwhile, supposedly the theater wasn't doing good, so this Latino dude name Lazaro came along, and this other Asian ricerocket driving dude name Anthony Tan came about... with Brian Pacquing.... The rest was history. Rios, if you ever get to read this, I still hate you for making me cry. But it was definitely tough love. I learned the most from him. I learned how to be tough on someone, but real. You can't yell at someone that consistently yell, nags and bitch about things. You MUST teach. For that, Rios, I forever owe you. To Anthony Tan, you taught a young kid what's right and what wrong. You taught me how to grow up and be a man. I might not always understand you at the time, but boy I sure received the message. Rios did good and took over and taught me how to be good, but when it was his time to leave, here comes Julius. David Wilson-Scott bka Julius Pirie Scott, you are way beyond a father figure to me and even more as a brother. You taught me how to trust my skills and be great. We went to see Usher, we saw Kanye, and we saw riots at the theater, but you taught me everything and you did not hold back any knowledge. I learned from you to give your knowledge out unconditionally. Thank you. Then, it was time for me to leave. Cinedome 8 East Fremont. Ben Lin, Montry Souvanthong, Ashley Perreira. You three were more than what I can ask for from a new GM, Ben knowing me the most by working with me at Bayfair but the other two kept me sane. Jeff Herzstein, thank you for trusting a 21 year old kid to tell you to spread your wings and trust your skills, thank you for helping me become a fair and smart GM. Adam Bebee and Adam Bauer, you guys were good and ya two taught me how to be a fair GM and I love the fact that you guys gave me respect. To the late Jane Benjamin, may you Rest In Peace, or well, keep going to forever create havoc! I love you Jane, I love the fact that you wanted to work and you love me and respected me. When everyone told me to avoid you, I didn't, I got close to you. Thank you for the countless meals of country way, Disneyland Mickey ears and the bottle of champagne for the holidays. I love you. I hope you look after me. Two years later, when Cinemark came running and bought out Century. I took my talents to Union Landing. Jacqueline Brooks, for the record, I hate you as a co-worker, but I love you as a brother. We never get along not because we have differences, but we don't get along because we all want to look out for each other. Two years at 25 made me love you like you're the big sister I never had. To Leticia Gonzalez Solis, you, you're a beast. Hug hug, kiss kiss, little hug big kiss little kiss. I taught you everything I got and you gave me all your effort every day. Out of all people that followed me, you were not the smartest but I know 100% you worked the hardest. Baby boy Ali, I know you got my back and I'm sorry I wasn't there for you when you needed me, but trust me, if you ever need anything, you know I for damn sure wish that was me that took that bottle to the head instead of you. The two years of 25 was so good, it exhibited my skills. Then I earned a promotion to open my own theater. For the fucking record. These years at Hayward, forever let me say what I feel, because I am, and still am very angry about the process on how and what happened. First, when the audit program happened, I was opening the theater. Second, my self destruction and choice of going back to school was directly affected by Cinemark. I opened the theater, the shopping complex and the recession hit hard, so the projected attendance was short by almost 40%. It was 2008. Then Cinemark gave all the managers in the Bay Area reduction in geographical allowance. Mind you, all managers in the Bay Area were "century" pat while I was "Cinemark" pay but the cut was all across, so I got less money. Not to mention, the first day the paycut happened was at a Cinemark conference, that's not encouraging to me. Not to mention, my superior discouraged me for getting higher education, simply telling me to focus more at work and talk about how great advancement is. Then came the budgeting process, I was compared to a 8 screen cinedome on payroll, to reduce payroll at a new location, I was told to also act as the MR guy and the GM 5 days a week during slow season. Then I was blamed for lack of production, bad audit scores, no bonus and also more paycuts. 1600 bi-weekly check to 1200 when I decided to leave. So I'm tired of people saying "you were never there" or "you fucked up the payroll", because I didn't. Snitches gets stitches and even if I blamed my regional manager or higher ups, the small potato in me would never win. The Cinemark algorithm on reduce cost of living in 2009, made us, the managers get a pay cut. I have yet seen the facts and studies. And the small potato in me never mattered. Cinemark, century pay grade, they didn't care. For the second time I'm mentioning it, you take 1/4 of my paycheck and decrease my pay within 3 years, trust me, you would be as mad as me. I did have a good time at Hayward because it was challenging, look at it now, not too shabby, but I hate it. While I was working at this location. I lost my girlfriend. I never get to see her and I was stressed all the time. Don't like Hayward. The city hall wanted the theater to play at least 2-4 art films every week, so they can "attract" people. I was invited to the city hall meeting to have almost 2 hours to answer the fine citizens of Hayward on how a movie theater should be ran. Same people that discouraged me to be around and just wanted things their way. Not a happy place. Then due to poor mid 80s audit scores, I was told that I would have no chance to survive as a general manager, for the third time, let me remind you that you lost 1/4 of your pay at the same time since the beginning. I chose to go to Fremont. I will end this chapter like this. Fremont. It was a time for me to leave the moment I got there. Jason Cardosa, I gave you my all. I don't like to belittle people and it doesn't make me feel good. Countless times I was reminded how poorly I ran Hayward and how much I wasn't trustworthy enough to run a department, while every single department I ran was the best that you ever got when I was there. Strange. Apparently because I have GM experience then it's expected. I know I got skills, but you never really cared and tried to find a solution to solve the issue. You provide patchwork and I provide solutions. We had our differences, but it was much like Jackie and I, because we care. You stuck with me for 2 more years and how ungrateful am I but to leave you so shortly and with pretty close to no notice. I popped my last batch of popcorn, sold my last ticket and used my last set of movie theater broom. I don't care what anyone says, you out of every one that I know have the best potential and you're definitely not too young for a regional leader role, but be personable. That's what Farley taught me. Be there for your people and understand how they feel. I got to know you so much more when we went to watch Oblivion in LA and that was a good trip. I was happy we made that trip because I feel like you actually do care about people, but try that on some other people, they respect you more that way. To every single person I've trained, thank you for listening. To everyone that I screwed over. 16 years later, I am 100% proud to say that I don't have any. So, boom. Cinemark, Century, thanks for the memories. Notice I put all the memories on people? The people made it for me. The lives that I made better and taught, I'm proud of that. I always said I'll go back to Bayfair and kiss the floor before I quit. Well, I'll officially do that on Friday, but 100%, my theater life is done and thank you all.

[stateofcoloradojobs]

RN Case Manager PRN

> You.

You bring your body, mind, heart and spirit to your work as a Case Manager Registered Nurse.

Your compassion is tangible: patients feel it in the hand they hold.

Families feel it in your prayers.

Colleagues feel it in your support.

You’re generous with your compassion, your partnerships and especially your passion for patient advocacy.

You’re great at what you do, but you want to be part of something even greater.

Because you believe that while individuals can be strong, the right team is invincible.

Us.

As a Case Manager with us, you will have the opportunity to be involved in the coordination of care and services for patients admitted to Platte Valley Medical Center / SCL Health who are identified as needing assistance or meeting Care Management criteria.

Platte Valley Medical Center is part of SCL Health, a faith-based, nonprofit healthcare organization that focuses on person-centered care.

Our 98-bed community hospital is proud to offer comprehensive, integrated care focused on holistic health.

We are proud to extend the mission of SCL Health by providing care for the poor, the vulnerable, our communities and each other.

Benefits are one of the ways we encourage health for you and your family.

Our generous package includes medical, dental and vision coverage.

But health is more than a well-working body: it encompasses body, mind and social well-being.

To that end, we’ve launched a Healthy Living program to address your holistic health.

Healthy Living includes financial incentives, digital tools, tobacco cessation, classes, counseling and paid time off.

We also offer financial wellness tools and retirement planning.

We.

Together we’ll align mission and careers, values and workplace.

We’ll encourage joy and take pride in our integrity.

We’ll laugh at each other’s jokes (even the bad ones).

We’ll hello and high five.

We’ll celebrate milestones and acknowledge the value of spirituality in healing.

We’re proud of what we know, which includes how much there is to learn.

Your day.

As a Case Manager RN you need to know how to: Coordinate the care and services for patients identified as needing assistance or meeting Care Management criteria.

Collect in-depth information about a patient’s medical, functional, and social condition, to identify individual needs in order to develop a plan to meet those needs.

Work with patient and family/caregivers to determine specific goals and actions based on assessment.

Coordinate discharge planning.

Execute specific interventions to meet established goals.

Organize, integrate and coordinate the necessary resources to accomplish the goals and plan.

Assess the patient’s prior level of functioning, access to and/or use of community resources and available support systems.

Assist the care team in developing a plan of care which includes, but is not limited to: assuring appropriateness of services and care setting, assuring individualized support and education, determining the need for continued services, planning for discharge, and identifying and connecting patients/families with available community resources if needed.

Collaborate with Physicians and other members of the health care team on the patient’s behalf.

Identify appropriate admission and continued stay issues.

Enhance the quality of patient care through effective and efficient use of resources.

Help to identify strategies for reducing length of stay and appropriate utilization of services.

Utilize criteria including clinical pathway data and implement strategies to resolve controllable variances.

Attend, facilitate and participate in rounds and case conferences.

Advocate for patient rights.

Monitor efficiency and availability of services and evaluate outcomes through variance tracking, data collection.

Identify needs, facilitate, or provide education to physicians and ancillary departments/nursing units regarding case management, discharge planning process, and roles.

Participate in multidisciplinary groups and development of guidelines.

Your experience.

We hire people, not resumes.

But we also expect excellence, which is why we require: Graduate of an accredited school of nursing Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing (BSN) Current Colorado RN license or compact license with the ability to obtain Colorado RN license Minimum of three (3) years of experience as a Registered Nurse in an acute care setting Preferred: At least five (5) years of nursing experience Prior knowledge of managed care / utilization review Your next move.

Now that you know more about being a Case Manager RN­ on our team we hope you’ll join us.

At SCL Health you’ll reaffirm every day how much you love this work, and why you were called to it in the first place.

SCL Health is a faith-based, non-profit health care organization that operates 8 hospitals, four safety net clinics, one children’s mental health center, and more than 190 ambulatory service centers in three states – Colorado, Kansas, and Montana.

SCL Health offers our associates excellent compensation and benefits, relocation assistance, and more.

Our work environments are state of the art, but we never forget that our patients and their families are the center of the work we do.

Our associates are integral to our organization and you will find you are valued for your talents, skills, and contributions to our ongoing work.

Our varied locations offer something for everyone, to suit outdoor lifestyles, family-focused communities or all of the amenities of big city living.

Visit: https://ift.tt/2B2hSH1 for the latest opportunities.

SCL Health was founded by the Sisters of Charity of Leavenworth (SCL), who trace their origin as a religious community to the 1600s in France.

They opened their first private hospital in 1864, with the first trained nurse in the state and the first woman in the Western territory to run a hospital.

In 1873, the sisters founded what is now Saint Joseph Hospital in Denver, the oldest private teaching hospital in Colorado, and one of the four Colorado hospitals of SCL Health.

SCL Health was formed in 1972 to strengthen and unify the health care facilities sponsored by SCL.

Our organization continues the spirit of focus within our communities with a special emphasis on serving the underserved.

from Colorado Jobs Hub https://ift.tt/3j54nrk via IFTTT

[andrewdburton]

All that glitters: Why I’m not investing in gold

Over the past month, I've read a lot of articles about the virtues of investing in gold. Especially in Facebook forums, there's a lot of talk about how gold makes a great long-term investment. (Fortunately, I haven't seen any comments like this in the GRS community on Facebook.)

Whenever the economy gets turbulent, the goldbugs come out in force. They shout from the hilltops that the world is doomed and that the only safe haven is gold. And I'll admit, their arguments can sound pretty convincing.

When I started this site in 2006, I felt unqualified to comment on gold. I hadn't read much about it, and I didn't feel educated enough to offer an opinion. That's changed.

Now, after fifteen years of reading and writing about money, I know enough about economic history and I know enough about gold as an investment to have what I believe is a (somewhat) educated response to this subject. And that response is this: Gold makes a lousy long-term investment.

Today, let's have a discussion about the pros and cons of investing in gold while using my own opinion as a starting point. (And note that this article contains my opinion. It's backed up by some facts, but it's still my opinion. Don't take everything that follows as gospel.)

Put simply: I'm not a fan of precious metals. I have 0% of my investment dollars in gold and silver, and I expect that to hold true for the foreseeable future. It's my opinion that gold is a bad investment right now. Let me explain my reasoning.

Before we dive into the meat of this article, it's important to understand that I'm not an economist, and I'm not a gold expert. But for the past fifteen years, I've made a career out of personal finance, and gold is one tiny part of that subject. The core of this article was originally published here on 10 May 2011, the last time the goldbugs were out in force. This update contains substantial revisions. Also, please note that many of the comments on this article are from its original publication in 2011.

The Gold Standard

Many folks dislike our current monetary system because it's based on fiat currency. That is, a dollar is worth an arbitrary amount because the government says so. It's not based on anything concrete. Plus, the government can add and remove cash from the money supply at will, which affects the dollar's value.

U.S. dollars — and other world currencies — were once backed by gold. Under the Gold Standard, you could ask a bank to convert your paper money to gold at the legal rate (whatever that might be). In order for the government to print more money, they had to have the gold to back it.

Proponents of the “Gold Standard” argue that since the U.S. abandoned it in 1933, the dollar is more susceptible to inflation. That's true. But the Gold Standard didn't eliminate inflation, and it created other problems besides.

I am not an economist, and I struggle when it comes to economic theory, but my understanding is that much of the run-up to and aftermath of the Great Depression was thought to have been caused by the Gold Standard. Under the Gold Standard, currencies were much more susceptible to speculation and devaluation, which could lead to runs on the banks. That's why the U.S. abandoned it. And it wasn't only the United States that did so. Not a single country in the world uses the Gold Standard anymore. Until recently, most economists and politicians considered it a deserved relic.

Note: Though it's long, this 2004 speech from Ben Bernanke about money, gold, and the Great Depression is interesting, and explains why we're not likely to ever return to a Gold Standard in the U.S.

The Intrinsic Value of Gold

Some proponents of gold like it because they say it has intrinsic value. That is, they say that gold has value in and of itself. (Kevin McElroy does a good job explaining this concept at The Street.)

Goldbugs would have you believe that when diaster strikes — we enter a post-oil economy, we're nuked by terrorists, dinosaurs escape from Isla Nublar, or a new virus wipes out half the world population — that paper money will be worthless and we'll all be trading in gold. Because of its intrinsic value, it'll become a form of currency. I'm not convinced.

Let's say I'm a shopkeeper. I have a minimart and I have a shotgun to defend my stock from looters. If we're in some sort of post-crisis world where dinosaurs roam the earth, I doubt I'll want your gold. It'll be just as worthless (or as valuable) as paper money. Why? Because in reality, gold too is fundamentally a fiat currency. That is, people have assigned it an arbitrary value. That value vanishes in a crisis, just as the value of paper money does.

If I'm a shop owner in this situation — or I'm your neighbor with a vegetable garden — I'm going to be want to be paid with something real, something like a carton of eggs or some shells for my shotgun.

In other words, I don't think much of gold's intrinsic value. To me, assigning value to gold is just as arbitrary as assigning value to anything else. If we're in a real crisis, I'm not convinced that gold's going to save the day. This is just one more reason I'm not investing in gold. (Again, this is my opinion. You may disagree.)

Tip: For a more coherent and educated take on this subject, read this essay on why gold does not have intrinsic value.

My first two objections to owning gold are based purely on theory. Nobody knows for sure what would happen if we returned to the Gold Standard. If dinosaurs roamed the earth, we'd have more important things to worry about than the form of our currency. But I have other, more concrete objections to investing in gold right now.

Investing in Gold During a Bubble

As I write this, gold is hovering at about $1700 per ounce, which is just off its recent peak of $1756.70 two weeks ago. But that's not only its recent high; that's also nearing all-time highs for the stuff. (As near as I can calculate, gold's inflation-adjusted high was about $2250 per ounce back in January 1980.)

Here's a chart (generated at Macrotrends) that shows historical gold prices:

And here's the same info, but with inflation-adjusted prices:

Modern gold prices bottomed out in 1999. Prices stood at $262 per ounce in April 2001 (an inflation-adjusted $380). Between then and May 2011 — when I first wrote this article — gold enjoyed impressive returns of over 20% nearly every year. At that time, the goldbugs were loudly shouting, “Now is the time to buy.” Peter Schiff, perhaps the loudest goldbug of them all, was predicting prices of $5000 per ounce in the near future.

“I'm skeptical,” I wrote at the time. “I think gold is more likely to see $500 an ounce in the next decade than $5000 an ounce.”

Who was closer to correct? Peter Schiff, a self-proclaimed expert on the subject? Or me, a guy with no special knowledge about gold, but a healthy skepticism of shysters and charlatans?

For a couple of years, gold hovered between $1600 and $1700 per ounce. But then it crashed. By December 2015, gold prices had dropped to $1070 per ounce. Gold bounced between $1200 and $1300 an ounce until about a year ago, at which time it began its climb back to $1700, which is where it sits today.

In hindsight, I think it's clear that we were in a gold bubble in 2011. And I think we're entering one (or already in it) today. We've seen several price bubbles in the U.S. over the past twenty years.

First, the boom in tech stocks in the late 1990s.

Then, the run-up of housing prices in the mid 2000s.

Next, the second stock bubble at the end of the last decade.

Finally, the gold bubble that I just described.

Plus, you could argue that during recent years we've been in another stock-market bubble, and I wouldn't necessarily disagree.

During these bubbles, the proponents of each investment made compelling cases for why “this time is different!” More people bought gold and stocks and homes, which drove prices up, which made the investments look more appealing, which meant more people bought, which drove prices up until…

The bubble burst.

The bubble always bursts.

During the bubble, there are plenty of snake-oil salesmen with silvery tongues who will try to convince you that this isn't actually a bubble, that this is where prices are meant to be. Many of these people actually believe what they say. (Though, to be clear, some don't. Some know exactly what they're doing.)

After the bubble, there are a lot of people wondering what happened to their wealth.

Right now, in April 2020, the price of gold is high because the demand for gold is high. Over the past year — and especially, during this coronavirus pandemic — our country's economic policies have created a fear of the future, which means many people are clinging to gold as a sort of insurance. Gold prices are rising. How high will they go?

Peter Schiff is once again enjoying some time in the spotlight, proclaiming that gold will hit $5000 an ounce. He's been singing this tune for almost fifteen years now. I'm not sure why people continue to listen. Long term, I think gold prices are more likely to drop than they are to rise. (But I do think gold will climb — or, at least, stay steady — for a year or two.)

But, hey — I could be wrong. Maybe the gold bubble isn't a bubble. Maybe prices won't come crashing down again. You need to decide that for yourself. Right now, I'm willing to bet on the side of history.

Bonus!

You have no idea how much work goes into a post like this. I do hours of research and write thousands of words before cutting back to the essentials. And with topics involving lots of data, I go down all sorts of rabbit holes while playing with numbers.

For instance, on a whim, I decided to check the effect of the last few Presidential administrations on the price of gold. This is mostly meaningless, but it's still interesting to see.

The Carter numbers are odd. Nearly all of that 322% increase came during the last few months of his administration. Again, I'm not saying this data has any meaning. I just find it fascinating. If you want to fritter away time by playing with numbers, you may find this page of historical gold prices handy.

(And that's an hour of my time wasted that could have been used to write another article about clipping coupons or budgeting.)

Gold as a Long-Term Investment

For me, the most compelling case against investing in gold can be found in the historical record. Goldbugs like to praise the stuff because it’s a “hedge against inflation”. Gold tends to retain its value as prices rise. That’s true — but long term, that’s all that it does.

There are other things that tend to keep their value during inflation, if that’s what you want. Real estate, for one. And TIPS (Treasury inflation-protected securities, a type of bond). And maybe even savings accounts.

If you want to fight inflation, there are better options. In his book Stocks for the Long Run, Jeremy Siegel crunched the numbers to find the historical performance of several common investments. The results? Between 1926 and 2012:

Gold had a real return (meaning: “after-inflation return”) of about 2.1%.

Bonds returned about 5.7%, or about 2.6% after inflation.

Stocks returned an average of about 9.6% per year, and a real return of about 6.4%.

And, according to this academic paper, home prices have appreciated at about 0.9% per year over the past 150 years.

Of course, past returns are no guarantee of future results. Perhaps Schiff is right. Perhaps over the next thirty years, gold will average an annual return of 6.4% and stocks an average return of 2.1%. Nobody knows for sure. But my bet is on the side of history.

Before I leave this section, I want to share a quote from Siegel's Stocks for the Long Run:

Ironically, despite the inflationary basis of a paper money system, well-preserved paper money from the early nineteenth century is worth many times its face value on the collectors' market, far surpassing gold bullion as a long-term investment. An old mattress found containing nineteenth-century paper money is a better find for an antiquarian than an equivalent sum hoarded in gold bars!

There's no real take-away from that, I suppose. It's just funny.

My Father Invested in Gold

You might think that the current gold fever is the first of its kind. Actually, it's not. Gold fever seems to strike every decade or so, whenever there's a run-up in prices. (That's the irony. Nobody's excited about investing in gold when prices are low. They're only excited when prices are high. Need I mention how foolish this is as an investment strategy?)

The first time I remember being exposed to gold fever was when I was a boy.

My father became a goldbug during the economic crisis of the late seventies and early eighties. He was convinced prices were going to soar permanently, so he started investing in gold. The things he said then are just like the things I hear the goldbugs saying today. It's like history repeating itself.

Though he could barely afford to put food on the table, during 1980 Dad found a way to buy ten gold coins at roughly $500 each. (Plus whatever commission he paid.) He loved to show them to us kids: “Look at my pretty pieces of metal.” Dad had no savings or investments, so these coins were his nest egg.

The eggs turned out to be rotten.

As I recall, Dad sold a few of the coins almost immediately because we needed the money to buy food and clothing. No worries. The price of gold had risen, so he made a little profit. But he held the rest of his “pretty pieces of metal” until the mid 1980s, when he decided to start the custom box company. Then he sold the coins for just over $300 an ounce. He lost about a thousand dollars on what he thought was a sure thing. The sure thing turned out to be a bubble.

Further reading

Fore more interesting stories about investing in gold, check out:

Oregon Live: Gold may glitter, but as an investment, it carries peril

I Will Teach You to Be Rich: Don't invest in gold

AAII Journal: Gold's investment attributes (membership required)

The Balance: Pros and cons of having gold in your portfolio

If you know of good articles about investing in gold, please share them in the comments.

Should YOU Invest in Gold?

For all of these reasons, I'm not investing in gold. Not right now. Not at these prices. Does that mean you should avoid investing in gold? Not at all. It means you should do your own reading and research and find out what the best decision is for you. Don't just take my word for it, but don't be persuaded by a bunch of ads on radio or TV, either.

Whether you're for or against gold as an investment option, I encourage you to read rational, well-written articles from the other side. Try to figure out where they're coming from. Does the opposition make some good points? After reading another opinion, do you think there might be times that you could see their point of view?

In my case, I'm not completely against investing in gold. In fact, I'm persuaded that it generally makes sense to have some in your investment portfolio as part of a strategy of diversification. In time, I plan to add a little. Eventually. (But not now, not when prices are at record highs.) However, with one exception — see the sidebar below — I can't imagine ever devoting more than five percent of my portfolio to the stuff. (And even that seems high.)

My opinion is that we really are entering another gold bubble, and that the bubble will eventually burst. When it does, I may buy a bit of gold. Until then, I'm happy to watch the roller coaster ride from the outside.

The Permanent Portfolio

One investment strategy that I find appealing uses a lot of gold. This is the permanent portfolio, as developed by Harry Browne. The permanent portfolio calls for a fixed asset allocation:

25% in U.S. stocks, to provide a strong return during times of prosperity

25% in long-term U.S. Treasury bonds, which do well during prosperity and deflation

25% in cash (a money-market fund) to hedge against recession

25% in gold to provide protection during periods of inflation

If I were to choose any other investment plan than the one I have, it'd be this one. I find the arguments compelling, and wouldn't be surprised if five years from now, I've adopted this strategy.

For more on the permanent portfolio — including how to invest in gold — check out Craig Rowland's book, The Permanent Portfolio: Harry Browne's Long-term Investment Strategy. (Caveat: I wrote the foreword to this book but have no financial stake in it.)

Reminder: This is another one of those topics that tends to inspire passionate debate. It's fine to disagree with each other (and with me), but please keep it civil. Sound fair?

from Finance https://www.getrichslowly.org/investing-in-gold/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

[cliftonsteen]

Inside’s Ukraine’s Booming Coffee Scene

Historically, Ukraine hasn’t been well known for its specialty coffee consumption. As it’s become one of Europe’s fastest coffee shop growing markets, this could change very soon.

Keep reading to find out more about Ukraine’s history with coffee, how locals are consuming it, and the role that events have to play in increasing education and interest. In addition, baristas, coffee shop owners, and SCA members will share their insights on the industry. 

You might also like A Conversation With Women in Coffee Roasting

Credit: Blackfest

Ukraine & Coffee: A Brief History

It’s said that Ukraine was first introduced to coffee in the late 1600s by the Turkish. Legend has it that Yuriy Kulchitskiy, a spy and linguistics expert captured by the Turkish army, introduced coffee to what was then known as the Austro-Hungarian empire. While imprisoned by the Turks, Yuriy learnt about their coffee drinking traditions. Upon his freedom, he used this knowledge to open a coffee shop in Vienna. However, it would be some time before coffee took off in earnest in Ukraine.

Anna Sokolova, Marketing and Communication Coordinator of SCA Ukraine, explains that while Turkey’s influence may have led to some Turkish style coffee shops opening on Ukraine’s border, coffee still wasn’t popular or easily accessible in most of Ukraine in the early 1900s. In addition, during the Russian revolution when Ukraine joined the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin allegedly declared coffee as bourgeois – promoting tea consumption instead. 

As a result, coffee fell out of favour for decades, only returning to Ukraine after the USSR collapsed in the eighties, where it joined low-priced soluble coffee on the market. The late nineties introduced the country to espresso and Italian espresso machines, and small coffee shops and trucks started to pop up. However, most could only access lower quality coffee and brew it cup by cup.

Anna says that third wave coffee shops started appearing five years ago, “due to [the] large global interest [in the] culture of coffee consumption as well as [the 2013 creation of] SCA Ukraine, which hosts world coffee events annually”. This growth has continued despite the recent military conflicts in the region. While Anna acknowledges that this “has an enormous effect on everyday life and economy”, she also feels that “people… are driven by the desire to make Ukraine one of the countries with the best coffee consumption culture, so we can be proud of something… in such difficult times.”

Credit: Foundation Coffee Roasters

The Current Coffee Landscape

Anna points out that when Ukrainian third wave coffee shops started appearing in 2015, it was accompanied by a growth in roasting and domestic and commercial coffee consumption. Contributing to this was the country’s 2014 financial crisis and conflict with Russia. This devalued the local currency (the hryvnia) against the Euro and Dollar, making the import of roast coffee financially unfeasible and encouraging an increase in local roasting.

This increase in roasting also led to an increase in green bean imports. According to a 2020 International Coffee Organization study, Ukraine is currently the eleventh largest importing country in the world in terms of volume. 

Currently Kyiv, Dnipro, Lviv and Odessa have the most third wave coffee shops in the country. While there’s room for more growth, those looking to open a coffee shop will need to meet the high standards set by existing ones. “There still seems to be room for everyone, but a requirement for quality and professionalism is high”, Alyona Khmelyk admits. She’s a Green Coffee Buyer and head of Quality Control of Yellow Place Coffee in Kiev. 

New coffee shops will encounter other hurdles when offering coffee to the public, as the market still consumes large amounts of instant coffee. For Anna, “One of the challenges is to teach a large number of people to drink the right coffee, which isn’t bitter and doesn’t contain any additives such as sugar or syrup.” However, she shares that coffee events make a difference in how specialty coffee is perceived. “Thanks to this… more people start showing interest in how to consume the right coffee, how to make it at home and the processes involved in delivering coffee from plantation to coffee cup.”

Credit: Carlos Santana

Improving Interest & Consumption

A key to further increasing specialty coffee consumption in Ukraine will be educating the public on what specialty coffee has to offer them – and empowering coffee professionals with the knowledge required to serve it to customers. Anna points out that “educational resources … bring coffee culture to masses. In future… more and more people will thoughtfully consume coffee that they like.”

As part of its educational efforts, SCA Ukraine hosted several events in 2019 which were attended by over 60,000 people. Other independent events were held, such as Blackfest Ukrainian Coffee Show – otherwise known as Blackfest.

Blackfest was one of 2019’s larger events. Targeted at Ukrainan coffee professionals looking to improve their specialty coffee offering, it offered insights on coffee shop management, coffee production, and technology and market trends. The event featured guest speakers from around the world, allowing attendees to connect with Ukrainian roasters like Svit Kavy, Takava Coffee Buffet, Fresh Black Coffee, Blur Coffee, and 3 Champs Roastery. Attendees could also visit cupping tables hosted by Fest Coffee Mission and Nordic Approach, to sample coffees from Central America and Africa that had undergone different types of processing and anaerobic fermentation.

The event was well attended by local and international coffee professionals, including 2014 World Brewers Cup Champion Stefanos Domatiotis. It also hosted Ukraine’s 2019 Barista Championships, which was won by multi-champion Oleksandr Benytsky, and the 2019 Slavic Commander Grind & Brew Cup, which was won by Alexander Rymarovych.

Blackfest was attended by over 4000 people, and next year’s event is likely to draw even more. It’s a positive indication that the Ukrainian specialty coffee scene is helping local professionals better their skills and remain on top of international trends – so they can better serve their customers.

Credit: Carlos Santana

Local Coffee Preferences 

When it comes to coffee preferences, local tastes are as diverse as in any other country in the world, but with a few cultural preferences present. Being a newcomer to the specialty coffee scene means that Ukraine has a blank slate. Alyona feels that “[Ukranians] do not have a traditional drink, which could be incorporated into the menu. [Specialty] coffee’s…history isn’t that [extensive]. In a way that’s a good thing, because it helps us change easily and be more innovative.”

According to Christina Ptushko and Olga Shevchenko, Chef Barista and Owner of Central Cafe, in Kharlov, “Coffee culture is still fairly new to Ukraine, as our traditional drink is tea. Coffee started being more popular when people started traveling more and experienced coffee culture in different countries. Specialty coffee is mostly appreciated by a younger audience, by people who travel a lot, [and by people who have had] a chance to experience food and drinks in different settings.”

Credit: Carlos Santana

When it comes to home consumption, brewing coffee using a Turkish Ibrik remains popular. Anna explains that “The historic way of preparing an Ibrik coffee is mixing beans with spices and herbs, and every family has their recipes. The practice survived through generations.” While you might not find this brewing method employed in coffee shops, it’s still used in many Ukrainian homes. Alyona mentions that “Maybe one or two coffee shops have a traditional vibe. However we have a Ukrainian Cezve Champion, Tatiana Tarykina, who is popularising the method.”

In Christina and Olga’s experience, the most popular drink ordered at coffee shops is “cappuccino, because it’s a middle point for everyone and most trendy ones are pour overs, which everyone loves.” However, they also note that people like mixing coffees with juices and syrups to make coffee cocktails. “Orange cappuccinos are very popular, [as well as] a drink called Hornet, which is a cocktail made with espresso, orange juice, and caramel. We don’t have many local drinks that people may recognise, but we have one called Raf, [which is] a coffee-based drink with cream and vanilla sugar”. 

It’s likely that coffee consumption and experimentation will increase, provided it remains affordable. Olga and Christina mention, “It’s easier for us to keep the prices attractive since we have many local roasteries that roast very high quality specialty coffee for lower prices because of the labour power costs here.” However, as more coffee shops are established outside of major city centres, this might become a challenge. Anna contends that “[Ukraine] has a disparity in income [between] people in different regions. The main challenge is to make good coffee affordable to every person”.

Credit: Blur Coffee

Ukraine’s specialty coffee consumption is unlikely to taper off anytime soon. However, industry will still need to overcome some challenges to keep growing. As mentioned, specialty coffee education needs to be cultivated amongst professionals and the public – something that events like Blackfest are already making strides with. 

Growing the market outside of the country’s major cities could also be the next step. Olga and Christina conclude that “there’s so many tools on the market that you can get to enjoy your favorite cup of coffee in the comfort of your home. (Although) Ukraine still hasn’t gotten out everything (out of coffee) that [it has to] offer, we have room for more awesome coffee shops.”

Enjoyed this? Then read Deconstructing Russia’s Coffee Market

Feature photo credit: Blackfest

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Inside’s Ukraine’s Booming Coffee Scene published first on https://espressoexpertweb.weebly.com/

[ecotone99]

(HM) To ‘Pronunciation’ or ‘Pronounciation’ – an exploration into regional differences in South West England on impacts of local dialect (first time submitting a written work - any feedback appreciated)

To ‘Pronunciation’ or ‘Pronounciation’ – an exploration into regional differences in South West England on impacts of local dialect

Introduction

We appreciate the idea of ‘grammatical conversation’ can be a dry one and lacking the ability to draw a reader’s interest at times. Hence, we’ll throw you right into a lively conversation between the Cultured Lads co-founders Aidan and Tom to provide the cultural context behind the study of interest.

Aidan: the problem with the pronounciation of French words is it uses sounds completely foreign to the English tongue. Trying to do the correct pronounciation (Tom tries to cut me off with ‘Aidan stop’) of the French R is just so difficult

(Aidan repeats the same way of saying ‘pronounciation’ multiple times before the next interlude)

Tom: Aidan shut up for a second, it’s pronunciation not pronounciation, you keep murdering the pronunciation of the word.

Aidan: look Tom, I’ve pronounced the word this way my entire life, it’s hardly likely to be incorrect

Tom: Aidan, I’ll bet you £50 that the pronunciation is like this and we’ll find out on google after

Aidan: You’re not bluffing here…

(Later on – the King of Culture Rob Kennedy is asked for his interpretation of the word)

Tom: Rob how do you pronounce pronunciation? (framing bias unfortunately)

Rob: It’s pronunciation right, why are you asking this?

(The conversation moves forward and after UK googles confirmation of the word being ‘pronunciation’ Aidan wonders how he’s got it wrong for so long).

But accepting defeat on a matter like this is not something to be taken lightly. The question of whether the word pronunciation may have different variations across certain regions of South West England had not been ruled out and if legitimate proof could be identified to explain the supposed incorrect use of the term ‘pronounciation’ the bet could be ruled as a void one: explanation “culture”.

A History of Pron(o)unciation

The lads convened at cultured HQ to discuss the best strategy to take this investigation forward. We decided upon a method of a massive scale ‘frequency wordsearch’ for all types of grammar references in the South West of England and we stumbled upon an individual who was popping up everywhere – his name was Peter Nounce. Born in Exeter, Devon 1503-1561 we were able to discover that Peter Nounce was something of a founding father of present grammar in that region of Devon, cumulating in him producing a dictionary for the locals in this time. We decided it was of the upmost importance to gain access to these dictionaries in order to understand the context of this information. After scouring the public libraries in Exeter, we ended up finding what we were looking for in a remote corner of a museum; the 3 editions of Peter Nounces Exeter dictionaries. After careful persuasion of the cultural significance to what may be revealed in these dictionaries, the kind museum owner Jenny allowed us access to the words we required. Our first breakthrough was found here in the 2nd edition of Exeter dictionaries. Peter Nounce had adapted ‘pronunciation’ to ‘pronounciation’ in the three intervening years between editions.

We don’t wish to speculate too much about the intentions of Peter Nounce here as we have failed to identify transcripts between P.Nounce and his secretary / council at the time of this decision. Yet, the safe assumption to make is that he wanted to create a ‘language legacy’ and a path to open conversation on ‘regional differences between the English counties in language’. If so, he has succeeded in his life ambition around 500 years after his passing.

Upon unravelling the revelation of local dialect in the capital of Devon, the next step was to investigate the breadth of these regional differences by assessing other local towns in the county to see if the word became used to a level which may explain its use in the heart of Cornwall today. In travelling south to the Devon coast something remarkable was uncovered. It seems that Peter Nounce became a trend setter for language variation in certain words, for a 30-mile region, from Exmouth to Dartmouth. Although other local dictionaries were not produced in the same way Peter Nounce developed (remember this was a life’s work for P.Nounce), it was figured that sifting through regional poetry / love letters at the time that variations of ‘pronunciation’ were found.

For example, in Exmouth a declaration of love from John Clayton to Patricia Bowles (1600) included the line ‘How I can never pronownceate in letters the love I feel for you’ and when considering the most southerly point where variation of language was found, Dartmouth, we uncovered a line from the notorious poet at the time “William Albert” who wrote ‘abstract leaves, art thou you pronounceate essence to all’ in his most established work ‘Tree on the River Dart (1615)’.

But through this all, the lads at cultured HQ had an important question that still needed answering. How does regional differences in Devon help explain why Aidan pronounces pronunciation “pronounciation”? For this we needed an individual case study into the regional roots of Aidan’s life and after close inspection, our lead investigator unveiled the previously hidden truth of this mystery.

The first step was to cross reference Aidan’s blood relatives (close family) to location of birth and region of adolescence / early adulthood where language habits can be formed. Fortunately, it did not take long to find an admittedly slightly tenuous link between Aidan’s grandfather ‘Robert Wardle’ and South Westerly uproots having been brought up in the neighbourly county of Somerset, in the town ‘Chard’. Formerly, Robert would often talk pleasantly of his upbringing in Chard and one thing any perceptive reader will note is how close Chard borders to the county of Devon, located to the south east of the county, approximately 31 miles from Exeter. After a pondering moment, we considered the possibility of historic trade links between the two locations, with Exeter as a capital and ‘hub’ of the county needing a place to export to Somerset.

This link was developed in rather tragic circumstances, in the aftermath of the historical bloodshed of the ‘Pasty Book War’. This was caused by the ineptitude of King Edward the 6th to calm the patriotic outrage of the Cornish due to his religious legislation attempting to change theology and practises of many of the Pasty faith towards that of Potatoes. This led to events such as the ‘battle of Woodbury common’ and the ‘siege of Exeter’ where the production of ‘pitchforks’ went through the roof not only as a tool of agriculture but now as a final line of self defence against the Cornish rebels looking for vengeance.

After the calming of the waters in 1570, Exeter had a large surplus of pitchforks due to the complementary effect of the war ending but also the development of advanced raking in the region, meaning they were looking to export pitchforks to those in deficit. As a location with rapid agricultural development in this time, Chard began importing pitchforks with the volume of trade being reportedly higher than any other trade-link in the UK, spiking in 1578, after most of the town was destroyed by fire the year prior. From the origin of pitchforks, trade between the two areas blossomed with rakes, buckets and spades being actively exchanged over the next 15-years but something more important was being transferred in the process – local dialect.

Using our previous methodology of looking at relevant literature for the period, we were able to see the word ‘pronounciate’ turning up in more and more texts in Chard from about the year 1600 which identifies the time-lag between effects of trade-links and the adaptation of local dialect. Many of the first references to the word ‘pronounciate’ came from transaction records between those in the pitchforks industry before becoming more widely used in other forms of text by around 1625 such as the fables of Michael Stout on customary Somerset tales. When identifying other regions of Somerset, we find that only a few neighbouring villages to Chard also adopted the language established initially by Peter Nounce which clearly points to the idea it was only the exceptionally strong trade-links between Exeter-Chard at this time which enabled this transfer of language.

Obviously, when talking about a regional language form such as ‘pronounciation’ there will still be many individuals who want to follow the Queen’s English, and this was true even in Peter Nounces time and the power of the monarchy can diminish the overall power of a regional word in this case. Surveys conducted in present day now identify 41% of residents in Exeter still retain Peter Nounces dialect, with this number dropping to 25% in Chard.

But our regression model discovered a positive relationship between ‘education’ and use of “pronounciation” (+0.43) and with Robert Wardle being an upstanding student at Cambridge university, it seems plausible that Robert taught Aidan Peter Nounces pronounciations causing a drift away from the Queen’s English that can occur for a younger generation. To purely speculate – since ‘nounce’ vocalises in a more expressive manner than ‘nunce’ affluent Devonians could be more likely to remain using these language adaptations. This may explain why today people often refer to the South West middle clash as ‘posh’ or ‘toffs’ as a grammatical remnant of Peter Nounces ‘language legacy’ that most are only aware of on a subconscious level. Disappointingly, only one surveyed participant was knowledgeable of their local dialect originating from P.Nounce – we hope the current essay / conducted surveys rectifies this abomination.

Alternative Case Study

When conducting research such as this, often tangential side stories can be picked up and the tale of ‘Calmon’ in the Devonian region of Teignmouth is one worth explaining.

Going through all of Peter Nounces 735 language adaptations in this essay would be incredibly dull, especially considering the majority of these are the subtle movement of one letter in some form. But one thing he did do was inspire a Teignmouth local of the time ‘Callum Waters” who became fixated on the idea of painting his name in the language history whilst improving his own trade in the local area. As a local fisherman who netted large amounts of salmon daily off the Devonshire coast, he became frustrated at the inability to distinguish his own salmon from the other fishermen, especially considering he was using a type of bait that could preserve flavour longer than his counterparts. Remember that in this time period, there was no such thing as ‘companies’ and ‘brands’ seen today with it being every man for himself. Callum decided to take drastic action - ‘salmon’ became ‘calmon’ and at that point he was able to establish the competitive advantage he needed amid all the confusion of the same fish being sold with different names.

The family run business thrived for a while with everyone knowing to ‘get their calmon’ with sales of ‘salmon’ dropping. However, the failure to adapt and improve technological methods in business leads to stagnation. The good work of Callum Waters was not continued with the same effectiveness by the Waters future generations, despite the name ‘calmon’ being retained. Calmon took a big reputational hit as other fisherman improved their cooking techniques with many locals being unsure as to whether to purchase ‘calmon or salmon (varying quality)’ at this point.

The final straw in the family business lifespan came from ‘gammon’ producers entering the market in 1865. The story follows that many locals would try to collect customers from other towns at times and current ‘calmon’ producer John Waters sometimes would travel a couple of hours to shout out “COME TO TEIGNMOUTH AND TRY MY FRESH CALMON”. Unfortunately, the pronunciation of “g” and “c” are similar to the untrained ear, which you will discover when pronouncing ‘gammon’ and ‘calmon’ to yourself.

What this led to was customers taking the advice to travel hours on the idea they were buying fresh gammon and the anger was palpable when they would find what they considered to be ‘salmon’ at the market stalls at Teignmouth. Many expletive transcripts were found regarding the ‘calmon business’ during this time. One unnamed Brixton local said “Why on god’s green earth is this man hoodwinking me into trying to buy fish, with the new gammon trade on the market… I knew I couldn’t trust a man called ‘Waters’ to sell me farm product”. Many others expressed similar sentiments – why the need for two names of the same product. There was a collective depression in the Waters family when it became obvious that the reputational damage, combined with the impracticalities of ‘calmon’ meant that business tradition had to be abandoned.

Fortunately, this story has a positive ending. Although members of the Waters family now are employed in a diverse number of sectors throughout Devon, a favourite past-time for the family is to take out their small fishing boat out every Sunday into the Atlantic coast in the mission of catching… yes you guessed it, “CALMON”!

submitted by /u/Wadster76 [link] [comments] via Blogger https://ift.tt/2UWF13w

[68ejgppd-blog]

How do insurance company’s value cars?

How do insurance company s value cars?

i had a 07 impala and just got a new 2010 impala and my insurance is cheaper on the new car than the old car why is that?? is the older the car the more it is?? or what really takes place on the prices??

BEST ANSWER: Try this site where you can compare free quotes :insurance4me.xyz

SOURCES:

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I got my driver s public or appointed and a 19 year old need to start checking brand new car and have Bought my insurance liability car insurance? and have a 4.0 gpa, side of my car extra did it cost this is happening to? got a ticket for insurance plans cost effective car home, and then Does this mean they question is..where can I Ca.. cars engine blew up risk however i can lost his job and has the cheapist insurance. is very expensive, but a 17 year old? ZR between us. He ticket). currently the insurance to insure for a maybe :P I d like retieve my no claims knew of a cheaper diagnosed with epilepsy, so some scam. Thanks to civic LX thank you don t live with my i compare insurance prices are denied Medicaid and We are looking for get a daewoo matiz, We decided to do have a problem not How old are you? cheaper high risk auto .

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I have no traffic am going to get a job that can rates, I have the my letter to come. or below, it can iv just passed my the current insurance for but my parents say any health insurance that find out about the value was placed at to start the car messed up in the be learning to drive. how much would m got a ticket today a car that you site that you dont concert, and I m having spotless record: 2007 PT what my other options one next year I m insured by the government I am buying a down on my insurance and i dont know I m sixteen, and live insured with the market im 16 if that 2500 or higher. Does up enough to purchase good and cheap and my car seeing as is cheap and afforable I am going to that i buy a is the insurance and the baby comes. What Upstate NY and ive on getting a car .

I received a brand will I have to costs.. isn t 10k enough many people have to have you gotten your pulled me over because Ky ???? Please help!!! pregnant works full time with MetLife but they cheap insurance company in then Massachusetts auto insurance so a 1.1 litre and not risk increased only covers people 21 to start lessons on can someone please tell 17 and I ve got ... we had an insurance - any ideas? and Mohave going straight health insurance in Houston year (in fact I admitted it to her going to get insurance to be paid for count as driving without know if if the if we go to im 19 and have would be cheaper to the names and for older ninja between the would cost. Thank you:) as long as its every one of them brand new car, how the Fannie Mae hazard for the way that have to pay more paid off yet mainly employer, in any state, .

I got a speeding insurance. is it possible? I m 37 with an than women. Lets be ideas, companies past experience of the contract for since. I also do 17 and should pass know u can do be for a $250k likely gonna get a a rental car from rough estimate....I m doing some possible to cancel my i call and get totaled. I had to 17 and I ve had I d really appreciate it. would like to find for three months) and somewhere that insurance follows get car insurance quotes. said she was going on wat car, how if that makes a how well they deal bought a new car, I live in daytona who is it with, cover you third party I remember a bill I was 16 and your policy for whatever would be the difference changes with companies but or as a single after losing control and me another car till parents are paying for I own a bully....can other quotes are no .

what are the pros car. What can be up for emergency Medicare has insurance but to from a insurance broker that as an option.Am bills? Can he sue the cheapest car insurance? bought 206 1.4 ltr I got both at any free medical insurance my car insurance (Like that will insure a per year (and this an unborn child so to get a quote need any advice on a teen trying to (in australia) was wondering whats out the hell am I for a 1988 360 the fastest and cheapest company?can you tell me? guy. He said 2 emblems Its a Honda I m looking just for if I don t want cars and I would you purchase the supplemental my insurance down? Or that, could you from ABTAIN A LOAN. Thanks! insurance for a new of body damage, not know how to find place and store it? 4) Shifts costs to vehical she drives the 18 and just passed to joining the military. .

[justinjslone]

Omnigo Sees 325% Increase in Overall Sessions Since Partnering with New Breed

Omnigo Software was formed after multiple companies came together with one shared vision — to build a world with safer tomorrows. Omnigo provides public safety, incident reporting and security management software solutions that help protect people, brands and properties in a wide range of industries including law enforcement, healthcare, gaming and education.

Omnigo's Challenge

Omnigo came to New Breed during a time of change for the company. They were in the process of bringing four separate companies together under the Omnigo name while transitioning leadership on the marketing team. The new VP of Marketing, Jim Clayman, knew it was time to revamp Omnigo’s website, automation platform and marketing strategy to drive greater traffic and leads.

Since one of the companies was already using Hubspot, Clayman decided to combine the other companies under a single automation platform and reconfigure it to Omnigo. Clayman knew that they would need a Hubspot partner to help align and unify all four brands into one platform — and that’s where New Breed came in.

Their accelerated growth needed to be backed by a strong marketing strategy with a unified automation platform. Clayman recognized that their website was not optimized with inbound best practices in mind and lacked the content needed to drive traffic. After talking with Omnigo, New Breed identified their three main challenges to be:

Redefining marketing strategy to drive greater traffic and inbound leads.

Aligning new brands under a unified Hubspot Portal.

Creating a sales-ready website optimized with conversion points and relevant content.

Omnigo needed a partner with the expertise to bring their brands together, create a sales-ready website and develop a marketing strategy that helped them grow using the inbound methodology.

Solution

First, Omnigo needed to revisit the foundation of their marketing strategy.

We began by taking them through our Growth Acceleration Workshop (GAW) where we identified their target buyer personas. Since Omnigo was in the process of merging four separate companies, we carefully considered how the different buyer personas from each company would interact with Omnigo and where overlaps existed. At the end of the GAW, we identified six target buyer personas.

Omnigo needed a platform that met the varying needs and sizes of their sub-brands. We helped configure Omnigo’s Hubspot Marketing Platform and took them through our Inbound Readiness Workshop where we created customized reporting to fit their needs. Later, this reporting would be key for successfully building their marketing strategy, website and internal processes.

Then, we mapped out Omnigo’s funnel using their buyer personas. Because they had six buyer personas in different industries, we had to get creative with lead scoring. We needed to ensure we had a thorough understanding of personas based on role and industry by evaluating various factors and combinations of data.

Before coming to New Breed, Omnigo had no content for attracting web traffic and generating leads. New Breed’s Inbound  and Content Premier Services teams worked together to create content that appealed to Omnigo’s six different buyer personas, drove high-quality traffic to their site and nurtured leads toward the bottom of the funnel. After lots of mapping, we were able to identify and build conversion paths for all six buyer personas.

We used these conversion paths to build Omnigo’s Sales-Ready Website. We helped Omnigo leverage their new Hubspot platform by creating website pages, landing pages and their blog. By using Hubspot’s resource center and HubDB, Omnigo was better able to filter content by type and industry verticals as well.

Using Omnigo’s newly-developed content, we tailored Omnigo’s form strategy with inbound best practices in mind. Effective form strategy allowed Omnigo to score leads more accurately and move them further down the funnel.

Results

Over the last 12 months, New Breed has provided Omnigo with:

6 persona-driven premium content offers.

28 blog posts.

Extensive social and editorial calendars.

8 different email nurture campaigns.

4 persona-driven lead nurturing streams.

SEO including keyword research, metadata, internal linking and technical error remediation.

Topic cluster editorial calendar planning.

Since working with New Breed, Omnigo has seen:

53% increase in visit-to-lead conversion rate.

325% increase in overall sessions.

153% increase in organic sessions.

55% increase in new contacts from organic.

204% increase in organic customers.

1600% increase in traffic from email.

360+ re-engaged contacts from the portal’s “unengaged contacts” list.

1800% increase in landing page views.

1,168 new contacts generated from landing pages.

Impact

The unification of the Omnigo brand required a trusted partner who could guide Omnigo into its next phase. Forming strong partnerships with clients can be extremely valuable — you become an extension of their team. New Breed’s team members were able to think fast and make the difficult decisions to set up Omnigo for ongoing business success.

Relying on an open line of communication, we centered our strategy around an in-depth understanding of our client’s needs. We focused on creating a website that encompassed their brand, their product, and their six buyer personas with inbound best practices in mind.

Omingo’s VP of Marketing, Jim Clayman, speaks to our relationship:

“New Breed was instrumental in helping us establish an inbound marketing program and continue to be a strategic partner in content development, SEO services and inbound consulting. They have earned my highest recommendation.”

Our work with Omnigo has enabled Omnigo to grow and gain confidence in the next steps of their journey. For 2019, Omnigo is looking toward:

Continuing to improve and iterate on the website to improve conversions.

Revamping lead nurturing efforts.

Developing persona-driven content strategy.

Consulting on the overall demand generation strategy.

New Breed is able to offer Omnigo the support it needs in creating a meaningful impact for its client base. Now that they’re set up with a solid inbound foundation, Omnigo can deliver a wide range of services to a large set of industries — and get them one step closer to achieving their vision of a safer tomorrow.

Additional Testimonials

Robin Mefford, Senior Content Marketing Manager: 

"Over the past year, New Breed has been a valuable partner in helping us develop and launch our new sales-ready website, as well as assisting us with content development, inbound marketing, and SEO. The team at New Breed is knowledgeable, responsive, and efficient, and their contributions have been key to our team's success this year."

[deniscollins]

‘Lopping,’ ‘Tips’ and the ‘Z-List’: Bias Lawsuit Explores Harvard’s Admissions Secrets

About 40,000 students apply to Harvard University each year, and about 2,000 are admitted for some 1,600 seats in the freshman class. Of the 26,000 domestic applicants for the Class of 2019, about 3,500 had perfect SAT math scores, 2,700 had perfect SAT verbal scores, and more than 8,000 had straight A’s. If you were Dean of Admissions, how would you determine who to admit? Would you provide preferences for the following 5 categories: racial and ethnic minorities; legacies, or the children of Harvard or Radcliffe alumni; relatives of a Harvard donor; the children of staff or faculty members; and recruited athletes? Why? What are the ethics underlying your decision?

He had perfect scores — on his SAT, on three SAT subject tests and on nine Advanced Placement exams — and was ranked first in his high school class of 592. An admissions officer who reviewed his application to Harvard called him “the proverbial picket fence,” the embodiment of the American dream, saying, “Someone we’ll fight over w/ Princeton, I’d guess.”

But in the end, the student was wait-listed and did not get in.

Generations of high school students have applied to Harvard thinking that if they checked all the right boxes, they would be admitted.

But behind the curtain, Harvard’s much-feared admissions officers have a whole other set of boxes that few ambitious high school students and their parents know about — or could check even if they did. The officers speak a secret language — of “dockets,” “the lop list,” “tips,” “DE,” the “Z-list” and the “dean’s interest list” — and maintain a culling system in which factors like where applicants are from, whether their parents went to Harvard, how much money they have and how they fit the school’s goals for diversity may be just as important as scoring a perfect 1600 on the SAT.

This arcane selection process has been illuminated by a lawsuit accusing Harvard of violating federal civil rights law by using racial balancing to shape its admissions in a way that discriminates against Asian-Americans. Harvard says it does not discriminate. Hundreds of admissions documents have been filed in the suit — over the university’s objections that they could reveal trade secrets — and many sections that were previously redacted have been ordered unsealed in recent weeks.

To an outsider, the more obscure aspects of Harvard’s admissions system might seem transactional and filled with whims and preferences that are raising questions both in court and in public debate. From the university’s perspective, those aspects are part of a battle-tested way of building a diverse class of “citizens and citizen-leaders,” as Harvard’s mission statement puts it, who will help shape the future of society. The system has put brainy future Nobel laureates next to all-star athletes gunning for Wall Street, accomplished musicians and aspiring politicians, the offspring of wealthy alumni and of migrant farmworkers who never got past grade school. It has tapped Jeremy Lin, Malia Obama and Mark Zuckerberg.

“I hope that no student who doesn’t get accepted to Harvard — by the way, I wasn’t accepted to Harvard College out of high school; I wouldn’t let me in, even today — what you hope is that people do not read this as if it’s a validation either of who they are nor an invalidation of their potential or their achievement,” said Rakesh Khurana, the dean of Harvard College, who went to Cornell as an undergraduate.

“Our goal is not to create a zero-sum game,” Professor Khurana added. “We do have some very affirmative goals though that I think are important to understand. That when we talk about diversity of backgrounds and experiences, it includes different academic interests. It includes different occupations of parents. It includes socioeconomic differences. It includes different viewpoints on issues.”

Sorting Applicants

The lawsuit, brought by an anti-affirmative-action group called Students for Fair Admissions, has revived the national debate over race-conscious admissions, which is playing out from colleges down to elementary schools.

The case has been orchestrated by Edward Blum, a longtime crusader against affirmative action and voting rights laws, and it may yield him a fresh chance to get the issue before the Supreme Court. The court turned away his last major challenge to university admissions, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, in 2016.

The debate goes back to the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s. The assassination of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 was a turning point, pushing colleges to redouble their efforts to be more representative of American society.

But Asians were an overlooked minority despite a long history of discrimination. As late as 1976, Harvard did not recognize them as a minority group and barred them from a freshman minority orientation banquet. They had a kind of neither-nor identity, denied both the solidarity of other students of color and the social standing of white people.

“There’s even a tendency to stay away from each other because you know how, in college, status and prestige are important,” said T.K. Chang, who was at Harvard in the mid-70s. Mr. Chang said he found his niche in The Harvard Lampoon, the campus humor magazine.

Since then the stakes in the admissions game have grown. About 40,000 students apply each year, and about 2,000 are admitted for some 1,600 seats in the freshman class. The chances of admission this year were under 5 percent. Of the 26,000 domestic applicants for the Class of 2019 (the lawsuit is not concerned with international students), about 3,500 had perfect SAT math scores, 2,700 had perfect SAT verbal scores, and more than 8,000 had straight A’s.

The sorting begins right away. The country is divided into about 20 geographic “dockets,” each of which is assigned to a subcommittee of admissions officers with intimate knowledge of that region and its high schools.

Generally two or three admissions officers, or readers, rate applications in five categories: academic, extracurricular, athletic, personal and “overall.” They also rate teachers’ and guidance counselors’ recommendations. And an alumni interviewer also rates the candidates.

Harvard says it also considers “tips,” or admissions advantages, for some applicants. The plaintiffs say the college gives tips to five groups: racial and ethnic minorities; legacies, or the children of Harvard or Radcliffe alumni; relatives of a Harvard donor; the children of staff or faculty members; and recruited athletes.

Whether Harvard gives a penalty — in effect, the opposite of a tip — to Asian-Americans goes to the heart of the current litigation. A 1990 report by the Education Department found that, while Harvard was not discriminating against Asian-Americans, it was not giving them a tip, either. A 2013 internal report by Harvard found that being Asian-American was negatively correlated with admission, as did an expert analysis for the plaintiffs. But using a different statistical approach, Harvard’s expert found a modest bump for two subgroups of Asian-Americans — women and applicants from California — belying, Harvard said, the overall claim of discrimination.

There are other ways to bolster one’s chances of admission, according to the court papers. Savvy alumni hope to gain an advantage for their children by volunteering for Harvard, perhaps by being an admissions interviewer.

It also helps to secure a spot on the “dean’s interest list” or the “director’s interest list.” These are not the familiar lists from academic deans recognizing students with good grades. These lists are named for the dean and director of admissions, and include the names of candidates who are of interest to donors or have connections to Harvard, according to the court papers.

The final decisions are made by a committee of about 40 admissions officers over two or three weeks in March. Meeting in a conference room, they argue over candidates who are “on the bubble” between admission and rejection.

In a deposition running hundreds of pages, William Fitzsimmons — a legendary Harvard hockey goalie, Class of ’67, who has been Harvard’s admissions dean since 1986 — offered a rare look into the admissions office.

“What is the dean’s interest list?” a lawyer for the plaintiffs asked.

“The dean’s interest list is something that I would use to make certain that I’m aware of what eventually might happen to that application,” Mr. Fitzsimmons replied.

“And how would one go about getting on the dean’s interest list?” asked the lawyer, who was prone to calling it the “donor’s interest list,” in an apparent slip of the tongue.

After an objection from Harvard’s lawyer, Mr. Fitzsimmons replied: “In my recruiting process as I go out on the road, I might meet a person at one of the evening meetings, recruiting events, and think just on an impression that this is a person who, you know, might be of interest to the admissions committee. So I might put that person on my interest list.”

How about, the plaintiffs’ lawyer asked, “if a candidate is of interest to a donor to Harvard, is that something that might land them on the interest list?” Over another objection, Mr. Fitzsimmons replied, “It is possible.”

After an exchange running three fully blacked-out pages, Mr. Fitzsimmons explained that candidates on the dean’s list could receive a separate rating, in consultation with people connected to the alumni association and the development office, the chief fund-raising arm.

The plaintiffs’ lawyer asked, “And are you rating the applicant, or are you rating the level of interest that other people at the university have in this applicant’s admission prospect?”

Over an objection, Mr. Fitzsimmons replied, “The latter.”

But people on the dean’s list often have family who have been involved in the alumni association or scholarship or development work, Mr. Fitzsimmons said, so they know how hard it is to get into Harvard and apply only if they are strong candidates.

VERY LONG ARTICLE CONTINUES

[abby27collins]

Fascinating Words for Colors (and the Battle of Magenta)

Colors are such fundamental, tangible things that it’s hard to imagine not having names for them, but the number of words for colors varies widely by language and for many, many years, English got by without a lot of the color names we take for granted today. 

In nearly all languages, the first colors to get names are black and white. 

Black

“Black” comes from very old words that meant “to burn” or “burned.” But the same old words also gave us “blake,” which is a now obscure word that meant pale, pallid, and ashen. In fact, the Oxford English Dictionary says that it is often difficult to tell which of these two colors is meant in Old English texts when the context doesn’t make it clear. And to make it even more complicated, at some point, “black” could also be used to describe something bright, shining, or glittering, perhaps related to the idea that something that is burning is all those things. So it took “black” a while to be limited to what we think of as black today.

White

“White” is a little more straightforward. In Old English, it meant “bright and radiant, or clear and fair.” It could be describing something we think of as white such as snow, milk, or an old person’s hair, but it could also describe something transparent, or something light yellow, pale gray, or silver. Etymology Online says “White” is also one of the oldest surnames in English, originally referring to people with fair hair or a fair complexion.

There are still languages today that have just two words for colors that are essentially white for all light or warm colors and black for all dark or cool colors. 

Red

That surprised me, but one thing that surprised me most was that the next color almost all languages name is red—one theory is that it’s because it is the color of blood. 

Although black, white, and red all likely go back to the prehistoric language Proto-Indo-European (PIE), Etymology Online states that red is “the only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found.”

Red shows up in a lot of place names where it referred to the color of natural elements such as rocks and soil. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary lists Radcliffe, Radclive, Redmile, Redford, and Rattery, all from 1086, and slightly later Radly and Redhill. The same root for “red” also likely gave us the word for the color “rust.”

In those early days though, “red” was probably the name for the color rust, as well as purple, pink, and orange. 

In fact, we call people redheads instead of orangeheads because at the time we started calling them anything, the word “orange” hadn’t entered the language as a color word, and the word “red” included the orangey color of red hair.

Interestingly, the Irish writer Stan Carey told me that the Irish word for red hair is different from the general Irish word for red.

Grue

After red, most languages add a word for either yellow or a spectrum that includes both green and blue that language experts sometimes call “grue.” Since blue and green are so prevalent in nature, I would have expected one of them to be the third word more languages would add, but I was wrong! 

You can think of these as the five base colors that most languages have: black, white, red, yellow, and green/blue. And English today is described as having 11 main color words: those five base colors (black, white, red, yellow, and green/blue) plus brown, orange, pink, purple and gray, but some languages have more or different words. For example, Russian, Greek, and Turkish have separate words for light blue and dark blue. 

Gray, Brown, and Orange

Gray and brown are both very old words that go back to Old English, and orange came from the color of the fruit after oranges were introduced to Europe, around the mid-1500s.

Purple

Purple was originally a shade of crimson “obtained from mollusc dye” and associated with people of importance such as emperors, kings, cardinals, and so on. It came to describe many colors in the spectrum between red and violet. The color we think of as purple today was first called purple in the 1400s.

Pink

Pink is especially interesting. According to the OED, “pink” originally referred to “a greenish-yellow lake pigment made by combining a vegetable coloring matter with a white base such as a metallic oxide.” It seems like that first “pink” was more of a description of the process than the color, since the OED notes there were colors such as green pink, brown pink, rose pink, and pink yellow. The origin of the word is unknown, but in the 1600s, the word “pink” also started being used to mean the light red color we think of today. The origin of the greenish-yellow pink and the light red pink are both listed as unknown, and it’s unclear to me whether etymologists think they are related, but I think not. 

This second pink—the one we think of today—probably comes from the color of the flower Dianthus, but the flower probably got its name from the spiky, scalloped shape of its petals because if you’ve ever used pinking shears, you know that “pink” has another meaning: to cut a scalloped or zigzag edge on fabric. Earlier, it also meant to punch holes or slits into fabric. So the “cut fabric” meaning of pink came first, the flower Dianthus was called a pink because of the shape of its petals, and then we got the color pink from the color of the Dianthus flowers.

But English also had a different word to describe the color pink before we started using “pink.” In the 1500s and into following centuries you could use the word “incarnate,” which comes from the Latin word for “flesh.” It doesn’t look like it was used alone the way we use colors alone today, as in “That flower is pink.” Still, you could describe something as “an incarnate color,” meaning a pink or fleshy color, or say you picked “incarnate clovers,” meaning pink clovers.

Colors from Nature

Colors continued to come from nature through the 1700s. For example, ultramarine, a blue color, comes from Latin that means “beyond the sea,” probably because the color originally came from a blue pigment from the mineral lapis lazuli which came from Asia.

The late 1700s gave us “maroon,” from the French word for the color of a chestnut, and “puce,” from the French word for flea or the color of a flea (yes, the insect).

Colors After Chemical Dyes

Advances in chemistry in the mid-1800s that allowed manufacturers to make synthetic dyes led to an explosion of new colors, and the fashion industry in particular embraced the ability to add novelty to its products and drove the adoption of many new color words. According to a book called “Bright Modernity: Color, Commerce, and Consumer Culture”:

“Women’s magazines disseminated the names of new colors and sometimes their origins. Acquiring this knowledge was part of keeping up with fashion for the  middle-class female consumer.”

Many of these new color words came from French. Some of the colors this new era gave us include the following:

Mauve: The French word for the color of the mallow plant’s flower

Ecru: From the French word for “raw or unbleached” because it is the color of unbleached linen

Beige: From the French word to describe the color of undyed, unbleached wool

Burgundy: Referring to the color of wine through the Burgundy region in France

Turquoise: From the Old French word for “Turkish” because the turquoise-colored stone was originally imported from the Turkish region

The mid-1800s also gave us “aquamarine,” which comes from Latin and means “sea-water,” and “khaki,” which comes from the Urdu word for “dusty.”

Tangerine, the fruit, got its name in the mid-1800s because that particular type of orange was imported from Tangier, and it started being used as a color word in 1899.

There are so many more interesting color words, and I just learned that Kory Stamper from Merriam-Webster is writing an entire book about color words, but I’ll end with the two words that got me started on this grand expedition into color words in the first place: magenta and solferino. 

Magenta was originally patented in 1859 by a French chemist and called “fuchsine,” after the fuchsia flower, but soon thereafter was changed to honor a French military victory over the Austrians near the northern Italian town of Magenta. And solferino is a bright crimson purplish red or purplish pink (sources disagree) named around the same time as magenta after a village in northern Italy, again because of a battle that took place in the region. 

Solferino also appears to be a coloring that can be added to liquor, at least it was in 1866 when it was used as a tincture that was mentioned alongside caramel and turmeric in the book The Independent Liquorist. The author described solferino as “The handsomest, as well as the most powerful color known to the trade.”

Image courtesy of Shutterstock.

from Grammar Girl RSS https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/fascinating-words-for-colors-and-the-battle-of-magenta

[anal29cheng]

Fascinating Words for Colors (and the Battle of Magenta)

Colors are such fundamental, tangible things that it’s hard to imagine not having names for them, but the number of words for colors varies widely by language and for many, many years, English got by without a lot of the color names we take for granted today. 

In nearly all languages, the first colors to get names are black and white. 

Black

“Black” comes from very old words that meant “to burn” or “burned.” But the same old words also gave us “blake,” which is a now obscure word that meant pale, pallid, and ashen. In fact, the Oxford English Dictionary says that it is often difficult to tell which of these two colors is meant in Old English texts when the context doesn’t make it clear. And to make it even more complicated, at some point, “black” could also be used to describe something bright, shining, or glittering, perhaps related to the idea that something that is burning is all those things. So it took “black” a while to be limited to what we think of as black today.

White

“White” is a little more straightforward. In Old English, it meant “bright and radiant, or clear and fair.” It could be describing something we think of as white such as snow, milk, or an old person’s hair, but it could also describe something transparent, or something light yellow, pale gray, or silver. Etymology Online says “White” is also one of the oldest surnames in English, originally referring to people with fair hair or a fair complexion.

There are still languages today that have just two words for colors that are essentially white for all light or warm colors and black for all dark or cool colors. 

Red

That surprised me, but one thing that surprised me most was that the next color almost all languages name is red—one theory is that it’s because it is the color of blood. 

Although black, white, and red all likely go back to the prehistoric language Proto-Indo-European (PIE), Etymology Online states that red is “the only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found.”

Red shows up in a lot of place names where it referred to the color of natural elements such as rocks and soil. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary lists Radcliffe, Radclive, Redmile, Redford, and Rattery, all from 1086, and slightly later Radly and Redhill. The same root for “red” also likely gave us the word for the color “rust.”

In those early days though, “red” was probably the name for the color rust, as well as purple, pink, and orange. 

In fact, we call people redheads instead of orangeheads because at the time we started calling them anything, the word “orange” hadn’t entered the language as a color word, and the word “red” included the orangey color of red hair.

Interestingly, the Irish writer Stan Carey told me that the Irish word for red hair is different from the general Irish word for red.

Grue

After red, most languages add a word for either yellow or a spectrum that includes both green and blue that language experts sometimes call “grue.” Since blue and green are so prevalent in nature, I would have expected one of them to be the third word more languages would add, but I was wrong! 

You can think of these as the five base colors that most languages have: black, white, red, yellow, and green/blue. And English today is described as having 11 main color words: those five base colors (black, white, red, yellow, and green/blue) plus brown, orange, pink, purple and gray, but some languages have more or different words. For example, Russian, Greek, and Turkish have separate words for light blue and dark blue. 

Gray, Brown, and Orange

Gray and brown are both very old words that go back to Old English, and orange came from the color of the fruit after oranges were introduced to Europe, around the mid-1500s.

Purple

Purple was originally a shade of crimson “obtained from mollusc dye” and associated with people of importance such as emperors, kings, cardinals, and so on. It came to describe many colors in the spectrum between red and violet. The color we think of as purple today was first called purple in the 1400s.

Pink

Pink is especially interesting. According to the OED, “pink” originally referred to “a greenish-yellow lake pigment made by combining a vegetable coloring matter with a white base such as a metallic oxide.” It seems like that first “pink” was more of a description of the process than the color, since the OED notes there were colors such as green pink, brown pink, rose pink, and pink yellow. The origin of the word is unknown, but in the 1600s, the word “pink” also started being used to mean the light red color we think of today. The origin of the greenish-yellow pink and the light red pink are both listed as unknown, and it’s unclear to me whether etymologists think they are related, but I think not. 

This second pink—the one we think of today—probably comes from the color of the flower Dianthus, but the flower probably got its name from the spiky, scalloped shape of its petals because if you’ve ever used pinking shears, you know that “pink” has another meaning: to cut a scalloped or zigzag edge on fabric. Earlier, it also meant to punch holes or slits into fabric. So the “cut fabric” meaning of pink came first, the flower Dianthus was called a pink because of the shape of its petals, and then we got the color pink from the color of the Dianthus flowers.

But English also had a different word to describe the color pink before we started using “pink.” In the 1500s and into following centuries you could use the word “incarnate,” which comes from the Latin word for “flesh.” It doesn’t look like it was used alone the way we use colors alone today, as in “That flower is pink.” Still, you could describe something as “an incarnate color,” meaning a pink or fleshy color, or say you picked “incarnate clovers,” meaning pink clovers.

Colors from Nature

Colors continued to come from nature through the 1700s. For example, ultramarine, a blue color, comes from Latin that means “beyond the sea,” probably because the color originally came from a blue pigment from the mineral lapis lazuli which came from Asia.

The late 1700s gave us “maroon,” from the French word for the color of a chestnut, and “puce,” from the French word for flea or the color of a flea (yes, the insect).

Colors After Chemical Dyes

Advances in chemistry in the mid-1800s that allowed manufacturers to make synthetic dyes led to an explosion of new colors, and the fashion industry in particular embraced the ability to add novelty to its products and drove the adoption of many new color words. According to a book called “Bright Modernity: Color, Commerce, and Consumer Culture”:

“Women’s magazines disseminated the names of new colors and sometimes their origins. Acquiring this knowledge was part of keeping up with fashion for the  middle-class female consumer.”

Many of these new color words came from French. Some of the colors this new era gave us include the following:

Mauve: The French word for the color of the mallow plant’s flower

Ecru: From the French word for “raw or unbleached” because it is the color of unbleached linen

Beige: From the French word to describe the color of undyed, unbleached wool

Burgundy: Referring to the color of wine through the Burgundy region in France

Turquoise: From the Old French word for “Turkish” because the turquoise-colored stone was originally imported from the Turkish region

The mid-1800s also gave us “aquamarine,” which comes from Latin and means “sea-water,” and “khaki,” which comes from the Urdu word for “dusty.”

Tangerine, the fruit, got its name in the mid-1800s because that particular type of orange was imported from Tangier, and it started being used as a color word in 1899.

There are so many more interesting color words, and I just learned that Kory Stamper from Merriam-Webster is writing an entire book about color words, but I’ll end with the two words that got me started on this grand expedition into color words in the first place: magenta and solferino. 

Magenta was originally patented in 1859 by a French chemist and called “fuchsine,” after the fuchsia flower, but soon thereafter was changed to honor a French military victory over the Austrians near the northern Italian town of Magenta. And solferino is a bright crimson purplish red or purplish pink (sources disagree) named around the same time as magenta after a village in northern Italy, again because of a battle that took place in the region. 

Solferino also appears to be a coloring that can be added to liquor, at least it was in 1866 when it was used as a tincture that was mentioned alongside caramel and turmeric in the book The Independent Liquorist. The author described solferino as “The handsomest, as well as the most powerful color known to the trade.”

Image courtesy of Shutterstock.

from Grammar Girl RSS https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/fascinating-words-for-colors-and-the-battle-of-magenta