#striosomes

[medicomunicare]

Striatum and cerebellum as related and damaged partners in Huntington's disease: a matter of vulnerability

In patients with Huntington’s disease, neurons in a part of the brain called the striatum are among the hardest-hit. Degeneration of these neurons contributes to patients’ loss of motor control, which is one of the major hallmarks of the disease. As many as 10 years ahead of the motor diagnosis, Huntington’s patients can experience mood disorders, and one possibility is that the striosomes might…

[jcmarchi]

Brain pathways that control dopamine release may influence motor control

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/brain-pathways-that-control-dopamine-release-may-influence-motor-control/

Brain pathways that control dopamine release may influence motor control

Within the human brain, movement is coordinated by a brain region called the striatum, which sends instructions to motor neurons in the brain. Those instructions are conveyed by two pathways, one that initiates movement (“go”) and one that suppresses it (“no-go”).

In a new study, MIT researchers have discovered an additional two pathways that arise in the striatum and appear to modulate the effects of the go and no-go pathways. These newly discovered pathways connect to dopamine-producing neurons in the brain — one stimulates dopamine release and the other inhibits it.

By controlling the amount of dopamine in the brain via clusters of neurons known as striosomes, these pathways appear to modify the instructions given by the go and no-go pathways. They may be especially involved in influencing decisions that have a strong emotional component, the researchers say.

“Among all the regions of the striatum, the striosomes alone turned out to be able to project to the dopamine-containing neurons, which we think has something to do with motivation, mood, and controlling movement,” says Ann Graybiel, an MIT Institute Professor, a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and the senior author of the new study.

Iakovos Lazaridis, a research scientist at the McGovern Institute, is the lead author of the paper, which appears today in the journal Current Biology.

New pathways

Graybiel has spent much of her career studying the striatum, a structure located deep within the brain that is involved in learning and decision-making, as well as control of movement.

Within the striatum, neurons are arranged in a labyrinth-like structure that includes striosomes, which Graybiel discovered in the 1970s. The classical go and no-go pathways arise from neurons that surround the striosomes, which are known collectively as the matrix. The matrix cells that give rise to these pathways receive input from sensory processing regions such as the visual cortex and auditory cortex. Then, they send go or no-go commands to neurons in the motor cortex.

However, the function of the striosomes, which are not part of those pathways, remained unknown. For many years, researchers in Graybiel’s lab have been trying to solve that mystery.

Their previous work revealed that striosomes receive much of their input from parts of the brain that process emotion. Within striosomes, there are two major types of neurons, classified as D1 and D2. In a 2015 study, Graybiel found that one of these cell types, D1, sends input to the substantia nigra, which is the brain’s major dopamine-producing center.

It took much longer to trace the output of the other set, D2 neurons. In the new Current Biology study, the researchers discovered that those neurons also eventually project to the substantia nigra, but first they connect to a set of neurons in the globus palladus, which inhibits dopamine output. This pathway, an indirect connection to the substantia nigra, reduces the brain’s dopamine output and inhibits movement.

The researchers also confirmed their earlier finding that the pathway arising from D1 striosomes connects directly to the substantia nigra, stimulating dopamine release and initiating movement.

“In the striosomes, we’ve found what is probably a mimic of the classical go/no-go pathways,” Graybiel says. “They’re like classic motor go/no-go pathways, but they don’t go to the motor output neurons of the basal ganglia. Instead, they go to the dopamine cells, which are so important to movement and motivation.”

Emotional decisions

The findings suggest that the classical model of how the striatum controls movement needs to be modified to include the role of these newly identified pathways. The researchers now hope to test their hypothesis that input related to motivation and emotion, which enters the striosomes from the cortex and the limbic system, influences dopamine levels in a way that can encourage or discourage action.

That dopamine release may be especially relevant for actions that induce anxiety or stress. In their 2015 study, Graybiel’s lab found that striosomes play a key role in making decisions that provoke high levels of anxiety; in particular, those that are high risk but may also have a big payoff.

“Ann Graybiel and colleagues have earlier found that the striosome is concerned with inhibiting dopamine neurons. Now they show unexpectedly that another type of striosomal neuron exerts the opposite effect and can signal reward. The striosomes can thus both up- or down-regulate dopamine activity, a very important discovery. Clearly, the regulation of dopamine activity is critical in our everyday life with regard to both movements and mood, to which the striosomes contribute,” says Sten Grillner, a professor of neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who was not involved in the research.

Another possibility the researchers plan to explore is whether striosomes and matrix cells are arranged in modules that affect motor control of specific parts of the body.

“The next step is trying to isolate some of these modules, and by simultaneously working with cells that belong to the same module, whether they are in the matrix or striosomes, try to pinpoint how the striosomes modulate the underlying function of each of these modules,” Lazaridis says.

They also hope to explore how the striosomal circuits, which project to the same region of the brain that is ravaged by Parkinson’s disease, may influence that disorder.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Saks-Kavanaugh Foundation, the William N. and Bernice E. Bumpus Foundation, Jim and Joan Schattinger, the Hock E. Tan and K. Lisa Yang Center for Autism Research, Robert Buxton, the Simons Foundation, the CHDI Foundation, and an Ellen Schapiro and Gerald Axelbaum Investigator BBRF Young Investigator Grant.

[sunaleisocial]

Brain pathways that control dopamine release may influence motor control

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/brain-pathways-that-control-dopamine-release-may-influence-motor-control/

Brain pathways that control dopamine release may influence motor control

Within the human brain, movement is coordinated by a brain region called the striatum, which sends instructions to motor neurons in the brain. Those instructions are conveyed by two pathways, one that initiates movement (“go”) and one that suppresses it (“no-go”).

In a new study, MIT researchers have discovered an additional two pathways that arise in the striatum and appear to modulate the effects of the go and no-go pathways. These newly discovered pathways connect to dopamine-producing neurons in the brain — one stimulates dopamine release and the other inhibits it.

By controlling the amount of dopamine in the brain via clusters of neurons known as striosomes, these pathways appear to modify the instructions given by the go and no-go pathways. They may be especially involved in influencing decisions that have a strong emotional component, the researchers say.

“Among all the regions of the striatum, the striosomes alone turned out to be able to project to the dopamine-containing neurons, which we think has something to do with motivation, mood, and controlling movement,” says Ann Graybiel, an MIT Institute Professor, a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and the senior author of the new study.

Iakovos Lazaridis, a research scientist at the McGovern Institute, is the lead author of the paper, which appears today in the journal Current Biology.

New pathways

Graybiel has spent much of her career studying the striatum, a structure located deep within the brain that is involved in learning and decision-making, as well as control of movement.

Within the striatum, neurons are arranged in a labyrinth-like structure that includes striosomes, which Graybiel discovered in the 1970s. The classical go and no-go pathways arise from neurons that surround the striosomes, which are known collectively as the matrix. The matrix cells that give rise to these pathways receive input from sensory processing regions such as the visual cortex and auditory cortex. Then, they send go or no-go commands to neurons in the motor cortex.

However, the function of the striosomes, which are not part of those pathways, remained unknown. For many years, researchers in Graybiel’s lab have been trying to solve that mystery.

Their previous work revealed that striosomes receive much of their input from parts of the brain that process emotion. Within striosomes, there are two major types of neurons, classified as D1 and D2. In a 2015 study, Graybiel found that one of these cell types, D1, sends input to the substantia nigra, which is the brain’s major dopamine-producing center.

It took much longer to trace the output of the other set, D2 neurons. In the new Current Biology study, the researchers discovered that those neurons also eventually project to the substantia nigra, but first they connect to a set of neurons in the globus palladus, which inhibits dopamine output. This pathway, an indirect connection to the substantia nigra, reduces the brain’s dopamine output and inhibits movement.

The researchers also confirmed their earlier finding that the pathway arising from D1 striosomes connects directly to the substantia nigra, stimulating dopamine release and initiating movement.

“In the striosomes, we’ve found what is probably a mimic of the classical go/no-go pathways,” Graybiel says. “They’re like classic motor go/no-go pathways, but they don’t go to the motor output neurons of the basal ganglia. Instead, they go to the dopamine cells, which are so important to movement and motivation.”

Emotional decisions

The findings suggest that the classical model of how the striatum controls movement needs to be modified to include the role of these newly identified pathways. The researchers now hope to test their hypothesis that input related to motivation and emotion, which enters the striosomes from the cortex and the limbic system, influences dopamine levels in a way that can encourage or discourage action.

That dopamine release may be especially relevant for actions that induce anxiety or stress. In their 2015 study, Graybiel’s lab found that striosomes play a key role in making decisions that provoke high levels of anxiety; in particular, those that are high risk but may also have a big payoff.

“Ann Graybiel and colleagues have earlier found that the striosome is concerned with inhibiting dopamine neurons. Now they show unexpectedly that another type of striosomal neuron exerts the opposite effect and can signal reward. The striosomes can thus both up- or down-regulate dopamine activity, a very important discovery. Clearly, the regulation of dopamine activity is critical in our everyday life with regard to both movements and mood, to which the striosomes contribute,” says Sten Grillner, a professor of neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, who was not involved in the research.

Another possibility the researchers plan to explore is whether striosomes and matrix cells are arranged in modules that affect motor control of specific parts of the body.

“The next step is trying to isolate some of these modules, and by simultaneously working with cells that belong to the same module, whether they are in the matrix or striosomes, try to pinpoint how the striosomes modulate the underlying function of each of these modules,” Lazaridis says.

They also hope to explore how the striosomal circuits, which project to the same region of the brain that is ravaged by Parkinson’s disease, may influence that disorder.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Saks-Kavanaugh Foundation, the William N. and Bernice E. Bumpus Foundation, Jim and Joan Schattinger, the Hock E. Tan and K. Lisa Yang Center for Autism Research, Robert Buxton, the Simons Foundation, the CHDI Foundation, and an Ellen Schapiro and Gerald Axelbaum Investigator BBRF Young Investigator Grant.

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 38, 2022

Multiplexed action-outcome representation by striatal striosome-matrix compartments detected with a mouse cost-benefit foraging task. Bloem, B., Huda, R., Amemori, K., Abate, A. S., Krishna, G., Wilson, A. L., … Graybiel, A. M. (2022). Nature Communications, 13, 1541.

Human discrimination and modeling of high-frequency complex tones shed light on the neural codes for pitch. Guest, D. R., & Oxenham, A. J. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1009889.

Neurochemical and functional interactions for improved perceptual decisions through training. Jia, K., Frangou, P., Karlaftis, V. M., Ziminski, J. J., Giorgio, J., Rideaux, R., … Kourtzi, Z. (2022). Journal of Neurophysiology, 127(4), 900–912.

A computational model of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Jones, D., Lowe, V., Graff-Radford, J., Botha, H., Barnard, L., Wiepert, D., … Jack, C. (2022). Nature Communications, 13, 1643.

Decoding internally generated transitions of conscious contents in the prefrontal cortex without subjective reports. Kapoor, V., Dwarakanath, A., Safavi, S., Werner, J., Besserve, M., Panagiotaropoulos, T. I., & Logothetis, N. K. (2022). Nature Communications, 13, 1535.

Cortical oscillations support sampling-based computations in spiking neural networks. Korcsak-Gorzo, A., Müller, M. G., Baumbach, A., Leng, L., Breitwieser, O. J., van Albada, S. J., … Petrovici, M. A. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1009753.

Task-induced neural covariability as a signature of approximate Bayesian learning and inference. Lange, R. D., & Haefner, R. M. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1009557.

Simple model for encoding natural images by retinal ganglion cells with nonlinear spatial integration. Liu, J. K., Karamanlis, D., & Gollisch, T. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1009925.

Decoding cognition from spontaneous neural activity. Liu, Y., Nour, M. M., Schuck, N. W., Behrens, T. E. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2022). Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 23(4), 204–214.

Acquiring new memories in neocortex of hippocampal-lesioned mice. Luo, W., Yun, D., Hu, Y., Tian, M., Yang, J., Xu, Y., … Guan, J.-S. (2022). Nature Communications, 13, 1601.

Behavioral Timescale Cooperativity and Competitive Synaptic Interactions Regulate the Induction of Complex Spike Burst-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation. O’Dell, T. J. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(13), 2647–2661.

Great apes and human children rationally monitor their decisions. O’Madagain, C., Helming, K. A., Schmidt, M. F. H., Shupe, E., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2022). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 289(1971).

Thalamic bursts modulate cortical synchrony locally to switch between states of global functional connectivity in a cognitive task. Portoles, O., Blesa, M., van Vugt, M., Cao, M., & Borst, J. P. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1009407.

It makes sense, so I see it better! Contextual information about the visual environment increases its perceived sharpness. Rossel, P., Peyrin, C., Roux-Sibilon, A., & Kauffmann, L. (2022). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48(4), 331–350.

Diverse modes of binocular interactions in the mouse superior colliculus. Russell, A. L., Dixon, K. G., & Triplett, J. W. (2022). Journal of Neurophysiology, 127(4), 913–927.

A window of subliminal perception. Sandberg, K., Del Pin, S. H., Overgaard, M., & Bibby, B. M. (2022). Behavioural Brain Research, 426, 113842.

Complex cognitive algorithms preserved by selective social learning in experimental populations. Thompson, B., van Opheusden, B., Sumers, T., & Griffiths, T. L. (2022). Science, 376(6588), 95–98.

Interactions between sensory prediction error and task error during implicit motor learning. Tsay, J. S., Haith, A. M., Ivry, R. B., & Kim, H. E. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1010005.

Morphology and Dendrite-Specific Synaptic Properties of Midbrain Neurons Shape Multimodal Integration. Weigel, S., Kuenzel, T., Lischka, K., Huang, G., & Luksch, H. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(13), 2614–2630.

Encoding time in neural dynamic regimes with distinct computational tradeoffs. Zhou, S., Masmanidis, S. C., & Buonomano, D. V. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(3), e1009271.

[bpod-bpod]

Repetitive Repetitions

Rocking, clicking, sniffing, picking. These repetitive tics are common in people with drug addiction and neurological disorders like schizophrenia. Animals induced to have comparable conditions show similar behavioural glitches, and a new study looking at a mouse model of drug addiction has identified a family of genes involved. Mice were exposed to amphetamine, and an analysis of gene expression revealed a surge in those regulated by a particular molecular signal, called neuregulin 1, during repetitive behaviours. The gene activity was most pronounced in striosomes (green in the mouse brain section pictured), brain cells which contain high levels of neuregulin 1. Mutations in genes linked to neuregulin 1 are a common risk factor for schizophrenia, which may suggest why drug use can predispose people to developing schizophrenia. Understanding the molecular mechanism behind these behavioural glitches could help provide treatments to keep them under control, and ultimately tackle addiction and schizophrenia.

Written by Anthony Lewis

Image from work by Jill R. Crittenden and colleagues

McGovern Institute for Brain Research, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Image copyright held by the original authors)

Research published in the European Journal of Neuroscience, March 2021

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[neurosciencenews]

Reward and Punishment Take Similar Paths in the Mouse Brain Researchers found specific neurons in the striosome that help mice learn to avoid negative experiences.

[mpaulagarzon]

Why Motivation to Learn Declines with Age

entry 2 - week 7

I read an article called ‘Why motivation to learn delines with age’ and I thought it was very interesting. Neuroscientists study mices and identified a brain circuit called striosomes. They are basically for habit formation, addiction, emotion and control of voluntary movement. As we age it gets harder to have what they called a ‘get up and go’ attitude towards things, which is a problem because if you are unmotivated is harder to learn or be engaged to things, this can be a problem if you have a job, a family, if you are studying, etc. The researchers showed that they could boost older mices motivation by reactivating this circuit, they used drugs and it worked, so now they are working on posible drug treatments for humans

I think this is cool because this brain circuit plays an important role in approach-avoidance conflict, which is a type of decision making. It’s about either take the good and bad of a situation or to simply avoid it, and the thing is, this decision making is also linked with dopamine-producing centers so according to studies we tend to avoid the ‘hard’ decision, and this can cause us to have troubles in our day to day life. I find neuroscience very interesting, I wish I could study it, so I wanted to talk about this arcticle because altought I don’t thing we should implement drugs in our daily basis, if someone chooses to do it because they feel there is no other solution to their problems, I would like them to have the option to take this pills and feel better.

[azuritefoxgirl]

via Fight Aging!

[mmgnews]

Psychology: Motivation to learn declines with age due to reduction of activity in key brain circuit

Psychology: Motivation to learn declines with age due to reduction of activity in key brain circuit

Motivation to learn new things and engage with life declines with age due to falling activity in a brain circuit that weighs costs and benefits, a study on mice suggested.

US experts have been studying ‘striosomes’ — clusters of cells in the basal ganglia, a brain area linked to habit formation, movement control, emotion and addiction.

They team found that striosomes are key to the decision…

[successdigestonline]

Psychology: Motivation to learn declines with age due to reduction of activity in key brain circuit

Psychology: Motivation to learn declines with age due to reduction of activity in key brain circuit

Motivation to learn new things and engage with life declines with age due to falling activity in a brain circuit that weighs costs and benefits, a study on mice suggested.

US experts have been studying ‘striosomes’ — clusters of cells in the basal ganglia, a brain area linked to habit formation, movement control, emotion and addiction.

They team found that striosomes are key to the decision…

[get-knows]

'Striosome' neurons in the basal ganglia play a key role in learning

‘Striosome’ neurons in the basal ganglia play a key role in learning

[ad_1] Researchers have successfully isolated and recorded the activity of a subset of neurons in the striatum in the brain, shedding light on one mechanism underlying learning and decision making in animals. [ad_2] Source link

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 20, 2021

Differential Relation between Neuronal and Behavioral Discrimination during Hippocampal Memory Encoding. Allegra, M., Posani, L., Gómez-Ocádiz, R., & Schmidt-Hieber, C. (2020). Neuron, 108(6), 1103-1112.e6.

The Missing Link Between Memory and Reinforcement Learning. Balkenius, C., Tjøstheim, T. A., Johansson, B., Wallin, A., & Gärdenfors, P. (2020). Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3446.

Online control of reach accuracy in mice. Becker, M. I., Calame, D. J., Wrobel, J., & Person, A. L. (2020). Journal of Neurophysiology, 124(6), 1637–1655.

Tracking prototype and exemplar representations in the brain across learning. Bowman, C. R., Iwashita, T., & Zeithamova, D. (2020). eLife, 9, e59360.

Heading perception depends on time-varying evolution of optic flow. Burlingham, C. S., & Heeger, D. J. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(52), 33161–33169.

Learning sparse and meaningful representations through embodiment. Clay, V., König, P., Kühnberger, K.-U., & Pipa, G. (2021). Neural Networks, 134, 23–41.

Testing the drift-diffusion model. Fudenberg, D., Newey, W., Strack, P., & Strzalecki, T. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(52), 33141–33148.

Incidental encoding of visual information in temporal reference frames in working memory. Heuer, A., & Rolfs, M. (2021). Cognition, 207, 104526.

Synaptic plasticity rules with physiological calcium levels. Inglebert, Y., Aljadeff, J., Brunel, N., & Debanne, D. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(52), 33639–33648.

Amplitude modulation encoding in the auditory cortex: comparisons between the primary and middle lateral belt regions. Johnson, J. S., Niwa, M., O’Connor, K. N., & Sutter, M. L. (2020). Journal of Neurophysiology, 124(6), 1706–1726.

Opposing Influence of Top-down and Bottom-up Input on Excitatory Layer 2/3 Neurons in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Jordan, R., & Keller, G. B. (2020). Neuron, 108(6), 1194-1206.e5.

A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex. Keller, A. J., Dipoppa, M., Roth, M. M., Caudill, M. S., Ingrosso, A., Miller, K. D., & Scanziani, M. (2020). Neuron, 108(6), 1181-1193.e8.

Transforming task representations to perform novel tasks. Lampinen, A. K., & McClelland, J. L. (2020). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(52), 32970–32981.

Spatial readout of visual looming in the central brain of Drosophila. Morimoto, M. M., Nern, A., Zhao, A., Rogers, E. M., Wong, A. M., Isaacson, M. D., … Reiser, M. B. (2020). eLife, 9, e57685.

Dopamine Oppositely Modulates State Transitions in Striosome and Matrix Direct Pathway Striatal Spiny Neurons. Prager, E. M., Dorman, D. B., Hobel, Z. B., Malgady, J. M., Blackwell, K. T., & Plotkin, J. L. (2020). Neuron, 108(6), 1091-1102.e5.

Model-based detection of putative synaptic connections from spike recordings with latency and type constraints. Ren, N., Ito, S., Hafizi, H., Beggs, J. M., & Stevenson, I. H. (2020). Journal of Neurophysiology, 124(6), 1588–1604.

Learning speed and detection sensitivity controlled by distinct cortico-fugal neurons in visual cortex. Ruediger, S., & Scanziani, M. (2020). eLife, 9, e59247.

Perceptual decision confidence is sensitive to forgone physical effort expenditure. Turner, W., Angdias, R., Feuerriegel, D., Chong, T. T.-J., Hester, R., & Bode, S. (2021). Cognition, 207, 104525.

Neural mechanisms underlying expectation-dependent inhibition of distracting information. van Moorselaar, D., Lampers, E., Cordesius, E., & Slagter, H. A. (2020). eLife, 9, e61048.

Early stages of sensorimotor map acquisition: neurochemical signature in primary motor cortex and its relation to functional connectivity. van Vugt, F. T., Near, J., Hennessy, T., Doyon, J., & Ostry, D. J. (2020). Journal of Neurophysiology, 124(6), 1615–1624.

[bpod-bpod]

Learning from Experience

Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me. How do we learn to avoid repeating negative experiences, while seeking to replicate the rewards from positive ones? A recent study suggests that one area of the brain may help us with both. Neuroscientists studied neurons in the mouse striosome, a region of the brain that's traditionally thought to help mammals learn from positive experiences and seek rewards. However, they found that some neurons in the striosome (shown here in yellow/green) were responsible for mice avoiding scenarios that had previously yielded negative experiences. This discovery that striosome neurons motivate mice (and possibly humans) both to seek rewards and avoid punishment reveals the potential complexity of this structure. Digging deeper into its role in motivation and learning could help to us better understand how depression or addiction impair our ability to learn from our experiences.

Written by Gaëlle Coullon

Image by the Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA

Research by Xiong Xiao and colleagues, Bo Li Lab, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA

Copyright held by the Allen Institute, Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas ©2020

Research published in Cell, October 2020

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