#spanish orthography

[drlinguo]

Source

[asterlae]

The tragic lovers are back :D

I have a lot of lore for them, specially for Wolfwood uwu

[anyonghalimaw]

so weird seeing chinese ppl who have basically the same family name as me but without being ran thru a spanish orthography filter

[panvani]

Or well ig I'm better at non English orthography (to the extent that English has a meaningful orthographic system) when I actually have some systemic knowledge of the language

[broke-on-books]

Okay I'm fixed now (loves languages again)

Anyways schedule of day

10am: necesito que suicidarme; soy grug con rock fuck lenguaje y este examen

11am: vigorously attempting to master grammar + vocab concepts through osmosis and prayer

12: oh actually words are made up and absurd anyways we did this to ourselves

1: temporary reprieve from language classes 🙏😇🌄 oh lol #quirkofcoactivation #languageinhibitionFAIL #linguisticcoactivationbasedorthographyerror in my europol notes teehee. Ok but now lock tf in

2: ok fine I GUESS me voy a clase y levantaré mi mano y todo eso... or whateverrr final clase del día sure

3: said "participatorio" en lugar de "participativa" 3648283 injured 2648273 dead -- but also : )))) right answer to the question ig

4: (haciendo code-switch en una conversación imaginaria mientras regreso a casa) - y hizo algo súper dad-coded, que es-

[neil-gaiman]

Good morning, afternoon or night depending on the time you read this.

First at all, apologize about my grammar and orthography. I'm a Spanish native speaker and google translate is doing most of the work for me.

Now I have clarified some important points, let me tell you how excited I'm about the second season of Good Omens. I discovered the show in 2022 on my first high school year, and I really enjoyed watching every episode. I absolutely fell in love with Crowley and Aziraphale and their dynamic.  Currently is one of my favourite shows and I’m trying to find the book (It’s a little hard to find in my country, but I still looking), so I want to thank you for the happiness you and Terry gave me.

To be honest the show helped me in more than one way, at the time I found Good Omens I was at the end of a crisis. My family is very, very catholic, I was raised into the religion, and that was a little problematic to me because I am a extremely curious person, so It didn't take long for me to question everything I was taught. I know my family don’t want to hurt me, on the contrary, they want to help or "save" me in the way they know but they ended up drowning me in guilt for being the way I was. When I was younger, I used to cry every night praying to God for change and stop questioning the church. Over time I stopped doing it but the guilt persisted.  So I watched the show and I saw Crowley and I thought to myself maybe it wouldn't be so bad saunter vaguely downwards.

And a fun fact: I found it’s that the premiere is going to be on July 28th. Exactly in my birthday! My parents even gave me permission to skip school and watch Good Omens all day! I’m counting the days :D

(I know that there’re almost one month left, but it’s better to prepare the ground)

P.D

I noticed this is too long, sorry. The point is, thank you.

You are welcome.

[sombra-conlangs]

The orthography for my enchantment table conlang (Kxënt'exo)

As you may be aware the "enchantment table language" in Minecraft is not actually a language, instead it's just a simple substitution cipher known as the Standard Galactic Alphabet, or SGA for short, it was originally created for the Commander Keen series of games but it got added to Minecraft as an easter egg.

Substitution ciphers replace an already existing alphabet with different symbols, so the SGA is just basically a different set of characters used to represent the letters of the roman alphabet.

(image from the Commander Keen wiki)

Ciphers are used to encrypt text in an already existing alphabet, so in Minecraft when you click on the enchantment table the SGA text you see is usually just random English words like "fiddle" or "water" or references like "cthulhu" or "xyzzy".

When I started turning the "enchantment table language" into an actual full fledged conlang I decided to use the SGA in case other Minecraft fans became interested in my work, I wanted the symbols to still be recognizable to them so I didn't want to change things too much, I avoided doing things like adding new letters, diacritic marks or removing letters, I wanted to use all 26 base glyphs to write the words in my language (though I slightly modified the appearance of some of the symbols to make it flow a bit better).

But of course, as a conlanger I didn't like the idea of my language being written with what is essentially a copy of the roman alphabet, I still want to give it its own identity so it feels a bit more original, so I'm going to explain what I did to turn the cipher into something that is hopefully more interesting (I'll let you be the judge of that).

First let's look at the names of each character, similarly to some roman letters the name starts with the letter itself and if it's a consonant a vowel sound gets added (like the letter T just getting "ee" added onto it) but in this case every letter gets the same vowel, so all consonants are just (consonant) + a.

Some of the letters are used to spell identical sounds though (more on that later) so for example the equivalent of roman {j} and the equivalent of roman {x} are both used to spell the palatal glide /j/, so they are both called "ya" /ja/.

To disambiguate, speakers add nouns that start with that letter, similarly to how in Spanish <b> and <v> are both pronounced the same and sometimes they both get called /be/ so some people might say "v de vaca" meaning "v as in "vaca" (cow)" to make it clear they're talking about the letter <v>. This is also basically what Thai does with its letters: ข kho khai (egg "kho") vs ค kho khwai (buffalo "kho").

Then let's look at the order they come in, I ended up changing the alphabetical order because I think that also helps to make it feel a bit more unique, I'll link to a longer explanation later but in short these are actually organized based on where in the mouth the sound is produced, the letters come in the following order:

labials like /p/ /m/ /f/

coronals like /t/ /n/ /ɬ/

sibilant-like sounds like /t͡s/ /s/

dorsals like /j/ /ʀ/ /k/

vowels

But ultimately the biggest difference comes in the way the letters are mapped to sounds.

When choosing the sounds each character was going to represent I didn't want to make it completely arbitrary, like assigning the {a} glyph to something utterly different like /χ/, but I also didn't want to make it completely like Latin or English, so I avoided just mapping all the letters onto their obvious equivalents, this way hopefully it will feel a bit more similar to when people try to map roman letters onto Arabic letters, some have clear equivalents like <م> - <m> but some require special markings and things to more accurately represent their sound, like <ظ> - <ẓ>.

I evolved the conlang from an ancient stage of the language known as Proto-Kxënt'exo, and in Proto-Kxënt'exo each letter was used to spell a different sound, hence why there are some sounds that can be written two different ways: they used to be pronounced differently way back when.

In the roman alphabet there are voicing distinctions in the stops: unvoiced <p> <t> <k> versus voiced <b> <d> <g>, in Proto-Kxënt'exo that distinction was actually between emphatic and plain stops, so the {p} {t} {k} symbols were pronounced /pˤ/ /tˤ/ /kˤ/ and the {b} {d} {g} symbols were pronounced /p/ /t/ /k/, these evolved into ejectives /pʼ/ /tʼ/ /kʼ/ so in the romanization I represent these as p' t' k' vs p t k instead.

I also added the affricate /t͡ʃ/ and it too has an emphatic equivalent /t͡ʃˤ/, to spell them I used the SGA letters for {c} and {q} respectively, this is because the letter <c> is sometimes used to spell that affricate sound (like in Indonesian: kucing /ku.t͡ʃiŋ/) and the letter <q> is used to represent a similar sound in Mandarin Chinese romanization: qin /tɕʰin/, but <q> is also used for uvular sounds, like in Arabic romanization: qaṣr /qasˤr/ so it doesn't feel completely arbitrary to use that letter for the /t͡ʃˤ/ consonant, and then both of these sounds evolved into alveolar affricates /t͡s/ /t͡sʼ/ romanized as ts ts'.

The fricatives used to have a voicing distinction (except for /ɬ/) so you had {f} {s} {x} representing unvoiced /ɸ/ /s/ /ʃ/ vs {v} {z} {j} representing voiced /β/ /z/ /ʒ/, but this is one of the things that got lost in the evolved language, these consonants merged, so now {f} and {v} are both pronounced /f/, {s} and {z} are both pronounced /s/, and {x} and {j} not only merged but ended up becoming the palatal glide /j/.

There's also some sounds that aren't represented with a single letter, for example the vowels /ɵ/ /ʉ/ and /ɯ/ are all represented with digraphs (letter combinations), because these sounds didn't exist in the proto-language, and once they started to exist people just repurposed the letters they already had to represent the new sounds.

Then there's a couple digraphs that sound identical to single letters: {dx} used to represent a /tç/ cluster, but it ended up merging with the alveolar affricate /t͡s/, so now that sound can be spelled two different ways depending on the origin of the word.

There's even more details, and the post is getting a bit long so to see more go to the Kxënt'exo orthography page on my conlang website.

The last thing I want to highlight is the fact that the spelling of words is also tied to grammar.

There's a lot of silent letters at the end of words, for example the word for cat "yak'e" /jaˈkʼe/ is spelled like {jakex} with a silent {x} representing a lost /ç/ consonant, and this is significant because that actually marks the noun as animate, a large portion of animate nouns were suffixed with *-ʃi in Proto-Kxënt'exo.

Another example is infinitive verbs, they used to end in *-βu in Proto-Kxënt'exo, so now they're all spelled with a silent {v} at the end, and that marks the word as an infinitive. This helps to disambiguate between some words, for example the word lhëxu /ɬəˈχu/ can be either an infinitive meaning "to see" or an adjective meaning "that stands out", word order and context are usually enough to disambiguate, but if you look at the words written down it becomes clear which is which because the former is spelled {lyhuv} and the latter is spelled {lyhul}.

This type of phenomenon happens a lot in different types of words, and I think it also helps to further distinguish this script from the roman alphabet, the way it's used makes sense for Kxënt'exo, the spelling of words isn't what you would expect from a simple cipher, there's nuance to it that comes from its phonology and its history.

So that's basically what I wanted to share, I think I succeeded in making the SGA at least a bit more interesting for my conlang, I had never done something like this before because this is my first fanlang, so let me know how you think I did.

Also if you have any questions feel free to ask! or you can also check out the Kxënt'exo section of my website for more information!

(oh yeah, if you notice that the phonology described in this post is different from what you can see in my Lexember entries for last month it's because I changed some sounds, those Lexember posts are no longer up to date, so yeah)

[businesstiramisu]

#why on earth would i interpret that to be specifically about vowel length

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[linguisticdiscovery]

What’s the difference between a writing system and an orthography?

A writing system is a set of symbols (called signs) that are conventionally grouped together into a script and used to represent language.

An orthography is a set of rules/conventions for using a specific writing system to write a particular language.

For example, the Latin alphabet is a writing system that’s used to write many different languages. Each language has a different orthography: English orthography is different from Spanish orthography, because the Latin script is used differently in English and Spanish.

There are thousands and thousands of orthographies (because there are thousands of written languages), but just a few hundred writing systems. Here’s a fairly comprehensive list of the world’s writing systems:

And another from Wikipedia:

Want to learn more about the world’s writing systems and their histories? Check out my curated list of book recommendations on Writing & Writing Systems:

[english-lessons-bolzano]

Names for the number 0 in English

"Zero" is the usual name for the number 0 in English. In British English "nought" is also used and in American English "naught" is used occasionally for zero, but (as with British English) "naught" is more often used as an archaic word for nothing. "Nil", "love", and "duck" are used by different sports for scores of zero.

There is a need to maintain an explicit distinction between digit zero and letter O,[a] which, because they are both usually represented in English orthography (and indeed most orthographies that use Latin script and Arabic numerals) with a simple circle or oval, have a centuries-long history of being frequently conflated. However, in spoken English, the number 0 is often read as the letter "o" ("oh"). For example, when dictating a telephone number, the series of digits "1070" may be spoken as "one zero seven zero" or as "one oh seven oh", even though the letter "O" on the telephone keypad in fact corresponds to the digit 6.

In certain contexts, zero and nothing are interchangeable, as is "null". Sporting terms are sometimes used as slang terms for zero, as are "nada", "zilch" and "zip".

Zero" and "cipher"

"Zero" and "cipher" are both names for the number 0, but the use of "cipher" for the number is rare and only used in very formal literary English today (with "cipher" more often referring to cryptographic cyphers). The terms are doublets, which means they have entered the language through different routes but have the same etymological root, which is the Arabic "صفر" (which transliterates as "sifr"). Via Italian this became "zefiro" and thence "zero" in modern English, Portuguese, French, Catalan, Romanian and Italian ("cero" in Spanish). But via Spanish it became "cifra" and thence "cifre" in Old French, "cifră" in Romanian and "cipher" in modern English (and "chiffre" in modern French).

"Zero" is more commonly used in mathematics and science, whereas "cipher" is used only in a literary style. Both also have other connotations. One may refer to a person as being a "social cipher", but would name them "Mr. Zero", for example.

In his discussion of "naught" and "nought" in Modern English Usage, H. W. Fowler uses "cipher" to name the number 0.

O" ("oh")

In spoken English, the number 0 is often read as the letter "o", often spelled oh. This is especially the case when the digit occurs within a list of other digits. While one might say that "a million is expressed in base ten as a one followed by six zeroes", the series of digits "1070" can be read as "one zero seven zero", or "one oh seven oh". This is particularly true of telephone numbers (for example 867-5309, which can be said as "eight-six-seven-five-three-oh-nine"). Another example is James Bond's designation, 007, which is always read as "double-o seven", not "double-zero seven", "zero-zero seven", or "o o seven".

The letter "o" ("oh") is also used in spoken English as the name of the number 0 when saying times in the 24-hour clock, particularly in English used by both British and American military forces. Thus 16:05 is "sixteen oh five", and 08:30 is "oh eight thirty".

The use of O as a number can lead to confusion as in the ABO blood group system. Blood can either contain antigen A (type A), antigen B (type B), both (type AB) or none (type O). Since the "O" signifies the lack of antigens, it could be more meaningful to English-speakers for it to represent the number "oh" (zero). However, "blood type O" is properly written with a letter O and not with a number 0.

In sport, the number 0 can have different names depending on the sport in question and the nationality of the speaker.

"Nil" in British sports

Many sports that originated in the UK use the word "nil" for 0. Thus, a 3-0 score in a football match would be read as "three-nil".[1] Nil is derived from the Latin word "nihil", meaning "nothing", and often occurs in formal contexts outside of sport, including technical jargon (e.g. "nil by mouth") and voting results.

It is used infrequently in U.S. English, although it has become common in soccer broadcasts.

"Nothing" and "oh" in American sports

edit

In American sports, the term "nothing" is often employed instead of zero. Thus, a 3-0 score in a baseball game would be read as "three-nothing" or "three to nothing". When talking about a team's record in the standings, the term "oh" is generally used; a 3-0 record would be read as "three and oh".

In cricket, a team's score might read 50/0, meaning the team has scored fifty runs and no batter is out. It is read as "fifty for no wicket" or "fifty for none".

Similarly, a bowler's analysis might read 0-50, meaning he has conceded 50 runs without taking a wicket. It is read as "no wicket for fifty" or "none for fifty".

A batsman who is out without scoring is said to have scored "a duck", but "duck" is used somewhat informally compared to the other terms listed in this section. It is also always accompanied by an article and thus is not a true synonym for "zero": a batter scores "a duck" rather than "duck".

A name related to the "duck egg" in cricket is the "goose egg" in baseball, a name traced back to an 1886 article in The New York Times, where the journalist states that "the New York players presented the Boston men with nine unpalatable goose eggs", i.e., nine scoreless innings.

"Love" and "bagel" in tennis

In tennis, the word "love" is used to replace 0 to refer to points, sets and matches. If the score during a game is 30-0, it is read as "thirty-love". Similarly, 3-0 would be read as "three-love" if referring to the score during a tiebreak, the games won during a set, or the sets won during a match. The term was adopted by many other racquet sports.

There is no definitive origin for the usage. It first occurred in English, is of comparatively recent origin, and is not used in other languages. The most commonly believed hypothesis is that it is derived from English speakers mis-hearing the French l'œuf ("the egg"), which was the name for a score of zero used in French because the symbol for a zero used on the scoreboard was an elliptical zero symbol, which visually resembled an egg.

Although the use of "duck" in cricket can be said to provide tangential evidence, the l'œuf hypothesis has several problems, not the least of which is that in court tennis the score was not placed upon a scoreboard. There is also scant evidence that the French ever used l'œuf as the name for a zero score in the first place. (Jacob Bernoulli, for example, in his Letter to a Friend, used à but to describe the initial zero–zero score in court tennis, which in English is "love-all".) Some alternative hypotheses have similar problems. For example, the assertion that "love" comes from the Scots word "luff", meaning "nothing", falls at the first hurdle, because there is no authoritative evidence that there has ever been any such word in Scots in the first place.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first use of the word "love" in English to mean "zero" was to define how a game was to be played, rather than the score in the game itself. Gambling games could be played for stakes (money) or "for love (of the game)", i.e., for zero stakes. The first such recorded usage quoted in the OED was in 1678. The shift in meaning from "zero stakes" to "zero score" is not an enormous conceptual leap, and the first recorded usage of the word "love" to mean "no score" is by Hoyle in 1742.

In recent years, a set won 6-0 ("six-love") has been described as a bagel, again a reference to the resemblance of the zero to the foodstuff. It was popularised by American announcer Bud Collins.

Null

In certain contexts, zero and nothing are interchangeable, as is "null". However, in mathematics and many scientific disciplines, a distinction is made (see null). The number 0 is represented by zero while null is a representation of an empty set {}. Hence in computer science a zero represents the outcome of a mathematical computation such as 2−2, while null is used for an undefined state (for example, a memory location that has not been explicitly initialised).

In English, "nought" and "naught" mean zero or nothingness, whereas "ought" and "aught" (the former in its noun sense) strictly speaking mean "all" or "anything", and are not names for the number 0. Nevertheless, they are sometimes used as such in American English; for example, "aught" as a placeholder for zero in the pronunciation of calendar year numbers. That practice is then also reapplied in the pronunciation of derived terms, such as when the rifle caliber .30-06 Springfield (introduced in 1906) is accordingly referred to by the name "thirty-aught-six".

The words "nought" and "naught" are spelling variants. They are, according to H. W. Fowler, not a modern accident as might be thought, but have descended that way from Old English. There is a distinction in British English between the two, but it is not one that is universally recognized. This distinction is that "nought" is primarily used in a literal arithmetic sense, where the number 0 is straightforwardly meant, whereas "naught" is used in poetical and rhetorical senses, where "nothing" could equally well be substituted. So the name of the board game is "noughts & crosses", whereas the rhetorical phrases are "bring to naught", "set at naught", and "availeth naught". The Reader's Digest Right Word at the Right Time labels "naught" as "old-fashioned".

Whilst British English makes this distinction, in American English, the spelling "naught" is preferred for both the literal and rhetorical/poetic senses.

"Naught" and "nought" come from the Old English "nāwiht" and "nōwiht", respectively, both of which mean "nothing". They are compounds of no- ("no") and wiht ("thing").

The words "aught" and "ought" (the latter in its noun sense) similarly come from Old English "āwiht" and "ōwiht", which are similarly compounds of a ("ever") and wiht. Their meanings are opposites to "naught" and "nought"—they mean "anything" or "all". (Fowler notes that "aught" is an archaism, and that "all" is now used in phrases such as "for all (that) I know", where once they would have been "for aught (that) I know".)

However, "aught" and "ought" are also sometimes used as names for 0, in contradiction of their strict meanings. The reason for this is a rebracketing, whereby "a nought" and "a naught" have been misheard as "an ought" and "an aught".

sometimes used as names for 0, in contradiction of their strict meanings. The reason for this is a rebracketing, whereby "a nought" and "a naught" have been misheard as "an ought" and "an aught".

Samuel Johnson thought that since "aught" was generally used for "anything" in preference to "ought", so also "naught" should be used for "nothing" in preference to "nought". However, he observed that "custom has irreversibly prevailed in using 'naught' for 'bad' and 'nought' for 'nothing'". Whilst this distinction existed in his time, in modern English, as observed by Fowler and The Reader's Digest above, it does not exist today. However, the sense of "naught" meaning "bad" is still preserved in the word "naughty", which is simply the noun "naught" plus the adjectival suffix "-y". This has never been spelled "noughty".

The words "owt" and "nowt" are used in Northern English. For example, if tha does owt for nowt do it for thysen: if you do something for nothing do it for yourself.

The word aught continues in use for 0 in a series of one or more for sizes larger than 1. For American Wire Gauge, the largest gauges are written 1/0, 2/0, 3/0, and 4/0 and pronounced "one aught", "two aught", etc. Shot pellet diameters 0, 00, and 000 are pronounced "single aught", "double aught", and "triple aught". Decade names with a leading zero (e.g., 1900 to 1909) were pronounced as "aught" or "nought". This leads to the year 1904 ('04) being spoken as "[nineteen] aught four" or "[nineteen] nought four". Another acceptable pronunciation is "[nineteen] oh four".

Decade names

See also: Aughts

While "2000s" has been used to describe the decade consisting of the years 2000–2009 in all English speaking countries, there have been some national differences in the usage of other terms.

On January 1, 2000, the BBC listed the noughties (derived from "nought") as a potential moniker for the new decade. This has become a common name for the decade in the U.K.and Australia, as well as some other English-speaking countries. However, it has not become the universal descriptor because, as Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland pointed out early in the decade, "[Noughties] won't work because in America the word 'nought' is never used for zero, never ever".

The American music and lifestyle magazine Wired favoured "Naughties", which they claim was first proposed by the arts collective Foomedia in 1999.However, the term "Naughty Aughties" was suggested as far back as 1975 by Cecil Adams, in his column The Straight Dope.

interchangeable, as is "null". However, in mathematics and many scientific disciplines, a distinction is made (see null). The number 0 is represented by zero while null is a representation of an empty set {}. Hence in computer science a zero represents the outcome of a mathematical computation such as 2−2, while null is used for an undefined state (for example, a memory location that has not been explicitly initialixed).

Slang

Sporting terms (see above) are sometimes used as slang terms for zero, as are "nada", "zilch" and "zip".

"Zilch" is a slang term for zero, and it can also mean "nothing". The origin of the term is unknown.

Silvio Pasqualini Bolzano inglese ripetizioni English insegnante teacher

[folcanta]

Folken's title in Japanese is gunshi, 軍師, a word/role translating to strategist or tactician, particularly of warfare. In subs/dubs, his title strategos is Greek, "army leader/general," which, through Latinised strategus arrives at the English strategist, French stratègiste, Italian stratego, Spanish/Portuguese estratego. I figure it's the English translation's way of burying the lede on the whole Atlantis thing.

And, given how Escaflowne views Europe, potentially signal the western world's obsession with the neoclassical... since that's Dornkirk's whole deal. His view of the future comes through a romanticised, mythologised ideal past, much like any fascist. The real enlightenment of the series comes through accepting the reality and responsibilities of the present, on which a future may be built, honestly, openly, communally.

Aaaanyway. I stumbled upon the given name Bólkōn in a Greek-Spanish dictionary;

Βόλκων, -ωνος, ὁ Bolcón estratego siracusano en 452 a.C

For my own writing (and fun) one of the things I pay attention to is the transformation of sounds/letters over time or between regions, and the way sounds are transcribed/transliterated into languages that don't share them. Using J/Y when translating Й, for example.

G/Q/K is a big one when trying to translate Arabic into English. K is often approximated for the hard g, and the Arabic q sound, low in the throat, doesn't appear in English, so either of the other two letters may tag in.

When it comes to V/B/P/PH/F, very few languages have historically employed all of them because they're incredibly similar to one another. V pronounced as B in Spanish attests to this— in Medieval Spanish there was no conventional orthography and they'd switch places randomly. There was also no V or K or Q in Irish prior to colonisation— our V equivalent is mh/bh, V is present only in loanwords. Irish C is always hard (but has broad or slender pronunciation) negating the need for K.

A name like "Van" or "Folken" is using sounds without 1:1 parallels, so you may see it written as "Ban" or "Paan" or even as different as "Volkern." In these cases, there's usually an agreed-upon romanisation to maintain continuity, but when it comes to languages that use completely different alphabets for sounds not present or accounted for in English, it's rounding up to what's closest. Not "incorrect" so much as "not consensus."

[φ] represented a separate sound from f, and [β] a sound separate from v, but this is what they've come to represent in modern Greek. one semi-relevant example (to me) is φανάριον, fanarion, and φαναρίου, fanariu, which means light/torch/lantern and is a diminutive of the word phanos, meaning bright/shining/resplendent.

in Latin,

That type of research is exactly the sort which lead me to this

Mercury

Hey, remember how Zaibach is likely named for the Arabic for Mercury, al-ziybach? Remember how their mechs are full of liquid silver?

sources: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4

Mercury the element is named after Mercury the planet, which is in turn named after the Roman god of financial gain, commerce, eloquence, messages, communication including divination, travelers, boundaries, luck, trickery, and thieves; he also serves as the guide of souls to the underworld, a mediator between the realm of the dead and kingdom of the living. Let's see how he interacts with other gods...

Finally Mercury was sent to Vulcan, primed with a most diplomatic request to honor high Olympus with his presence; but all Mercury’s eloquence and persuasions failed to induce the god of the forge to leave his sooty abode, and the messenger god was forced to return alone and report the failure of his attempt.

Vulcan, son of Jupiter and Juno, god of fire and the forge, seldom joined the general council of the gods. He had once been tenderly attached to his mother, lavished upon her every proof of his affection, and had even tried to console her when she mourned Jupiter’s neglect. On one occasion, intending to punish Juno, Jupiter hung her out of heaven, bound by a golden chain; and Vulcan, seeing her plight, tugged at the chain, drew her up, and was about to set her free, when Jupiter returned, and, in anger at his son’s interference, kicked him out of heaven.

Although Vulcan had risked so much and suffered so greatly in taking his mother’s part, she never even made the slightest attempt to ascertain whether he had reached the earth in safety. Hurt by her indifference and ingratitude, Vulcan vowed never again to return to Olympus, and withdrew to the solitudes of Mount Ætna.

Vulcan is primarily associated with fire, metallurgy, and craftsmanship. He was believed to have created the strongest and most sophisticated items of ancient lore, including Jupiter’s lightning bolts and Mercury’s winged helm. Additionally, he is linked to volcanoes, emphasizing his connection to both destructive and creative aspects of fire.

Roman tradition maintained that vulcan is connected to lightning (fulgur, fulgere, fulmen), which in turn was thought of as related to flames. Others interpret it as meaning lustre.

Damn, that's rough. But what the hell am I doing— that's not especially related, is it? So let's move on.

You know, there's something really interesting about the planet Mercury. This might be a little convoluted, but bear with me...

Newton's Law gave the wrong prediction for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit. Mercury's orbit is elliptical, as predicted by the Newtonian theory of gravity, but the ellipse doesn't stay in precisely the same place all the time. Its perihelion (the point in orbit at which a body is closest to the sun) should, according to Newtonian laws of gravitation, advance by 531 arcseconds per century. In the nineteenth century, however, it was observed that the actual advance is 574.

This is because Mercury, being the closest planet, has its orbit most affected by the warping of spacetime near the Sun.

Hey, that's pretty crazy!

Does anyone remember which tarot card Folken represented in the deck which was released with the film?

Gimme one second, I'll go check...

#01 — The Magician. Is that the card that represents new beginnings, psychic powers, and the manifestation of human will? Yes it is! What else is it associated with?

The Magician card is numbered One – the number of new beginnings and opportunities – and associates with the planet of Mercury, symbolizing intelligence, communication, and skillful use of resources.

Ahhhh... okay then.

Well, look. Tarot doesn't really mean anything to me personally. I do like astronomy though! Remember from earlier about how Mercury acts weird?

Vulcan (/ˈvʌlkən/) was a proposed planet that some pre-20th century astronomers thought existed in an orbit between Mercury and the Sun, responsible for the then-unexplainable shifts in Mercury's orbit.

Hmm.

[martinshep]

Intro post!!

󠁗󠁨󠁯󠀠󠁵󠁰󠀠󠁷󠁵󠁮󠁧󠁬󠁩󠁮󠁧󠀠󠁴󠁨󠁥󠁹󠀠󠁨󠁯󠁧󠁻󠁷󠁵󠁮󠁧󠁬󠁥󠀠󠁴󠁥󠁸󠁴󠀠󠁥󠁮󠁤󠁳󠀠󠁨󠁥󠁲󠁥󠁽Hi I go by Martin, Shep, or Riley (they/them, but it/its to friends) I'm 21 and from Australia.

Autistic with ADHD, huge nerd. Agender anthro dog therian!

I make art on @martinshepart

Make sure to check out my alterhuman dictionary project here!

All my posts or reblogs where I say something are tagged #martin originals

More details under the cut!

Martin Schäfer

★★★★☆ Reviews (4)

★★★☆☆ arrived with no issues but item is kinda mid

★☆☆☆☆ would not shut up about languages

★★★★★ would not shut up about languages

★★★★★ very good dog arrived in good condition

Item condition:

Slightly damaged, still working

I'm autistic and ADHD and still struggling with executive dysfunction. Still learning how to recover from being a former gifted kid and never learning how to socialise. If I'm being annoying or obnoxious please tell me!

Agender because I do not understand gender, although unsure if it's just the human concept of gender I don't understand. However I actively encourage gendering me for the bit!

Therian and transpecies! Specifically an anthro german shepherd mix border collie, possibly with some other herding dogs in there. I also identify a lot with becoming a virtual/uploaded consciousness? Not sure what to call that. Also I'm thesean. If you don't know what that is here's my post about it.

Demisexual and platoniromantic/flectic. Not exact labels but the closest I can get without using an encyclopaedia worth of text to describe myself.

I'm an artist and I'm open for commissions! Check out the pinned post on @martinshepart for details!

Tags

#martin originals - all my posts where I say/ask a thing #poked beast - asks answered by me #martinshep's art - my visual art #martinshep's music - my auditory art #martinshep's languages - my languages related art

Other blogs

@martinshepart - my art blog, I put all my art there @martin-schaefer - my alt nsfw blog that I'll probably rarely use

Current special interests and hobbies:

(Note my knowledge of any of these is not as exhaustive as most people's)

Illustrated art

Cartography

History (esp cultural and economic)

Linguistics (esp lexicography and orthography)

Semiotics

Cosmology

Quantum mechanics and general relativity

The most horrid music you can imagine (breakcore, mashcore, dariacore, dancecore)

3D modelling

Fursuit making

Kandi bracelets

Game design/dev (once I get my shit together and learn C#)

Music making

Furgonomics

4D games

Languages I know, am learning, or am planning to learn:

If you speak one of the languages I'm learning and are willing to help me out please let me know :D

English - I'm a native speaker and specifically speak australian english

Auslan - Taking classes on it and soon will be taking a tafe course on it.

Toki pona - mi kama sona, kepeken tenpo suli. mi pilin e ni: sona toki pona mi lon meso. (I'm learning, slowly. I think I'm at an intermediate level.)

Hindi/हिंदी - मैं बुनियादी हिंदी वाकयों बोला सका। मैं कोश में शब्द मिलना बहुत अक्सर। (I can say simple sentences. I have to look up words in the dictionary very often.)

German/Deutch - Ich kennen en bisschen deutch, aber jetzt ich lernen nicht. (I know some german, but I'm no longer learning it.)

Dutch/Nederlands - Ik spreek een beetje nederlands. Dezelfde als duits echter. (I speak some dutch. Same as german though.)

Spanish/Español - Estudiaba español. Sé mucho poco. (I'm learning spanish. I know very little.)

Croatian/Hrvatska - Still getting around to learning the basics.

I also want to learn arabic and mandarin at some point but I'm waiting until I'm learning fewer languages.

Me↓ (art by snowflake-sage)

Me↑ (art by snowflake-sage)

Feel free to message me if you want to hang out in vrchat, infodump to me, get help with art or 3d modelling, lust over my fursona, or just chat! I'm an attention whore so don't think you're bothering me!

I also have a discord server:

I like to listen to fucked up horrible awful music

Here's a google doc (currently under renovation) with a bunch of recommendations that's still a work in progress, I plan to add more to it as time goes on too

I'm like a year late to make this but whatever

[hadesisqueer]

Hot take but a lot of times you learn more and become generally more cultured by reading a lot than going to school. Also, in my experience, my friends who are great at Math or just leant towards Science always thought they were smarter than everyone else but got ridiculed later over lack of general culture. "I'm great at Math" okay David but you think Caesar was an emperor, you don't know when the Spanish Civil War started and ended (and bro you're Spanish), you think the Sistine Chapel was painted by Da Vinci and you don't even know how many autonomous communities your own country has. Also your orthography sucks and you think Spain only has a population of seven million?

[krakenartificer]

This is... okay this is an insane message for me to send so I do apologize, but! The 'd' in 'djbouti' is so that readers don't try to make the 'j' into a 'zh', which is extremely common as a mispronunciation in English and French. The 'd' is "silent" but it gives readers an idea of where to place their tongue when starting the 'j', since English uses 'j' to represent multiple sounds. In this way it is similar to 'h' in Spanish! Okay, sorry for thebither. Have a lovely day!

No no, tasty knowledge nuggets are always appreciated, especially linguistic ones!

Yeah, I was thinking about this the other day while I was looking at lists of words with silent letters. Like, English orthography is a mess -- no one can dispute that -- but it's not as much of a mess as some of these lists are implying. Yes, there are exceptions to every rule, and some things you just straight-up have to memorize (sugar, my darling, what are you doing??), but actually most of the weird exceptions are things you've learned by the time you're 12, and all the harder words are pretty straightforward (if you know phonics).

Like, yes, the e in cane is silent in the sense that it's not pronounced ca-nee, but it definitely affects pronunciation (as explained most entertainingly by our good friend Tom Lehrer [x]). And once you know how to pronounce ph, tion, and how e affects the vowels ahead of it (and why you therefore need two fs in affect to stop the e from doing that) ... you can go a long ways on sight-reading English, even when -- as you say -- we're using d to harden a j even though that's not a "real rule".

One thing I wish I'd learned way earlier is that some of our "silent letters" are there to help you understand how words are related -- like the c in muscle, which isn't really doing anything, is there so you know it's related to muscular, where the c is very relevant. I can spell bureaucracy correctly on the first try every time now, now that I realize it's spelled that way because it's related to bureau. And even pterodactyl makes some amount of sense when you realize that the spelling wants you to know that it's related to orthopter, lepidopter, and helicopter.

Anyway, thanks for helping me pronounce Djbouti correctly!

[prommethium]

Nothing more humbling than uploading my last fic in Spanish to a Google orthography check... 17k words and 28 mistakes...

28

[languageswithhomer]

❀𝒽𝑒𝓁𝓅 𝓂𝑒 𝒸𝒽𝑜𝑜𝓈𝑒 𝒶 𝓁𝒶𝓃𝑔𝓊𝒶𝑔𝑒 𝒻𝑜𝓇 𝒾𝓃𝒹𝑒𝓅𝑒𝓃𝒹𝑒𝓃𝓉 𝓈𝓉𝓊𝒹𝓎❀

Hi! I want to start independently learning a new language (alongside Castilian Spanish and German - which I study for my degree) but every day I change my mind on which one. So, I’ve decided to leave it up to the good people of tumblr.com. Find my propaganda for each language below the poll. Alternatively, recommend me a completely different language in the notes and make my decision even harder.

Propaganda for Scottish Gaelic:

♡ I have Scottish ancestry and family and friends who live in Scotland (some in Gàidhlig-speaking areas).

♡ I hope to study my master’s degree in Scotland.

♡ I have always wanted to learn a Celtic language and understand more about what came before English colonisation.

♡ The grammar and orthography look complex and fun.

♡ I care deeply about language conservation and this language is listed as “definitely endangered” by UNESCO.

Propaganda for Greek:

♡ I studied Classics for two years in college and believe it’s very important to have a working understanding of the modern culture when learning about a country’s history - as a matter of respect.

♡ I go Greece semi-regularly (maybe every four years or so) and it’s my favourite country to visit.

♡ I already know some of the basics.

♡ It’s an opportunity to learn a new writing system - and it doesn’t seem too difficult when compared with other writing systems like Cyrillic or Kanji.

♡ There are definitely the most resources available for this out of the three.

Propaganda for Hawaiian:

♡ (Note: I cannot find anything which lists the Hawaiian language as a closed practice but if it is, please let me know!)

♡ This is a “critically endangered” language - even more vulnerable than Scottish Gaelic.

♡ I’m very intrigued by its use of apostrophes and accents.

♡ I watched a documentary during a linguistics class on Hawaiian Pidgin and found myself captivated by the words which originated in Hawaiian.

♡ I would love to visit Hawai’i one day and want to show more respect to the people and their culture than many tourists seem to do.

♡ I have already found several resources to start my hypothetical Hawaiian learning journey (beyond Duolingo - which I refuse to use until it starts recognising the value of human translators).

☆ Note: this is my “fun” language, I do not care about “practicality” or number of speakers. I believe that all languages are incredible and should be learned. ☆

[Image source: Pinterest]