#solomon lenin

[daytaker]

Obey Me! As the Russian Revolution (1917)

Disclaimer: This is all just for fun. I am not claiming that these characters are morally equivalent to these historical figures, some of whom did genuinely horrible things.

Vladimir Lenin - - - Solomon

After his brother was executed for revolutionary activity when Lenin was still a teenager, he became dedicated to the cause of socialism. He was single-mindedly and relentlessly pursued this goal for decades until he succeeded, at the expense of his own humanity. It was the concept of the revolution that motivated Lenin, not the individual people who might benefit from it. This justified the many innocent deaths that took place as a result of communist activities, both military and economic.

Solomon is a man of the people. He is a human for humans--no matter the cost. Generally, his view of humankind isn't concerned with the individuals in question, but for the destiny of the human world in relation to the seemingly more powerful Celestial and Demon worlds it coexists with.

Leon Trotsky - - - Satan

A wildly charismatic speaker who was perfectly willing to drop names and addresses. Young and happy to make both sacrifices and enemies in the name of the revolution, he spent some time in Siberia in exile before joining up with Lenin and others in London. He returned to Russia when the 1905 revolution began, and then was exiled to Siberia again when it fell flat. But he would not be stopped. No matter what it took, no matter how many times he would be forced to make his way back west from the tundra of Siberia, he WOULD see that the Revolution came about.

So this is probably my weakest case, which is funny because it was the first joke I made that inspired this weird little post. Of course, in the scenario I was joking about, I was comparing his failure to rally his brothers against Lucifer to Trotsky in 1905, but I mean. I'd buy Satan as a revolutionary any day of the week. Give him an individual to hate or a system to destroy and set him loose.

Also he kept getting stuck in the tundra. :/

Julius Martov - - - MC

A friend of Lenin, he became the leader of the Menshevik party when Russia's communists split into Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and Mensheviks. The Mensheviks were the less radical group who favored more traditionally democratic methods of achieving power and were hesitant to reject dissenters and more willing to re-educate them.

Lenin remained friendly towards Martov, warning him ahead of time before Mensheviks were targeted by a political purge and trying to send him money while he lived in exile in Germany. Later in life, Lenin regretted losing Martov as an ally.

Tsar Nicholas II - - - Diavolo

Nicholas was not expecting to become the ruler of the country when he did. His father was hale and healthy, and Nicholas himself was on vacation, when his father suddenly died, leaving the throne to him. That's pretty much where the parallels stop, though. Nicholas was a cowardly and selfish ruler who struggled to empathize with his people and tended to agree with whoever spoke to him most recently.

But he's the emperor, so there's no getting around that.

Tsarina Alexandra - - - Lucifer

A German princess whose enthusiasm for her adopted Russian homeland was only matched by her subjects' dislike of her. She was extremely devoted to her family, sacrificing her reputation to keep Rasputin on board because she believed he could keep her son safe.

Grigori Rasputin - - - Barbatos

Ra-Ra-Rasputin, lover of the Russian queen, the all-knowing mystic counselor to the tsar, whose devotion was absolute, who was extremely tricky to kill, and who was said to prophesy his own death and the fall of the Romanovs.... Most of those things are untrue, but history is partly about what happened and partly about what people believe happened.

Felix Yusopov - - - Mephistopheles

Yusupov was the ringleader of the group of nobles who murdered Rasputin. Horrified by his cousin the tsar's public reliance on the clownish peasant Rasputin and wanting to uphold the power of the nobility over the rest of the citizenry, Yusupov and several friends invited Rasputin to his estates and killed him. Later, Yusupov capitalized on his reputation as the person who killed Rasputin, who was reviled by royalists, communists, and everyone in between, to escape violence from the Red Army. He also turned the tale of Rasputin's murder into a fishing story, where the fish became bigger and harder to kill with each retelling.

Alexander Kerensky - - - Does anybody really, really hate Barbatos? Or is there another angle that will make someone? Come on, fellow Obey Me! history nerds, I need your help.

Kerensky was the leader of the provisional government which was in power from the fall of the tsar in February until the October revolution by the Bolsheviks. He was prime minister from May to September, and not a particularly successful one.

Hating Rasputin was normal for people from all political ideologies, but Kerensky really hated Rasputin. He blamed him for Russia's involvement in and humiliating failures in World War I, urged assassins to kill him, and, after the February Revolution, even dug up his grave and burned his body.

(Yes, I recognize that there is a giant omission here, but I am not going to frivolously designate an anime boy as "Stalin".)

[reddest-flower]

"I am a woman. I know the old priests' proverb: 'A chicken is not a bird; a woman is not a person.' Four years ago when you elected me, men met me on the road with grins. Even to my face they told me that I could do nothing. That solid man, Peter Zhitov, can't run this village and you, a woman, try! I wept sometimes from the insults and thought of giving up entirely. But I remembered Lenin's word that every kitchen maid must learn to rule the State, That applied to me, for I worked from the age of 12 as cowherd and later as kitchen girl at General Solomon's: And I said: 'Who will ever make over this old life unless we ourselves do it?' "

The Voice of the Soviet Village, Anna Louise Strong (1935)

[familyabolisher]

2022 reading list >:)

fiction:

charlotte brontë, jane eyre

n.k. jemisin, the stone sky

victor hugo, les misérables

susanna clarke, piranesi

james baldwin, giovanni's room

tamsyn muir, gideon the ninth

tamsyn muir, harrow the ninth

emily brontë, wuthering heights

ursula k le guin, the left hand of darkness

oscar wilde, the picture of dorian gray

isaac fellman, dead collections

joan lindsay, picnic at hanging rock

shirley jackson, dark tales

gretchen felker-martin, manhunt

herman melville, moby dick

octavia butler, parable of the sower

shola von reinhold, lote

larissa lai, the tiger flu

alison rumfitt, tell me i'm worthless

julia armfield, our wives under the sea

shirley jackson, the haunting of hill house

miguel de cervantes, don quixote

toni morrison, the bluest eye

isaac babel, odessa stories

alexandre dumas, the count of monte cristo

daphne du maurier, rebecca

clark ashton smith, the dark eidolon and other fantasies

rivers solomon, the deep

akwaeke emezi, freshwater

e.m. forster, a room with a view

vladimir nabokov, lolita

ayse papatya bucak, the trojan war museum and other stories

sheridan le fanu, carmilla

e.m. forster, maurice

tamsyn muir, nona the ninth

vladimir nabokov, pale fire

shirley jackson, we have always lived in the castle

jorge luis borges, fictions

henry james, the turn of the screw

tamsyn muir, undercover

ling ma, severance

orhan pamuk, the museum of innocence

shirley jackson, hangsaman

nonfiction:

vijay prashad, no free left: the futures of indian communism

eduardo galeano, open veins of latin america

hakim adi, pan-africanism: a history

paulo freire, pedagogy of the oppressed

a rainbow thread: an anthology of queer jewish texts ed. noam sienna

kwame nkrumah, africa must unite

vijay prashad, red star over the third world

norm finkelstein, the holocaust industry

robin wall kimmerer, braiding sweetgrass

vladimir lenin, the state and revolution

saidiya hartman, wayward lives, beautiful experiments

john aberth, from the brink of the apocalypse

erik butler, metamorphoses of the vampire in literature and film

amin maalouf, the crusades through arab eyes

anandi ramamurthy, black star: britain's asian youth movements

christopher chitty, sexual hegemony

shakespearean gothic, ed. christy desmet and anne williams

cervantes' don quixote: a casebook, ed. roberto gonzález echevarria

edward said, culture and imperialism

emily hobson, lavender and red: liberation and solidarity in the gay and lesbian left

audre lorde, zami: a new spelling of my name

ghassan kanafani, on zionist literature

afsaneh najmabadi, women with moustaches and men without beards: gender and sexual anxieties of iranian modernity

jamie berrout, essays against publishing

beverley bryan, stella dadzie, suzanne scafe, heart of the race: black women's lives in britain

jamaica kincaid, a small place

friedrich engels, socialism: utopian and scientific

poetry:

trish salah, lyric sexology

melissa range, scriptorium

wendy trevino, cruel fiction

june jordan, selected poems

[jacensolodjo]

In my previous posts of antisemitism in the USSR, I have mainly neglected to mention the likes of Solomon Mikhoels and the fact that St*lin's daughter, Svetlana, was originally married to a Jew. St*lin had numerous Jews around him that he treated less than human (for instance, going out of his way to insult and hurl antisemitic slurs at Svetlana's husband and also making her divorce him to marry someone more... 'palatable' to an anti-semite which of course means 'someone not a Jew'). And yet, many would like to pretend that because he was around Jews, he can't possibly have an antisemitic mindset. Which, why that argument doesn't fly when it comes to 'I have black friends' I don't know but there it is. This belief then balloons into 'the Soviet Union wasn't antisemitic because there were lots of Soviet Jews'.

Solomon Mikhoels is a man who was purposely appointed to the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, a committee that for a time seemed to actually have the backing of the Soviet Union. But, as with Birobidzhan, this was a lie. Which, Mikhoels actually has a connection to Birobidzhan through David Bergelson. The Venn Diagram is a circle.

Through Mikhoels' work with the JAFC, he of course grew his network with other Jews (there is even a picture of him with Albert Einstein in the United States in 1943) in service to the Soviet Union (lying to everyone w/o actually meaning to lie to everyone because he really did try to be a good St*linist Jew which just makes everything that much more tragic knowing many socialist minded Jews were convinced to be marxists and st*linists only for them to be murdered by the people they had been supporting). Many of them were then caught up in St*lin's "rootless cosmopolitan" and "Doctors' Plot" campaigns (the former was and still is an antisemitic dogwhistle). Eventually, Mikhoels too was grabbed up. But how did he die?

Well, if you believe St*lin... a car accident. An innocent little car accident. Intriguing, then, how a certain man named Lavrentiy Tsanava was given the Order of Lenin two weeks later for a 'special assignment from the government' and Svetlana herself mentioned she had overheard her father plotting the assassination with the handy 'car accident' explanation. Tsavana's involvement was confirmed by Lavrentiy Beria shortly after the Purim Miracle of 1953 (death of St*lin).

As if that wasn't enough, Mikhoels' cousin was a doctor and was arrested in connection to the Doctors' Plot but was happily released later after the Purim Miracle of 1953 along with Mikhoels' son-in-law (who was a composer and arrested for different reasons that likely simply circled back to 'being Mikhoels' son-in-law').

In addition to his work on the JAFC, Mikhoels was also an actor and well-remembered for his role as Tevye of Tevye the Milkman fame. It is claimed, however, that the play of Tevye the Milkman (which became Fiddler on the Roof in America) had veiled satire/criticism of St*lin and the Soviet government. Which, personally I think you gotta squint to see it but also the Soviet gov't was hyper paranoid about being criticized so. That in addition to Mikhoels being a Jew and no longer needed probably sealed his fate to be fucking assassinated.

Mikhoels had fulfilled the role St*lin had for him and so he was discarded. Like so many other truly Red Jews.

[szczutek]

Appropriation and Fieldwork

Abigail Solomon-Godeau on The Rightness of Wrong (1997)

On John Baldessari’s Wrong. John Baldessari has been described by the Tate as combining „the narrative potential of images and the associative power of language” – starting as a painter, then combiting pre-existing images and moving to the conceptual and „questioning how I’m [making art]”  hence the creation of Wrong – a photograph of a man in a suburban neighborhood in front of a palm tree that due to the amateurish composition of the image appears to be sprouting from his head. „Conceptual art has shaped his interest in exploring how photographic images communicate, yet his work has little of the austerity usually associated with that style; instead he works with light humor, and with materials and motifs that also reflect the influence of Pop art.” (1)

•Wrong as an image intentionally flouts any rules of composition and photography: „deadpan if deceptively casual expulsion of centuries of aesthetic precepts”. Intentional failure of classical artistic legacies.

•The idea that „art objects, by definition, occupy a special and rarefied domain that differentiates aesthetic experience and reception from all other forms of perception and cognition. If we laugh at Wrong, it is because almost everyone outside the highly specialised world of elite culture believes, deeply believes, that art remains integrally linked to something called ‚Beauty’” Beauty as „one of the totemic concepts in classical art theory: each element of a work of art was supposed to be a perfect representation of its type”

•„[...] what were once academic precepts are now deeply lodged in what might be called the collective cultural preconscious: if most peoples’ snapshots do not in fact feature trees sprouting from their subjects’ heads, it is because they obey, unthinkingly, the laws of ‚right’, rather than ‚wrong’ composition.”

•„art’s pleasures take many forms (including cognitive ones)” à humour and reception, not everything requires three degrees of pretension.

Lotte Moller – Failures: Annika Strom

•„Take for instance the sequence in the music film 16 minutes (2003) [...] The images are accompanied by sad love songs [...] The sadness of the songs heavily underscores the melancholy nature of the images, which are then transformed into metaphors for lost expectations and failed relationships” à Failure requires context. It is subjective. Though „failing as an artist and failing as a human being are recurrent themes in Annika Strom’s work” it is added context of the music that truly makes the film deliver „the sensation of the world closing in on you”. Failure is not failure without perspective.

•„The misspelled text piece ‚This work refers to Joseph Kosutt’, was initially intended as a little joke about so-called ‚referentialism’ in contemporary art, but someone took the statement seriously and it ironically ended up serving as its own target. Seen from that perspective, one could say that it failed at its purpose – but it did prove a point”

Marcel Duchamps – Apropos of ‚Readymades’

Duchamps excercises authorship by taking readymade objects and artworks and altering the slightest degree. The appropriation of these objects though it may be provocative is not malicious, arguably nothing more than a Dada practice.

No comment.

FIELDWORK Task: to create an artwork appropriated from the works present in the studio.

I love the discipline of appropriation. Recontextualising art and photographs, developing meta-meanings. It is a discipline with impactful results when done well.

Take for example Sherrie Levine's After Walker Evans - the unadulterated appropriation of an image recontextualised by a title, which in three words deliveres more critical thought than its original. Compare with Adrian Ghenie's Lenin's Eyes - a very simply altered found image of Lenin, offering more visual conversation, but with a title so obvious it maintains ambiguity. The conversation with Sherrie Levine is made very clear: what has changed after Walker Evans? Nothing in theory; the woman in question still endures the same struggles in the same environment. Her publicity has not reached her pocket. How about Lenin's eyes? Do they talk in the same way? Has Ghenie created a wall between the great dictator and the viewer, or is he reiterating: 'Big Brother is watching'? Themes of appropriation particulary in works like those of Adrian Ghenie and the Cluj School where it is more implicit than a statement piece are something I would be very keen to pursue in more depth.

[contentgreenearth]

ACCUMULATED TYPINGS

These are people/characters (other than the 200 people from my dreams), who I've typed personally, or I've seen typed somewhere else, and I agree with the typing. To agree with a typing, the person had to type the same using my methodology as outlined in my Typing In Practice Posts.

If I actually know, or can be fairly certain of, a person's DISC and SOJT type, I will put it after their name in parenthesis. If there's a Typing In Practice post for this person, the number will also appear after their name in parenthesis

ESTJ

Astrippus (&)

Diana Ross (#11)

Lindsay Johnson/LiJo (#2)

Madonna (#12) (D/C [S] slot 21) (Te-s/Se-f)

Napoleon (&)

Paul from Tarsus in the Bible

Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins-TLC (#22)

ESTP

Adele (#13)

"Eminem " persona

Göthe (&)

"Harry Potter "

Jennifer Lopez ( #16 )(D=I [-], not on wheel)(Se T>F)

Laban in the Bible

Mike Tyson (Se T>F)

ENTJ

C S Joseph (#17)

Donald Trump

"Darth Vader"

Lenin (&)

King Solomon in the Bible

ENTP

Ben Vasserlan (#14)

Chris from "Asura Psych" (#17)

Joshua in the Bible

Socrates (&)

Taylor Swift (#6) (D/I [S] slot 24)(Ne T>F)

ESFJ

Ariana Grande

Barnabas in the Bible

Beyonce Knowles

Bill Clinton (F-s E>I)

Doctor Mike

Elton John

Joe Biden

"Lady Gaga" persona

Marshall Mathers (#10)(I/S/D slot 47)(Fe S>N)

Mary Wilson-Supremes (#11)(I=S)(F-s E>I)

Ronald Regan

Tina Turner (#23)(I/S[D] slot 27)(Fe-s)

ESFP

Aaron the Priest in the Bible

Alecia Moore/P!nk (#9)(I [S][C] slot 8)(Fe-s short dom/long aux)

Florence Ballard-Supremes (#11)

Jack from Jacksepticeye YouTube channel (#19)

Kurt Cobain-Nirvana (#18)

Michael Hutchence-INXS (#18)

Miley Cyrus (#4)

Pushkin (&)

Robin Williams/comedian

ENFJ

Andrew Ridgeley-Wham!

Joseph Göbbels (Hitler's media manager)

Kristin from "Dear Kristin" (#5)(I/D [S] Slot 26)(Fe-n/Ne-t)

Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes-TLC

Rebekah in the Bible

Simon Peter in the Bible

Tolstoy (&)

ENFP

Erik Thor (#7)(I [C][D] Slot 105)(Ne F>T)

Frank James

Ghazali (&)

Hans Christian Andersen (&)

King David in the Bible

Michael Jackson (#3)

Oscar Wilde

Prince Rogers Nelson

ISTJ

Jacob in the Bible

Plato (&)

St. Augustine (&) (FP to TJ in transit)

ISTP

Epicurus (&)

John son of Zebedee in the Bible

Moses in the Bible

INTJ

Blaise Pascal (&)

Einstein (&)

Elijah in the Bible

George W Bush

Jung

INTP

Lao Tsu (&)

Nietzsche

ISFJ

Akhmatova (&)

Isaac in the Bible

ISFP

Alicia Argello-Cook/Alicia Keys (#15) (S/D [C], slot 132) (S-f I>E)

Nehemiah in the Bible

Stefani Germanotta (#8)

INFJ

Adolf Hitler

Barack Obama (#20)(Fi-n/Ni-t)

Isabel Myers-MBTI inventor

INFP

Abraham in the Bible

George Michael (#21) (S/I[C] slot 30) (Ni-f)

Rousseau (&)

This is all I have for now. I will add and edit as I get more. (*) means I have typed the person as such, using my method. I just haven't written the Typing In Practice post for that person yet 🙃

(&) is a new symbol I'm adding to represent mass typings from "The Syntax of Love " by Afansayev. There will be so many, I'm not going to do Typing In Practice Posts for them, but I will place the people I was successfully able to type from that book, in SOJT, to this list

[snailg0th]

here’s my giant leftist to-read list for the next few years!!!

if a little (done!) it written next to the book, it means i’ve finished it! i’m gonna try to update this as i read but no promises on remembering haha

Economics/Politics

Property by Karl Marx

Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx (done!)

Wages, Price, and Profit by Karl Marx (done!)

Wage-Labor and Capital by Karl Marx (done!)

Capital Volume I by Karl Marx

The 1844 Manuscripts by Karl Marx

Socialism: Utopian and Scientific by Fredrich Engles

Synopsis of Capital by Fredrich Engels

The Principles of Communism by Fredrich Engles

Imperialism, The Highest Stage Of Capitalism by Vladmir Lenin

The State And Revolution by Vladmir Lenin

The Revolution Betrayed by Leon Trotsky

Fascism: What is it and How to Fight it by Leon Trotsky

In Defense Of Marxism by Leon Trotsky

The Accumulation of Capital by Rosa Luxemborg

Reform or Revolution by Rosa Luxemburg

Discipline and Punish by Michel Foucault

The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin

On Anarchism by Noam Chomsky

Profit over People by Noam Chomsky

An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory by Ernest Mandel

The Affluent Society by John Kenneth Galbraith

The Postmodern Condition by Jean François Lyotard

Capitalist Realism by Mark Fisher

The Socialist Reconstruction of Society by Daniel De Leon

Anarchism and Other Essays by Emma Goldman

Socialism Made Easy by James Connolly

Race

Biased: Uncover in the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do

Blindspot by Mahzarin R. Banaji

Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism And The Persistence Of Racial Inequality In America by Eduardo Bonilla-Silva

How To Be Less Stupid About Race: On Racism, White Supremacy And The Racial Divide by Crystal M. Flemming

This Book is Anti-Racist: 20 Lessons on How To Wake Up, Take Action, And Do The Work by Tiffany Jewell & Aurelia Durand

The Next American Revolution: Sustainable Activism For The Twenty-First Century by Grace Lee Boggs

Tell Me Who You Are by Winona Guo & Priya Vulchi

The Fire This Time: A New Generation Speaks About Race by Jesymn Ward

Class, Race, and Marxism by David R. Roediger

America for Americans: A History Of Xenophobia In The United States by Erica Lee

The Politics Of The Veil by Joan Wallach Scott

A Different Mirror A History Of Multicultural America by Ronald Takaki

A People’s History Of The United States by Howard Zinn

Black Theory

The Wretched Of The World by Frantz Fanon

Black Marxism by Cedric J Robinson

Malcolm X Speaks by Malcolm X

Women, Culture, and Politics by Angela Davis

Women, Race, & Class by Angela Davis (done!)

Freedom is a Constant Struggle by Angela Davis (done!)

The Meaning of Freedom by Angela Davis

Sister Outsider by Audre Lorde

Ain’t I A Woman? by Bell Hooks

Yearning by Bell Hooks

Dora Santana’s Works

An End To The Neglect Of The Problems Of The Negro Women by Claudia Jones

I Am Your Sister by Audre Lorde

Women’s Liberation And The African Freedom Struggle by Thomas Sankara

W.E.B. DuBois Essay Collection

Black Reconstruction by W.E.B. DuBois

Lynch Law by Ida B. Wells

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison

Sula by Toni Morrison

Song Of Solomon by Toni Morrison

Beloved by Toni Morrison

Paradise by Toni Morrison

A Mercy by Toni Morrison

This Bridge Called My Back by Cherríe Moraga

Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America

So You Want to Talk About Race by Ijeoma Oluo

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander

Black Feminist Thought by Patricia Hill Collins

Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Dr. Brittney Cooper

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou

Black Skins, White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon

Killing of the Black Body

Revolutionary Suicide by Huey P Newton

Settlers; The myth of the White Proletariat

Fearing The Black Body; The Racial Origins of Fatphobia

Freedom Dreams; The Black Radical Imagination

How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

An Argument For Black Women’s Liberation As a Revolutionary Force by Mary Anne Weathers

Voices of Feminism Oral History Project by Frances Beal

Ghosts In The Schoolyard: Racism And School Closings On Chicago’s South Side by Eve L. Ewing

Tears We Cannot Stop: A Sermon To White America by Michael Eric Dyson

Why We Can’t Wait by Martin Luther King, Jr.

Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, Big Business, Re-create Race In The 21st Century by Dorothy Roberts

We Gon’ Be Alright: Notes on Race & Resegregation by Jeff Chang

They Can’t Kill Us All: Ferguson, Baltimore, and a New Era In America’s Racial Justice Movement by Wesley Lowery

The Common Wind by Julius S. Scott

Black Is The Body: Stories From My Grandmother’s Time, My Mother’s Time, And Mine by Emily Bernard

We Were Eight Years In Power: An American Tragedy by Ta-Nehisi Coates

American Lynching by Ashraf H. A. Rushdy

Raising Our Hands by Jenna Arnold

Redefining Realness by Janet Mock

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America by Ira Katznelson

Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affects Us and What We Can Do

Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine

Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life Of Black Communist Claudia Jones by Carole Boyce Davies

Black Studies Manifesto by Darlene Clark

The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas

The Souls Of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois

Darkwater by W.E.B. Du Bois

The Education Of Blacks In The South, 1860-1935 by James D. Anderson

The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery And The Making Of American Capitalism by Edward E. Baptist

The Color Of Money: Black Banks And The Racial Wealth Gap by Mehrsa Baradaran

A Black Women’s History Of The United States by Daina Ramey Berry & Kali Nicole Gross

The Price For Their Pound Of Flesh: The Value Of The Enslaved, From Womb to Grave, In The Building Of A Nation by Daina Ramey Berry

North Of Slavery: The Negro In The Free States, 1780-1869 by Leon F. Litwack

Black Stats: African Americans By The Numbers In The Twenty-First Century by Monique M. Morris

Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools by Monique M. Morris

40 Million Dollar Slaves: The Rise, Fall, And Redemption of The Black Athlete by William C. Rhoden

From #BlackLivesMatter To Black Liberation by Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor

A More Beautiful And Terrible History: The Uses And Misuses Of Civil Rights History by Jeanne Theoharis

Medical Apartheid: The Dark History Of Medical Experimentation On Black Americans From Colonial Times To The Present by Harriet A. Washington

Working At The Intersections: A Black Feminist Disability Framework” by Moya Bailey

Theory by Dionne Brand

Black Women, Writing, And Identity by Carole Boyce Davies

Slavery By Another Name: The Re-enslavement Of Black Americans From The Civil War To World War II by Douglass A. Blackmon

Black Like Me by John Howard Griffin

The Fire Next Time by James Baldwin

Some Of Us Are Very Hungry Now by Andre Perry

The Origins Of The Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality In Postwar Detroit by Thomas Surgue

They Can’t Kill Us Until They Kill Us by Hanif Abdurraqib

Beyond Containment: Autobiographical Reflections, Essays and Poems by Claudia Jones

The Black Woman: An Anthology by Toni McCade

Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female by Frances Beal

How We Get Free: Black Feminism and the Combahee River Collective by Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor

Indigenous Theory

Colonize This! by Daisy Hernandez and Bushra Rehman

As We Have Always Done

Braiding Sweetgrass

Spaces Between Us

The Sacred Hoop by Paula Gunn Allen

Native: Identity, Belonging, And Rediscovering God by Kaitlin Curtice

An Indigenous People’s History Of The United States by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

Why Indigenous Literatures Matter by Daniel Heath Justice

Highway of Tears: A True Story of Racism, Indifference, And The Pursuit Of Justice For Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls by Jessica McDiarmid

The Other Slavery by Andrés Reséndez

Seven Fallen Feathers by Tanya Talaga

All Our Relations: Indigenous Trauma In The Shadow Of Colonialism by Tanya Talaga

All Our Relations: Finding The Path Forward by Tanya Talaga

Everything You Wanted To Know About Indians But Were Afraid To Ask by Anton Treuer

Rez Life: An Indian’s Journey Through Reservation Life by David Treuer

Latine Theory

Borderlands/La Frontera by Gloria Anzaldúa

Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of Pillage of A Continent by Eduardo Galeano

Inventing Latinos: A New Story of American Racism by Laura E. Gomez

De Colores Means All Of Us by Elizabeth Martinez

Middle Eastern And Muslim Theory

How Does It Feel To Be A Problem? Being Young And Arab In America by Moustafa Bayoumi

We Too Sing America: South Asian, Arab, Muslim, and Sikh Immigrants Shape Our Multiracial Future by Deepa Iyer

Alligator and Other Stories by Dima Alzayat

API Theory

Orientalism by Edward Said

The Making Of Asian America by Erika Lee

On Gold Mountain by Lisa See

Strangers From A Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans by Ronald Takaki

They Called Us Enemy (Graphic Novel) by George Takei

Yellow Peril!: An Archive of Anti-Asian Fear by Edited by John Kuo Wei Tchen and Dylan Yeats

Yellow: Race In America Beyond Black And White by Frank H. Wu

Alien Nation: Chinese Migration In The Americas From The Coolie Era Through World War II by Elliott Young

The Good Immigrants: How The Yellow Peril Became The Model Minorities by Madeline H. Ysu

Asian American Dreams: The Emergence Of An American People by Helen Zia

The Myth Of The Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism by Rosalind S. Chou & Joe R. Feagin

Two Faces Of Exclusion: The Untold Story Of Anti-Asian Racism In The United States by Lon Kurashige

Whiteness

White Fragility by Robin Di Angelo (done!)

White Kids: Growing Up With Privilege In A Racially Divided America by Margaret A. Hagerman

Waking Up White by Deby Irving

The History of White People by Nell Irvin Painter

White Like Me: Reflections On Race From A Privileged Son by Tim Wise

White Rage by Carol Anderson

What Does It Mean To Be White: Developing White Racial Literacy by Robin DiAngelo

The Invention of The White Race: Volume 1: Racial Oppression and Social Control by Theodore W. Allen

The Invention of The White Race: Volume 2: The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America by Theodore W. Allen

Immigration

Call Me American by Abdi Nor Iftir

Create Dangerously: The Immigrant Artist At Work by Edwidge Danticat

My Family Divided by Diane Guerrero

The Devil’s Highway: A True Story by Luis Alberto Urrea

The Undocumented Americans by Karla Cornejo Villavicencio

Enrique’s Journey by Sonia Nazario

Tell Me How It Ends: An Essay In Forty Questions by Valeria Luiselli

Voter Suppression

One Person, No Vote: How Voter Suppression Is Destroying Our Democracy by Carol Anderson

Give Us The Vote: The Modern Struggle For Voting Rights In America by Ari Berman

Prison Abolition And Police Violence

Abolition Democracy by Angela Davis

Are Prisons Obsolete? by Angela Davis

The Prison Industrial Complex by Angela Davis

Political Prisoners, Prisons, And Black Liberation by Angela Davis

Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson (done!)

The End Of Policing by Alex S Vitale

Invisible No More: Police Violence Against Black Women and Women of Color by Andrea J. Ritchie

Choke Hold: Policing Black Men by Paul Butler

From The War On Poverty To The War On Crime: The Making Of Mass Incarceration In America by Elizabeth Hinton

Feminist Theory

The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir

A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft

Bad Feminist by Roxanne Gay

7 Feminist And Gender Theories

Race, Gender, And Class by Margaret L. Anderson

African Gender Studies by Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí

The Invention Of Women by Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí

What Gender Is Motherhood? by Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí

Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity by Chandra Talpade Mohanty

I Am Malala by Malala Youssef

LGBT Theory

Gender Trouble by Judith Butler

Performative Acts and Gender Constitution by Judith Butler

Imitation and Gender Insubordination by Judith Butler

Bodies That Matter by Judith Butler

Excitable Speech by Judith Butler

Undoing Gender by Judith Butler

The Roots Of Lesbian And Gay Opression: A Marxist View by Bob McCubbin

Compulsory Heterosexuality And Lesbian Existence by Adrienne Rich

Decolonizing Trans/Gender 101 by B. Binohan

Gay.Inc: The Nonprofitization of Queer Politics by Merl Beam

Pronouns Good or Bad: Attitudes and Relationships with Gendered Pronouns

Transgender Warriors

Whipping Girl; A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity

Stone Butch Blues by Lesie Feinberg (done!)

The Stonewall Reader by Edmund White

Sissy by Jacob Tobia

Gender Outlaw by Kate Bornstein

Butch Queens Up In Pumps by Marlon M. Bailey

Black On Both Sides: A Racial History Of Trans Identities by C Riley Snorton

Go Tell It On The Mountain by James Baldwin

Ezili’s Mirrors: Imagining Black Queer Genders by Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley

Lavender and Red by Emily K. Hobson

[wecouldstillbegreat]

Master List of Books

Here is the master list of books to read. Please support black authors by visiting your library or purchasing these instead of downloading!

Intro to Black Radical Politics

assata: autobiography 

angela davis an autobiography

angela davis: freedom is a constant struggle 

huey p newton: revolutionary suicide

what is marxism all about? 

beginners guide to marxism

huey p newton: to die for the people, collected writings 

w.e.b du bois: w.e.b du bois speaks

the autobiography of malcom x

muammar gaddafi: the green book

walter rodney: groundings with my brothers

lenin: state and revolution

kwame ture: stokely speaks, from black power to pan-africanism

thomas sankara: women’s liberation and the african freedom struggle

harry haywood: black bolshevik

w.e.b. du bois: essay collection

debunking anti-communism myths & propaganda 

karl marx & frederick engels: the communist manifesto

joseph stalin: dialetical & historical materialism 

reading marx’s “capital” with david harvey

marxism-leninism study guide

basic marxism-leninism study plan

paulo freire: pedagogy of the oppressed 

michael parenti: left anticommunism 

Black and Marxist Feminism

keeanga-yamahtta taylor: how we get free, black feminism and the combahee river collective

bell hooks: yearning; race, gender, and cultural politics

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: african women and feminism

audre lorde: sister outsider

claudia jones: an end to the neglect of the negro woman!

silvia federici: caliban and the witch 

audre lorde: i am your sister

bell hooks: ain’t i a woman, black women and feminism

angela davis: modern motherhood, women and family in england

Prison Abolition

george jackson: blood in my eye

soledad brother: the prison letters of george jackson

angela davis: are prisons obsolete?

angela davis: political prisoners, prisons, and black liberation

paula c. johnson: voices of african american women in prison

On Racial Capitalism

jackie wang: carceral capitalism

e. franklin fraizer: black bourgeoisie 

robin d.g. kelley: hammer and hoe

cedric j. robinson: black marxism 

Critical Race Class Studies

w.e.b. du bois: black reconstruction

frantz fanon: black skin, white masks

patrick wolfe: traces of history; elementary structures of race

Black Studies Manifesto- Darlene Clark

Criteria of Black Art- W.E.B Dubois

Lynch Law- Ida B. Wells

On Being White and Other Lies- James Baldwin

James Baldwin Speech from 1965 Debate

The American Dream and the American Negro- James Baldwin

The Souls of Black Men- Hazel Carby

The Case for Reparations- Ta Nehisi Coates 

Cultural Identity and the Diaspora- Stuart Hall

The Fact of Blackness- Franz Fanon

Negritude

Fragments of Epic Memory- Derek Walcott

The Groundings with My Brothers- Walter Rodney

The Politics of Healing in the Black Lives Movement- Deva Woodley

Unapologetic- Charlene Carruthers

Emergent Strategy- Adrienne Maree Brown

The Use of the Erotic as Power- Audre Lorde

On Capitalism, Fascism, Imperialism, Neocolonialism, Settler-Colonialism

frantz fanon: the wretched of the earth

walter rodney: how europe underdeveloped africa

eduardo galeano: open veins of latin america 

samir amin: eurocentrism

michael parenti: blackshirts & reds

glen sean coulthard: red skin, white masks 

clr james: the black jacobins

chris harman: a people’s history of the world

“decolonization is not a metaphor”

Indigenous Studies 

nick estes: our history is the future

“decolonization is not a metaphor”

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: women in the yoruba sphere

On Revolution:

frantz fanon: towards the african revolution

kwame nkrumah: africa must unite

black panthers speak

kwame ture: ready for revolution

steve biko: i like what i like; selected writings 

black like mao, red china & black revolution

che guevera: guerilla warfare

walter rodney: a history of the guyanese working people, 1881-1905

return to the source – selected speeches by amilcar cabral

https://dialecticalartist.wordpress.com/politicalresources/

On Slavery:

stephanie e. jones-rogers: they were her property 

Whiteness Studies

nell irvin painter: the history of white people

theodore w allen: the invention of the white race volume I

theodore w allen: the invention of the white race volume II

david r. roediger the wages of whiteness

david r. roediger: seizing freedom, slave emancipation & liberty for all

karen brodkin: how jews became white folks & what that says about race in america

On Gender, Sexuality, and Masculinities 

c. riley snorton: black on both sides a racial history of trans identity 

essex hemphill: ceremonies 

robert f. reid-pharr: black gay man, essays 

bell hooks: we real cool

maria lugones: heterosexualism and the colonial modern gender system

marlon m. bailey: butch queens up in pumps: gender, performance, and ballroom culture in detroit 

robert aldrich: colonialism and homsexuality

eve kosofsky sedgwick: epistemology of the closet

https://www.aaihs.org/excavating-black-queer-thought-a-pride-bibliography/

“the roots of lesbian & gay oppression: a marxist view” by bob mccubbin

afsaneh najmabadi: women with mustaches and men without beards: gender and sexual anxieties of iranian modernity

anne mcclintock: imperial leather: race, gender, and sexuality in the colonial conquest

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: gender epistemologies in africa

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: the invention of women: making african sense of western gender discourses

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: african gender studies a read

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: the invention of women

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: what gender is motherhood?

Disability Studies

disability studies

Critical Reads

marx’s das kapital for beginners

black panther ten point program

Articles, Speeches, and Essays

w.e.b. du bois: essay collection

amiri baraka: essay collection

james baldwin: the free and the brave

adrienne rich: compulsory heteorsexuality and lesbian existence

david m. halperin: essay collection

e. patrick johnson: black queer studies a critical anthology

stuart hall: essay collection

audre lorde: the masters tools will never dismantle the master’s house

kwame nkrumah: axioms of kwame nkrumah

angela davis essays on liberation

clr james: black power, its past, today, and the way ahead

edward said’s lecture at york university

kwame ture: we are all africans

the death of stockley carmichael (and later kwame ture)

raewyn connell essay collection

stalin: marxism versus liberalism

what is dialectical materialism?

racism in the communist movement

the logic of lesser evilism

lenin: the three sources and three component parts of marxism

oyèrónkẹ́ oyěwùmí: de-confounding gender: feminist theorizing and western culture,

Cultural Texts

Bell hooks: all about love 

James Baldwin 

go tell it on the mountain

giovanni's room

another country

the fire next time

if beale street could talk

Sonny’s blues

just above my head

notes of a native son

nobody knows my name

rap on race

no name in the street

a dialogue

devil finds work

the evidence of things not seen

baldwin: collected essays

the cross of redemption

Toni Morrison

the bluest eye (1969)

sula (1971)

song of solomon (1977)

beloved (1986)

paradise (1997)

a mercy (2008)

the source of self-regard: selected essays, speeches, and meditations (2019) V

[impressivepress]

How Stalin created Soviet cinema based on the Hollywood model

He was one of the first to understand the power of cinema as a propaganda tool. But movies were also a form of soft power – a way to establish trade with the U.S.

It was Lenin who first identified cinema as the most important of the arts, yet in practice the Soviet movie industry was launched by his successor, Joseph Stalin. Uncle Joe simply adored cinema, and often invited the party elite to private screenings. He wanted Soviet cinema to keep pace with the development of Soviet industry as a whole.

“Stalin assumed the role of super-producer,” writes Solomon Volkov in his book Modern Moscow, published by Elena Shubina publications, AST. The dictator himself appointed and dismissed cinematic bosses, personally overseeing the creation of “important” films, reading scripts, and watching all pictures. What’s more, the world’s first film school was set up in the USSR!

Stalin had high hopes for director Sergei Eisenstein, one of the main instructors at the film school. Following the release of Battleship Potemkin in 1925, he was at peak fame. In his own words, “the next morning I woke up famous.”

A key task was to produce sound films. If movies could talk, it would give the film industry even greater power. Eisenstein set about doing just that, and Stalin even sent him to study sound film-making in America together with his crew, including cameraman Eduard Tisse and screenwriter/assistant director Grigory Alexandrov.

Conquering Hollywood

The directors managed to conclude a contract with Paramount on condition that they provide a script, which, if good enough, would be made into a movie. However, none of the scripts offered seemed commercially viable to the Americans.

Eisenstein’s pride was hurt. Having resolved not to leave America without making a movie, he contacted Mexican communist artist Diego Rivera. Together, they came up with a large-scale picture about the Mexican revolution.

But work on the film was delayed, and, as Volkov writes, alarm signals started coming from Moscow: the suspicious Stalin had evidently decided that Eisenstein did not plan to return, and the loss of such a famous director had to be prevented.

Life has become better

In the end, the team was forced to return, and Eisenstein promptly fell out of favor. What’s more, his complex personality became a bugbear to Boris Shumyatsky, Stalin’s party comrade, who was put in charge of the Soviet film industry.

On top of that, Stalin wanted directors to start making comedy films, with music and songs praising the life of the Soviet people and the achievements of the first five-year plan, a drive toward rapid industrialization that was the dictator’s brainchild and personal pride. Eisenstein was not the man for such eulogistic projects.

So Shumyatsky decided to replace the haughty genius with the latter’s assistant, Grigory Alexandrov, who had long been in the shadows.

According to Alexandrov’s memoirs, a personal meeting was arranged between him and Stalin, at which the Soviet leader stated that the people love lively, cheerful art, but film directors were not willing to explore such genres. “Unfortunately, for some reason, our art is embarrassed to be happy and funny. It lags behind life. This is no good,” Stalin said.

“The notorious Stalinist slogan ‘Life has become better, life has become more joyous!’ had not yet been voiced by the dictator, but he was already preparing for it,” writes Volkov.

During his stay in Hollywood, Alexandrov had seen plenty of musicals and comedies, and had come away with a large bag of techniques and tricks which he subsequently put to use throughout his career.

The first Soviet jazz comedy

In Volkov’s view, the instruction to create feel-good comedies was linked to Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential candidacy in 1932. Roosevelt's entourage contained people who considered it useful to establish diplomatic ties with the Bolsheviks. Stalin knew this from his spies, and hoped very much to benefit from future trade relations to promote Soviet industrial growth.

“And what better way to generate sympathy and understanding in the United States than with a Soviet ‘jazz comedy’ along Hollywood lines?” writes Volkov.

And so it was that in 1934 Moscow Laughs (aka Jolly Fellows) hit Soviet movie screens, telling about how well the working class lived in the USSR. For many years after, the songs it spawned were adored nationwide. One of them, “Song Helps Us To Build and To Live” performed by Leonid Utesov, was a hit for the next 50 years.

The film also had clout in the U.S., where it was warmly received by Charlie Chaplin, who met with the director in the U.S.: “Alexandrov has introduced America to a new Russia. Before this film, Americans knew Dostoevsky’s Russia, now they have seen a big shift in the public psychology. People there are laughing loudly and cheerfully. This is a great victory. It is more persuasive than bullets and speeches.”

Incidentally, diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the USSR already had been established, in 1933, immediately after Roosevelt became president.

[jailuquelquechose]

A-Z Book Recommendations

@macrolit​‘s idea, my version.

Originally I aimed to list only one work per author, but I have Umberto Eco and Péter Esterházy twice, tant pis.

~ A ~ Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy

~ B ~ Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

~ C ~ Celestial Harmonies by Péter Esterházy

(for me at least it is about) P.E., descendant of one of the most important aristocratic families of early modern Hungary trying to cope with the weight of his family heritage; translated to English in 2004

~ D ~ Divina Commedia by Dante Alighieri

~ E ~ Egyszerű történet vessző száz oldal - a kardozós változat [Simple Story Comma One Hundred Pages - The Version with Swordfighting] by Péter Esterházy

early modern Hungary, postmodern; unfortunately no English translation is available

~ F ~ Foucault’s Pendulum by Umberto Eco

a.k.a. when you play with conspiracy theories and they turn out to be true: humans vs. texts

~ G ~ A gyertyák csonkig égnek [Embers] by Sándor Márai

in a love-hate relationship with this one; from Wikipedia with love: “The narrative revolves around an elderly general who invites an old friend from military school for dinner; the friend had disappeared mysteriously for 41 years, and the dinner begins to resemble a trial where the friend is prosecuted for his character traits.” translated to English in 2000

~ H ~ Hytti nro 6 [Compartment 6] by Rosa Liksom

young girl and middle-aged man sharing a compartment on the Trans-Siberian Railway in the 1980s

~ I ~ Iskola a határon [School at the Frontier] by Géza Ottlik

boys growing up in a military school between the two world wars

~ J ~ La jeunesse mélancolique et très désabusée d'Adolf Hitler by Michel Folco

poor Adolf’s early character development with a pinch of tasteful humour

~ K ~ Der König David Bericht by Stefan Heym

about a Jewish scholar asked by King Solomon to prepare King David’s biography with the “help” of a committee, but actually about Stalinism and its relation to Lenin and the past and history-writing in general

~ L ~ La Leçon by Eugène Ionescu

about authority and obedience

~ M ~ Macbeth by William Shakespeare

my favourite literary work!

~ N ~ The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco

every time I re-read it, I find something new

~ O ~ One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez

~ P ~ Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

~ Q ~ Historiarum Sui Temporis Libri Quinque by Rodulfus Glaber

there’s this historical / literary text from the 11th century, just because I needed something with Q

~ R ~ Le Roi des Aulnes by Michel Tournier

creepy French guy trying to define himself, the world, and the relation between the two in the 30s and the second WW

~ S ~ Sátántangó by László Krasznahorkai

power and interpersonal relationships in a small community in late socialist Hungary (80s); also watch the 7h long movie version directed by Béla Tarr

~ T ~ A test angyala [The Angel of the Body] by “Jolán Sárbogárdi” (Lajos Parti Nagy)

brilliant parody of cheap romantic novels with very advanced linguistic inventions

~ U ~ Ulysses by James Joyce

~ V ~ Verhovina madarai [The Birds of Verhovina] by Ádám Bodor

slow decay of a secluded village in the Carpates

��� and a little cheating now: —

~ W ~ Struwwelpeter by Heinrich Hoffmann

creepy children’s book from 19th-century Germany with blood, fire, and death by starvation. good night, sweet dreams

~ X ~ Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 9th Edition

shut up, I like it

~ Y ~ Making History by Stephen Fry

prevent Hitler’s birth, ruin your life, and … I won’t spoil it for you, read it

~ Z ~ Жизнь и необычайные приключения солдата Ивана Чонкина [The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin] by Vladimir Voinovich

well, if you transliterate the title… satire about the Soviet army and everyday life in 40s USSR

[culturizando]

#UnDíaComoHoy: 19 de octubre en la historia

El 19 de octubre es el día 291º día del año. Quedan 73 días para finalizar el año. Te presentamos una lista de eventos importantes que ocurrieron un día como hoy 19 octubre.

-Hoy se conmemora el Día Mundial de la lucha contra el Cáncer de Mama. El objetivo de esta fecha es sensibilizar a la población con un mensaje clave: la importancia de la detección temprana, a fin de mejorar el pronóstico y la supervivencia de los casos de cáncer de mama, lo cual sigue siendo la piedra angular de la lucha contra esta enfermedad. Actualmente el cáncer de mama es el más frecuente en las mujeres, tanto en los países desarrollados como en desarrollo. La mayoría de las muertes se debe a que se diagnostican en un estadio avanzado, sobre todo, por la escasa concienciación y las barreras que dificultan el acceso a los servicios de salud.

-1723: muere Godfrey Kneller, pintor británico.

-1745: fallece en Dublín, a causa de un tumor cerebral, Jonathan Swift, escritor irlandés, autor de la obra satírica “Los viajes de Gulliver”, un éxito de la literatura infantil. Swift es considerado uno de los maestros de la prosa en inglés.

-1862: nace Augusto Lumière, francés inventor del cinematógrafo. Hermano de Louis Lumière, ambos inventores y pioneros del cine.

-1868: en España, se establece la peseta como unidad monetaria.

-1875: muere Charles Wheatstone, científico e inventor británico. Sus inicios fueron como aprendiz trabajando en el negocio familiar de su tío, constructor de instrumentos musicales. Junto a William F. Cooke (1806-1879) desarrollaron un sistema telegráfico, que se convirtió en el más grande medio de comunicación de larga distancia de Inglaterra, muchos años antes de que Morse lo hiciera en Estados Unidos.

-1899: nace Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales, escritor y diplomático guatemalteco. Recibió el Premio Nóbel de Literatura en 1967. Dos años antes, había obtenido el Premio Lenin de la Paz. Durante parte de la década del 20, estudió la sociedad y la religión Maya. Tradujo el Popol Vuh, el sagrado libro Quiché de los Mayas, el cual finalizó en 1926. Estudió Medicina y Derecho en su país, siendo dirigente del movimiento de Reforma Universitaria, y Antropología en la universidad de la Sorbona (París). En 1942 salió elegido diputado en Guatemala. Posteriormente fue nombrado embajador en distintos países sudamericanos. En 1954, se exilió. Tras ser rehabilitado, en los años 60 fue embajador en Francia. Novelista y cuentista del realismo mágico, influido en sus orígenes por el surrealismo, muy pronto, sin renunciar a esa impronta, se adentró en su campo predilecto: la mitología indígena, la propia tierra (lo telúrico, en término muy actual), en el sentido de compromiso con los sinsabores de los campesinos sometidos al yugo colonialista, lo que se echa de ver ya en los títulos de sus obras. Junto a ello, y faceta no menos importante, la calidad y sonoridades de su prosa apenas admiten comparación en la literatura castellana del siglo XX. Entre sus obras destacaron: Leyendas de Guatemala 1930; El señor Presidente 1946; Hombres de Maíz 1949; Viento Fuerte1950; El Papa Verde 1954; Los Ojos de los Enterrados 1960; El Alhajadito 1961; Mulata de Tal 1963; etc.

-1931: nace John le Carré, novelista británico, especializado en suspense y espionaje.

-1935: la Liga de Naciones impone sanciones económicas a la Italia de Mussolini por invadir Etiopía y desterrar a su emperador. La Liga de las Naciones vota imponer sanciones económicas a la Italia fascista de Benito Mussolini, por invadir Etiopía y desterrar a su emperador Haile Selassie. Entre las sanciones propuestas para frenar la invasión se encontraban la prohibición de vender petróleo a Italia, así como el cierre del Canal de Suez, pero no se llevó a cabo por temor a las tensiones que con estas medidas se podían generar en Europa. Italia asesinó a miles de etíopes y no dudaron emplear cualquier medio para someter a la atemorizada población, incluyendo el uso de gases venenosos. Antes de que finalizara 1936, la conquista de Etiopía se habría consumado. En 1941 tropas británicas y etíopes liberaron el país. El emperador Selassie organizó su propio gobierno ignorando a las autoridades de ocupación británicas.

-1944: nace Winston Hubert McIntosh mejor conocido como Peter Tosh, músico de reggae, defensor de los derechos humanos y activista pro-legalización del cannabis. Crítico con la política de su país y global, llegó a decir: “La verdad ha sido calificada como ilegal. Es peligroso tener la verdad en tu poder. Puedes ser culpable de un delito y condenado a muerte”. “Equal Rights”, su éxito de 1977, incluye la conocida frase, repetida años después en muchas protestas “Yo no quiero paz, quiero igualdad y justicia”.

-1945: nace John Lithgow, actor estadounidense. conocido principalmente por su actuación como Dick Solomon en la serie de televisión de la cadena NBC 3rd Rock from the Sun. Ha actuado en teatro, cine y radio. Ha ganado múltiples premios Emmy y premios Tony, así como también dos nominaciones a los Premios Óscar. Ha grabado música para niños. Tiene un Master en Artes de la Universidad de Harvard. En enero de 2010 ganó un Globo de oro gracias a su personaje atormentado de Arthur Mitchell en la serie Dexter.

-1956: la Unión Soviética y Japón firman Declaración Conjunta donde restablecen relaciones diplomáticas y ponen fin a la guerra.

-1966: nace Jon Favreau actor, productor y director de cine estadounidense. Después de establecerse como un actor y escritor de considerable renombre, Favreau debutó como director de cine con la película “Made”, cuyo guion escribió y además coprotagonizó junto con Vince Vaughn. Entre sus éxitos destaca como director y productor ejecutivo de la taquillera “Iron Man”, que recaudó más de 570 millones de dólares en todo el mundo, ha continuado retándose a si mismo con varios eclécticos proyectos.

-1980: nace Benjamin Salisbury, actor estadounidense, recordado por su papel de Brighton Sheffield en la serie The Nanny.

-1987: ocurre el Lunes negro. El Dow Jones pierde más de 500 puntos, la peor caída desde el crack de 1929.

-2003: El papa Juan Pablo II beatifica a la Madre Teresa de Calcuta.

-2005: Comienza el primer juicio contra Sadam Husein.

-2007: Soda Stereo inicia gira latinoamericana Me Verás Volver, la cual los trae de regreso tras 10 años de separación.

La entrada #UnDíaComoHoy: 19 de octubre en la historia aparece primero en culturizando.com | Alimenta tu Mente.

[englishchinesetranslations]

RED CHINA IS JEW CHINA: THE DISTURBING ORIGINS OF CHINESE COMMUNISM AND THE DEEPENING CHINESE-‘ISRAELI’ TIES OF TODAY

OCTOBER 21, 2018

MADDCOLDSONOFKUFA

5 COMMENTS

by Jonathan Azaziah

You wouldn’t know it upon first glance, but China and the Jews are chum-chum-chummy. It’s a historical relationship that goes back to the very inception of Chinese communism. In a July 9th, 2012 piece entitled “A Jew In Mao’s China” by Laura Goldman for “The Schmooze” of the Jewish Daily Forward, she revealed, “In fact, 85 to 90% of the foreigners helping the Chinese at the time of the Communist takeover were Jewish. This included the daughter of the founder of the brokerage firm Goldman Sachs, who left the comfort of her Park Avenue home to assist the Chinese.” In conjunction with these startling anomalies, the US ZOG had a base in Tianjin from 1945-1947. Tianjin was home to a sizable Jewish community, particularly Russian communists. It was from the Tianjin base that the Dixie Mission of the OSS trained, financed and armed none other than Mao Zedong and his merry band of “revolutionaries” to fight the Japanese–which, contrary to popular opinion, weren’t “imperialists” nor “warmongers” but rather, liberators of Brown and Yellow peoples colonized by the ZOGs of Europe. That however is another story for another time.

The OSS itself was a den of Jewish and Judeophilic intriguers, set up for the sole purpose of infiltrating and ultimately destroying Germany and Japan. There were a multitude of Jewish operatives who were brought into the fold strictly because of their Jewishness and connections with businessmen and bankers in Europe who also sought the downfall of the Axis Powers. Leading this effort in organizing, coordination and recruitment was Nahum Amber Bernstein, the lawyer for the genocidal Jewish Agency and preeminent funder of the Haganah. Another key OSS operative was the notorious Major Louis Mortimer Bloomfield, a wealthy Montreal-based lawyer who was also connected to the Haganah as well as a main player in Permindex, the shadowy Jewish-dominated corporation that helped murder President John F. Kennedy. These are the types who the Chinese communists took assistance from. No dignity whatsoever as just a few decades earlier, the Sassoon family, known as the Iraqi-Jewish Rothschilds, crippled large swathes of the Chinese population with opium addiction. All of this, as well as what is about to be discussed, is extremely relevant as the Chinese-‘Israeli’ relationship of today unfolds at an increasingly expansive rate. Now allow us to delve into Red China’s Jewish patrons. And founders.

Grigori Naumovich Voitinsky (birthname: Zarkhin) – Russian Jew. One of the founders of Soviet Sinology. Handler of Chen Duxiu. Cofounder of the Chinese Communist Party, which he and his colleagues established in 1920. Bolshevik. The process of forming the party in its nascent stages can mostly be attributed to his strategic thinking. Bolshevik propaganda was disseminated through the Shanghai Chronicle–which he managed. He can indeed be identified as the godfather of Chinese communism as well as other branches of communism in the Asian world.

Manfred Stern aka Emilio Kléber aka Lazar Stern aka Moishe Stern aka Mark Zilbert aka General Kleber – Ukrainian Jew. Leader of the International Brigade in Spain. Bolshevik. Helped put down the anti-Soviet rebellion in Mongolia. Became the GRU’s chief spy in the US with his missions centered around stealing American military secrets. Would become the chief military advisor in the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet, with Mao, Zhu De and others reporting directly to him.

Solomon Adler – Jew with origins from Karelitz, Belarus. US Treasury Department economist, Treasury rep in China during WW2. Pegged as a Soviet spy by Whittaker Chambers, returned to China to spearhead translating Mao’s works into English. Was also with the International Liason Department, a vital organ of the CCP whose functions included foreign intelligence.

Henry Kissinger – Among history’s worst human beings. Involved in a slew of genocides, massacres, war crimes, destabilizations and other acts of psychopathy–particularly in Asia. Masterminded the opening of trade with China and sold out America’s manufacturing power to the Chinese. Grandsire of transmogrifying China into a commie state to a cappy state.

Jakob Rosenfeld aka General Luo – Austro-Hungarian Jew. Minister of Health in Mao’s provisional government and top Mao advisor. Served in the Chinese Communist Force from 1941 on and participated in the Chinese Communist Force’s march on Beijing. Settled in the Entity after the Communist takeover of China was complete. Statue of him was erected in his honor in Junan county, Shandong and a massive exhibit was named after him in 2006 in Beijing’s National Museum of China.

Sidney Rittenberg – Charleston, South Carolina Jew. Descendant of slave-owners. First American to join the CCP. Close advisor to Mao, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai and other high-up CCP leaders. Trusted translator of the Chinese Communist “revolution”. Married into the Chinese family of Wang Yulin. Cultural Revolution supporter. Played a key role in transmitting Chinese Communist propaganda for Xinhua and Radio Peking. Ascended to the head of the Broadcast Administration – i.e. propaganda production – in an unprecedented move that nobody ever thought could be held by a foreigner. But in Communist China of course, Jews weren’t foreigners but “comrades”. Returned to the United Snakes of IsraHELL in 1980 to found Rittenberg & Associates, a company which became a vital go-between for American corporations and China.

Sidney Shapiro aka Sha Boli – New York Ashkenazi Jew. Member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Council. Head of Communist China’s propaganda apparatus. Top translator, writer and publisher of works on China, as well as an actor in Chinese films focused on American villainy. Conducted extensive research into Jews in China and got the works translated into Hebrew and published in the Entity. In December of 2014, the China International Publishing Group announced it was establishing a Sidney Shapiro Research Center in his honor to investigate model criteria for translation between Chinese and English.

Israel Epstein – Polish Jew. Anti-Japanese spy. His father was a Bolshevik agitator. Member of the NKVD’s China divison. Mao’s Minister of Finance/Appropriations. Honored by Mao, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Member of the CCP and editor of China Reconstructs/China Today. His wife was a top contributor to one of the most widely used Chinese-English dictionaries published in China.

Frank Coe – Richmond, Virginia Jew. Treasury Department official from 1934-1939 who worked with the Silvermaster spy ring that featured Harry Dexter White at the head of Operation Snow–the precusor to Pearl Harbor. Friend and co-conspirator of Solomon Adler. Key player in Mao’s Great Leap Forward.

Robert Lawrence Kuhn – Jewish investment banker, Kissingerite and international corporate strategist with an “expertise” in China. He’s been advising the CCP on economic policy, science, technology, media, culture, US-Chinese relations and international communications for over 20 years.

Mikhail Borodin aka Mikhail Gruzenberg – Jew from Vitebsk, Belarus. Top lieutenant of Lenin. After the Bolshevik takeover, he engaged in spying activities in the UK ZOG, US ZOG and Mexico. Then led a group of Soviet advisors in Guangzhou. He negotiated the First United Front between the Chinese Nationalist Party of Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Communist Party. Under his guidance, both parties reorganized on Leninist dogma and organized training institutes for mass organizations, such as the Peasant Training Institute, where none other than a young Mao served, and the Whampoa Military Academy. He arranged shipments of Soviet arms and kept a balance between the radical communists and the “bourgeios” Nationalists.

David Crook – Staunchly anti-Russian Jewish supremacist from the UK. Fought with many other Jews in the International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War. Got recruited by the NKVD as a result of his actions in Spain and was sent to China where he also doubled as a British intelligence agent, working with communists against the Japanese. An architect of China’s foreign service and active in the CCP’s theft of private property, aka “land reform”.

Adolph Abramovich Joffe – Turkic Karaite Jew from Crimea. From a very wealthy family. Associate of Trotsky and Hungarian-Austrian Jew Alfred Adler. Ally and supporter of Lenin. Chairman of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee that overthrew the Russian Provisional Government. Ambassador to China, signing agreements with Sun Yat-Sen and overseeing the distribution of aid and weapons to the Kuomintang as well as cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Chinese communists.

Richard Frey aka Richard Stein – Jew from Vienna, Austria. Arrived in China in 1939 and joined in operations against the Japanese. Member of the CCP and took part in the 7th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in Yan’an – the political and military base of the Communist Party of China– as a guest auditor. Pioneer of Integrative Medicine Treatment in China. He founded and managed the first computer database for the medical information center in Beijing. Chairman of the Information Institute and curator of the Medical Academy of Sciences of China. Helped build relations between Austria and China. Honored by Hu Jintao.

Shafick George Hatem aka Ma Haide – Syrian-Lebanese Jew often mistaken as a Maronite who lived in both upstate NY and Lawrence, MA. First traveled to China’s Shanghai with Jewish colleagues (and communist agents) Lazar Katz and Robert Levinson. Traveled to communist HQ in Bao’an (modern-day Zhidan) to directly assist Mao’s troops and personally examine Mao to dispel rumors of Mao’s impending death via a mysterious disease. Chief organizer for recruiting foreign medical personnel to treat Chinese communist forces fighting Japan in northern China. Became a public health official in China after the communist victory in 1949 and holds the distinction of becoming the first foreigner granted Chinese citizenship. Known as the “American Physician Savior to Modern China”.

Hans Shippe aka Morzec Grzyb – Jew from Krakow, Poland. Germany Communist Party member. Soviet journo. Joined Chinese communists in Guangzhou as a translator and interviewer, spreading interviews with top CCP leaders including Mao. Associate of Shafick George Hatem (Ma Haide). First Jew to fall on the battlefield in China’s war against Japan. Monument erected in his honor by Chinese communists in 1942 in Shandong province.

Ruth Weiss aka Wei Lushi – Jew from Vienna, Austria. Said to be the last surviving European eyewitness of the Chinese communist takeover of China. Top educator at the Jewish School in Shanghai, the School of the Chinese Committee of Intellectual Cooperation and West China Union University. Did propaganda work for the Publishing House for Foreign Literature and financial work at the China Welfare Fund. Named one of eleven foreign experts by the Communist Party of China that were part of membership of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in 1983.

Rewi Alley – Crypto-Jew, homosexual and probable pedophile from New Zealand. Associate of Ma Haide, Ruth Weiss and Hans Shippe. Became a secret member of the CCP in the late 20s/early 30s and by 1932, was carrying out mission after mission for the communists. Set up the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives to bring in foreign and local high-born money for the war against Japan. Credited with introducing “guerilla industry” to China. Became a top propagandist for the new regime, writing works praising the CCP and its actions nationwide, including the Great Leap Forward. Bragged of his “familial” ties to the CCP’s top brass, including Mao. Rewi Alley Memorial Hall and Research Centre at Lanzhou City University College erected in his honor in 2017. Also honored with the Queen’s Service Order by the New Zealand ZOG and was instrumental in forging strong bonds between Beijing and Wellington.

Betty Chandler aka Chen Bidi – Jew from Manitoba, Canada. Close to Israel Epstein and Sidney Shapiro. CPPCC member. Active participant in the management of Red China’s state affairs. Worked as a medical professional on the front lines against Japan as well as a propagandist, disseminating pictures of alleged Japanese atrocities to US papers as a means of defending the Chinese communist narrative. Carried on the hasbara work at the Publishing House for Foreign Literature, serving as an English-language lecturer.

Hans Miller – German Jew. Came to China in 1939 and held the title of director in at least four different hospitals. CCP and CPPCC member. Trained with Mao and participated in fighting against the Japanese. Helped develop medical science in China and was appointed VP of Beijing Medical University. His contributions during the war against Japan were said to have been critical, especially in Yanan.

Gunther Stein – German Jew. Soviet spy and Red China spy part of the Sorge spy ring. Used his journalist credentials with AP, the Manchester Guardian and the Christian Science Monitor to mask his clandestine activities and deflect attention off the fact he was disseminating propaganda on behalf of the communists. Wrote the book “Challenge of Red China”, celebrating the defeat of Japan and new regime of communism. Today this book is touted by none other than the Rothschild-bankrolled CFR.

Philip Jacob Jaffe – Ukrainian-Russian Jew from NYC’s Lower East Side. Co-founder and policymaker of the Committee for a Democratic Far East Policy (CDFEP). Associate of Israel Epstein and Gunther Stein, who were both CDFEP members. Function of the CDFEP was to instill communism deep into Chinese society through anti-Japanese propaganda. Met with Mao as early as 1924. Published the journal “Amerasia” with money from the Judeophilic Vanderbilts. Amerasia was raided by government authorities for publishing classified materials and Jaffe along with his colleagues and his presumed source, a Jewish Office of Naval Intelligence officer named Andrew Roth, were arrested for espionage. Was a friend and financier of Thomas Arthur Bisson aka T.A. Bisson aka Arthur, a propagandist for Chinese communism in America, suspected Soviet spy who collaborated with Jewish agent of the Soviets Joseph Bernstein, and prolific anti-Japanese writer.

Eva Sandberg aka Eva Xiao – Polish-German Jew. Soviet citizen and spy. Known as the “Only White Western Woman in Yanan”, she married Chinese poet Xiao San, an old classmate and boyhood friend of Mao. She helped Xiao run the editorial department at the Lu Xun Academy of Arts and disseminate communist thought. Was also just one of three Soviet women in all of Red China.

Ursula Kuczynski aka Ruth Werner aka Ursula Beurton aka Ursula Hamburger aka Sonja (codename) – Prussian-German-Polish Jew. Her father, Robert Rene, was a well-known and wealthy economist. Her Yahoudling husband, Rudolf Hamburger, was an architect of the German Communist Party and also a Soviet spy who worked with her in China. Infiltrated MI5, the Royal Air Force and the OSS. Eulogized by the Jew York Times as a “Colorful and Daring Soviet Spy”. Attained the rank of Colonel within the Soviet military. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner for her espionage in China. She ran a spy ring in Shanghai and her missions prominently featured the interception of Japanese communications and sabotage of Japanese military positions in Manchuria. She stored weapons and secured bomb-making materials for Chinese communist guerillas. It is said that Japan would not have pulled out of Manchuria had it not been for her work. Collaborated with the Rosenbergs, David Greenglass, Harry Gold and Klaus Fuchs to get classified nuclear armaments info to the Soviet Union and is credited particularly with being responsible for ***the transmission*** that started the Soviet nuke program. Fuchs, for the record, was recruited into services for the Soviets by none other than her brother Jurgen Kuczynski, an internationally renowned economist.

Michael Menachem Greenberg – Polish-Romanian-British Jew. Managing editor of the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) publication, “Pacific Affairs”, where he disseminated a heavily anti-Japanese line. He became a China specialist at the Board of Economic Warfare and an assistant to the agency’s head, Lauchlin Currie–who was revealed to be a Soviet spy connected to Jew Harry Dexter White and the Silvermaster espionage ring. Later worked as a Foreign Affairs Economist in the Administrative Division, Enemy Branch, of the Foreign Economic Administration. His tasks involved finding ways to economically squeeze Japan. Revealed to be a spy for Red China by the investigations of Joseph McCarthy, whose “red-baiting” wasn’t so immersed in paranoia, megalomania and bigotry as liberals (mainly Jews) would have the world believe. Ultimately escaped prosecution and imprisonment and returned to England where he wrote the hasbara book, “British Trade and The Opening of China”, attacking the British for colonially exploiting China in the Opium Wars but deliberately obfuscating the role of the actual opium traders–the aforementioned Mizrahi Jewish Rothschild lieutenants, the Sassoons.

Mark Gayn aka Mark Julius Ginsbourg – Russian-American-Canadian Jew born in Manchuria. Schooled in Russia’s Vladivostock, China’s Shanghai, California’s Claremont and New York’s New York City (Columbia). Writer/journalist for the Jew York Times, Washington Post, Time, Toronto Star and Newsweek. Worked for and passed info to the spy den masquerading as a journalism magazine of Philip Jacob Jaffe, Amerasia. His home was raided by the FBI and 60 classified documents were found. Declassified FBI files reveal that he was Soviet/Chinese spy who had stolen these OSS documents, which related to Chiang Kai-shek’s battle plans against Mao. The theft of this info proved crucial in the Chinese Communist Force defeating Chiang Kai-shek and attaining power. Inexplicably, despite the arrest following the raid on his home, he was let go under the pretext that he would serve as a double agent for America but this never materialized. More probably however, it was Jewish Lobby pressure and his importance to the Maoist cause that procured his release. Said to have obtained information that JFK was going to be assassinated–significant considered the Jewish-‘Israeli’ role in that crime. Traveled to the Soviet Union every year between 1964-1970, not to mention multiple visits to China and was able to get two sit-downs with Mao–more than likely because of his spying almost 20 years earlier.

In conclusion–and a damn clear conclusion at that–there’d be no communism in China without the contributions of these Jews and many others still to be discovered and documented. From the subversive efforts of Gayn and Kuczynski, to the state-building efforts of Epstein, Chandler and Shapiro, to the primordial efforts of Stern and the godfather of them all, Voitinsky. Also, China would not have become the world power it is today if Henry Kissinger hadn’t opened up the doors to trade. Moving further forward, as discussed at the start, we see China becoming disturbingly more ingratiated with the ‘Israeli’ entity in the fields of military, intelligence and technology cooperation as time goes on–no doubt an extension of Jewish-Chinese familiarity going back almost a century.

Jonathan Pollard, the Jewish-Zionist traitor and most destructive spy in American history, gave classified intel to ‘Israel’ which then sold the bombshells to Beijing and he passed stolen secrets to China directly too–at the behest of his “Tel Aviv” handlers and to help his wife’s business plans. ‘Israel’ and China worked hand-in-glove during Operation Cyclone to bring down the very Soviet Union that made Chinese governance “red” in the first place! In 1982, ‘Israel’ provided the Chinese with advanced missile tech and upgraded their tank fleet. This turned into a full-blown defense relationship that prospered after the events at Tiananmen Square.

As it stands at this moment, ‘Israeli’-Chinese bilateral trade has reached a whopping $13 billion, about 260 times what it was in 1992 when it was just starting to take off due to the military ties. Chinese students are flocking to the usurping Zionist entity in record numbers for studies, especially technology, which means, whether they know it or not–though you better believe that the ‘Israelis’ know it for certain–they’re being tapped as Talpiot fifth columnists when they return to China. There are extensive, regular direct flights operating between “Tel Aviv” and Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Hong Kong–which aeronautically links the Zio-Tumor to major cites of China’s north, south, east and west.

China’s explicit backing of the Saudi war on Yemen–a Zionist war through and through–is another blatant display of Chinese-‘Israeli’ collusion. Chinese Vice President Wang Qishan is currently visiting the illegitimate ‘Israeli’ regime and he said unequivocally that “cooperation” between the two “needs” to be “taken to the next level”. Baby-killer Netanyahu called China “very important” for the Jewish gangster “state”. We see their words coming to fruition already as China has been given control of two ‘Israeli’ ports, including occupied Haifa where the ‘Israeli’ enemy maintains its nuclear submarine array –signifying that the genocidal Halakhic-Talmudic regime sees Beijing and its “One Belt, One Road Initiative” as vitally integral elements of its security along with its hegemonic system.

This isn’t to say that there aren’t nuances. Mao locked up several of the Jews mentioned in this piece for overstepping their limits and he went against the advice of those who still curried favor with him when he decided to provide arms and military training to Palestine’s PFLP–which ended due to pressure from who else but war criminal Henry Kissinger. He always seemed to be teetering on standing with the peasantry from which he came and the Jewish-led international hegemonists who sought to turn China into “theirs” since they couldn’t break it with the opium pandemic. And he always sold out to the latter.

We are aware of the involvement of the CIA in destabilizing China on numerous fronts. Tiananmen Square (Operation Yellow Bird) comes to mind–the NED and George Soros were involved too–as does Taiwan, where neocon Jews led by Michael Goldfarb and his Orion Strategies LLC seek to maintain sedition and division, and of course Tibet, where the CIA has been active for nearly 6 decades. Nearly everything you read about Tibet in the Western press is from the CIA. Even the Dalai Lama is a paid stooge of the Company. Moreover, the latest bunch of hasbara about “Uyghur Muslim internment camps” is more Sorosite-NED trash, meant to obfuscate the very real Turkish-Saudi-American-‘Israeli’ covert interventionism in backing Takfiri terrorists in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. And lest we forget that these very same Uyghur Takfiri terrorists, who flocked to Syria in big numbers as foot soldiers for Zion, literally look to ‘Israel’–that’s right, ‘Israel’–as their model for a “homeland”.

But fighting back against imperialist meddling with ‘Israeli’ technology and military support doesn’t make you an anti-imperialist superstar nor will it endear you to millions of Muhammadi-Husseini revolutionaries seeking to liquidate the transhistorical framework of oppression led by Islam’s greatest enemy. Hell, it doesn’t endear you to revolutionaries PERIOD–Muslim or otherwise. What it makes you is a lollygagging fool. Because ‘Israel’ is playing every side while it further cements its global dominance and paves the way for its Dajjalic false messiah–we see it already with the previously noted Uyghurs. ‘Israel’ will discard China to the curb just like it does with all other Shabbos Goyim. So this piece, apart from its fact-finding nature, is also meant to serve as a warning to our Chinese brethren who have Anti-Parasitic vision and consciousness, not to mention a strong sense of patriotism. Get out while you still can before ‘Israel’ sucks you dry.

First it was Bolshevism. Now it’s Zionism. And in both instances, Red China means Jew China and the named-names evidence… the hard, direct, named-names evidence… proves it beyond all shreds of skepticism. The only question that remains now is… Will a nation with a history as vibrant as China allow itself to be nothing but a ZOG in service of a “nation” as accursed as the cancer calling itself ‘Israel’? Or will it reassert its civilizational glory as well as its place in the pantheon of Global South Resistance and disassociate itself from the Zio-Tumor? With Chinese tycoons like Jack Ma enamored with ‘Israel’ and China’s political leadership all the way up to Xi Jinping pushing to merge China and ‘Israel’ closer and closer centrally when it comes to technology, it doesn’t look good to say the least. God help the Chinese people. God help us all. And may God damn World Zionism and all of its tribalist agents as well as its collaborators past and present to the Naar.

[nyuadspeccoll]

Ditia Allakha. Arabskaia skazka [The Child of Allah. An Arabic tale]. Gumilev, Nikolai Stepanovich. Berlin, “Mysl’“, 1922.

Second edition of a dramatic poem (or verse play) written c. 1915-6, when Gumilev was on active service, for the puppet-theatre he organised with N. I. Butkovskaia in St. Petersburg. Perhaps never performed, it was first published in 1917 in the journal Apollon, and then in a separate offprint (very rare). This Berlin edition is posthumous - Gumilev had been arrested and executed by the Cheka in 1921, accused of involvement in the (fabricated) Tagantsev conspiracy. Maxim Gorky had obtained his release by a personal appeal to Lenin, but too late to save him.

Ditia Allakha is ‘possibly his most beautifully written work in dramatic form, with its mixture of humour, fantasy and elegant stylisation’ (Russian Theatre in the Age of Modernism), and its generalist oriental mode incorporates verse forms derived from Malay and Persian poetry. The fairy-tale plot follows a peri who comes to the world of men and encounters 3 suitors, a young but impure man (who is killed by a unicorn), a Bedouin (dispatched by the ghost of Alexander the Great), and the Caliph (killed by Solomon’s ring); she finds her match instead in the poet Hafiz.

Tarasenkov, p. 116

[samdelpapa]

{Altro che borghesia: rivoluzione bolscevica o sovversione giudaita? Precisa bene amico Paolo: Zinoviev alias Aron Radomysl'skij; Kamenev alias Rosenfeld, Radek alias Karl Sobelsohn; ai quali è doveroso AGGIUNGERE Leon Trotsky alias Lev Davidovič Bronštejn (imparentato con esponenti dell’alta finanza New yorkese), Sverdloff alias Ešua-Solomon Movševič Sverdlov. E tralascio i tanti mezzo giudaiti (e lo stesso Lenin, che oggi si tende a sostenere venne da famiglia ebraica). Un bel mazzo di ebrei, molti cosmopoliti e si comprende perché mentre le Chiese ortodosse subirono varie persecuzioni e restrizioni, le Sinagoghe con la rivoluzione bolscevica andarono alla grande. E si capisce come dovettero intendersi bene costoro con quel ricco miliardario ebreo Armand Hammer alias Heimann (il padre Julius traffico con Lenin e i bolscevici giudaiti fin dal 1907) che Stalin gli apri le porte, quale capitale privato, nella Gosbank nel 1937 e – immortale -lo ritroviamo, lui sponsor di NIxon, persino ai funerali di Brezenev a inciuciare e speculare con i sovietici} Maurizio Ter però parliamo sempre di entità e non di etnia sia ben chiaro a tutti https://www.instagram.com/p/BwkLyKBBbUQ/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=1vdp5rujrr8ha

[divinaacommedia]

2.3. Çağdaş Dünya Tarihi

NEP - New Economic Policy

1920'li yıllarda iç savaşın yaralarını sarabilmek için geçici olarak özel teşebbüse izin verilmiştir. Kırsal bölgelerde verimin azalması, savaş sonrası marksist sisteme geçisin zaman alacağını kabul etmek zorunda kaldılar.

Sovyet Rusya Kuruluşu SSCB, Viladimir İlyiç Lenin’in başkanlığındaki Bolşevik Partisinin 1917’de iktidarı ele geçirmeye başlamıştır. Devrimin gerçekleştiği sırada Rusya, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda İtilaf Devletlerinin safında yer almıştır. Bolşevik Partisinin ilk önemli icraatı ise Brest Litovski Antlaşması ile Rusya’yı savaştan çekmek olmuştur. Bu antlaşma sonunda Rusya; Finlandiya, Litvanya, Polonya, Ukrayna, Batum, Kars ve Ardahan’ı bırakmak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu tarihten sonra Bolşevik Hükümeti Meşrutiyetçiler, Demokratlar, Menşevik Partisi’nden Sosyalistler ve Enternasyonelciler gibi siyasi rakipleriyle mücadeleye başlamıştır. Bu rakipler, sonunda, monarşiyi tekrar kurmak isteyen beyazlarla birleşmiş ve ülke bir iç savaşa sürüklenmiştir. Bolşevikler, büyük ve yabancı devletlerce desteklenen uzun yıllar boyunca sürekli yenilenen Lev Troçki’nin liderliğindeki Kızılordu ile çarpışmıştır. Viladimir İlyiç Lenin Bu büyük devletler, en önemli amaçları olan Rusya’daki ekonomik etkinliklerini sürdürmek ve Bolşevik İhtilali’ni tersine çevirmek için kendi seçtikleri rejimi yerleştirmeyi denemişlerdir. Eski rejimin imtiyazlıları arasında olan Kazakların da ayaklanmasıyla Bolşevikler Aralık 1917’de Çeka Örgütünü kurarak sistemli terör hareketlerine girişmişlerdir. Beyazlar, müttefiklerinin bütün yardımlarına rağmen kendi aralarındaki rekabet nedeniyle yenilmişlerdir. Bolşevikler Çar II. Nikola ve ailesini öldürmüş (Temmuz 1918) ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı sonunda Almanya çökünce Rusya, Brest Litowski Antlaşması’nı tanımadığını açıklamıştır. Bolşevikler, kaybedilen toprakları yeniden işgal etmeye başlamıştır. Güneyde başarılı olan Bolşevikler, Kuzeyde tutunamayıp 1920’de Litvanya, Estonya, Letonya ve Finlandiya’nın bağımsızlıklarını kabul etmişlerdir. Moskova, bu tarihten itibaren Ruslaştırma siyasetini bırakarak dil ve kültür muhtariyetlerini tanımıştır. Ülkenin ismi Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti olarak değiştirilmiş ve bu özerklikler 1924 Anayasası ile tanınmışlardır. Stalin, Lenin ve Kalinin Bolşeviklerin Almanya ve Macaristan’daki bu girişimleri, Kızılordu’yu yenemeyen müttefiklerini ciddi biçimde endişelendirmiştir. Bu ülkeler, Bolşeviklerin yayılmasını önlemek için “sağlık koridoru” olarak adlandırılan Finlandiya, Baltık Devletleri, Polonya ve Romanya’ya destek vermeye başlamışlardır. 1924'te Lenin öldü. Aynı yıl bir komisyon kurarak etnik duruma göre sınırları çizdiler.

1.Dünya Savaşının Sonuçları 1-Büyük imparatorluklar yıkıldı.(Osmanlı Devleti, Çarlık Rusya, Avusturya Macaristan) 2-Polonya, Çekoslovakya, Avusturya, Macaristan Litvanya, Ukrayna, Estonya gibi yeni devletler kuruldu. 3-Bazı ülkelerde rejim değişikliği oldu. Rusya’da kominizim, Almanya’da Nazizm, İtalya’da Faşizm, Türkiye’de Cumhuriyet. 4- Dünyanın siyasi haritası değişti. 5- Sömürgeciliğin ismi “mandacılık” olarak değiştirildi. 6- cemiyet-i Akvam yani Milletler Cemiyeti kuruldu. 7- Savaştan en karlı çıkan devlet İngiltere oldu. 8-Denizaltı, uçak, tank, kimyasal silahlar ilk kez bu savaşta kullanıldı. 9- On milyonun üzerinde insan öldü ve kayboldo. 10- Yeni sınırlar çizilirken milletler göz önüne alınmadığından yeni sorunlara ve savaşlara neden oldu. 11- Savaştan karlı çıkan ikinci devleti ise Fransa oldu. 12- Açlık ve sefalet baş gösterdi. 13- Fabrikalar, Kültür ve sanat eserleri büyük zarar gördü. 14- Çarlık Rusya yıkılarak yerine Sovyet Rusya kuruldu. 15- Arap topraklarında İngiltere ve Fransa’nın denetiminde yeni devletler kuruldu. 16- İsrail Devleti’nin temelleri bu savaştan sonra atılmaya başlandı. 17- Mondros’tan sonra Anadolu’daki işgallere karşı milli mücadele başladı. Bu durumu İngiliz sömürgeleri de kendilerine örnek aldı. 18- Versay Antlaşma’sı ile Avrupa’nın dengesi bozuldu. Bu durum ikinci dünya savaşına neden oldu.

Versay Barış Konferansı Wilson İlkeleri’ne Aykırı Versay Antlaşması’nın Hazırlanış Süreci

Woodrow Wilson Amerikan Başkanı Wilson’un 14 maddelik ilkelerinin temel amacı ülkeler arasındaki barışın hakim kılınması için yenilen devletlerin intikam almalarını önlemek ve toprak bütünlüğünün sağlanması ve savaş tazminatından muaf tutulmalarıydı. Bu ilkeler doğrultusunda adil bir barış antlaşmasının yapılmasını isteyen Almanya, Wilson’a barış isteklerini iletmişlerdir. Her ne kadar belirtilen ilkeler toprak bütünlüğünü savunsa da İtilaf Devletlerinin en güçlü devletleri olan İngiltere, Fransa, İtalya, Romanya ve Yunanistan arasında imzalanan gizli paylaşım antlaşmaları bu ilkelere ters düşüyordu.

Antlaşma hükümlerinin üç büyük devletin çıkarlarına göre şekilleneceği apaçıktı. İngiltere Başbakanı Llyod George, İtalya Başbakanı Emanuele Orlando ve Fransa Başbakanı Georges Clemenceau’nun kontrolünde antlaşma hükümleri belirlenmiş ve taslak halinde görüşülmek üzere komisyona iletilmişti. Alman Meclisi (Weimar), antlaşma taslağı bildirildiğinde görmüştü ki antlaşma metninde belirlenen Wilson ilkelerinin ışığında değil tamamen parçalanan bir Almanya tablosu hakimdi. Fakat Alman Meclisi her ne kadar karşı çıksa da 1919 Temmuzunda kabul etmek zorunda kaldı çünkü Almanya üzerindeki abluka ve askeri istibdadın kalkması zorunluydu.

Paris Barış Konferansı’nın kararı ile kurulan Milletler Cemiyeti ABD kontrolünde yeni sömürgecilik rejimlerinin kurulması kararlaştırıldı. Yenilen devletlerin mandater devletler aracılığıyla himaye edilmesine yönelik bu hükümler ile Togo ile Kamerun İngiliz-Fransız mandasına; Tanganyika İngiltere mandasına; Güney-Batı Almanya Afrikası, Güney Afrika Birliğine; Marina, Marshall ve Caroline Adaları ile Çin’deki Kiaochow Japonya’ya; Raunda-Urundi Belçika mandasına; Yeni Gine’nin Almanya’ya ait olan yarısı ve Solomon Adaları Avustralya mandasına bırakıldı.

Almanya’nın Sınırlarının Yeniden Çizilmesi ve Toprak Kayıpları Antlaşma şartlarına bağlı olarak Alsace-Lorraine bölgesi Fransa’ya, Eupen, Malbedy ve Monschau’nun bir bölümü Belçika’ya Memel, yeni kurulan Litvanya’ya Doğu Silezya ve Batı Prusyanın bir bölümünü Polonya’ya, Yukarı Şilezyanın bir parçası Çekoslovakya’ya bırakıyordu. Dantzig serbest şehir olarak Milletler Cemiyeti’nin himayesine terkediliyordu. Saar bölgesi Fransa’ya bırakılarak bölgenin kaderi ise onbeş yıl sonra yapılacak halk oylaması ile belirlenecektir. Amnayi rn kıyılarında ve Helgolandda mevcut tahkimatları yıkacaktı.

Almanya’nın Çin üzerindeki hakları ve Büyük Okyanus’taki adaları Japonya’ya devredildi. Almanya, Avusturya ile birleşememeyi taahhüt etmekte; ayrıca Avusturya, Çekoslavakya ve Polonya’nın bağımsızlığını kabul etmekteydi. Savaş içerisinde tarafsız olmasına rağmen tarafsızlığı çiğnenmiş ve Belçika’nın hukuki bakımdan tarafsızlığı kalkmakta ve Almanya da bunu kabul etmekteydi.

Almanya’nın Silahsız Kılınması ve Donanmanın Tahliyesi Savaşta yenik düşen Alman bilincinin ilerde tekrar askeri olanakları ile yeniden toparlanarak İtilaf Bloğuna saldırmasını engellemek için Alman askeri ve deniz birlikleri silahsız bırakılarak ileride çıkabilecek bir çatışma önlenmeye çalışıldı. Almanya’nın askeri birliklerinin kaynağı olan zorunlu askerlik kuralı kanundan kaldırıldı. Almanya’nın askeri birlik komutası feshedilerek ordunun da sadece iç asayişin sağlanması için 100.000 kişilik bir askeri birlik bulundurması karara bağlandı (Madde 159-180). Almanya’nın donanma güçleri sadece 15.000 personelle sınırlandırılmıştı (Madde 181-197). İngilizlerin, Almanya’nın toprak bütünlüğünü savunması bu maddenin gereğidir. Çünkü donanması engellenen ve etkinliği ortadan kaldırılan Almanya, karadan bir iletişim seçeneği olmayan İngiltere için bir tehdit içermiyordu. Fakat diğer taraftan her ne kadar aynı grupta bulunsalar da İngiltere Fransa’nın kıta Avrupa’sında Almanya üzerinde egemen olmasından çekiniyor ve parçalanmış bir Almanya olmasındansa Milletler Cemiyeti himayesinde eyaletlere ayrılmış bir Almanya’yı tercih ediyordu. Ayrıca Almanya’nın uçak, denizaltı, zırhlı araç veya herhangi askeri teçhizat üretme hakkı yasaklanmış, ayrıca aynı şekilde ülkenin yurt içinden veya dışından herhangi bir silah alımı-satımı yasaklanmıştı. Almanya’nın biyolojik ve kimyasal çalışmaları da yasaklanarak Almanya’nın tamamen savunmasız kalması ve antlaşma hükümlerinin ve paylaşımın kolayca yapılması amaçlanmaktaydı.

Almanya’nın İtilaf Devletlerine Ödemekle Yükümlü Olduğu Savaş Tazminatı

Büyük Buhran Dönemi Birinci Dünya Savaşında yapılan bütün askeri harcamalar ve düşman devletlerin karşı saldırıları sonucunda devletin uğradığı mali yıkımın faturası savaş sonunda yenilen devletlere ödettirilirdi. Keza aynı şekilde 1. Dünya Savaşı sonunda imzalanan antlaşma metinlerinde de tam olarak bu durum yaşandı. Savaş tazminatı alınmayacağına kendini inandıran Alman Parlamentosu 1921 hükümlerinde 20 Milyon Mark tazminata çarptırıldı (Madde 238). Aslında savaş sırasında tamamen tükenen Almanya’nın itilaf devletlerine ödeyecek 5 milyon marklık bile gücü yoktu. Ve böylece ülkedeki bütün imkanlar ile ödenmeye çalışılan bu tazminat sonunda Almanya, mali ve ekonomik gücünü tamamen yitirdi, nitekim dünyada büyük buhran başladı.

Ayrıca Elbe, Öder, Niemen, Ulm’dan itibaren Tuna ve Kiel Kanalı milletlerarası bir hale getiriliyordu. Bütün antlaşma hükümlerinin yerine getirilmesini garanti altına almak için Ren’in sol kıyısı ve ırmağın sağ kıyısında üç köprübaşı müttefikler tarafından en çok on beş yıl süreyle işgal edilecek, sonrada Rheinland Irmağı’nın 50 km doğusuna kadar askersiz bölge haline getirilecekti (Madde 428-432). Heligolan ve Kuzey Denizi adalarındaki istihkamlar müttefik İtilaf Devletlerinin denetimi altında imha edilecektir (Madde 115).

Versay Antlaşması’nın Almanya ve Dünya İçin Önemli Sonuçları

Holokost Döneminde Bir Toplama Kampı Antlaşmanın askeri hükümleri ve manevi hükümleri ile Almanya’nın galip devletlere bir karşı saldırı ve yaptırımdan men edildi. Ayrıca kurulan milletlerarası mahkeme ile Almanya’nın savaş sırasında uyguladığı katliamlar nedeniyle İmparator Wilhelm II (Madde 227) ve askeri kanat mahkemede savaş suçlusu olarak yargılanacaktır. Weimar Meclisi tarafından “dikta” olarak girilen Versay Antlaşması hükümleri kabul edilmesine rağmen Alman Parlamentosu tarafından hiçbir zaman tam olarak kabul edilmedi. Tazminat komisyonu tarafından Almanlara iki yıl sonra belirtilen tazminat miktarı ve Alman halkının toplu olarak savaş suçlusu ilan edilmesi, Alman halkının onurunu kırmış ve Alman milliyetçiliği doğarak Nazi Almanya’sı; yıkılan Almanya’nın kaybettiği savaşın bedeli olan Versay Antlaşmasının küllerinden yeniden doğdu. Her şeye rağmen Versay Antlaşması’nın hükümleri 10 Ocak 1920 yılında yürürlüğe girdi.

Almanya Versay Antlaşması ile büyük ölçüde toprak kaybetti ve bütün deniz aşırı sömürgeleri elinden çıktı. Ayrıca antlaşma Almanya’ya büyük ekonomik yükler getirdi. Alman halkının hepsinin savaş suçlusu sayılması, antlaşma maddelerinin ağır ve halkın gururunu rencide edici olmasından dolayı, Almanya’da milliyetçilik akımları başladı. Bu ekonomik buhran ve milliyetçilik akımları ise Alman milletinin Hitler’i iktidara getirmesine ve dolayısıyla İkinci Dünya Savaşını başlatmasına ve holokost'un gerçekleşmesine sebep oldu.

Versay Antlaşmasının Bozulması 1933'de başa gelen Adolf Hitler; ordunun 3 katı nüfusa ulaşması için emir verdi, Versay antlaşmasıyla 100.000 kişi ile sınırlandırılan ordu 1934 Ekiminde 300.000 kişi olmuştu. Bu gelişim ilk başta muazzam bir gizlilikle yürütüldü. Amiral Raeder’e, deniz kuvvetlerinin şefi, büyük savaş gemilerinin inşası için emir verildi. Bu gemilerin standartları Versay antlaşmasının kısıtladığı boyutların üzerinde, ulaşabilen maksimum boyutlarda olacaktı. Denizaltıların inşası da Versay antlaşması ile yasaklanmıştı ama Hitler için bu bir engel değildi, deniz altı inşasına da başlanılmıştı. Denizaltıların her bir parçası farklı gemiliklerde üretilip montaja hazır hale getiriliyordu. Bu da gizlilik stratejisinin bir parçasıydı. Bunların yanında Hitler, Goering’e hava kuvvetleri pilotlarının eğitimi ve askeri uçakların dizaynı görevini verdi. 1935 yılının Mart ayında Hitler bir kumar oynamaya karar verdi. Hitler, Goering’i yetkilendirerek, Alman hava kuvvetlerinin varlığını İngiltere ve Fransa’ya bildirmesini istedi. Bu şekilde bu İngiltere ve Fransa’nın bu gelişime karşı tepkilerinin ölçecekti. Bu gelişimin Versay antlaşmasına direk bir karşı çıkış olmasına rağmen, İngiltere ve Fransa’dan ufak bir tepki geldi. Bunun nedenlerinden biri de bu gelişimin bu devletler tarafından zaten bilinmesiydi. Hafif bir tepkiyle karşılaşan Hitler daha ileriye gitmek için bir nevi cesaretlendirilmiş oldu. Birkaç gün sonra Hitler bir kumar daha oynadı ve açıkça ordusunun tanıtımını yaptı. Ordu 36 bölük ve yarım milyon adamdan oluşuyordu. İngiltere ve Fransa’dan yine zayıf bir tepki geldi ve bu zayıf tepkiler adeta Hitlere kumarı kazanmanın rahatlığını veriyordu.

Adolf Hitler Ordusuyla Hitler boş durmayıp silahlı kuvvetlerinin gücünü daha da artırıyor, aynı zamanda da konuşmalarında barış arzusunu ve savaşın bir çılgınlık olduğunu vurguluyordu. Avusturya’yı kendilerine katmak veya Rhineland’ı tekrardan askerleştirmek gibi bir niyetleri olmadığını ve Versay antlaşmasının gerektirdiği tüm karasal hükümlere saygı duyduklarını, Versay antlaşmasıyla gelen silahsızlandırmanın ve Alman deniz kuvvetlerinin gücünün kısıtlanmasın karşılıklı bir hoşgörü dâhilinde kabul edildiğini açıklıyordu. O dönemlerde Hitler şu sözü söylemiştir:

“ Avrupa’da savaşın meşalesini yakan kişi, kaostan başka bir şey ümit edemez.”

1936 Mart’ında Alman bölüklerinin ufak bir kısmı Rey boyları köprülerinin karşısına, Almanya’nın Aachen’e doğru olan, ordusu dağıtılmış bölgeleri Trier ve Saarbruecken’e doğru yürüdüler. Bir kere daha ne İngiltere ne de Fransa bu aşikâr Locarno Paktı ihlaline karşı hiçbir harekette bulunmadılar. Bu pakt 1925’te Almanya’nın isteğiyle imzalanmıştı ve artık Rey boyları’nın batı bölgesinde Alman bölükleri bulunmayacaktı. İşin garip kısmı ise sınırda Fransız askerlerinin sayısının Alman askerleri sayısından çok daha fazla olmasıydı buna rağmen bir tepki eksikliği vardı Fransa’da. Rey boylarının tekrardan askeriyeye kavuşacağı bu dönemde, Hitler’de halka arzusunun tüm Avrupa’da barış olduğunu açıklıyordu. Fransa, Belçika ve birkaç ülkeye daha, yeni barışsal paktlar için görüşme teklif etti. Aynı zamanda Fransa ve Belçika sınırlarında, Alman defansif güçlerinin kuvvetlendirme çalışmaları hızla başlamıştı. Gelişmeler böyle olunca Almanya’da Hitlerin popülaritesi iyice kabarmıştı. Liderlik konumu iyice güçlenmiş ordu generalleri üzerindeki kontrolü iyice güvenlik altına alınmıştı.

Hitler’in rey boylarına asker yerleştirmesi Almanya için daha fazla güvenlik, merkez Avrupa’daki devletler ( Avusturya ve Çekoslovakya gibi)  için ise daha az güvenlik anlamına geliyordu ki bu devletler Fransa’ya güveniyordu, fakat Fransa da Almanya’ya karşı bir tepkide bulunmuyordu. Hitler bu süreçte zamanı kullanmasını çok iyi bildi, Milletler cemiyetinin İtalya Habeşistan sorunuyla uğraşması, İngiltere ve İtalya’nın arasının açılması ve İtalya yüzünden de Fransa ve İngiltere’nin arasının açılması, Hitler için tam bir fırsat olmuştur. Hal böyle olunca Dr. Schuschnigg tarafından yönetilen Avusturya hükümeti savaş tehdit’ine karşı Almanya’ya ödünler verme çalışmalarına girişti. Avusturya Nazilerini hükümette etkili noktalara atıyorlardı bu adımlar Hitlerin Avusturya bağımsızlığını taahhüt etmesi amacı ile atılıyordu. Avusturya’nın pozisyonu, İtalyan diktatörü Mussolini’nin Almanya ile düşmanlara karşı ittifak kurması sonrası tehlikeye düştü. Bu ittifak Roma Berlin mihveri olarak bilinir. Bu mihver iki ülke arasında yabancı politikadaki ortak çıkarlara dayalı anlaşmaları içeriyordu.

1936 Kasımında Berlin-Roma mihveri kurulurken bir yandan da Berlin-Tokyo Mihveri, Almanya ile Japonya arasında Sovyet Rusya'ya ve milletlerarası komünizm faaliyetlerine karşı, imzalanmış ve adı da Anti-Komintern Pakt'tır. Hitler Avusturya'yı ilhak etmeyi düşündüğünde, hemen kuvvet kullanarak değil de Avusturya'da bulunan Naziler tarafından bu fikrini gerçekleştirmeyi planladı. 1937 yılında Avusturya'da Naziler etkilerini iyice artırmaya başladı bunlar devamlı Berlin'le irtibat halinde idiler. Hitler Avusturya'da ve Çekoslovakya'da yaşayan Alman halkının bir hayli fazla olduğunu bildiği için buraları işgal etmeyi düşündü. Zaten amacı da tüm Alman halkının birleştirilmesi (Ein Volk, Ein Reich) idi. Fakat Avusturya başbakanının yaptığı bir hareket Hitler'in düşüncesini engellemiş ve metodunu değiştirmek zorunda bırakmıştır. Alman orduları Avusturya sınırlarından girerek memleketi işgale başlamış, 12 Mart günü Alman zırhlarının Viyana'ya girmesiyle Avusturya işgal edilmişti. Hitler bu plana Anchluss ismini vermiş fakat hiçbir devlet buna tepki göstermemişti.

Almanya'nın Avusturya'dan sonra Çekoslovakya'ya dönmesi ihtimali Sovyet Rusya'yı endişelendirdi. Rusya bunun üzerine İngiltere ile Fransa'ya başvurdu bunlardan yanıt alamayan Rusya, Almanya ile işbirliğine gitmeye karar verdi. Hitler için sıra Çekoslovakya'da bulunan Alman halkının kurtarılması amacıyla Çekoslovakya'yı işgale gelmişti. Çekoslovakya'yı işgale başlayan Nazi Almanya'sı, İngiltere ve Fransa devletini harekete geçirdi. Bu olayın daha ileri gitmesini istemeyen Fransa ve İngiltere, İtalya'ya başvurarak durumu yatıştırmaya gittiler ve daha sonra 29 Eylül 1938'de Münih Konferansı yapıldı ve buna göre; Südetler Almanlara teslim edilecek ve Çekoslovakya dağılacaktı. Çekoslovak ittifakı olan Sovyet Rusya'nın bu konferansa çağrılmaması hem Rusya'nın itibarını zedelemiş hem de İngiltere ve Fransa ittifakını sona erdirmiştir. Bunun üzerine Sovyetler Almanlarla işbirliğine daha ağırlık vermiştir.

Hitler Polonya'yı İşgal Ediyor Sovyet Rusya Almanya ile bir saldırmazlık paktı imzalamaya karar verdi, Adolf Hitlerin bu genişleme politikasından kendini uzak tutmak istiyordu, her ne kadar Adolf Hitler 2.dünya savaşsı başladığında Moskova’ya girmiş olacaksa da, bu pakt bir süreliğine de olsa iki tarafı da rahatlatacaktı. Almanya’nın bu paktla hedeflediği, hedefini rahatça Fransa’ya çevirmekti, Rusya’nın bu pakttan beklentisi ise Almanya’dan gelebilecek olası bir tehdidi önlemekti.

Hitler'in önünde Polonya'yı almak için artık bir engel kalmamıştı. Polonya Batılı devletlerin desteğine başvurmuştu. Bunun üzerine Hitler iyice sinirlenerek 1 Eylül 1939 günü Polonya topraklarına girmeye başladı. Polonya, Batılı devletlerin verdiği garantiyi yerine getirmesini istedi; bunun üzerine İngiltere ve Fransa Almanya'ya bir ültimatom vererek geri çekilmesini istedi; ancak Hitler bunu göz ardı etti. Bunun üzerine 3 Eylül 1939 günü İngiltere ve Fransa Almanya'ya savaş ilan ederek II. Dünya Savaşını başlatmış oldular. Polonya Almanya’ya 21 Eylül 1939 günü daha fazla direnemedi ve II. Dünya savaşı resmen başlamış oldu.

Saint-Germain Çatışması (Fransızca: Traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye), 10 Eylül 1919 tarihinde İtilaf Devletleri ile Avusturya arasında imzalanan ve I. Dünya Savaşı'nın ardından Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu topraklarının yeniden düzenlenmesini açıklayan antlaşmadır.

Antlaşma ile zaten iç karışıklıklar yaşayan Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu parçalanarak toprakları üzerinde Çekoslavakya, Yugoslavya ve Macaristan devletleri kuruldu. Macaristan savaş sorumlusu tutuldu ve Galiçya'yı Polonya'ya, Hırvatistan'ı Yugoslavya'ya, Tirol ve Trieste'yi İtalya'ya, Bukovina'yı da Romanya'ya bıraktı. Zorunlu askerlik kaldırıldı, Macaristan ağır bir savaş tazminatı ödedi. Ayrıca Versay Antlaşması'ndaki ana fikirlerden biri de bu antlaşmada yer almış, Avusturya ordusu, 30 bin kişi olarak sınırlanmıştır.

Antlaşma, Avusturya'nın gelecekte Almanya ile birleşme yönündeki gelişmeleri de engellemiş, bunu Milletler Cemiyeti'nin onayına bağlamıştır.

Triyanon Antlaşması ya da Trianon Antlaşması, 4 Haziran 1920 tarihinde, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın galip İtilaf Devletleri ile Macaristan arasında, Fransa'nın Versay kentindeki Trianon Sarayı'nda imzalanan ve savaşı resmen sona erdiren antlaşma.

Bu anlaşma Macaristan'da da Almanya'da olduğu gibi tepkiyle karşılanmış ve kaybettiği toprakları geri almaya yönelik politikalar izlenmesine neden olmuştur. Müttefik Devletler'in savaştan sonra Macaristan'a barış şartlarını sunması oldukça gecikti. Bunun nedeni önceleri Macaristan'da Béla Kun liderliğindeki komünist rejimin varlığı ve sonraları daha ılımlı iktidarlar gelmesine rağmen Romanya'nın Budapeşte'yi işgali döneminde (Ağustos - Kasım 1919) yaşanan siyasi çalkantılardı. Sonunda Müttefikler yeni bir hükümeti tanıdılar ve 16 Ocak 1920 tarihinde antlaşmanın bir ön metnini Macar delegesine verdiler.

Antlaşmanın şartları Toprak kayb Bu antlaşma ile Macaristan, topraklarının ve nüfusunun 2/3'ünü kaybetti. Bu anlaşmayla 2 milyona yakın Macar, ülke sınırlarının dışında kaldı.

Slovakya, Ruthenia'nın Karpat Dağları altında kalan kısmı (bugün Zakarpatskaya adıyla Ukrayna'nın bir ili), Pressburg (Bratislava) ve bazı küçük yerler Çekoslovakya'ya verildi. Batı Macaristan (Sopron hariç Burgenland'ın çoğu) Avusturya'ya verildi. Hırvatistan (Medimurje dahil), Slovenya (Prekomurje dahil), Voyvodina ve Banat'ın bir kısmı Sırp-Hırvat-Sloven Krallığı'na (Yugoslavya'ya) verildi. Banat'ın büyük kısmı ve Transilvanya Romanya'ya verildi. Fiume İtalya'ya verildi. Slovakya'nın kuzeyindeki birkaç köy Polonya'ya verildi.

Diğer şartlar Milletler Cemiyeti'nin sözleşmesi, antlaşmaya dahil edildi. Macaristan ordusu, 35 bin kişi olarak sınırlandırıldı. Hafif silahlı bu ordu sadece iç güvenlik ve sınır güvenliğinden sorumlu olacaktı. Macaristan'ın ödeyeceği ağır savaş tazminatları sonradan belirlenecekti.

SEVR ANLAŞMASI I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında İtilâf Devletleri ile Avusturya arasında Saint-Germain Antlaşması, Macaristan arasında Trianon Antlaşması ve Bulgaristan arasında Neuilly Antlaşması imzalanmasına rağmen Osmanlı Devleti ile 1919 Mayıs'ında hâlâ bir barış antlaşması imzalanamamış ve görüşmeler belirsiz bir geleceğe ertelenmişti. Bunun nedenleri İtilaf Devletleri'nin Osmanlı Devleti'ni paylaşmadaki anlaşmazlığıdır.

İtilaf Devletleri Yüksek Konseyi'nin 7 Mayıs'ta aldığı karar uyarınca 15 Mayıs'ta İzmir Yunanlar tarafından işgal edildi. Bu olay tüm Türkiye'de güçlü bir ulusal tepkiye yol açtı. 4 Eylül'de toplanan Sivas Kongresi'nden sonra İstanbul'daki Osmanlı hükümeti, ülke üzerindeki idari ve askeri denetimini kaybetti. Sivas ve daha sonra Ankara'da, Mustafa Kemal Paşa yönetiminde bir ulusal direniş hükümeti kuruldu. Anadolu hükümeti, olumsuz şartlarda bir barış antlaşmasını kabul etmeyeceğini bildirdi ve direniş hazırlıklarına girişti.

Hazırlık Konferansları Sevr Antlaşması'nı imzalamak üzere Paris Barış Konferansı'na giden Osmanlı heyetinin İtilaf Devletleri'ne ait bir savaş gemisinin güvertesinde çekilmiş fotoğrafı. Resimde fes giyen Damat Ferit Paşa'nın sağında Şura-yı Devlet Reisi Rıza Tevfik, solunda Maarif Nazırı Bağdatlı Mehmed Hadi Paşa ve Bern Sefiri Reşat Halis Bey yer alıyor. İtilâf Devletleri 18 Nisan 1920'de San Remo Konferansı'nda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'na uygulanacak barış antlaşmasının şartlarını hazırladılar. 22 Nisan'da Osmanlı hükümetini Paris'te toplanacak barış konferansına davet ettiler. Padişah, eski sadrazam Ahmet Tevfik Paşa'nın başkanlığında bir heyeti Paris'e gönderdi. Ertesi günü Ankara'da toplanan Büyük Millet Meclisi, 30 Nisan günü taraf devletlerin dışişleri bakanlıklarına gönderdiği bir yazıyla İstanbul'dan ayrı bir hükümetin kurulduğunu bildirdi.

Paris'te barış şartlarını öğrenen Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, İstanbul'a gönderdiği telgrafta barış şartlarının "devlet mefhumu ile kabil-i telif olmadığını" (devlet kavramı ile bağdaşmadığını) bildirerek görüşmelerden çekildi. Bunun üzerine 21 Haziran'da İtilaf Devletleri Türk milletinin direnişini kırmak için, İzmir'de bulunan Yunan kuvvetlerini Anadolu içlerine sürmeye karar verdi. Balıkesir, Bursa, Uşak ve Trakya kısa sürede Yunan ordusu tarafından işgal edildi.

Saltanat Şurası Ege'deki işgaller üzerine 22 Temmuz'da İstanbul'da toplanan Saltanat Şurası,[2] Paris'e Sadrazam Damat Ferit Paşa başkanlığında ikinci bir heyet göndermeye karar verdi. Şura'da yaşananlar günümüzde hâlâ tartışılmaktadır. Nutuk'ta bu toplantıda Vahdettin'le ilgili “Sevr Muahedesi'ni bizzat ayağa kalkmak suretiyle kabul etmiştir.” denmektedir. Saray Başmabeyincisi Lütfi Simavi'ye göre ise Vahdettin açılış nutkunu okuduktan sonra başkanlığı Damat Ferit Paşa’ya bırakarak salonda durmamış, çıkıp gitmiştir. Son Sadrazam Tevfik Paşa’nın oğlu İsmail Hakkı Okday'ın anlatımı ise şöyledir:

“Nihayet Sevr’i kabul edenler ayağa kalksın denildi. Damat Ferid Paşa bu sırada Padişah’ın salonu terk etmesi için işaret verdi. Vahdettin dışarı çıktı, yandaki odaya geçti. Padişah ayağa kalkınca da salondakiler Hünkâr'a bir saygı eseri olarak ayağa kalktılar. Kendisini bu suretle selamladılar. Öyle ki, bu ayağa kalkışın Sevr’in kabulü anlamına mı geldiği, yoksa Padişah’a hürmeten kıyam mı edilmiş olduğu açık olarak belirmedi. Hatta Ayan'dan Topçu Feriki Rıza Paşa, ‘Biz Padişaha hürmeten ayağa kalktık, Sevr’i kabul ettiğimizden değil’ diye haykırarak Damat Ferid’in oyununu açıkça protesto dahi etti.”

Kimi tarihçiler bu olayı, şûrâda oy hakkı olmayan padişahın oylama yapılması çağrısı yapılınca dışarı çıkması, fakat Damat Ferit'in olayı oldubittiye getirmesi olarak yorumlamaktadır. Kimileri toplantının Sevr’i onaylatmak üzere taraflı bir tarzda yürütülmesini protesto mahiyetinde, belki de biraz öfkeli bir şekilde ayağa kalktığını ve çıkıp yan odaya geçmiş olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Kimi tarihçiler ise bunun, padişah ile Damat Ferit Paşa'nın antlaşmayı kabul ettirebilmek için birlikte hazırladıkları bir plan olduğunu iddia etmektedirler.

Antlaşmayı İmzalayanlar Antlaşma 10 Ağustos 1920'de İtilaf Devletleri Britanya İmparatorluğu, Fransa, İtalya, Japonya, Ermenistan, Belçika, Yunanistan, Hicaz Krallığı, Polonya, Portekiz, Romanya, Sırp, Hırvat ve Sloven Krallığı, Çekoslovakya ile mağlup Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasında imzalandı. ABD Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile savaşmadığı, SSCB ise henüz Milletler Cemiyeti üyesi olmadığı için imza atmadılar.

Osmanlı heyetinde şu isimler yer alıyordu: Eski Maarif Nazırı (milli eğitim bakanı) Bağdatlı Mehmed Hadi Paşa, eski Şura-yı Devlet (Danıştay) reisi Rıza Tevfik Bey ve Bern Sefiri Reşat Halis Bey.

Sonuçları Antlaşmanın yürürlüğe girmesi için önce Meclis-i Mebusan'ın antlaşmayı görüşüp kabul etmesi, sonra da imzalamak üzere Vahdettin'e göndermesi gerekiyordu. Fakat antlaşma imzalandığı tarihte Meclis-i Mebusan kapalı (Mart 1920'de faaliyeti sonlandı ve Nisan 1920'de kapatıldı) olduğundan antlaşma mecliste görüşülemedi ve padişahın önüne gelmedi.

Ankara'daki Büyük Millet Meclisi antlaşmayı sert bir bildiri ile kınadı ve Antlaşmayı imzalayanlar ile Saltanat Şurası'nda olumlu oy kullananları 19 Ağustos 1920 tarihinde vatan haini ilan etti. Antlaşmada imzası bulunan Heyet üyeleri 23 Nisan 1924 tarihinde TBMM tarafından 150'likliler listesine eklendi. 28 Mayıs 1927 tarihli yasayla ise yurttaşlıktan çıkarıldılar.

Taraflardan Yunanistan antlaşmayı tasdik edip yürürlüğe koymak istedi. Bazı çevreler antlaşmanın hiçbir zaman yürürlüğe giremediğini savunur. Fakat başka görüşlere göre antlaşmasının birçok hükümleri o tarihlerde uygulanmış ve 20. yüzyılın uluslararası siyasi kavgalarına yön vermiştir. Sevr Antlaşmasının bazı maddelerine dayanışarak Orta Doğu coğrafyası yeniden şekillendirildiyse, bu antlaşmanın bir süre için de olsa fiilen yürürlüğe girdiğinin kabul edilmesi gerekildiği savunulur.

Sevres Antlaşmasına göre "Büyük Yunanistan". (Üstte solda Venizelos)

Yunanistan'ın 1832 ile 1947 arasındaki genişlemesi. (Sevr Antlaşması ile vaadedilip 1923'te Lozan Antlaşması ile geri alınan bölgeler dahil edilmiştir.)

Sevr Antlaşması ile kurulması öngörülmüş Ermeni devleti. Önemli Maddeleri[değiştir | kaynağı değiştir] Sınırlar (madde 27-36): Edirne ve Kırklareli dahil olmak üzere Trakya'nın büyük bölümü Yunanistan'a; Ceyhan, Antep, Urfa, Mardin ve Cizre kent merkezleri Suriye'ye (Fransız Mandası); Musul vilayeti en kuzeydeki kazası İmadiye dahil tamamen El Cezire'ye (Birleşik Krallık Mezopotamya Mandası, sonradan Irak) İstanbul Osmanlı Devleti'nin başkenti olarak kalacak;[9] Boğazlar (madde 37-61): İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazları ile Marmara Denizi silahtan arındırılacak, savaş ve barış zamanında bütün devletlerin gemilerine açık olacak; Boğazlar'da deniz trafiği on ülkeden oluşan uluslararası bir komisyon tarafından yönetilecek; komisyon gerekli gördüğü zaman Müttefik Devletler'in donanmalarını yardıma çağırabilecek; Kürt Bölgesi (madde 62-64): İngiliz, Fransız ve İtalyan temsilcilerinden oluşan bir komisyon Fırat'ın doğusundaki Kürt vilayetlerinde bir yerel yönetim düzeni kuracak; bir yıl sonra Kürtler dilerse Milletler Cemiyeti'ne bağımsızlık için başvurabilecek İzmir (madde 65-83): Yaklaşık olarak bugünkü İzmir ili ile sınırlı alanda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu egemenlik haklarının kullanımını beş yıl süre ile Yunanistan'a bırakacak; bu sürenin sonunda bölgenin Osmanlı veya Yunanistan'a katılması için plebisit yapılacak; Ermenistan (madde 88-93): Osmanlı, Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti'ni tanıyacak; Türk-Ermeni sınırını hakem sıfatıyla ABD Başkanı belirleyecek (ABD Başkanı Wilson 22 Kasım 1920'de verdiği kararla Trabzon, Erzurum, Van ve Bitlis illerini Ermenistan'a verdi.) Arap ülkeleri ve Adalar (madde 94-122): Osmanlı savaşta veya daha önce kaybettiği Arap ülkeleri, Kıbrıs ve Ege Adaları üzerinde hiçbir hak iddia etmeyecek; Azınlık Hakları (madde 140-151): Osmanlı din ve dil ayrımı gözetmeksizin tüm vatandaşlarına eşit haklar verecek, tehcir edilen gayrimüslimlerin malları iade edilecek, azınlıklar her seviyede okul ve dini kurumlar kurmakta serbest olacak, Osmanlı'nın bu konulardaki uygulamaları gerekirse Müttefik Devletler tarafından denetlenecek; Askeri Konular (madde 152-207): Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun askeri kuvveti, 35.000'i jandarma, 15.000'i özel birlik, 700'ü padişahın yanındaki güvenlik birliği olmak üzere 50.700 kişiyle sınırlı olacak ve ağır silahları bulunmayacaktı.[1][10] Türk donanması tasfiye edilecek, Marmara Bölgesi'nde askeri tesis bulunduramayacak, askerlik gönüllü ve paralı olacak, azınlıklar orduya katılabilecek, ordu ve jandarma Müttefik Kontrol Komisyonu tarafından denetlenecek; Savaş Suçları (madde 226-230): Savaş döneminde katliam ve tehcir suçları işlemekle suçlananlar yargılanacak; Borçlar ve Savaş Tazminatı (madde 231-260): Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun mali durumundan ötürü savaş tazminatı istenmeyecek, Türkiye'nin Almanya ve müttefiklerine olan borçları silinecek; ancak Türk maliyesi müttefiklerarası mali komisyonun denetimine alınacak; Kapitülasyonlar (madde 260-268): Osmanlı'nın 1914'te tek taraflı olarak feshettiği kapitülasyonlar müttefik devletler vatandaşları lehine yeniden kurulacak; Ticaret ve Özel Hukuk (madde 269-414): Türk hukuku ve idari düzeni hemen her alanda Müttefikler tarafından belirlenen kurallara uygun hale getirilecek; sivil deniz ve demiryolu trafiği Müttefik devletler arasında yapılan işbölümü çerçevesinde yönetilecek; iş ve işçi hakları düzenlenecek hükümlerini içeren bir antlaşmadır.

Balfour Deklerasyonu, Lloyd George'un başbakanlığındaki İngiliz savaş kabinesinde dışişleri bakanı olan Arthur Balfour'un girişimiyle başlatılan ve sonuçta Filistin'de bir Yahudi devletinin -İsrail- kurulmasıyla sonuçlanan girişimdir. 1917 yılındaki bu deklerasyon, ilk Balfour Deklarasyonudur. Balfour girişimiyle 1926 yılında, İngiliz sömürgeleri konusunda ikinci bir Balfour Deklarasyonu yapılmıştır.

Lord Arthur Balfour, 2 Kasım 1917 tarihinde uluslararası Siyonist hareketin liderlerinden olan Lord Rothschild'e bir mektup göndererek, Filistin topraklarında bir Musevi devleti kurulması konusunda İngiliz hükümetinin destek vereceğini bildirmiştir. İngilizlerin Araplara yatırım yaptığı bir dönem olduğu için, bildiride ‘ülkedeki öteki sakinlerin medeni ve dinsel haklarının ihlal edilmemesi’ şart koşulmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti'nin Orta Doğu topraklarının İngiltere ve Fransa arasında paylaşılması protokolü niteliğindeki Sykes-Picot Antlaşması ve Mekke Şerifi Hüseyin ile İngiltere'nin Mısır'daki Yüksek Komiseri McMahon arasında gizli olarak imzalanan McMahon Antlaşması ardından yapılan bu girişim, böyle bir maddeyi gerektirmiştir.

Balfour Deklarasyonu olarak bilinen bu mektupta İngiliz Dışişleri Bakanı Balfour, Siyonist lider Rothschild’e şöyle hitap etmekteydi:

"Saygıdeğer Lord Rothschild, Majestelerinin Hükümeti adına kabineye sunulan ve kabul edilen Yahudi Siyonist isteklerini sempati ile karşılayan müteakip deklarasyonu iletmekten memnuniyet duyarım.

"Majestelerinin Hükümeti, Filistin'de Museviler için bir milli yurt kurulmasını uygun karşılamaktadır ve bu hedefin gerçekleştirilmesini kolaylaştırmak için elinden geleni yapacaktır. Filistin'deki mevcut Musevi olmayan toplumların sivil ve dini haklarına ve başka ülkelerde yaşayan Musevilerin sahip oldukları hak ve politik statülerine zarar verecek hiçbir şeyin yapılmayacağı açıkça anlaşılmalıdır."

Bu deklerasyonu Siyonist Federasyonu'nun bilgisine sunmanızdan memnuniyet duyacağım.

Saygılarımla Arthur James Balfour"

Bu mektupla İngiliz Hükümeti, Müslüman Arapların çoğunlukta bulunduğu Filistin bölgesini Yahudilere yurt olarak göstererek, bu bölgede bir Yahudi Devleti’nin kurulmasını desteklemiş ve böylece İsrail Devleti’nin kurulması yolunda en büyük adımlardan biri atılmıştır.

Siyonist liderlerden H. Weizman ve N. Skoly’un çabalarıyla yayımlanan bu mektubun ardından yapılan girişimlerle Filistin bölgesi Yahudi göçmenlerin yerleşimine resmen açılmıştır. Ancak ne yazık ki Filistin’e taşınan Yahudiler sadece bölgeye yerleşmemiş Haganah, Irgun, Stern gibi terör örgütleri kurarak Filistin halkı üzerinde baskı ve şiddet uygulamaya başlamıştır. I.Dünya savaşı sürecinden itibaren başlayan bu gelişmeler savaşın son bulmasından sonra hızlanarak devam etmiş Filistin halkı kendi topraklarında teröre şiddete maruz kalan bir halk olmuştur. II.Dünya savaşının ardından da  14 Mayıs 1948’de İsrail devleti bölgede resmen kurulmuştur.

Bu mektup ve bunun ardından gelişecek olan olaylar, dünya Siyonist kesimin desteğinin İtilaf Devletleri yönüne çekilmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Ayrıca ABD tarafından da desteklenmiştir. Amerika, Orta Doğu'da bir Musevi devletinin bulunmasının, Orta Doğu politikaları için sağlam bir dayanak oluşturacağı varsayımında bulunmuştur.

Lord Balfour'un bu mektubu üzerine yürütülen girişimler, 1918 yılında Fransa'nın, hemen ardından da İtalya'nın desteğini sağlamıştır. ABD başkanı Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Ekim 1918 ayında deklerasyonu desteklediklerini açıklamıştır.

Söz konusu deklerasyon, Orta Doğu'da bir İsrail Devletinin kurulmasına giden sürecin önemli bir kilometre taşıdır.

[gandmoldavic]

Camarade, mâna sus! (autori Mr. A.G. feat. Emilia Răchitaru)

Din vazduh iarna cumplita Peste Moldova osandita Cu sange plange iconita Cecenii taie Miorita

Scrie  Emily cu penița, Despre iarna-n Colonița, Miorița în munți îngheață, Of sărmana oiae în ceață, Niș mojito nu-i în stînă, Și niș glăm cu șharf de lînă, N-are buze roșii oaia, Și niș el nu-i strigă zaya...

Nu striga "Sieg Heil" zaya Cred ca-i bolnavioara oaia :( Sta tacuta si cuminte Ca sub poala la parinte

Tot adoarme in tacere Transhumant oița geme :( Tot suspina-asa, adanc Ciobanasu-i sub pamant

benevol mergem spre moarte Ca asa ne-vața cartea:( In Moldova-i genocid Miorita-i suicid

Subpt pămînt oaia suspină, N-are lapte țița în rimă, Ciobănașul e-n offshore, Oaia strigă - Vreau să mor.

In metafizicul moldav, Vampirul Vlaicu Parcalab, Nu ne mai scapa de napasta, De pe Golgofa jidoveasca.

Jidovești pe București, Nu-s nici urme și nici vești, Au plecat demult mai toți, Numai rîsuri, numai hoți, Au rămas pe acest pămînt, După ruble stau în rînd.

Iar preacurvarul Dodon Crede ca e Solomon, Dar de fapt e doar slanina Alcaliu, nitroglicerina

Plina-i lumea de talhari Ucigasi si cleptomani, iar la noi "v zakone vor" Pentru ca-i ales de popor

Of Tridon, e caz aparte, Fără limbă fără carte, Omul vrea multă slănină, Of sărmana Hrișcă Zină

Zina zorilor Greceana, Sa-i dam si ei de pomana, o iconitza cu Ilici, Din teatrul "Licurici"

Of Ilici cu bec în mînă, A furat a Zinei lînă, Umblă Zina prin partid, Tot vorbind de genocid, Lîna moartă e demult, Ca și Stalin, Lenin cult.

Si de la Angela Merkel, De pomana niste strachini, Si un BMW X cinci, Si-o pereche de opinci )))

In centru еZikkurat, Снегур е mumifiat De "Manole S.R.L, Saraca inima me

Un x3 sau un threesome, După asta iar la somn, Între X și-un BMW din cinci, Șuierînd din urmă strigi, Stai Alfonso, stai că vine, Toarnă praf pe eroine, Vor rusalcele scăldate, Azi e ziua celor late.

Mergeti la somn scumpi copii, Sa nu vedeti in vis stafii, In cimitir iara a nins Pe mormant la Carla's Dreams

Carla Dreamzz iar la Orhei, Cîntă în dolari pentru lei, Pentru Shor mai nou șioric, Mîna în sus eu o ridic.