#social research services in Angola

[spadesurvey]

Best Social Research Company in Angola

Social Research is conducted by social scientists to understand the social trends, principles, and dynamics within the people and society of any region. By using social research, you can learn more about the challenges, requirements, and opportunities in growing economies like Angola. Angola is a growing country that faces many societal issues like healthcare, poverty, education, and social development. The social research agencies in Angola utilizes data analysis, surveys, and community engagement to help policymakers, businesses, and NGOs make well-informed decisions for better development.

Here is the list of Social Research companies in Angola that are known for their expertise and contribution to improving Angola’s economy:

1.Afrobarometer:

Serving across Africa, Afrobarometer has been conducting public opinion surveys for many years. Being one of the leading market research companies in Angola, this company focuses on governance, democracy, and economic conditions to provide significant insight into the viewpoint of average people in Angola. The prime areas of interest of this company are public perception of democracy and governance, economic & social development, and access to public services & infrastructure. 

2.Spade Survey:

Well-known as one of the most trusted social impact consulting companies in Angola, Spade Survey has been delivering excellent social and healthcare research all over Africa including Angola. Many public health organizations, NGOs, and community projects have benefitted from the utilization of in-depth social research provided by this company. The professionals in this company are committed to delivering comprehensive studies on public health, social welfare, and demographic trends. The major areas of focus are healthcare & epidemiology research, social welfare & poverty alleviation studies, and community-based participatory research.

3.Ipsos:

With a strong presence in Angola, Ipsos is renowned globally for its social research services in Angola. With its qualitative and quantitative social research studies, Ipsos is mainly focusing on behavioural patterns, attitudes, and societal trends. Using its studies, both public and private sector clients can get actionable insights to make well-informed decisions in areas like education, healthcare, and public policy. The key areas of focus are public health & social services research, education & youth development studies, and consumer behaviour & social trends.

4.Market Research Consultancy Angola:

Being a top-rated monitoring & evaluation company in Angola, Market Research Consultancy Angola has been delivering excellence in both market and social research. With a focus on demographic studies, social program evaluations, and public opinion polling, MRCA’s research helps shape effective development strategies. The main areas of focus are demographic & household surveys, social program monitoring & evaluation, and public policy research.

5.InVeritas Research:

InVeritas Research is another market research company in Angola which is known for its quantitative and qualitative research solutions. With its in-depth research, many organizations have made well-informed decisions for many years.

With the utility of social research, the unique challenges of Angola can be understood and addressed. The above listed social research companies are leaders in the field and offer valuable insights into the social issues of the country. You can choose the right company to create effective strategies for sustainable development.

[hardynwa]

Rights group accuses Angola police of killings and abuses

Security forces in Angola have unlawfully killed at least 15 people and carried out other grave abuses against activists and protestors since January 2023, an international rights group says. New York-based Human Rights Watch (HRW) says the police and state security services also carried out arbitrary arrests and detained hundreds of people. Social and political activists, outspoken artists and protesters who organised or participated in peaceful anti-government activities throughout the country were among those targeted by law enforcers, HRW says. “The Angolan police appear to be targeting those who speak out against government policies,” said HRW’s senior Africa researcher Zenaida Machado. “Angolan authorities should urgently act to end abusive police policies and practices and ensure that there is justice for victims and their family members.” The agency interviewed 32 people by phone between January and June 2023, and they included victims of abuses and their kin, witnesses and security forces in the capital, Luanda, and in Cabinda and Bié. In a response to the AFP news agency, the governing MPLA refuted HRW's report saying that investigations were under way. "However, we find it strange that those calling for the necessary investigations already have conclusions and are passing judgement," MPLA spokesman Rui Falcao is quoted as saying. Read the full article

[bdb-india]

      Africa – The land of Opportunities by BDB India Private Limited

One-fifth of all land on Earth is located in Africa. Africa, which is widely recognised as the continent where the human species first emerged, was home to more than 965 million people in 2007. The population of the continent has changed significantly over time with the current population of 1.4 billion people. This population is equivalent to 16.72% of the total world population and they account for around 2.8% of global economic output. African habitats and landscapes have changed as a result of that population’s changing demographics. Although environmental change is not a recent phenomenon in Africa, it has become more rapid, as it has in many other parts of the world. Amid all the excitement is a wave of young idealistic, social entrepreneurs, coming back or completing their education and remaining in Africa, determined to help shape the future.

Africa, with 54 nations and a combined land area of 30 million km (twelve million square miles), Africa makes up 20% of the planet’s habitable landmass. The overall length of Africa’s coastlines is 41,184 kilometres (25,596 miles). The continent is divided into Northern, Eastern, Western, Southern and central Africa.

In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Africa as a whole underwent a change with increased democracy, peace, economic growth and prosperity. The world had a new perspective on Africa and developed a keen interest in its development. China and India, two developing nations, took the initiative and influenced this attitude.

Few questions the size of the African continent and its resources, which have a combined land mass larger than that of India, China, the US, and Europe put together. However, only a few people up until recently recognised it as a market that is quickly expanding. Over the past ten years, the continent of Africa has had an economic growth of 5% annually on average.

There are numerous “Africas” with diverse economies, ranging from oil exporters like Nigeria, Angola, Libya, and Algeria to countries like Egypt, South Africa, and Morocco that already have economies that are more diversified and have GDP per capita of well over $2000. Many nations including Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, and Cameroon, are in the process of shifting from agricultural to manufacturing and service economies.

Commodity prices have influenced Africa’s growth because the continent holds a third of the world’s mineral resources, 10% of the world’s oil reserves, and over 70% of the world’s diamond production. The dependence on a few important commodities, and consequently their global price, has caused a great deal of market uncertainty, particularly with regard to several of Africa’s currencies.

Several countries have been working hard to expand other economic sectors as part of an effort to diversify away from resource-based economies. To date, growth has been seen in manufacturing, services, and tourism in particular (although, whether from ebola, localised terrorism or national political change, growth from the latter source is evidently volatile).

Trust BDB India Private Limited, Brand Awareness and Brand Perception Research Companies in India, to Uncover the True Perception of Your Brand! Through comprehensive research methodologies, we provide actionable recommendations to shape positive brand perceptions and drive growth. Elevate your brand's impact now Read more at : BDB India Private Limited

[americaengine]

Yelp

mid America engine The IPO raised $sixteen billion, the third-largest in U.S. history, after Visa Inc. in 2008 and AT&T Wireless in 2000. Based on its 2012 income of $5 billion, Facebook joined the Fortune 500 listing for the first time in May 2013, ranked 462. The IPO was controversial given the immediate price declines that adopted, and was the topic of lawsuits, whereas SEC and FINRA both launched investigations.

Twitter's annual growth rate decreased from 7.eight percent in 2015 to three.four percent in 2017. An April 2017 a statista.com blog entry ranked Twitter because the tenth most used social community based mostly on their count of 319 million month-to-month visitors. 

On June 1, 2011, Twitter announced its personal integrated photo-sharing service that allows users to addContent a photo and connect it to a Tweet right from Twitter.com.

In 2004, MapQuest, uLocate, Research in Motion and Nextel launched MapQuest Find Me, a buddy-finder service that labored on GPS-enabled mobile phones. MapQuest Find Me let users automatically discover their location, entry maps and instructions and find nearby points of interest, together with airports, motels, restaurants, banks and ATMs. 

Users additionally had the ability to set up alerts to be notified when community members arrive at or depart from a chosen area. In 2005 the service grew to become obtainable on Sprint, and in 2006, Boost Mobile.

The prevalence of African American Twitter utilization and in many in style hashtags has been the topic of analysis research. According to a research by Sysomos in June 2009, women make up a slightly bigger Twitter demographic than men—fifty-three % over forty-seven %. It also said that five % of users accounted for seventy-five % of all activity and that New York City has extra Twitter customers than other cities. 

The capacity to export this type of tweet archive, which by no means existed on the new format, has been removed entirely in August 2019[when exactly? Even when accessing the legacy Twitter desktop web site structure using the user-agent of an older browser version, the choice has disappeared from the account settings.

The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE image "LNKD", at $forty five per share. Shares of LinkedIn rose as a lot as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $ninety four.25, greater than 109% above IPO worth. Shortly after the IPO, the location's underlying infrastructure was revised to permit accelerated revision-launch cycles. 

In 2011, LinkedIn earned $154.6 million in advertising income alone, surpassing Twitter, which earned $139.5 million. LinkedIn's fourth-quarter 2011 earnings soared due to the company's enhance in success in the social media world. By this level, LinkedIn had about 2,a hundred full-time employees in comparison with the 500 that it had in 2010.

In May 2019, Tel Aviv-based mostly personal intelligence company Archimedes Group was banned from Facebook for “coordinated inauthentic habits” after Facebook discovered fake users in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia. Facebook investigations revealed that Archimedes had spent some $1.1 million on fake ads, paid for in Brazilian reais, Israeli shekels and US dollars. 

Facebook gave examples of Archimedes Group political interference in Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Angola, Niger and Tunisia. The Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab said in a report that "The tactics employed by Archimedes Group, a non-public firm, intently resemble the forms of information warfare ways typically utilized by governments, and the Kremlin particularly."

The new layout was revised in 2011 with a concentrate on continuity with the net and cellular variations, introducing "Connect" and "Discover" tabs, an updated profile design, and shifting all content material to the right pane . In March 2012, Twitter turned out there in Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew and Urdu, the first proper-to-left language variations of the location. In August 2012, beta help for Basque, Czech and Greek was added, making the positioning out there in 33 totally different languages. 

The service's utility programming interface allows other internet companies and applications to combine with Twitter. Maria Zakharova for the Russian overseas ministry stated the ban was a "gross violation" by the US of free speech. The firm generated US$forty five million in annual income in 2010, after beginning sales midway through that yr; the company operated at a loss through most of 2010.

BBB accreditation, or membership, is totally optionally available for a business to just accept and take part in via the payment of dues. Past complaints allege that the BBB compiles scores primarily based upon their capability to collect their money from companies, and never totally upon business performance.

In August 2010, one of North Korea's official authorities web sites and the nation's official news agency, Uriminzokkiri, joined Facebook. Studies have associated social networks with optimistic and negative impacts on emotional well being.  mid America engine

Despite the vote, the BBB web site nonetheless states that factors are taken away if accreditation is misplaced. A business is eligible for BBB accreditation if it meets, within the opinion of the BBB, the "BBB Standards for Trust". The 112 BBBs are independently ruled by their very own boards of administrators and should meet international BBB requirements, which are monitored by the IABBB.

In 2011, a New York Times columnist described a criticism from a shopper that the Austin chapter of the Better Business Bureau refused to resolve complaints against corporations if clients don't pay a $70 mediation fee. In Canada, CBC News reported in 2010 that Canadian BBBs have been downgrading the rankings scores of companies who stopped paying their dues. 

For example, a shifting business who had an A ranking and had been a BBB member for 20 years, dropped to a D‑minus ranking after they allegedly not wanted to pay dues. In response, the president of the International Association of Better Business Bureaus has stated the BBB ratings system will stop awarding points to companies for being BBB members. 

The national BBB's government committee voted to address the public's notion of the ratings system. It voted that the BBB rankings system would now not give further factors to businesses as a result of they are accredited. It voted to implement a system to deal with complaints about BBB sales practices.

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

A complimentary conjunction of approaches in environmental planning in the Zambezi Valley

Authored by Clifford Tafangenyasha

Abstract

Large swathes of land in the Zambezi Basin are strongholds of free ranging indigenous large mammals and fishes yet these areas are under threat from indigenous settlers who are faced with twin problems of expanding agriculture and venturing into wildlife community projects. The area has recently been cleared of tsetse fly making it freely available for agriculture. Photographs show the extraordinary place, fragile and magnificent and a changeable land surface. Integrated conservation planning using ecosystem-based management principles is still in its infancy but the goal is to secure public health and security concerns through adaptive management approaches, partnerships and a variety of business structures. A purposive sampling of community reaction to a fenced conservation project was conducted in order to incorporate local community opinion. The results show the need to do more to understand the local communities more in the region.

Introduction

The transition to sustainable rural and regional economies that combines land protection with social Enterprise offers unique place-based opportunities for the achievement of biodiversity protection [1,2] Debates about how best to make environmental friendly venture projects possible are occupying environmental planners and advice industries in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). But in developing countries such as Zimbabwe it is worrying how muffled the debate is. The varying concerns about climate change and the rarefaction of natural resources open the era for effective environmental management [3]. In most rural communities people question development strategies obliging the local stakeholders to prove their fast reactivity. This reactivity requires constant consultation between all the economic, institutional and social partners of each community and the dedication of each individual community vision. It is thus necessary for the stakeholders of each community to engage in time of stocktaking and reflections in order to adjust and clarify the common vision [4]. In undertaking projects such as infrastructure projects, recreational facilities, wetland restoration projects and service facilities communities display new identities. The environmental and economic realities force the communities to question even more on the pertinence of a model of development of a new scheme. The various demands placed by individuals are sometimes in contradiction with each other. Anticipating crises, dialoguing more with each other has become indispensible practices for the local stakeholders. Locals are always claiming more strongly their right to information and consultation [5]. Through pedagogy and education communities can become partners of a project and succeed in raising raises local identity. Detailed environmental protocols have been outlined by [6] in the pursuit of planning models for community ownership. Galiano Conservancy established development of more detailed plans that identify metrics for evaluation, for example for ecological restoration.

The paper investigates the potential effective role of local communities in biodiversity protection in the Zambezi Valley. The links between poverty and the environment in rural areas have been demonstrated by many including Birdlife International [7]. In 2009, Birdlife International identified over 2,345 globally important high biodiversity sites in the Americas using birds as indicators [8]. The majority of important bird protected areas (IBPAS) are located in rural areas. Bird Life found that 31% of IBAS are fully protected, 22% are partially protected and 37% are not protected. Key to their conservation are the local communities that live in and around these sites as their livelihoods depend on the natural resources these sites provide [8]. Insufficient consideration of social aspects can render such initiatives ineffective. By incorporating stakeholders’ perceptions and values, and by involving stakeholders transparently in decisionmaking processes, conservation plans and efforts can better achieve desired goals and targets [9]. The aim is to interrogate the capability of planning models in conservation. The models have changed from participatory biodiversity conservation [10] to adaptive and collaboration models.

Integrated conservation planning using ecosystem-based management principles is a natural evolution of land acquisition for environmental health. This transition to sustainable rural and regional economies that combines land protection with social enterprise offers unique place-based opportunities for the achievement of biodiversity and community economic development goals. As conservation and other organizations continue to provide models for integrated conservation planning and management, the importance of integrated conservation planning approach can be considered across the landscape as a contribution to regional biodiversity and community economic development.

Background to Study Area

The Zambezi Basin has been aptly described by David Livingstone (19 March 1813 - 1 May 1873) in his travels and memoirs in Central Africa. The Biodiversity Four Corners Project and the Zambezi Society have subsequently lifted the profile of the Zambezi Basin. The much vouched Victoria Falls is found on the Zambezi River. Climate and human pressure on resources are significantly changing the environment in the Zambezi river basin, as illustrated in (Figures 1 & 2). This includes land degradation, loss of forests, expansion of urban and mining areas as well as the spread of alien plant species. Despite the abundance of wildlife resources in the basin, the Atlas shows that there are pressures that are threatening the existence of animal species.

A vast Trans Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA), has been established in various parts of the basin to coordinate management of wildlife and other resources, including the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA that covers 287,000 square kilometers over five countries (Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia). The Zambezi Valley faces various institutional arrangements and policy framework challenges that are underpinned by integrated conservation planning.

Methods

a) [1,11] have described some methods pertinent to social ecological research.

b) Structured interviews were conducted with respondents including Government employees, Council employees, Campfire, Safari Operators, and Traditional Leader including the Chiefs, Negande, Mola and Nebiri. Interviews are important in case study research because this type of research is about people and their activities.

c) Focus Group Discussions were also used in the community to solicit group participation, opinions and experiences.

d) Questionnaires were distributed to local community residents in the Omay communal lands to determine their knowledge and perceptions about the establishment of the Ume River Conservancy and its potential benefits to the local community and to conservation efforts in the Mola chieftainship area.

e) Expert opinion and review of relevant literature was also used to gather more details on different subjects related to the planning and implementation of multi-stakeholder conservation projects such as community conservancies.

f) Wildlife census data from the 2014 aerial surveys were also integrated with interview and questionnaire data in a Geographic Information System environment to examine the linkages between ecological patterns, socio- economic and political dimensions and their interactions as drivers of land use patterns in the Sebungwe Region of Zimbabwe.

Results

Collaborative planning models are best practices thought of lifting local community participation and awareness in effective environmental planning. Participatory biodiversity conservation makes use of indigenous knowledge systems and mapping systems. This helps identify conservation goals for the planning region with the participation of economists to determine how to share benefits. In a study in the Sebungwe region (Figure 1) a variety of perceptions about acceptance of fence project for a proposed wildlife conservancy project were obtained [12]. 85% of the local community residents did not perceive any form of benefits from the establishment of a conservancy while 79% were not happy with the fence and the establishment of the conservancy [12]. Different reasons were cited by the respondents but the most common perceptions was that the erection of the fence was going to have a negative impact on their livelihoods through restricted access to resources like fishing grounds, firewood, grazing pastures and construction materials such as thatching grass and poles from the nearby woodlands. This was in contrast to the views expressed by the project proponents who showed greater awareness of the potential ecological and socio-economic benefits of fencing and establishing the conservancy in the area.

The questionnaire survey revealed that most of the local community members were very disappointed with the benefits they have been deriving from wildlife through the CAMPFIRE program and were also not supportive of wildlife-related programs in their area. (Figures 3-6) show the feelings of respondents about the benefits received from wildlife and the proportion of respondents with negative attitudes towards different wildlife species. Most respondents highlighted crop raiding by elephants and livestock depredation by lions and hyenas as the major reasons for the negative attitudes towards these species. There is also a general dissatisfaction with the benefits received from CAMPFIRE with most people having not benefitted from living in a CAMPFIRE area.

Discussion

The debate on a suitable form of community engagement soon moved swiftly to stakeholder's perspective on ecological modeling in environmental risk. [13] Suggested payment for environmental services (PES) as a healing and beneficiating platform as compensation for livelihood losses. This has seen districts endowed with wildlife stampeding for access to PES. There is a high proportion of respondents with a negative attitude to wildlife in the study area. The debate on a suitable form of community engagement soon moved swiftly to stakeholder's perspective on ecological modeling in environmental risk. This is closely linked to the role of mechanistic effect models which still left gaps in understanding. In order to conveniently understand ways of local community participation application of game models for stakeholder management in conservation has been attempted by [14]. This realistic model for stakeholder management in construction has considered ecological corridors [14]. English (2010) considered the appropriateness of centrally involving stakeholders in different types of ecosystems such as wetlands, ecological "bioresources," park and endangered species’ habitats.

Other special stakeholder-centered models of environmental decision making have been holding promise in resolving conflicts and ecosystem services. The full development of ecological knowledge in social processes and socio-cultural systems has been inadequate in achieving a holistic understanding. The need to consider conservation planning, which includes characterizing local biodiversity has been involved in estimating model organism for conservation issues. It has been attempted in salmon modeling. In most cases, disputes exist among different stakeholders due to models considered in a simplistic three-fold manner the stakeholders involved [15]. The Zambezi Valley rural communities have a low awareness to the value of biodiversity and this associated with high levels of unsustainable extraction rates. Social-ecological systems are inherently complex, having a variety of interacting actors with different types of ecological knowledge, interests, and values and this may impede progress in sustainable management of environmental projects. Different participatory tools or approaches are appropriate for various and specific contexts and objectives. Determining and integrating the various types of knowledge and values of different actors can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of socialecological systems [9].

Using a different approach, [16] used Multi-stakeholder collaboration in Russian and Swedish Model Forest and concluded fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic, and social functions at local scales. Stakeholder's perspectives on ecological modeling in environmental risk are of vital importance. The debate closely examines the role of mechanistic effect models. The critique is that models often presented similar perspectives and concerns about modeling thereby reducing understanding of thorny issues [17]. Suggested a jump to model building steps in which landscape stakeholders selected the sectors and their elements, sectors were then linked to run the complete model [18]. Organization theorists have introduced a stakeholder model of the firm and of other organizations in the hope of identifying what really works in environmental management. In relation to a specific organization, in an attempt to understand how local communities should run environmental projects [19]. Observed that models can be predictive, or used to compare proposed management plans. Stakeholders subsequently move forward with concerted efforts to address a burning ecological problem. There is merit in effort based on our experience in integrating dynamic spatial models to solve tricky environmental problems and crises [20]. Studied stakeholders' perspective on ecological modeling in environmental risk assessment of pesticides and observed challenges and opportunities and suggests that, although the needs of stakeholders often overlapped, subtle differences and lack of trust hinder the process of introducing mechanistic effect models. There is need for consensus in what really works in environmental management.

Local communities may be described as victims, beneficiaries and losers in the struggle for ecosystem benefit flows if community voice is weak. But to make progress in stewardship of environmental management a guide using calibrated metrics (weak benefits; strong benefits and very strong benefits) may be employed [21]. Metrics determine sustainability of community initiatives. Harmonization in rules, procedures and metrics across communities may not be an easy process and may be established on the basis of aspired benefits, which may not be realistic. Community voices empower local communities to put their money where their mouth is. From the study in the Sebungwe region it can be surmised that engagement of stakeholders is a difficult process that has been made easier through Galiano Conservancy Association and other workers [22-24]. There are many such projects in Zimbabwe [25] and elsewhere in the world [26,27] as witnessed in the Sebungwe that experience similar problems and fate [28].

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

[amin58fidele]

* The war that no one expected

* Towards the post-Corona world *

Dr.. Theeb Hashem

March 24, 2020

The humble shoulder-strapped Stinger missile, produced by the United States with hundreds of thousands, which has set the world on fire for decades, from Angola to the Falkland Islands to Afghanistan and others ... It costs nearly $ 400,000, which equals the price of the artificial respirator that New York State screams asking for insurance to protect its citizens from expensive Death by suffocation.

This is not to mention the massive arsenals of stacked missiles of destruction and their imaginary prices, as the price of the Tomahawk alone exceeds 1.5 million dollars.

Italy, with the fifth largest air fleet in NATO, is struggling alone in the face of that hidden army that is killing its people, and it does not have artificial respirators to help the victims who fall daily.

Great Britain, with the arsenal of the 215 nuclear warheads, initially capricious and did not recognize the might and power of Corona, so it acted with its usual arrogance, and met with a miserable theory from its neighbor, the Netherlands, its name "herd immunity" in the face of the deadly virus, to discover late the enormity of its choice.

France, with its 300 nuclear warheads, followed Britain's path, then soon awoke to a severe shortage of its medical equipment needed to cope with the epidemic.

The countries of the European Union (Spain, the Netherlands, etc.) collapse one by one, and in the confrontation they find no ally who advocates them or noon to ease their tragedy.

Germany, the leader of the European Union, calls on its people to prepare themselves for the deadly disease, and, like Britain, heralds the loss of roses and loved ones.

As for Trump, the leader of the "First World", he is preoccupied with the pain of his allies, and even the suffering of his people by filling his strategic tanks with cheap Saudi oil. For him, the epidemic appears to be nothing but a troublesome Chinese product that may be included in the context of the trade war with Beijing, which, in his view, is adaptable with a new package of sanctions.

It is the Third World War that no one expected, neither the ancient intelligence services, nor the research centers that are filled with attractive scholars and thinkers. As for its effects, it has already started drawing the face of the new world.

It is time for the terrifying world order produced by the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs and the bodies of tens of thousands of people damaged by the nuclear explosion to retire.

The first victims are the European Union, the Western world image, then the United Nations and human rights declarations.

The European Union is no longer a role model, it has looked more wasted than the last country in the last marginal spot from what was once called the Third World.

The state of welfare collapsed in the hospitals of his dead, and with it the legacy of the Enlightenment, the philosophies of Rousseau, John Locke, Montesquieu, Budan and others ...

Do Europeans question themselves today about the need for tanks, planes, nuclear warheads, and weapons factories and their ability to protect, while they do not find hospital beds?

Was it not more effective for weapons factories to make a strategic stock of respirators in anticipation of the outbreak of war with disease, as was storing missiles?

Has the Europeans become aware, for example, of the suffering of a Yemeni whose country destroyed the weapons of Western factories and left a single siege to face the cholera epidemic without Nasser or Mu'in?

Does the European feel what his creation counterpart, the Palestinian, Venezuelan, or besieged Iranian, feels, despite the infringement of international laws?

What would a British, French, or Dutch citizen say, if he thought his leaders had linked his life to an economic formula that says, if Corona claimed the lives of a few thousand weak people? Much more useful in the balance of profit and loss than braking the economy and losing a few billion dollars.

It is a terrifying practical test in which theories advance are the misshapen mixture of merchandise Machiavelli, Malthus and Darwin, poured into the minds of leaders who have been stripped of their humanity, pocketed by arrogance and arrogance, and they have become more dangerous to humanity and their peoples than the epidemic.

These are the products of the pseudo-empty democracy after its human dimension, which the West has always bragged about, and they convinced the world that civilization is shortened by ballot boxes that coexist with nuclear missile factories, germ factories, and all kinds of deadly weapons that inflame the land of other peoples by looting, killing, and destruction without censorship or censorship.

That test confirms again, more clearly, that man, even the West, is not a value in the norm and civilization of the West, but rather a losing number whose burden should be removed from the state treasury when it is weak.

And that the world is nothing but a arena of conflict, the end in which it justifies the means even if it is fatal, and that the struggle for resources is a historical imperative required by the braking of population reproduction that threatens the resources in the universe, with wars, famines and epidemics.

And that survival, in this grinding conflict, is only for the strongest, just as determined by social Darwinism, and its principle of natural selection.

Does Corona vow the wrath of my God, which today calls on humanity to adjust its behavior after the earth was filled with the tyranny and corruption of the proud pharaohs of the age?

Or is it a war decision on humankind made by the hidden government of the world after it is time to conduct a haircut to prepare people to make way for the rest to enjoy a good life and abundant resources?

Whatever the case may be, all humanity today is in a single boat, and there is no mountain that protects from the flood, except the ship of reason that requires those with kinship to be beaten by these mighty idiots who lead the world to hell with their stupidity.

No one has any right today, from the countries of the fallen world, and he was called the first world, theorizing in human rights, and there is no sense for a body of nations, law, or an international community, unless there is a clear and frank effort to close the global factories of destruction, which produce deadly weapons. , And their tanks are filled with nuclear and biological bombs and missiles that cross human rights and human life.

It is then possible for man to devote himself to his mission in the reconstruction of the universe with morals, principles of love, compassion and lofty values.

[pepecharra]

PRESENTATION In accordance with the fundamental tasks of the state in the light of lines h, i, p of the 21st article of the Constitution of the Republic of Angola – “it is imperative to promote equal rights and opportunities among Angolans, without prejudice of origin, race, and any other forms of discrimination; Promotion of excellence, quality, innovation, efficiency, modernity in the performance of citizens, companies, in the services provided as well as massive and permanent strategic investments in human capital”. This method serves as a vehicle or instrument necessary to materialize the values ​​of the foundations enshrined in the Constitution, as well as to awaken the conscience of society, in order to methodically carry out items a, b, c, g of the 4th article of Law 17/ 16 of October 7 (Base Law of the Education and Teaching System). These articles support the real desire and objective of our research. We identified a series of factors designated by us as stimuli and reactions that result from the gaps caused during the process of social disruption in which we were immersed for a long period, where we lost much of our identity. With that, we want to raise a macro view of the scenario in which we find ourselves, how we find ourselves, and how we can effectively proceed to change this scenario. With that, we present to the dear reader the FAZ method, a method that was viable for us as well as for a small social fringe in which the experiment was carried out, which we had satisfactory results for research and for the fringe in which it was associated, this method whose aim is to stimulate reactionsprogressive awakening the consciousness of an individual allowing him to leave a state whose results are unsatisfactory. During the reading, the dear reader will observe the different stimuli and the different reactions in order to filter their limiting beliefs, and develop progressive beliefs. It is important to emphasize here that beliefs are like the glasses through which we see reality. Within the book, we try to make the dear reader realize that beliefs, no matter how impossible they seem, they are re-enacted or reprogrammed, but for that it will require great effort from yourself. This method can be applied to personal, interpersonal and professional relationships. This method is completely humanized, because we believe that once this method is added to a lifestyle we can obtain extraordinary results, vehemently understanding the strong power that the mind has on us. A strongly stimulated mind, the individual tends to reap fascinating results, we want to bring a new paradigm in society's way of thinking through stimuli and reactions.

[adalidda]

Illustration Photo: Soil testing sensor by Len din team (credits: Richard Nyberg, USAID / Flickr Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC 2.0))

USAID DIV Funding for Development Innovations

For Afghanistan, Gambia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Guinea, Nepal, Benin, Guinea-Bisau, Niger, Burkina, Faso, Haiti, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Korea Dem Rep., Somalia, Central African Republic, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Chad, Liberia, Tanzania, Comoros, Madagascar, Togo, Congo DRC, Malawi, Uganda, Eritrea, Mali, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Angola, India, São Tomé and Principe, Armenia, Iraq, Senegal, Belize, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Bhutan, Kosovo, Sri Lanka, Bolivia, Lao PDR, Sudan, Cameroon, Lesotho, Swaziland, Cape Verde, Marshall Islands, Syria, Congo Rep., Mauritania, Timor-Leste, Côte d'Ivoire, Micronesia Fed. Sts., Tonga, Djibouti, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Egypt, Mongolia, Tuvalu, El Salvador, Morocco, Ukraine, Fiji, Nicaragua, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Nigeria, Vanuatu, Ghana, Pakistan, Vietnam, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, West Bank and Gaza, Guyana, Paraguay, Yemen, Honduras, Philippines, Zambia, Indonesia, Samoa

DIV funds innovations through partnerships that save lives, reduce poverty, strengthen democratic governance, and help people emerge from humanitarian crises and progress beyond assistance. Consistent with USAID’s Private Sector Engagement (PSE) policy, DIV welcomes proposals from a broad variety of applicants, including applicants that engage with the private sector for greater scale, sustainability, and effectiveness of development and humanitarian outcomes. Consistent with USAID’s New Partnerships Initiative (NPI), DIV welcomes applications from organizations that have limited or no experience working with USAID. More broadly, by engaging with innovators, businesses, researchers, developing country governments, and other parties, DIV helps partner countries in their Journey to Self-Reliance, through which USAID and host countries work together toward a time when foreign assistance is no longer necessary by achieving locally sustained results, strengthening local capacities, and accelerating enterprise-driven development.

DIV supports innovations across all countries and development sectors in which USAID operates, including health, education, water, energy, economic development, and other sectors.

Some examples of development innovations that DIV may support include the following:

● New technologies;

● New ways of delivering or financing goods or services;

● More cost-effective adaptations to existing solutions;

● New ways of increasing uptake of existing proven solutions and scaling to new geographies;

● Policy changes or shifts based on insights from behavioral economics;

● Social or behavioral innovations; and

● Data collection and rigorous evaluation to measure the social impacts of promising innovations.

Application Deadline: Thursday, September 30, 2021

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Executive Summary

South Africa attracts migrant foreigners because of its reputation as a free, democratic, and developing country. South Africa has long been considered a hub of employment for foreign workers lured by the diamond and gold industries since the apartheid period. The exact numbers of immigrants now living in South Africa is contested; recent statistics suggest 1.9 million immigrants live in South Africa, making up 3.7% of the population, more than anywhere in the world (UNHCR 2009; IOM Facts and Figures 2010). However, the Institute of Race Relations in South Africa is of the view that there are between 3 and 5 million immigrants in the country, making the number of immigrants equivalent to the white population. Based on observations of the attacks on persons of foreign nationality in 2008, South Africa has come to be considered by some scholars as one of the most xenophobic nations in the world (Steenkamp, 2009). The escalating rates of immigration have brought several challenges, including the clogging of basic service provision, unemployment, high crime rates, HIV/AIDS, and a lack of social services. Public officials have not helped to subdue xenophobic sentiments; and sectors such as the South African Police Department and the Department of Home Affairs have publicly expressed xenophobic feelings towards foreigners. This fear or intolerance of non-nationals has perpetuated physical and verbal attacks, specifically on African migrants, in recent years. Yet it is not enough to just call it xenophobia. Like all occurrences of xenophobia, the South African case is based upon history and layered with factors that have allowed for the intensification of violence and hatred towards foreigners.

This analysis is written with the intention of informing policymakers and practitioners about the history and multiple factors that have furthered xenophobic attitudes and trends in South Africa. One primary issue in curbing xenophobia is that of government involvement. With the 2011 South African Municipal Elections approaching, it is important to find solutions that protect foreigners during elections and that no longer tolerate the election of local leaders that hold or propagate xenophobic sentiments. This briefing therefore includes suggestions and recommendations on how to contribute to the eradication of xenophobia in South Africa.

Recommendations:

Acknowledge that xenophobia is a problem in South Africa

Address the root causes of xenophobia

Inform the public of the rights of migrants and refugees living in South Africa

Address labour disparities and encourage partnership and sharing between citizens and foreigners

Hold public officials, police officers, and local leaders accountable for their role in spreading xenophobia

Promote government and civil society coordination on tackling xenophobia

The South African government and its agencies must protect persons of foreign origin

Introduction

There is a common xenophobic sentiment held by some in the South African community that the high rate of crime and violence – mostly gun running, drug trafficking and armed robbery – is directly related to the rising number of illegal migrants in South Africa (Human Sciences Research Council, 2008). A South African Migration Project (SAMP) study revealed that nationals of South Africa are “particularly intolerant of non-nationals, and especially African non-nationals” (Black et al., 2006:105). Furthermore, a national public opinion survey found South Africans to be exceptionally xenophobic. Results showed that 25% of South Africans interviewed want a total ban on immigration while 45% support strict limitations on the numbers of immigrants. Over half of respondents opposed offering African non-citizens the same access to housing as South Africans and 61% of respondents believed that immigrants placed additional strain on the economy. Of black respondents, 65% indicated that they would be “likely” or “very likely” to “take action” to prevent people from other countries operating a business in their area (Crush, 2000: 125).

Conceptualising xenophobia in South Africa

Xenophobia is defined by the Webster’s dictionary as “the fear and/or hatred of strangers or foreigners or of anything that is different or foreign“. There are those who have argued that this definition is too simple and that the concept of xenophobia includes an aspect of violence and physical abuse. Jody Kollapan, former Chairperson of South Africa’s Human Rights Commission, contends that the term xenophobia must embody action or practice and cannot merely be defined as an attitude (Kollapan, 1999). This argument implies that beyond dislike and fear there must be actions of violence that result in bodily harm or damage to property (Harris, 2002). The definition of xenophobia must be further refined to include a specific target of particular individuals or groups against whom the fear and hate or actions of violence are directed. The South African case presents all three ingredients: a demonstrated fear or hate of black foreigners accompanied by violent actions, resulting in loss of life and property.

To significantly understand the xenophobic crisis in South Africa one must find its basis in the historical accounts of foreigners within the country. Over the years South Africa has been host to a variety of African immigrants, many of them refugees: in the 1980s Mozambicans; in the early 1990s Nigerians and other immigrants from Angola, Somalia, Rwanda, and Burundi; in the late 1990s immigrants from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and more recently immigrants have included Zimbabweans fleeing the political and humanitarian crisis in their own country (McKnight, 2008).

Xenophobic tendencies against foreign migrants, and more specifically African migrants, have only been documented since 1994. Since then there has been evidence that xenophobic tendencies in South Africa have increased over the years as the number of foreigners has increased (HSRC, 2008). Black foreigners in South Africa have often been referred to as “amakwerekwere” or “amagrigamba“, these terms are derogatory and are used to inflict intimidation and hate on immigrants (Jere, 2008). The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), in its 2008 research, identified two main patterns of the xenophobic culture in South Africa: firstly, that the violence was mostly aimed at other African nationals and not against foreigners in general; and secondly, that the violence was largely confined to the urban informal settlements in South Africa’s major cities (HSRC, 2008). A few examples of these xenophobic trends are the following: In 1995 there was the assault on Malawian, Mozambican and Zimbabwean immigrants living in Alexandra township in a campaign known as “Buyelekhaya” (go back home), under the suspicion that they were guilty of crime and sexual attacks, and that they were causing increased unemployment; two years later, a Mozambican and two Senegalese men were attacked by a group returning from a rally that blamed immigrants for crime, unemployment and the spreading of AIDS (Human Rights Watch, 1998); and in 2005 twenty Somali traders in Cape Town were murdered by locals.

While the above mentioned cases had been isolated incidents, in May 2008 the attacks on foreigners consumed several cities and townships throughout the country for weeks. The violence began in the township of Alexandra, north of Johannesburg, following a local meeting to address tensions between locals and foreigners in the area and then spread to other areas in and around Johannesburg, to the provinces of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, and to Cape Town (Landau and Segatti, 2009, cited in HSRC, 2008). In the days and months following the attacks 62 deaths were documented, of which 21 were believed to be South Africans, over 100,000 people were displaced from their homes, and property of millions of rand looted (Misago, Landau and Monson 2009, 7–12).

Theoretical explanations of xenophobia in South Africa

Different scholars have tried to explain and contextualise xenophobia in South Africa. One such theoretical explanation is the scapegoating hypothesis (Harris, 2002). In this sociological theory xenophobia is seen within the context of social transition and change. Rejection of or hostility to foreigners in South Africa is related to limited resources, such as housing, education, health care and employment, in a period marked with high expectations, especially for black South Africans (Morris, 1998). A common belief in South Africa is that every job given to a foreign national is one less job for a South African, and this is exacerbated by the unemployment rates, currently in the range of 20–30%. Yet, no empirical evidence can support these beliefs, and some categories of migrant work have been shown to actually increase employment opportunities for South Africans (Black et al., 2006:117).

Furthermore, many foreigners find shelter in informal urban settlements characterised by high levels of poverty, unemployment and housing shortages.Thus competition for already limited resources is intense. This could explain in part a tendency to place black foreign nationals as the scapegoat for the increasing poverty and unemployment in South Africa. Immigrants are then seen as mere opportunists who are only in South Africa for economic benefits (McKnight, 2008). The HSRC in their primary research carried out in 2008 referred to this situation as relative depravation, which would explain the relationship between xenophobic violence and socioeconomic factors where inequality and poverty lead to feelings of deprivation (HSRC, 2008).

A second theoretical explanation to explain xenophobic tendencies in South Africa has been the isolation hypothesis. Here xenophobia is seen as a consequence of apartheid in South Africa (Morris, 1998). The seclusion of the country from the rest of the world in the apartheid era is taken to be an explanation for the fear and distrust that South African communities have towards foreigners. According to this theory, the freedom felt within South Africa in 1994 came with the ideology that the country must be protected from “outsiders”. In light of South Africa’s history it is reasonable that the country needed to put its citizens first in line for transformation and change. However, the closed-door migration policies, sluggish development and increase in poverty and inequality have provided a breeding ground for xenophobia. Following South Africa’s democratic transition, the Refugee Act took four years to draft and eight years to negotiate. One of the primary reasons it took South Africa so long to replace the apartheid regime’s Aliens Control Act was that the idea of migration created uncertainty in nationals and immigration was seen as “undesirable” (Crush, 2008:2).

Yet, despite resistance to foreigners, the democratic and political transition opened up South Africa’s borders and the country has gradually become more integrated into the international community. As a result this has brought South Africans into direct contact with unfamiliar foreigners. The hostility that developed as the result of this isolation is further compounded by the fact that many South Africans seem oblivious to the plight faced by many African foreigners and thus fail to show empathy towards these nationals. It is important to note here that whilst South Africans were recipients of regional support from their African counter-parts during the apartheid area, this assistance was mostly granted directly to the elites who fought for freedom and those who were exiled as a result of the apartheid regime. Not all South Africans are well versed with the contributions made by other African countries and this could contribute to the isolation hypothesis. Authors, like Bouillon, in support of the isolation hypothesis argue that black South Africans are just coming out of oppression. One of apartheid’s long lasting legacies can be seen in the isolation created amongst the population. It is this isolation which has closed society and created a nation that is unwelcoming of foreigners (Morris and Bouillon, 2001). The isolation theory’s contextualisation of xenophobia rests on the central premise that where a group has no history of interacting with the outside world and incorporating strangers, that group is blinded to the opportunities of welcoming those that may be different or foreign (Gounden, 2010) and this can be very well understood in the South African context after apartheid.

It is imperative to note that apartheid has had a bearing on what is perceived as the new South Africa. Apartheid South Africa did not recognize refugees until 1993. Only during the transition from apartheid to democratic rule did South Africa become a signatory to the UN and Organization of African Unity conventions on refugees and this has contributed to xenophobic tendencies.

A third theoretical explanation for xenophobia in South Africa is the bio-cultural hypothesis.This theory suggests that xenophobic violence is not applied equally to all foreigners. In the case of South Africa, black foreigners are at greater risk of violence than foreigners of other race groups (Human Rights Watch, 1998). Furthermore, as stated earlier, on arrival in South Africa many foreign nationals seek shelter in urban informal settlements where there is intense competition for basic resources. The bio-cultural hypothesis emphasises the levels of visible differences in the physical demeanour of other foreign Africans (Harris, 2002). This hypothesis could explain the violence targeted against even South Africans who were thought to be foreign on the basis of skin colour or speech. Of the 62 people who died in the 2008 attacks, 21 were South African citizens. As some of the local South African languages are spoken by neighbouring countries, this has led to cases where a local could be seen as a foreigner and targeted during xenophobic attacks (BBC, 2008).

Political contribution to xenophobia

While the theoretical hypotheses do give some form of contextualisation to the whole dilemma of xenophobia, they still fall short of offering an explanation as to why the xenophobic attacks have taken place in some areas of the country and not others.When looking at specific townships and settlements that have faced violent attacks on non-nationals, it is almost always rooted in the micro-politics of these areas. Local leaders often lead or organise violent attacks on foreign migrants in order to gain authority or realise their political interests (Misago 2009, cited in Amisi et al., 2010). Furthermore, as non-nationals have become increasingly unpopular throughout South Africa, local leaders often feel pressure to exclude foreigners from political participation or ostracise them in general because of their fear of losing their political positions. Because of this fear, some leaders have promoted violent practices against non-nationals in order to ensure their authority within the community.

In 2009 the South African newspaper Mail and Guardian highlighted a study by the International Office for Migration revealing that community leaders and the local government did nothing to prevent or stop violent attacks on foreigners. Furthermore, the study found that some were directly involved in attacks, while others were reluctant to assist foreigners for fear of losing legitimacy or positions in the 2009 elections (Mail and Guardian, 2009).

Similarly the Consortium of Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CORMSA) released an issue brief in 2010 stating:

The key trigger of violence against foreign nationals and outsiders in specific locations is localised competition for political (formal and informal) and economic power. Leaders, and aspirant leaders, often mobilise residents to attack and evict foreign nationals as a means of strengthening their personal and political or economic power within the local community (CORMSA, 2010:2).

Beyond local officials, national leaders have also used anti-immigration language during their campaigns in order to gain votes. In addition to the political callousness that has fed xenophobic trends in SouthAfrica there have been documented instances in which migrants have become targets of abuse in the hands of the police, the army and the department of Home Affairs. For example, the former Minister of Home Affairs, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, stated publicly, “If South Africans are going to compete for scarce resources with immigrants, then we can bid goodbye to our Reconstruction and Development Program” (Human Rights Watch, 2008:20).This kind of misuse of power and prejudiced speech has only contributed to the xenophobic sentiments being expressed by South African citizens and the widespread violent attacks.

Recommendations

Acknowledgement of the problem: The first step to addressing this issue lies in the acknowledgment by the South African government, as well as local leadership, that xenophobia exists and is a real challenge in South Africa. Unless there is such acknowledgement it may be difficult to formulate policies that address the problem and protect people of foreign origin.

Address the root causes of xenophobia: Greater attention must be given to understanding and addressing the root causes of xenophobia in South Africa. During the 2008 attacks the government was not actively involved in explaining to local communities who foreigners were and the reasons why they had come to South Africa. More research must be done into the reasons why there are xenophobic attacks, which groups are at a greater risk and what socio-economic factors increase these risks.

Inform the public of the rights of refugees living in South Africa: Refugees and asylum seekers have been the most vulnerable to institutional abuse and xenophobic attacks (HSRC, 2008).Yet, South African legislation allows for refugees to enjoy the right to live where they desire, move about the country freely, as well as join the labour market and use social services offered to other citizens. However, these rights are neither well known nor respected throughout the country by both the public and government officials. Government authorities must be well educated about the rights of migrants and refugees in South Africa. There is plenty of informative research, especially after the 2008 xenophobic violence, which can provide greater insight into the plight and rights of migrants in South Africa and the South African Development Community as a region.

Address labour disparities and encourage partnership and sharing: The government must be vigilant in enforcing the minimum wage requirement for all employers. There is a tendency for many foreigners, who are desperate to make a living, to work at exploitative rates beneath the minimum wage.This often then results in unfair competition for casual labour. The government must therefore work to ensure that they safeguard the labour provisions so as to rid the environment of instances of unfair competition between locals and foreigners. Ironically, in the midst of the “brain drain” dialogue, South Africa is host to a wealth of resources in the form of skilled migrants already in the country. Unfortunately, even with the need for skilled professionals in South Africa, these men and women are often unable to find work that matches their skills. For instance, legal migrants who are skilled in areas of plumbing, electronics and even engineering hold certifications that are not recognised within the country. Many of these foreigners must resort to finding less-skilled jobs, and it is often at this level that South Africans feel that their jobs are being “taken”. The government should develop programmes that will work to enhance and foster partnership between local populations and immigrant communities. For example, skills sharing between locals and migrants could provide a platform to forge relationships, deal with misconceptions about “foreigners”, and work to eliminate the fear and distrust that could result in situations of violence.These environments of sharing will provide avenues for creating a common identity of individuals working hard to skill themselves for a better and sustainable future, as such realising the spirit of “ubuntu” and oneness.

Hold public officials, police officers, and local leaders accountable for their role in spreading xenophobia: The government needs to condemn and prosecute community leaders as well as other government officials who have been involved in committing, planning, or promoting xenophobic attacks. It is essential that hate speech be upheld as a crime, and speeches given by public personalities must be monitored in order to ensure that leaders are not elected on a basis of an anti-foreigner campaign. In addition, the Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG) should identify and apply sanctions to guilty parties and intolerable practices. The DPLG should also promote positive leadership and governance that respects the rule of law and the rights of refugees.

Promote government and civil society coordination on tackling xenophobia: The Refugee Act places responsibility upon the South African government to provide full protection and provision of rights set out in the Constitution – this includes access to social security and assistance. In addition, on 12 January 1996, South Africa became a signatory to the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, obliging the state to provide equal treatment to refugees and nationals. However, the 2008 CORMSA migration report suggests that the implementation of rights and services of migrants have lagged, and migrants are likely to be excluded from basic social services. In addition to threats of violence, xenophobia keeps all migrants from vital services to which they may be entitled, including health and education (CORMSA,2008). Misunderstandings persist at the service provider level as to the rights of migrants – this is a primary cause of many migrants being turned away from basic and emergency healthcare services.The denial of services is a non- or miscommunication issue from the top down, due to the government not being active in educating government service providers about the rights of migrants within South Africa. Educating South Africans about the rights of refugees, monitoring local elections and leadership behaviour, and delivering social services are all actions that need to be taken by the government. However, in order to address xenophobia and deal with it successfully, civil society will also have to play a role in achieving these recommendations. It is important that the government, international and national non-governmental organisations, and the rest of civil society work together to resolve these conflicts if xenophobia is to be eradicated.

The South African government and its agencies must protect persons of foreign origin: Whilst the South African government has legislated and allowed for the entry and stay of foreign nationals, these rights and regulations must be communicated to local populations. The Department of Home Affairs has a role to play in not only registering foreign nationals but also actively communicating the statistics and plight of immigrants and especially refugees. A mere directive to tolerate foreigners would be insufficient to protect groups of foreigners who bear the brunt of the everyday socio-economic frustrations of local populations. It is imperative to note that people will tend to empathise with others according to what they understand about them. Education and information sharing targeted at creating awareness and fostering a bond between immigrant communities and local communities would be a critical step in addressing the issues related to xenophobia.It is important to note here that the education the authors suggest includes teaching and informing the South African population of their solidarity with fellow African colleagues who stood with them during the apartheid period.There is little knowledge among the general South African population of the sacrifices and brotherhood and sisterhood that were extended to end the repressive apartheid regime. Whilst the legalistic information and knowledge of the rights of refugee populations is crucial, education on how the South African community fits into the African continent as a whole is imperative.

Conclusion

There is a tendency to blame the xenophobic violence on the unfortunate history of apartheid, and while this history may be a contributing cause, it is not in and of itself the only reason for xenophobic attacks.The high unemployment rate among black South Africans is a cause of concern and must be addressed if the frustration of social and economic deprivation is to be mitigated. Many people in various townships feel more oppressed economically than they did during apartheid (McKnight, 2008). This is not to say that the socio-economic struggles of the post-apartheid regime of South Africa are in any way a justification for the violence directed against immigrants. McKnight argues that there is an urgent need for a gradual and overall shift in South Africa’s isolated and exclusive culture.

These recommendations are not exhaustive but are initial steps through which the nation can begin to forge ahead and deal with the challenges of foreigners and their protection.

Creative policies and dialogue that recognise and accept migration as a continued phenomenon are needed within southern Africa. The response from leaders and government departments – more specifically, the Presidency and departments such as the Department of Social Development and the Department of Home Affairs – has the influence to either encourage or discourage xenophobia. Government has the mandate and the ability to provide safety and protection for those within its borders, and this includes non-citizens.

References

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 2008. Locals killed in South African attacks. BBC News, 12 June. Available from: <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7450799.stm> [Accessed 23 June 2010].

Black, R., J. Crush, S. Peberdy, S. Ammassari, L. McLean Hilker, S. Mouillesseaux, C. Pooley and R. Rajkotia 2006. Migration and development in Africa: An overview. African Migration and Development Series No.1. South African Migration Project. Cape Town, IDASA. p. 105.

Consortium of Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA) 2008. Protecting refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in South Africa. Available from: <http://www.cormsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/cormsa08-final.pdf> [Accessed 27 November 2008] pp. 8–41.

CoRMSA 2010. Migration Issue Brief 3: Xenophobia: Violence against foreign nationals and other outsiders in contemporary South Africa. June 2010. Available from <http://www.cormsa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/fmsp-migration-issue-brief-3-xenophobia-june-2010-1.pdf> [Accessed 23 March 2011] p.2

Crush, J. Jonathan 2008. South Africa: Policy in the face of xenophobia. Migration information source. Available from: <http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/south-africa-policy-face-xenophobia> [Accessed 27 October 2008] p. 2.

Crush, J. 2000. The Dark Side of Democracy: Migration, Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa in International Migration 38 (6): 103–133.

Gounden, V. 2010. Xenophobia after the World Cup. Speech, 8 June. Durban.

Harris, B. 2001. A foreign experience: Violence, crime, and xenophobia during South Africa’s transition. Violence and Transition Series, Volume 5, pp. 11–140.

Harris, B. 2002. Xenophobia: A new pathology for a new South Africa? In: Hook, D. and G. Eagle, Psychopathology and social prejudice. Cape Town, University of Cape Town Press. pp. 169–184.

Human Rights Watch 1998. Prohibited persons: Abuse of undocumented migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees in South Africa. Human Rights Watch, New York.

Human Sciences Research Council 2008. Citizenship, violence and xenophobia in South Africa. Pretoria, HSRC.

Jere, D. 2008. Zim exiles face new fear and loathing in SA. AFP, 14 May. Kollapan, J. 1999. Xenophobia in South Africa: The challenge to forced migration. Johannesburg, Unpublished seminar.

Landau, L. and A. Segatti 2009. Human development impacts of migration: South Africa case study. Johannesburg, UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).

Karim, Q. 2009. Local leaders behind xenophobic attacks. Mail and Guardian, Available from: <http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-03-11-local-leaders-behind-xenophobic-attacks>

McKnight, Janet 2008. Through the fear: a study of xenophobia in South Africa’s refugee system. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies (2), pp. 18–42.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/xenophobia> [Accessed 23 March 2011]

Misago, J.P. 2009. Towards tolerance, law, and dignity: Addressing violence against foreign nationals in South Africa. International Organization for Migration. <http://www.migration.org.za/uploads/docs/report-12.pdf> [Accessed 23 March 2011] pp. 8–67.

Morris, Allan. 1998. ‘Our fellow Africans make our lives hell’: The lives of Congolese and Nigerians living in Johannesburg. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21 (6), 1116–1136.

Morris, Allan and Antoine Bouillon, eds., African Immigration to South Africa: Francophone migration of the 1990s, (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2001)

Neocosmos, M. 2006. From Foreign Natives to Native Foreigners: Explaining Xenophobia in Post-apartheid South Africa. CODESRIA: Dakar

Steenkamp, C. 2009. Xenophobia in South Africa: What does it say about trust? The Round Table, 98 (403), pp. 439–447. Available through: Academic Search Complete [October 20, 2010].

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) 2009. African UNHCR Global Report. Available from: <http://www.unhcr.org> pp. 135–138.

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countries hotline list

I took my time to research and find most of the countries hotline numbers. Please reblog this, so people can find this easier. I saw some of the hotline number posts don’t have some small countries so I added them. Please remember that you are loved no matter who you are. this blog is also another way to get some help so feel free to contact us as well :)

A

Afghanistan - n/a

Albania

127

Algeria

0021 3983 2000 58

Andorra- n/a

Angola- n/a

Antigua and Barbuda- n/a

Argentina

+5402234930430

(54-11) 4758-2554

Armenia

(2) 538194

Australia

13-11-14

(kids) 1800 55 1800

Austria

017133374

142

Azerbaijan- n/a

B

Bahamas

328-0922

Bahrain

0097 161 199 188

Bangladesh

there’s no phone number, but there’s a website http://shuni.org/

Barbados

(246) 4299999

Belarus- n/a

Belgium-

106

0800 32 123

Belize- n/a

Benin- n/a

Bhutan- n/a

Bolivia

00 591 4 4 25 42 42

Bosnia and Herzegovina - n/a

Botswana

3911270

Brazil

212339191

55 51 211 2888

Brunei- n/a

Bulgaria

0035 9249 17 223

Burkina Faso- n/a

Burundi- n/a

C

Cabo Verde-  n/a

Cambodia-  n/a

Cameroon-  n/a

Canada

(montreal) 5147234000

(outside Montreal) 18662773553

Central African Republic (CAR)- n/a

Chad-  n/a

Chile-

(00 56 42) 22- 12-00

China

85223820000

0800-810-1117

010-8295-1332

Colombia- (57-1) 323 24 25

Comoros-  n/a

Democratic Republic of the Congo- n/a

Republic of the Congo- n/a

Costa Rica

506-253-5439

Cote d'Ivoire-  n/a

Croatia

014833888

Cuba

532 348 14 49

Cyprus

+357 77 77 72 67

Czech Republic

549 241 010

D

Denmark

4570201201

Djibouti-  n/a

Dominica- n/a

Dominican Republic-  n/a

E

Ecuador

6000477

Egypt

7621602

El Salvador- n/a

Equatorial Guinea- n/a

Eritrea-  n/a

Estonia

126 or 127

 646 6666

Ethiopia-  n/a

F

Fiji

679 670565

679 674364

Finland

 040-5032199

01019-0071

France

0145394000

(0)9 51 11 61 30

G

Gabon-  n/a

Gambia-  n/a

Georgia-  n/a

Germany

08001810771

0800 1110 111

 0800 1110 222

(Youth) 0800 1110 333

Ghana

233 244 846 701

Greece

(0) 30 210 34 17 164

1018

Grenada-  n/a

Guatemala

502-254-1259

Guinea-  n/a

Guinea-Bissau-  n/a

Guyana  

223-0001

223-0009

223-0818

600-7896

623-4444

H

Haiti-  n/a

Honduras

(00 504) 2558 08 08

Hungary

(46) 323 888

Holland

09000767

Hong Kong

2382 0000

I

Iceland

1717

India

8888817666

2549 7777

Indonesia

500-454

Iran

1480

Iraq-  n/a

Ireland

4408457909090

+44 (0) 8457 90 91 92

1850 60 90 90

 1850 60 90 91

Israel

1201

Italy

800860022

199 284 284

J

Jamaica

1-888-429-5273

Japan

810352869090

03 5774 0992

 03 3498 0231

Jordan

0096-262-508-900

0096 262 508 902

0096 262 508 903

0096 262 508 904

0096 262 508 939

0096 262 508 941

K

Kazakhstan- n/a

Kenya

+254 20 3000378

2051323

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Kosovo- n/a

Kuwait- n/a

Kyrgyzstan- n/a

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Latvia

6 7222922

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Lesotho- n/a

Liberia

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Libya- n/a

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 8-800 2 8888

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454545

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Madagascar- n/a

Malawi- n/a

Malaysia

(063) 92850039

(063) 92850279

(063) 92850049

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Malta

179

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(230) 800 93 93

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5255102550

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022-382-42-42

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N

Namibia

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Nauru- n/a

Nepal- n/a

Netherlands

0900-0767

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045861048

 (09) 522 2999

0800 111 777

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505-268-6171

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4781533300

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675 326 0011

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5270000

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Portugal

(808) 200 204

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Qatar- n/a

R

Romania

0800 801 200

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0078202577577

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452-5433

458-2433

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32000

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116 111

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143

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Taiwan

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0 866-427-4747

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Zambia- n/a

Zimbabwe

 (263) 09 65000

0800 9102

Additional hotlines

ABORTION

National Domestic Violence Hotline 1-800-799-SAFE

Post Abortion Counseling 1-800-228-0332

Post Abortion Project Rachel 1-800-5WE-CARE

National Abortion Federation Hotline 1-800-772-9100

National Office of Post Abortion Trauma 1-800-593-2273

ABUSE

National Sexual Assault Hotline 1-800-656-HOPE (4673)

Stop it Now! 1-888-PREVENT

United States Elder Abuse Hotline 1-866-363-4276

National Child Abuse Hotline 1-800-4-A-CHILD (422-4453)

Child Abuse Hotline / Dept of Social Services 1-800-342-3720

Child Abuse National Hotline 1-800-25ABUSE

Children in immediate danger 1-800-THE-LOST

Exploitation of Children 1-800-843-5678

Missing Children Help Center 1-800-872-5437

ADDICTION

Marijuana Anonymous 1-800-766-6779

Alcohol Treatment Referral Hotline (24 hours) 1-800-252-6465

Families Anonymous 1-800-736-9805

Cocaine Hotline (24 hours) 1-800-262-2463

Drug Abuse National Helpline 1-800-662-4357

National Association for Children of Alcoholics 1-888-554-2627

Ecstasy Addiction 1-800-468-6933

Alcoholics for Christ 1-800-441-7877

CANCER

American Cancer Society 1-800-227-2345

National Cancer institute 1-800-422-6237

CARE GIVERS

Elder Care Locator 1-800-677-1116

Well Spouse Foundation 1-800-838-0879

CHRISTIAN COUNSELING

New Life Clinics 1-800-NEW-LIFE

National Prayer Line 1-800-4-PRAYER

Bethany Lifeline Pregnancy Hotline 1-800-BETHANY

Liberty Godparent Ministry 1-800-368-3336

Grace Help Line 24 Hour Christian service 1-800-982-8032

The 700 Club Hotline 1-800-759-0700

Want to know Jesus? 1-800-NEED-HIM

Biblical help for youth in crisis 1-800-HIT-HOME

Rapha National Network 1-800-383-HOPE

Emerge Ministries 330-867-5603

Meier Clinics 1-888-7-CLINIC or 1-888-725-4642

Association of Christian Counselors 1-800-526-8673

Minirth Clinic 1-888-MINIRTH (646-4784)

National Christian Counselors Association 1-941-388-6868

Pine Rest 1-800-678-5500

Timberline Knolls 1-877-257-9611

CHRONIC ILLNESS/PAIN

Rest Ministries 1-888-751-REST (7378)

Watchman Fellowship 1-817-277-0023

CRISIS #S (TEENS UNDER 18)

Girls and Boys Town 1-800-448-3000

Hearing Impaired 1-800-448-1833

Youth Crisis Hotline 1-800-448-4663

Teen Hope Line 1-800-394-HOPE

CRISIS #S (ANY AGE)

United Way Crisis Helpline 1-800-233-HELP

Christian Oriented Hotline 1-877-949-HELP

Social Security Administration 1-800-772-1213

CRISIS PREGNANCY HELPLINE

Crisis Pregnancy Hotline Number 1-800-67-BABY-6

Liberty Godparent Ministry 1-800-368-3336

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

National Domestic Violence Hotline 1-800-799-SAFE

National Domestic Violence Hotline Spanish 1-800-942-6908

Battered Women and their Children 1-800-603-HELP

Elder Abuse Hotline 1-800-252-8966

RAINN 1-800-656-HOPE (4673)

EATING DISORDERS

Eating Disorders Awareness and Prevention 1-800-931-2237

Eating Disorders Center 1-888-236-1188

National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders 1-847-831-3438

Remuda Ranch 1-800-445-1900

FAMILY VIOLENCE

Family Violence Prevention Center 1-800-313-1310

GAMBLING

Compulsive Gambling Hotline 1-410-332-0402

GRIEF/LOSS

GriefShare 1-800-395-5755

HOMELESS/SHELTERS

Homeless 1-800-231-6946

American Family Housing 1-888-600-4357

LGBTQIA+

Helpline: 1-800-398-GAYS

Gay and Lesbian National Hotline 1-888-843-4564

Trevor Hotline (Suicide) 1-866-4-U-TREVOR

PARENTS

Hotline for parents considering abducting their children 1-800-A-WAY-OUT

United States Missing Children Hotline 1-800-235-3535

POISON

Poison Control 1-800-942-5969

RUNAWAYS

Boystown National Hotline 1-800-448-3000

National Runaway Safeline 1-800-RUNAWAY (786-2929)

Laurel House 1-714-832-0207

National Runaway Switchboard 1-800-621-4000

Teenline 1-888-747-TEEN

Youth Crisis Hotline 1-800-448-4663

SALVATION

Grace Help Line 24 Hour Christian Service 1-800-982-8032

Want to know Jesus? 1-800-NEED-HIM

SELF-INJURY

S.A.F.E. (Self Abuse Finally Ends) 1-800-DONT-CUT

SEXUAL ADDICTION

Focus on the Family 1-800-A-FAMILY

SUICIDE

Suicide Hotline 1-800-SUICIDE (784-2433)

1-800-273-TALK (8255)

Suicide Prevention Hotline 1-800-827-7571

Deaf Hotline 1-800-799-4TTY

Holy Spirit Teenline (717) 763-2345 or 1-800-722-5385

Crisis Intervention (Harrisburg) (717) 232-7511 or 1- 888- 596-4447

Carlisle Helpline (717) 249-6226

Crisis Intervention (York) (717) 851-5320 or 1-800-673-2496

[139bmike-blog]

Timeline Project

Timeline Link:

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/2192575

Timeline pieces that were longer than 500 characters:

Carnival Against Capital 1999: On June 18, 1999, an international protest was held on the day that the Group of 8 (G8) held a summit in Köln, Germany. The Group of 8 (G8) was an international political network of the most wealthy countries in the world—it consisted of the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and France—and would meet every year to discuss issues pertaining to globalization, such as economic growth and capitalism, security, and terrorism. What became known as the “J18 Carnival Against Capital�� is perhaps one of the most powerful examples of transnational activist organizing the world has seen yet. More than 40 countries participated, with over 10,000 people storming the capitals of the UK and Nigeria alone. The idea to have this protest was conceived in the UK, almost a year prior, and aimed to connect people around the world in a diverse group of protesters, as well as show all those involved or watching that the issues faced by people in countries other than their own were not so different. The day of the protest did not go quite as planned—there had been the intent to confuse the police in London by dividing the crowd into groups—but it still had a massive effect, nonetheless, and received a lot of media coverage after it had ended. The day was full of marching, protesting, battling against the police, and graffiti. The Carnival Against Capital was a massive event that did not happen spontaneously or by accident. It was highly intentional and successful in leaving its mark on history.

Battle of Seattle 1999: The Seattle WTO Protests of 1999, aka Battle of Seattle, was a series of protests that took place at the end of the year in Seattle, WA and is designated as the birth of the anti-globalization movement. One of the first international movements that was put together over the internet. Involved marching, a virtual sit-in of the WTO website, and physically chaining people together in order to disrupt WTO proceedings of neoliberal trade negotiations that would have exploited nations in the Global South.

G8 Protests July 2001: In 2001, the G8 convened in Genoa, Italy and was met with one of the largest movement demonstrations in the world to protest globalization. From July 19 to July 21, 2001, a widely diverse group of over 300,000 people participated in things such as sit-ins, marches, and even an anarchist demonstration. The police defending the convention reacted brutally. Sit-in members were attacked with tear gas and were beaten and at more boisterous demonstrations, some people were shot with live guns, resulting in the death of at least one person. Police also stormed a building where protesters were sleeping, one night, and injured the majority of those present, leaving over half of them bloodied and unable to walk. Evidence was removed the following day. This violence police retaliation was almost fascist in nature, but only angered more people around the globe and spurred them to action.

Iraq War Protests 2003: On February 15, 2003, people in over 800 cities and on every continent participated in protests against Bush’s “War on Terror” in Iraq–even a group of scientists in Antarctica held a little rally of their own in solidarity). It included marching, chanting, and facing off with the police, with a particularly large group at the foot of the UN building in New York receiving a great deal of media coverage. With the voices of millions of people at their backs, as well as some dissent from Germany and France against the war, the “Uncommitted Six,” six countries of the Global South that had historically been dependent on the Global North–Angola, Mexico, Chile, Guinea, Cameroon, and Pakistan–stood up to the United States and the Bush administration and said that they would not support his unjust war. While the collective transnational actions that took place on this day did not end the so-called “War on Terror,” it did not go unnoticed and the sheer force of the protests and those behind it showed that Bush’s actions were a part of an unnecessary evil. It was called the world’s “second super-power.”

G20 Summit Protests of London 2009: The G20 protests of 2009 in London centered around the Group of 20’s summit meeting to discuss issues such as the global economy, climate change, and the “War on Terror” that still continues to rage today. Much like the “Group of 8,” the G20 is comprised of the most wealthy and economically powerful countries of the world, which leaves out the grand majority of the world’s people who would be affected by decisions made at these meetings. It focuses a great deal on “financial stability” on a global scale, but is responsible for contributing a great deal of money to IFIs, which keep nations with weaker economies in constant cycles of debt and poverty. The protests against the G20 2009 summit included the storming of an outpost of the Royal Bank of Scotland, launching missiles, and rallying the streets against the police who fought to put them down. Approximately 5,000 people took part. Later in the day, smaller numbers of protesters faced off against police officers decked in riot gear as those present threw anything they could find at the law enforcement and chanted. Surrounding them, the police did not let the protesters leave. In the aftermath of the event, over 100 people were found to have been injured and one man, named Ian Thomlinson, was killed by an officer after being thrown to the ground.

– WORKS CITED – (Photos and articles)

Administrator. “Anti-Globalization Protest: Washington DC, September 27-29, 2002.” Anti-Globalization Protest: Washington DC, September 27-29, 2002. Web.

<www.globalpolicy.org/protests/31189-anti-globalization-protest-washington-dc-september-27-29-2002.html>

AP Photograph. July 20, 2001. Genoa.

<https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/media/images/82171000/jpg/_82171536_riots.jpg>

Azzellini, Dario. “G8 Protests Genoa 2001.” The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. 1500 to the Present. Wiley-Blackwell: April 2009. 1307-1312 Print.

Bennis, Phyllis. “February 15, 2003. The Day the World Said No to War.” Institute for Policy Studies. 15 February 2013. Web. 16 February 2020.

<https://ips-dc.org/february_15_2003_the_day_the_world_said_no_to_war/>

Bloshie Photos. June 18, 1999. London.

<https://www.indymedia.org.uk/images/2004/06/293593.jpg>

Borek, James. “J18 1999: Our resistance is as transnational as capital.” Dissent! Network of Resistance Against the G8. Web. 19 February 2020.

<https://web.archive.org/web/20070301100633/http://www.daysofdissent.org.uk/j18.htm>

Brown, Ben. “Police clash with G20 protesters.” BBC News. 1 April 2009. Web. 19 February 2020.

<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7977489.stm>

Casey-Sawicki, Katherine. “Seattle WTO protests of 1999.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 21 November 2019. Web. 15 February 2020.

<https://www.britannica.com/event/Seattle-WTO-protests-of-1999>

Chossudovsky, Michel. “The Anti-Globalization Movement and the World Social Forum. Is ‘Another World’ Possible?” Global Research. 9 Aug 2016. Web.

<www.globalresearch.ca/the-anti-globalization-movement-and-the-world-social-forum-another-world-is-possible/5335181>

Draper, Eric. Protesters versus the Seattle police. November 29, 1999. Seattle.

<https://prospect.org/downloads/13131/download/Meyerson-Seattle1.jpg?cb=f1a2e28a3c884770d74f94e1091b42bd&w=1000>

Du, Lisa. “This Is Occupy Wall Street’s Huge Plan To Disrupt New York Today.” Business Insider. Business Insider. 30 Apr 2012. Web.

<www.businessinsider.com/these-are-occupy-wall-street-protests-that-may-shut-down-new-york-city-tomorrow-2012-4>

“Farewell to the World Social Forum?” TRANSCEND Media Service. 14 Oct 2019. Web. <www.transcend.org/tms/2019/10/farewell-to-the-world-social-forum/>

Ibbitson, John & Perkins, Tara. “How Canada made the G20 happen.” The Globe and Mail. 18 June 2010. Web. 20 February 2020.

<https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/how-canada-made-the-g20-happen/article4322767/?page=all>

Meriwether, Kristen. “Protesters Occupy New York City.” The Epoch Times. 1 Oct 2015. Web.

<www.theepochtimes.com/protesters-occupy-new-york-city_1485856.html>

Mitchell, Jeff J. Getty Images. April 1, 2009. London.

<http://inapcache.boston.com/universal/site_graphics/blogs/bigpicture/g20_04_03/g25_18507163.jpg>

Press, Associated. “Chile Cancels Global Climate, Economic Summits amid Deadly Protests.” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group. 30 Oct 2019. Web.

<www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/chile-cancels-global-climate-economic-summits-amid-deadly-protests-n1074056>

“Protest the IMF/World Bank This April 15-17 in Washington D.C!” Protest the IMF/World Bank This April 15-17 in Washington D.C! | Rochester Indymedia, <rochester.indymedia.org/node/6188>

Santiago, Tom Burgis in. “Protests Greet Bush at Asia-Pacific Summit.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 20 Nov 2004. Web.

<www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/20/usa>

Tama, Mario. Getty Images. February 15, 2003. New York.

<https://img.huffingtonpost.com/asset/5a8609e221000050006015e4.jpeg?ops=scalefit_720_noupscale>

“Victory in Unlawful Mass Arrest During 2004 RNC the Largest Protest Settlement in History.” New York Civil Liberties Union. 15 Jan 2014. Web.

<www.nyclu.org/en/press-releases/victory-unlawful-mass-arrest-during-2004-rnc-largest-protest-settlement-history>

[actnoweco]

Shapes of the Ocean: The Beginning of a New Journey

Photo by Luisa Sarmiento

The ocean provides several services to the world, including climate regulation, provisioning of living resources and biodiversity. Oceans are responsible for most of the oxygen produced on earth; they soak up the heat and transports warm water from the equator to the poles, and cold water from the poles to the tropics. In addition, oceans are a vital source of food for billions of people around the globe.

On October 29th, 22 persons, scientists and observers, departed from Recife (Brasil) to study the ocean. These people came from all around the world to participate in this research cruise: Nigeria, Germany, Canada, Colombia, Argentina, and Brasil. Not all of the participants are experimented scientists. In fact, most of them are early-career scientists, but also simply observers. Many of them will learn completely new things and methods they have never encountered in their previous studies and work. This expedition is for everyone who wants to learn about oceanography.

Photo by Luisa Sarmiento and Christina Schmidt

But why do we really need oceanography? What do we need to care at all? It allows to understand how currents and other abiotic component of the ocean, such as oxygen and temperature, are evolving in time. These components are the base for all marine and terrestrial life, which means understanding these components helps to understand how Life works. This is particularly relevant to mitigate or adapt to climate change.

Photo by Luisa Sarmiento

The main goal of this research cruise is to carry out a physical-biogeochemical measurement program across the Atlantic and in the eastern boundary upwelling regions off Angola and Namibia. In other words, the team will sail across the southern Atlantic to record different data on specific locations. The research vessel is the METEOR, and this will be her 159th trip since she was built. She has seen many waters and much science.

The most exciting part of this expedition is that you can follow along ! Luisa Sarmiento, an early-career scientist, will keep a daily blog, here, updating folks around the world and regular social media post (Facebook and Twitter).

Written by Luisa Sarmiento, GEOMAR and Future Earth 2019

source http://www.oceanblogs.org/m159/2019/10/31/shapes-of-the-ocean-the-beginning-of-a-new-journey/

[love-early-childhood-educat-blog]

Advanced CIDESCO Management Training Institute of Hair

Advanced CIDESCO Management Training Institute of Hair , Beauty & Spa Therapy in UAE , Dubai. Ghana , Accra, Tema, Nigeria, Lagos , Kano , Angola , Luanda , Congo DR , Kinshasa , Kenya , Nairobi, Mombasa , Ivory coast , Abidjan , Ethiopia, Addis Ababa , Tanzania , dar es salaam, Uganda , Kampala

Course Content :

INTRODUCTION

International and national spa trends and technology

Beauty and Spa Terminology

Origin of Beauty Salon and Spa (History)

Hydrotherapy

The Four Cornerstones

Latest Technologies

Beauty, Spa and Wellness Industry

Latest Research

Beauty Salon and Spa Trends

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT

Time Management

HUMAN RESOURCES

Terminology and Job Descriptions

Laws, Rules and Regulations

Recruitment – Screening and Selection

FINANCE

Daily Financial Responsibilities

BUSINESS PLAN

Planning and Starting the Business Plan

LEADERSHIP

Dealing with Staff

Team and Leadership Values

Team Building

Delegation

Priority Management

CONTINUED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Internal and External Training

STOCK CONTROL

Value of Strict Control Measures

Distributor/Product House Support and Advice

Stock Counting

MARKETING AND CUSTOMER RELATIONS

Establishing Customer Relationships/Service

Advertising Mediums/Social Media

Market Research and Analysis

Duration: 6 Months

Analyzing and Optimizing Daily Bookings

Treatment Menu and Recipes

Beauty Salon and Spa Environmental Awareness

Water Management

Beauty Salon and Spa Daily Routine

Hygiene

The Importance of Front Office/Reception

Mystery Guest Reports

Types of Client Feedback

Occupational Health and Safety

CIDESCO Beauty & Spa Management

Methods of Interviewing

Employment Process and Induction

Exit Interviews

Performance Appraisals

Petty Cash

Target Management and Incentive

The Key to Business Success

The Business Plan

Setting Goals

Listening Skills

Dealing with Complaints

Conducting Meetings

Understanding Expectations

Duty Roster Management

Training Plan

Stock Take Timing

Managing your Stock Room

Stock Control in the Treatment Room

Retail Stock

Professional Stock

Controlling Theft and Cross-Checking

Business Success versus Failure

Market Trends

Branding

Retail and Sales Techniques

[adalidda]

Illustration Photo: Woman and kids during post harvest activities. India, 2014. (credits: CSISA / Wasim Iftikar / International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center / Flickr Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0))

Prince Talal International Prize 2021 for SDG 2 Successful Development Projects

For Algeria, Ethiopia, Angola, Niger, Benin, The Gambia, Nigeria, Ghana, Rwanda, Burkina Faso, Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Cabo Verde, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Somalia, Central African Republic, Kenya, Chad, South Sudan, Comoros, Lesotho, Tanzania, Congo, Liberia, Togo, Côte d'Ivoire, Madagascar, Tunisia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Uganda, Djibouti, Mali, West Bank, Egypt, Mauritania, Yemen, Zambia, Eritrea, Morocco, Zimbabwe, eSwatini, Mozambique, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Timor-Leste, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Lao PDR, The Philippines, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Haiti, Honduras

Prince Talal International Prize has become a leading mechanism to identify successful development projects, reward them and disseminate their innovative ideas to best contribute to the improvement of development work. It is also an innovative approach and a strategic instrument to exchange successful experiences to strengthen the mechanisms of development cooperation and project funding with special emphasis on the most prominent factors that militate against development and affect the vulnerable groups, particularly women and children in developing countries. These include poverty, social exclusion, socio-economic marginalization, education and health.

Prize objectives

Prince Talal International Prize for Human Development aims to:

Support the distinguished efforts aiming at the promotion and enhancement of human development concepts. Disseminate the successful project experiences. Highlight the best practices, which aim to improve the living conditions of the poor and disadvantaged with particular emphasis on women and children. Enhance the exchange of experiences and develop better mechanisms to find solutions to the problems of poverty, marginalization and socioeconomic exclusion of vulnerable groups.

Thematic Focus: SDG 2: Zero Hunger, Ensure food security, Improve nutrition and promote Sustainable agriculture https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/

Targets of the second goal of Sustainable Development Goals 2030

By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round. By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment. By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality. By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed. Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries. Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round. Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility.

Prince Talal International Prize for Human Development carries cash amount of US$ 1,000,000, certificates of recognition and trophies. The prize amount is allocated for the winners of the Prize in its four categories as follows;

1.First category prize (US$ 400,000) Specified for projects implemented by UN agencies or international and regional NGOs.

2.Second category prize (US$ 300,000) Specified for projects implemented by national NGOs.

3.Third category prize (US$ 200,000) Specified for projects implemented by governmental bodies (ministries and public institutions) or social business enterprises.

4.Fourth category prize (US$ 100,000) Specified for projects initiated, funded and/or implemented by individuals.

Application Deadline: 15 January 2022

Check more https://adalidda.com/posts/sPGgxCSqBZkEYz7er/prince-talal-international-prize-2021-for-sdg-2-successful

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Africa e-tailer Jumia issues post-IPO results amid short-sell assault

For Pan-African e-commerce startup Jumia, going public has been an up and down affair.

The company filed SEC IPO docs in March and saw its share rise 70% after listing on the NYSE in April at $14.50. Then last week, Jumia’s stock tumbled when it came under assault from a short-seller accusing the company of fraud.

This occurred against the backdrop of a debate playing out across Africa’s tech ecosystem on Jumia’s legitimacy as an African startup and set the stage for the company’s first post-IPO earnings call on Monday.

The results

There’s a lot to unpack around Jumia and the first item out of the vault is its Q1 results.

Key takeaways were that Jumia’s Gross Merchandise Value (GMV)—the total amount of goods sold over the period— grew by 58% to €240 million. Other highlights included marketplace revenue growth of 102% to €16 million, and gross profits as a percentage of GMV growth of 6.5% in Q1 2019 vs. the same period in 2018.

Overall, Jumia’s operating losses for the period widened to €45.4 million from €34.3 and negative EBITDA increased to €39.5 million from €30.2.

So the startup’s still losing money—see the big losses reported in the IPO filing—but is improving its ability to earn.

“GMV is not the end all but it’s…a starting point because to generate revenue it’s gotta start with GMV,” Citibank Frontier Markets Analyst Andrew Howell told TechCrunch. “The side that was less…encouraging was the expenses are still very high,” he said.

Jumia’s earnings call revealed the startup’s intention to expand to new markets in Ethiopia, DR Congo, and Angola in coming years.

Founded in Lagos in 2012, the company currently operates multiple online verticals in 14 African countries — from B2C consumer retail to travel bookings.

Jumia also shared a longer-term revenue strategy on its Q1 earnings call toward converting its JumiaPay and Jumia Logistics capabilities to standalone services across Africa.

The accusations

Jumia CEO Sacha Poignonnec responded to claims made by short-seller Andrew Left—derived from Left’s firm Citron Research—that Jumia committed securities fraud in its IPO filing.

Speaking to TechCrunch, Left said he had found “major discrepancies in the key performance metrics, the amount of customers, also the amount of vendors [reported], which, when you’re talking about e-commerce, are the most important things.”

Citron Research’s report, published May 9, makes a number of critical claims regarding Jumia, but the one it labels “the smoking gun” refers to material discrepancies between an October 2018, Jumia confidential investor presentation it obtained and Jumia’s April 2019 SEC Form F-1.

For the year 2017, there’s a difference of 600,000 active customers and 10,000 merchants in Jumia’s reporting between the fall 2018 investor presentation and the recent 2019 F-1, according to Citron Research.

Left confirmed to TechCrunch that he holds short-positions in Jumia’s stock—which means he could benefit financially from declines in Jumia’s share value. The company’s stock dropped 26% last week after the Citron Research report published.

On Monday’s earnings call, Sacha Poignonnec responded to Citron’s report, saying that “Jumia stands by our prospectus and audited financials…and will not be distracted by those who look to create doubt, to profit at our expense and that of our long-term stakeholders.” He later took to media and refuted claims as “market rumors rather than facts.”

Citibank Analyst Andrew Howell published his own response to the Citron Research (now bouncing around on social media). On Left’s material discrepancy claims regarding active consumers and merchants, Howell pointed to Jumia’s explanation of different calculations across the reporting documents, one being net and the latter gross. “It’s perfectly reasonable; a legitimate distinction,” Howell told TechCrunch, adding that he didn’t see Left’s claims of securities fraud as credible.

The read

Jumia’s path from becoming Africa’s first startup unicorn to listing on a global exchange to issuing its first-earnings release has been a bit dramatic.

Things to watch moving forward include whether the startup can finally generate profits and ROI. Now that Jumia’s publicly traded, we’ll have a quarterly snapshot (and analyst reporting) on its progress (or not) toward that endeavor. 

Jumia’s pivot to offer its JumiaPay and classifieds services more broadly across Africa could make it a competitor in the continent’s fintech space and improve its revenues vs. expenses, since digital payments and ads have higher margins than B2C e-commerce.

And eyes will be on whether Citron Research’s fraud claims and short-sell position escalate.

In response to a TechCrunch inquiry, an SEC spokesperson declined to comment on whether there is any active investigation into Jumia based on Left’s reporting.

On the possibility of taking legal action against Citron Research, Jumia CEO Sacha Poignonnec did not rule it out, telling TechCrunch, “We are considering our options.”

And on the prospect of recourse, “Tell Jumia if they have a problem with my report go ahead and sue me,” Left told TechCrunch.

In the meantime, Jumia’s stock rose  5% by close of trading Monday with Citibank analyst Andrew Howell maintaining his “Neutral” rating and Morgan Stanley’s Brian Nowak his “Underweight” recommendation. Overall, Wall Street seemed confident in Jumia’s post-IPO results and outreach. Bloomberg this morning summarized additional bullish analyst reporting, including Raymond James and Berenberg upgrades in their Jumia stock recommendations to buy-equivalent ratings.

Expect the Pan-African e-commerce startup’s Q2 earnings call sometime in August.